30 Years of Reform & Opening upand Looking forward

LSE, 3 December 2008

In December 1978, the Chinese government shifted its priority from political struggle to economic development, thereby initiating a new era of reform and opening up in China.

Deng Xiaoping: We must catch up with the times, and this should be the objective of the reform.

I. Four stages of reform and opening up

• The initial stage: from December 1978 to September 1984

• The period of comprehensive progress: from October 1984 to January 1992

• The period of institutional innovation: from February 1992 to October 2002

• The period of ‘storming the fortress’: from October 2002 onward

The initial stage:

The reforms started in the rural areas. Farmers obtained the right of land use

4 special economic zones set up14 coastal open cities designatedThe three-stage strategy put forward by Deng Xiaoping

SHENZHEN

The second stage:

Reform priority shifted to the citiesReform of state owned enterprises introduced

• Township and village enterprises flourished• Special economic zone in Hainan and

development area of Pudong, Shanghai declared

The third stage:

The objective of ‘a socialist market economy’ embracedReform of SOEs a major priority

• Accession to the WTO• The principle of building rule of law enshrined

in Constitution

The fourth stage:

Further improvement of the socialist market economyThe objective of building a moderately prosperous society

The theory of scientific outlook on developmentProtection of lawful private property enshrined in

Constitution

II. major achievements of reform and opening up

Sustained and fast growth and qualitative leap of comprehensive national strength

Farewell to the shortage economy and explosion of consumption

Substantial reduction in poverty

Close integration with the global economy

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1978 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2007

IMPORT

EXPORT

A vibrant and dynamic economy and society

Progress in building democracy and rule of law

III. experiences gained in the past 30 years

• Clearly defined objectives and Scientific outlook on development

• Three-step strategy：• First step: doubling per capita GDP during the 80s from $250

to $500.• Second step: doubling per capita again by the end of the 20th

century to $1,000 and increasing overall GDP to $1 trillion, turning China into a moderately prosperous society.

• Third step: quadrupling per capita GDP to $4,000 in 30 to 50 years.

• Adherence to reform and opening up in light of China’s national conditions

• Improving living standards and social stability

• Commitment to peace, development, cooperation and win-win outcome

IV. Major challenges and difficulties facing China

• Pressure of population and employment

Resource scarcity and environmental pollution

Uneven urban-rural and regional development

Imbalances in economic structure

V. the Chinese economy amid the global financial crisis

• 2008 is termed ‘the most difficult year’ for the Chinese economy.

• The financial crisis is hitting China. Many SME closures this year

• China’s counter-measures: a six hundred billion dollars stimulus package

VI. Prospects in the coming 10 to 20 years

Development programme and strategy

Stability in macroeconomic managementUpgrading of industrial structure

More efficient use of resources and lower energy intensity

• Central and western expansion

LANZHOU

Fast urbanization

• Expanding Transport Infrastructure

Better public services in education and health care

• Higher standard of living for all the people

• Emerging civil society

VII. factors underpinning sustained growth in China

• abundant labour force• a big domestic market

• rich capital reserves (savings and foreign exchange reserve)

30 Years of Reform & Opening upand Looking forward

LSE, 3 December 2008