3rd step in intro significant of the topiccomes up where

abstractexplains to the reader thebasic purpose for writing

the paper and any relevantresults and conclusions

abstract variables

variables that change or differovert time or acrosssituations or contexts(communication satisfactionor self-disclosure)

accuracy, authority,currency, objectivity

in order to check thevalidity of a web source you

must look for what?

accurate, self contained,concise

abstracts should be what

alters parameter ofstatistical test

limitation of unidirectionalhypotheses

anchors strongly agree, agree,disagree, are what

antecedent and consequent what do propositionsconsist of

apparatusdescribes the materials used

int eh specific study, whatthey are (explain), if yo built

them include directions

argumenta series of propositions in

which one follows logicallyas a conclusion from the

others

attributerefer to the specific category

of a variable i.e. biological sexincludes the attributes male

or female categorical

axiom generally acceptedprinciples or rules

Berlo who said communication islike a river

bimodial, multimodial two modes, more than twomodes

bipolar scale semantic differential scaleis also known as

categorical attributes are

causemanipulation is the blank in

a cause and effectrelationship

chronbach's alphareliability

most commonly used singleadministration scalar

reliability used by socialscientist

clever hansan example of a scientist

not maintaining control ofextraneous variables

communication

the process by which oneperson stimulates meaning inthe minds of another person

through verbal and nonverbalmessages

communication and massmedia complete

what is the most usefuldatabase for com majors

communicationsfocuses on mediatedtechnology is used to

communicate messages tolarge numbers of people

comparison group (control)which group in a study

receives no treatment (nocontrol condition)

concrete variables stable of consistent as inbiological sex or birth order

conditional or hypothetical what are the mostimportant propositions

confounding variables cannot always be preventedbut can be controlled

control

the process where an individualboth prevents personal biases frominterfering with the research studyand makes sure there are no otherexplanations from what is seen inthe study

controlled the confounding variable iswhat

criterion variable dependent variable is aka

data any record or observation

dependent variable measurement focuses onwhich variable

describe, organize,interpret data

statistics allows us to

descriptive statisticsare used to organize and

summarize information ordata (describes number of)

percentages

differencethe degree to which one

person or a group of peopleare dissimilar from anotherperson or group of people

difference in kind

when two or more groups dodifferent things associated

with their groups (footballersplay football, cheerleaders

cheer)

difference of degree

when two groups havediffering degree of a variablethat they both display (look atverbal aggression in footballplayers and cheerleaders)

directional researchquestions

asks if there is a positive ornegative relationshipbetween two variables

do notdifferences in kind

___________relate tostatistics

dyadsfocuses on collecting

information about twopeople involved in an

interpersonal relationship

dynaminc and changing human communication iswhat

ecological fallacy

• a concept similar to stereotyping andoccurs when researchers assume thatbecause a participant is a member of aspecific group or culture that he or shepossesses all the same communicationcharacteristics as the group

empirical generalizations

an attempt to describe aphenomenon based on what weknow about the phenomenon atthe time (basically based onwhat we observed)

empirical, objective, andcontrolled

observations must be what?

empiricism

science is only acceptableinsofar as the phenomenon inquestion can be sensed (if youdon't have physical proof itdoesn't exist)

epistemologyways of knowing or how we

know what we know,through which framework

face or content, predictiveor concurrent, construct or

factorial

three types of validity

face validitydoes not involve the use of a

correlation coefficient,subjective type of validity, justseeing if at face value people

falseon semantic differential

scales you have to write thenumbers

falsifiedin order for a theory to be atrue theory it must have the

ability to be what?

fifth component a thesis is what componentof an introduction

frequency then percentile sex is indicated with

greater thanon a positively skewed set of

data the mean will be___________the median

or mode

hasty generalizationgeneralizing something

when there is not enoughevidence to make the

generalization.

hypothesesthe conclusion that occurs

at the end of a series ofpropositions is a what?

