3.01 remember the structures of the nervous system
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3.01 Remember the structures of the nervous system. Essential Question. What are the structures of the nervous system?. Introduction: Structures of the nervous system. Cellular structures of the nervous system. Neuron- a nerve cell Extensions of the neuron Dendrites - many Axon - one. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
3.01 Remember the structures of the nervous system
3.01 Remember the structures of the nervous system
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Essential Question
What are the structures of the nervous system?What are the structures of the nervous system?
3.01 Remember the structures of the nervous system
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Introduction: Structures of the nervous system
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Cellular structures of the nervous system
Neuron- a nerve cellNeuron- a nerve cell
Extensions of the neuronExtensions of the neuron
Dendrites - manyDendrites - many
Axon - oneAxon - one
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Cellular structures of the nervous systemNeuron- a nerve cellNeuron- a nerve cell
Myelin sheath - a special Myelin sheath - a special covering of the axon ( it speeds covering of the axon ( it speeds up the impulse along the axon)up the impulse along the axon)
Produces a fatty substance Produces a fatty substance
called myelin to protecalled myelin to protect the ct the axonaxon
Synapse – the space between Synapse – the space between neurons (messages go from the neurons (messages go from the axon of 1 cell to the dendrite of axon of 1 cell to the dendrite of another)another)
Membrane Excitability Nerves carry impulses by creating electric Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
chargescharges Neurons have a membranes that separate its Neurons have a membranes that separate its
cytoplasm inside from extracellular fluids cytoplasm inside from extracellular fluids outsideoutside
Neuron has a lot of K+ but little Na+; opposite Neuron has a lot of K+ but little Na+; opposite of extracellular fluid; membrane allows for of extracellular fluid; membrane allows for these ions to move in and out of the cellthese ions to move in and out of the cell
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Membrane Potential Resting: More positive ions (K+ has moved outside the Resting: More positive ions (K+ has moved outside the
cytoplasm) on the outside of the membrane (ready for cytoplasm) on the outside of the membrane (ready for action)action)
Depolarization: A stimulus is initiated (i.e. sound) that Depolarization: A stimulus is initiated (i.e. sound) that converts to electrical charge which allows the “gated” converts to electrical charge which allows the “gated” Na+ ions to come into the cytoplasm (action potential)Na+ ions to come into the cytoplasm (action potential)
Repolarization: the neuron closes to allow no more Na+ Repolarization: the neuron closes to allow no more Na+ but opens the K+ gates to allow it to escape thus but opens the K+ gates to allow it to escape thus sending it back to a positive outside and a negative sending it back to a positive outside and a negative insideinside
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3.01 Remember the structures of the nervous system
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Structures of the nervous system
Central nervous Central nervous systemsystem Brain- cerebral cortex Brain- cerebral cortex
(outer) highest center (outer) highest center of reasoning & of reasoning & intellectintellect
Spinal cordSpinal cord
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Structures of the nervous system Peripheral nervous Peripheral nervous
systemsystem
NervesNerves
Cranial nervesCranial nerves
Spinal nervesSpinal nerves
Sensory receptorsSensory receptors
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Structures of the central nervous system:
BRAINBRAIN
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Structures of the central nervous system: BRAINBRAIN
Cerebrum: largest part of the brainCerebrum: largest part of the brain Divided into two hemispheres (right and left) by a Divided into two hemispheres (right and left) by a
deep groove called the longitudinal fissuredeep groove called the longitudinal fissure
Frontal lobeFrontal lobe Occipital lobeOccipital lobe Parietal lobeParietal lobe Temporal lobeTemporal lobe
Frontal Lobe & Temporal Lobe FrontalFrontal Controls voluntary muscle movementControls voluntary muscle movement Controls speech in the left hemisphere (Broca)Controls speech in the left hemisphere (Broca) Cells in R hemisphere control movements on L side of Cells in R hemisphere control movements on L side of
the body and vice-versathe body and vice-versa TemporalTemporal Anterior portion is smell and the rest is hearingAnterior portion is smell and the rest is hearing Wernicke area: central language area for speech Wernicke area: central language area for speech
understanding & comprehension understanding & comprehension
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Parietal & Occipital Lobes
ParietalParietal Behind the frontal lobe and it is your sensory Behind the frontal lobe and it is your sensory
centercenter Where you feel pain, touch, heat, cold, and Where you feel pain, touch, heat, cold, and
balancebalance OccipitalOccipital Over the cerebellum, visual area that controls Over the cerebellum, visual area that controls
eyesighteyesight
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3.01 Remember the structures of the nervous system
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Structures of the central nervous system: BRAINBRAIN DiencephalonDiencephalon
Located between the cerebrum and the midbrain
StructuresStructures ThalamusThalamus HypothalamusHypothalamus Pineal bodyPineal body Pituitary glandPituitary gland
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Structures of the central nervous system: BRAINBRAIN
DiencephalonDiencephalon Pineal Body- Pineal Body- produces produces
