3. worn-out cells are replaced. 1. cells grow larger and reproduce 2. development of whole organism...
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3. Worn-out cells are replaced.
1. Cells grow larger and reproduce
2. Development of whole organism from single cell (zygote)
What controls these processes?
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CTGA
C G
G C
A T
G C
CG
AT
AT
C G
ATG C
A T
AT
G C
G C
A TT A
DNAGenetic information is encoded in thesequence of bases
Code is translated to amino acid sequenceof proteins
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THE PATH OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
1mRNA
DNA
nucleus
cytoplasm
2
3
ribosome
amino acids
mRNA
protein
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Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Chromosomes consist of a long DNA molecule with thousands of genes
Chromatin = DNA with associated proteins
Genome = one complete set of chromosomes for an organism
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• A eukaryotic cell has many more genes than a prokaryotic cell
The large, complex chromosomes of eukaryotes duplicate with each cell division
Figure 8.4A
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1. Original DNA molecule unwinds.
2. New DNA strands are synthesized from the two original strands.
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a DNA in uncondensed form
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a DNA chromatin
DNA replication... …has this effect at chromosomal level
duplicated chromosome cell
unduplicated chromosome (not actual shape)
duplicated chromosome
sister chromatidsb
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• When chromosomes are duplicated, sister chromatids are produced
Centromere
Sister chromatids
Figure 8.4B
telomere
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• Human bands
Figure 8.19x1
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Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Human karyotype
Figure 8.19x2
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Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• When the cell divides, the sister chromatids separate – Two daughter cells are produced
– Each has a complete and identical set of chromosomes
Centromere Sister chromatids
Figure 8.4C
Chromosomeduplication
Chromosomedistribution
todaughter
cells
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cell
nucleus DNA
DNADNA
DNA DNA
DNA DNA
1. REPLICATION
2. MITOSIS
3. CYTOKINESIS
• Eukaryotic cell division consists of two stages:– Mitosis– Cytokinesis
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DNA
DNA
DNA
DNA
DNADNA
DNADNA
DNA
G1
Cell growth
SDNA replication
G2 Cell growth preparation for
division
Mitosis
Cytokinesis
Mitotic Phase (M)
Interphase
Interphase
Interphase
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INTERPHASE PROPHASE
Centrosomes(with centriole pairs)
Chromatin
Nucleolus Nuclearenvelope
Plasmamembrane
Early mitoticspindle
Centrosome
CentrosomeChromosome,consisting of twosister chromatids
Fragmentsof nuclearenvelope
Kinetochore
Spindlemicrotubules
Figure 8.6
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METAPHASE TELOPHASE AND CYTOKINESIS
Metaphaseplate
Spindle Daughterchromosomes
Cleavagefurrow
Nucleolusforming
Nuclearenvelopeforming
ANAPHASE
Figure 8.6 (continued)
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• Mitotic spindle
Figure 8.6x2
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• In animals, cytokinesis occurs by cleavage
– which pinches the cell apart
Cytokinesis differs for plant and animal cells
Figure 8.7A
Cleavagefurrow
Cleavagefurrow
Contracting ring ofmicrofilaments
Daughter cells
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• In plants, vesicles build a new cell plate
Vesicles containingcell wall material
Cell plateforming
Figure 8.7BCell plate Daughter
cells
Wall ofparent cell
Daughternucleus
Cell wall New cell wall
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• Binary fission - example: E. coli dividing
Figure 8.3x
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BINARY FISSION IN BACTERIA
cell wall
chromosome
cell membraneparent bacterial cell
two daughter cells
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• Mitotic cell division functions in:
– Growth (ex. onion root)
Review of functions of mitosis:
Figure 8.11A
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• Cell replacement (ex. skin)
Deadcells
Figure 8.11B
Dividingcells
Epidermis, the outer layer of the skin
Dermis
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• Asexual reproduction (seen here in a hydra)
Figure 8.11C
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• Development (Sea urchin )
Figure 8.0x
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