Ibn al-Haytham who created the firstscientific method

importance of topic, it's arelatable phenomena, why

we should care

significane of the topicsection should show

increase reliability, ****over validity

response sets typically dowhat to reliability

independent variable manipulation primarilyfocuses on which cariable

individuals

these studies focus ontemperament, personality orcommunication traits or theresearch could focus on specificcommunication strategies orbehaviors selected by a person

individuals, dyads, groups,organizations

most communicationresearch examines

communication in thesefour units of analysis

inferential statisticsUsed in order to make

prediction draw conclusionsabout the larger group based

upon the smaller group.

interpret the results,connect to lit review,

explain how knowledge haschanged as a result of this

results discussion should dowhat?

intervalmultiple items on a

semantic differential scaleare what?

intervalmultiple items on a likert

scale are thought to be whattype of measures

interval level variablesallow a researcher to rank

order items and to comparethe magnitude of difference

between each category

interval level variableslikert, semantic differential,

and scalagram scalesmeasure what?

interval variablesthe personal report of

public speaking anxietysues what type of variables

intervening variables

additional variables whosepresence may impact therelationship between he

dependent and independentvariables

isomorphic

identity or similarity form, tiesresults to reality and showsthat what you are measuring isactually what you think youare measuring

italicized anchors should always bewhat according to apa

item construction, length ofinstrument, administration

of test

three ways to improvereliabiity

kind and degree two types of differences

latent variable(hypothetical variable)

a variable that a researchercannot directly observe but isinferred from other variablesthat are observable andmeasured directly

less thannegatively skewed data themean will be_______ the

median or mode

likert scalestrongly agree agree

disagree strongly disagreescale type

likert scales

designed to measureattitudes, start with a

descriptive sentence and thenoffer a range of possible

choices

likert, semantic differential,scalagram scales

list three types of scalesused to measure interval

level variables

lit review developing rationale iswhere

literature review

the selection of available documents (publishedand unpublished) on a given topic that containinformation, opinions, data and evidence writtenfrom a particular point of view that aids in areader's understanding of pertinent review prior toexaming the results in a new study. A series of briefresearch papers about various related topics.

manipulated the independent variable is

manipulation,measurement, and control

primary mission of researchis the (blank) of variables

manipulation,measurement, control

what are the three pillars ofexperimental research

may skew data, outliers limitations of mean

meanmost powerful measure of

central tendency forstatistical analysis

mean and standarddeviation

when reporting theparticipants ages you must

include

mean, median, mode measures of centraltendancy

measured the dependent variable is

measurementthe systematic observationand assignment of numbersto phenomena according to

rules

medianbest measure of central

tendency when looking atdata with extreme scores

missing info in a specificcontext, different samplepopulations, out of date

information, theoreticallydriven

types of research gaps

mode value that occurs mostfrequently in a data set

modemost general and least

precise of all descriptivestatistics (measures of

central tendency)

mutually exclusive,equivalent, exhaustive

rules for nominal levelvariable categories

mutually exclusive, logicallyordered, balanced torepresent amount of

characteristic possessed byparticipant

ordinal variables must be

negatively skewed the tail is longer on the left

neutralwhen two variables have no

relationship with eachother they are

nominal variablesdemocrat/republican/other,

occupation, religion,ethnicity are all examples of

nominal, ordinal, interval,ratio

four variable levels

non random assignment(intact group)

groups where participantschoose their own group asin playing golf or not, you

see, etc

null hypothesis represents there is NOrelationship

null hypothesis researches always testwhich hypothesis

numerical values are

objective

scientist making sure thattheir personal emotionspredictions and biases do notget in the way is an exampleof being what

objectivescientific research is more

what (objective orsubjective)

observationsportion of study where

researcher attempts to testthe hypothesis

one tailed (unidirectional)hypothesis

a hypothesis that predicts thespecific nature of therelationship or difference as inthis is positively correlatedwith this or negatively

operationalize variables defining things allows aresearch to do what?

ordinal single items on semanticdifferential scales are what

ordinal level variablesallow us to rank order

attributes with regard towhich has less versus which

has more (variable type)

orinalindividual item on a likertscale is though to be what

type of measurement

parameter the average of an entirepopulation

participants, apparatus,procedure, instrumentation

methods section is brokendown into what four areas

Popper'swhich versions of the

scientific method is mostcommonly used today

positive, negative, neutralrelationships betweenvariables are typically

either

positively skewedthe tail of the curve is

longer on the right side ofdistribution

predict the future, becapable of being falsified

a theory must

previewauthor lists the specific

sections that he or she isplanning on covering in the

literature review of the paper

propositiona statement that either

confirms or deniessomething

qualitativemodes is best used to

measure what kind of data?(sex, political affiliation,

class rank)

qualitativenominal level variables

have what type ofcharacteristics?