melatonin below the 3melatonin below the 3rdrd ventricle ventricle Pituitary Gland-Pituitary Gland-size of a grape, size of a grape,
base of brain at the depression of base of brain at the depression of the sphenoid bone; connected to the sphenoid bone; connected to hypothalamus; hormones of hypothalamus; hormones of pituitary are controlled by pituitary are controlled by hypothalamushypothalamus
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Structures of the central nervous system: BRAINBRAIN
DiencephalonDiencephalon ThalamusThalamus – spherical mass of gray – spherical mass of gray
matter; deep in the cerebral matter; deep in the cerebral hemispheres; relay station for incoming hemispheres; relay station for incoming & outgoing nerve impulses& outgoing nerve impulses
HypothalamusHypothalamus – lies below the – lies below the thalamus; part of the limbic system; the thalamus; part of the limbic system; the “brain” of the Brain“brain” of the Brain
Autonomic Nervous ControlAutonomic Nervous Control Cardiovascular (BP, constriction & dilation Cardiovascular (BP, constriction & dilation
of vessels and heart beat)of vessels and heart beat) Sleep controlSleep control
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Hypothalamus continued
Temperature maintains 98.6Temperature maintains 98.6Appetite control- gives you signals when you Appetite control- gives you signals when you are hungry & when to stop eatingare hungry & when to stop eatingWater balance-high osmotic pressure in blood Water balance-high osmotic pressure in blood signals water deficiency & ADH is secretedsignals water deficiency & ADH is secretedManufacture oxytocin-contracts uterus in Manufacture oxytocin-contracts uterus in laborlaborGI control- increases peristalsisGI control- increases peristalsisEmotional State- fear & pleasureEmotional State- fear & pleasureMind over body experiences- when patients Mind over body experiences- when patients given terminal diagnosis but are able to will given terminal diagnosis but are able to will themselves wellthemselves well
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Structures of the central nervous system: BRAINBRAIN Limbic systemLimbic system
Located in the center Located in the center of the brainof the brain
Encircles the top of Encircles the top of the brain stem.the brain stem.
Olfactory bulb-relates food Olfactory bulb-relates food with emotionswith emotions
Amygdala-emotional Amygdala-emotional reactor (fear, anxiety, reactor (fear, anxiety, aggressionaggression
Hippocampus-memory & Hippocampus-memory & learninglearning
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Structures of the central nervous system: BRAINBRAIN Limbic systemLimbic system Parahippocampus: monitors strong Parahippocampus: monitors strong
emotions like rage & frightemotions like rage & fright Fornix: pathway of nerve fibers from Fornix: pathway of nerve fibers from
hippocampus to mammillary bodyhippocampus to mammillary body Mammillary Body: nucleus Mammillary Body: nucleus
transmits messages between fornix & transmits messages between fornix & thalamusthalamus
Cingulated Gyrus: Modifies Cingulated Gyrus: Modifies Behavior & emotionBehavior & emotion
Septum pellucidum: connects fornix Septum pellucidum: connects fornix to corpus callosumto corpus callosum
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Structures of the central nervous system: BRAINBRAIN
CerebellumCerebellum Controls anything Controls anything
regarding movement of regarding movement of skeletal musclesskeletal muscles Maintenance of Maintenance of
balancebalance Maintenance of Maintenance of
muscle tonemuscle tone Coordination of Coordination of
muscle movementsmuscle movements
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Structures of the central nervous system: BRAINBRAIN
BrainBrain stem-stem-has gray matter & has gray matter & neurons responsible for sleep-wake neurons responsible for sleep-wake cycle; damage to certain area can cause cycle; damage to certain area can cause comacoma
Midbrain-Midbrain-location of cerebral aqueduct location of cerebral aqueduct assists w/ vision & hearingassists w/ vision & hearing
Pons-Pons-2 way path for incoming and 2 way path for incoming and outgoing impulses for both the cerebrum & outgoing impulses for both the cerebrum & cerebellum; site of 4 cranial nerves & a cerebellum; site of 4 cranial nerves & a respiratory control centerrespiratory control center
Medulla oblongata-Medulla oblongata-white matter on white matter on outside serves as message center between outside serves as message center between brain & spinal cord; responsible for basic brain & spinal cord; responsible for basic body functions as breathing and heart beatbody functions as breathing and heart beat
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Structures of the central nervous system: BRAINBRAIN
MeningesMeninges Dura materDura mater
Outermost layer- Lines inside of skull; tough Outermost layer- Lines inside of skull; tough fibrous material that has an abundant amount fibrous material that has an abundant amount of blood vesselsof blood vessels
ArachnoidArachnoid Middle layer- cobweb of fluid filled spacesMiddle layer- cobweb of fluid filled spaces
Pia materPia mater Innermost layer- covers the brain surface Innermost layer- covers the brain surface
itselfitself CSF fills space between arachnoid and pia CSF fills space between arachnoid and pia
mater (produced within the ventricles & is mater (produced within the ventricles & is our brain’sour brain’s
shock absorber)shock absorber)
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Structures of the central nervous system: BRAINBRAIN
Ventricles Ventricles - - lined cavities deep within the brain filled with cerebrospinal fluid Choroid plexus – rich network of
blood vessels in all 4 ventricles of the brain; aids in formation of CSF
Is selective in its ability to allow certain things to pass through (blood brain barrier)
Brain Teasers
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3.01 Remember the structures of the nervous system
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What word do you see?