qualitative (interpretive orcritical)

the humanismepistemological approach ismost closely correlated with

what type of research

quantitativescalar reliability is the mostcommon form of reliability

in what type of research

quantitative interval level variables havewhat characteristics

quantitative and qualitativeordinal level variables have

what kind ofcharacteristics?

quantitivethe scientific

epistemological approach ismore closely related with

what type of research?

range most general measure ofvariability

rangethe distance between the

larges value and the lowestvalue is known as what?

rangedoes not tell us how eachscore in the distribution

differs from the mean

range, variance, standarddeviation

measures of variability(dispersion)

relationshiprefers to the

correspondence orconnection between two

variables.

reliabilitythe accuracy that a measure

has in producing stable,consistent measurements

reliability, validity, fakingresponses, response sets,

bad items

problems with measure

research the use of the scientificmethod to answer questions

research questionan explicit question aresearch asks about a

variable of interest

response set

any tendency that causes aperson to give differentresponses to test items thanhe or she would if the item waspresented in a different form

results discussion,limitations, future research

the discussions section isbroken down into which

three sections

retell arguments made results discussion shouldNOT

sample subset of a population

scalar reliabilitythe most common form of

reliability assessed inquantitative research

scalar reliabilitythe generalized attitude

measures scale is anexample of what type of

reliability?

scalogram scaleused to determine when

people cut themselves off inrelation to a specific belief

scientific and humanism two most prominentepistemological approaches

scientific methodin order for humanistic

research to be scientific itmust follow what?

semantic differential scalegood/bad, happy/sad,eventful/uneventful,

positive/negative scale as ingood (1)_________bad(7)

semantic differential scalesask respondents to rate

their opinions on a linearscale between two

endpoints

seven most common number ofsteps on a likert scale

sextus empiricus who rejected the belief inthe divine nature of illness

Shannon and Weavermodel

the SMCR model is alsoknown as

skewness the curve of your data

small populationsqualitative research is

typically used to explainwhat population

standard deviation

tells us how far each scorediffers from the average and toother scores and provides uswith a more descriptive andeasier to use number

standard deviation the square root of thevariance is known as what?

subjectivequalitative research is more

what (objective orsubjective)

subjective

knowledge arises out of theresearcher's own opinions andperceptions and usually is onlyapplied to explain smallgroups

subjectswhen looking through a

database you should firstsearch what

sum of squares variance is dependent uponwhat?

sum of squares and numberof participants

in order to calculatevariance you must know

what?

sweeping generalization an ecological fallacy is alsoknown as

syllogismthree propositions (two

premises and oneconclusion) is known as

test retest reliabilitygiving the same group ofpeople the same test at a

different time and seeing iftheir results are similar

theoriesa proposed explanation for how a set ofnatural phenomena will occur, capable ofmaking predictions about the phenomenafor the future and capable of beingfalsified through empirical observation

theories, predictions(hypotheses) observations,

generalizations

steps in the scientificmethod

theory

a proposed explanaton for how a setof natural phenomena will occur,capable of making predictionsabout the phenomena for the futureand capable of being falsifiedthrough empirical observation

thesisa short declarative sentencethat explains to a reader thepurpose of the paper itself

two-tailed (orbidirectional) hypothesis

predicts that there is a significantdifference or relationship but doesnot indicate the speicifc nature ofthe difference (which group wouldhave a higher score) or relationship(positive or negative)

validitydoes your tool measurewhat it was intended to

measure

validitythe degree to which an

instrument measures whatit is intended to measure

values

refers to the numericaldesignation assigned to eachvariable to allow for statisticalanalysis. Click one for maletwo for female numerical

variability (dispersion)range, variance, and

standard deviation are allmeasures of what?

variable any entity that can take on avariety of different values

variance

how wide or spread out adistribution is or the averagedistance of the scores for aninterval or ratio scale from themean in square units

vary a variable must do what

why there could be adifference between

variables

rationale for a researchquestion explains what