Read aloud
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Can you read this?
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Structures of the central nervous system: Spinal CordSpinal Cord
Surrounded by the Surrounded by the vertebrae, meninges, and vertebrae, meninges, and cerebrospinal fluidcerebrospinal fluid
Spinal Cord Anatomy
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Grey Matter: route sensory or motor stimulus to interneurons of the CNS in order to create a response to the stimulus through chemical synapse activity.
White Matter: It contains nerve fibers. Many of these nerve fibers (axons) are surrounded by a type of fat called myelin. The myelin gives the white matter it's color. Myelin acts as an insulator. It plays an important role in the speed of nerve signaling.
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Structures of the peripheral nervous system:
Peripheral Nervous SystemPeripheral Nervous SystemAfferent peripheral nerve system:Afferent peripheral nerve system: sensory neurons that sensory neurons that send info from receptors in the periphery of the body to the send info from receptors in the periphery of the body to the brain & spinal cordbrain & spinal cord Efferent peripheral Nerve System: Efferent peripheral Nerve System: motor neurons send motor neurons send info from brain & spinal cord to muscles & glandsinfo from brain & spinal cord to muscles & glands
Somatic:Somatic: impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles (voluntary) impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles (voluntary) AutonomicAutonomic: impulses from CNS to smooth muscle (involuntary): impulses from CNS to smooth muscle (involuntary)
• 1. Sympathetic: 1. Sympathetic: “fight or flight”“fight or flight”
• 2. Parasympathetic: 2. Parasympathetic: “rest & digest”“rest & digest”
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Structures of the peripheral nervous system
I. I. OlfactoryOlfactory II. OpticII. Optic III. OculomotorIII. Oculomotor IV. TrochlearIV. Trochlear V. TrigeminalV. Trigeminal VI. AbducensVI. Abducens VII. FacialVII. Facial VIII. VestibulocochlearVIII. Vestibulocochlear IX. GlossopharyngealIX. Glossopharyngeal X. VagusX. Vagus XI. AccessoryXI. Accessory XII. HypoglossalXII. Hypoglossal
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Structures of the PNS
Peripheral nervous systemPeripheral nervous system 31 pairs of spinal nerves31 pairs of spinal nerves Named by location in the spinal cord Named by location in the spinal cord
(plexus: network of nerves in spine)(plexus: network of nerves in spine) Cervical Plexus (C1-C4): mvmt of shoulders & Cervical Plexus (C1-C4): mvmt of shoulders &
neckneck Brachial plexus (C5-8, T1): mvmt shoulder, wrist & Brachial plexus (C5-8, T1): mvmt shoulder, wrist &
handshands Lumbar Plexus (T12, L1-4): mvmt of buttocks, Lumbar Plexus (T12, L1-4): mvmt of buttocks,
anterior thigh & leganterior thigh & leg Sacral Plexus (L4-5, S1-2): motor mvmt leg (sciatic Sacral Plexus (L4-5, S1-2): motor mvmt leg (sciatic
nerve: lgst nerve in body—gluteus maximus to nerve: lgst nerve in body—gluteus maximus to knee)knee)
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Structures of the PNS
Peripheral Peripheral nervous systemnervous system 12 cranial nerves12 cranial nerves 31 pairs of nervous31 pairs of nervous
Anterior
View
Posteriorview
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Structures of the PNS
Motor systemMotor system Autonomic Autonomic
nervous systemnervous systemSympathetic Sympathetic
nervous systemnervous systemParasympathetic Parasympathetic
nervous systemnervous system Somatic nervous Somatic nervous
systemsystem
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Structures of the PNSAutonomic nervous systemAutonomic nervous system
Sympathetic Sympathetic nervous systemnervous system Extends from the base Extends from the base
of the brain, along both of the brain, along both sides of the spinal sides of the spinal columncolumn
These nerves connect These nerves connect to all internal organsto all internal organs
Parasympathetic Parasympathetic nervous systemnervous system The vagus nerve The vagus nerve
connects the medulla connects the medulla with organs of the with organs of the upper bodyupper body
The pelvic nerve The pelvic nerve emerges from the emerges from the spinal cord and spinal cord and connects with the connects with the organs of the lower organs of the lower bodybody
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Structures of the PNSSomatic nervous systemSomatic nervous system
These nerves are These nerves are located along the located along the spinal cord.spinal cord.
Connect skeleton, Connect skeleton, muscles and joints muscles and joints to the brain.to the brain.
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Structures of the CNS & PNS
Check your
knowledge…
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Structures of the nervous system
Remember this!
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Essential question
What are the structures of the nervous system?What are the structures of the nervous system?