31-10-12 edu set sound insulation & acoustics
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GENERAL INTRODUCTION Sound is generated in the air when a surface is
vibrated.
The vibrating surface sets up waves of compressionand rarefaction.
To understand it let us take example of tuning fork
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GENERAL INTRODUCTIONI have drawn three pictures of a
tuning fork to help you visualize
how air molecules might look
around a tuning fork.
When the tuning fork is at rest,
the fork is surrounded by
molecules in the air.
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GENERAL INTRODUCTIONAs a tuning fork's prongs move
apart because of a vibration.
The molecules ahead of it are
crowded together.
They look like they are being
pushed together. They bump
each other.
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GENERAL INTRODUCTIONAs the tuning fork's prongs
come back together, it leaves a
region that has fewer
molecules than usual.The region of a sound wave in
which the molecules are
crowded together is a
compression.
The region of a sound wave in
which particles are spread
apart is a rarefaction.
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GENERAL INTRODUCTIONAs a tuning fork vibrates, it causes molecules in
the air to move.
The molecules bump into other moleculesnearby, causing them to move.
This process continues from molecule tomolecule.
The result is a series of compressions andrarefactions that make up sound waves.
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GENERAL INTRODUCTIONAnd these compression and rarefactions sets the
ear drum vibrating.
The movements of ear drum are translated by the
brain into sound sensation.
So, we really don't hear with our ears - we hear
with our brains!
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GENERAL INTRODUCTIONShape (dish
type) of theouter ear ishelpful in
receivingsound waves.
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GENERAL INTRODUCTIONHere's How It Works Sound vibrations, or sound waves, are collected by
the OUTER EAR.
And travel into the ear canal, where they bump upagainst the ear drum.
The EAR DRUM vibrates in sympathy with these
sound waves. As it vibrates, it moves a series of tiny bones in
the MIDDLE EAR
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GENERAL INTRODUCTION
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Intensity and loudness of sound Loudness of a sound corresponds to the degree of
sensation depending upon the intensity of sound and
sensitivity of ear drums.
It may also happen that the same listener might give
different judgments about the loudness of sound of
the same intensity but of different frequencies as the
response of the ear is found to vary with the frequency
of vibration.
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Frequency and pitch of sound
Frequency or pitch is defined as the number of cycle
which a sounding body makes in each unit of time.
It is measure of the quality of sound. The sensation of pitch depends upon the frequency
with which the vibrations succeed one another at the
ear.
Greater the frequency the higher the pitch.
And the lesser the frequency the lower the pitch.
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Frequency and pitch of sound The audio range falls between 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz. This
range is important because its frequencies can be detected
by the human ear. A frequency is expressed in terms of Hz(Hertz)
and it determines pitch of sound source. They can be
categorized as:
Low tones sound of urban road traffic.
Mild tones sound of piano notes.
High tones sound of single tea kettle.
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The behavior of sound propagationIt is affected by many things:
The speed of sound within the medium depends upon
temperature of the medium ,which in turns effect thedensity and pressure of the medium..
The propagation is also affected by the motion of the
medium itself. For example, sound moving through wind is further
transported towards the direction of wind.
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The behavior of sound propagation The viscosity of the medium also affects the
motion of sound waves.
It determines the rate at which sound is
attenuated.
For many media, such as air or water, attenuationdue to viscosity is negligible.
Sound cannot travel through a vacume.
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The behavior of sound propagation
It travels much faster in solids and liquids then inair.
The velocity of sound in atmospheric air at 20
degree centigrade is 343 meter per second. The velocity of sound in pure water is 1450 meter
per second.
The velocity of sound in bricks is 4300 meter persecond.
The velocity of sound in concrete is 4000 meterper second.
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The behavior of sound in enclosures
When the sound waves strike the surfaceof room three things happen
(1) Some of the sound is reflected back in the room.
(2) Some of the sound energy is absorbed by the
surfaces and listeners of the room/hall .
(3) And some of the sound is transmitted out of the
room through vibrations of f loors, walls and
ceilings.
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The behavior of sound in enclosures
The amount of sound reflected and absorbed
depends upon the different surfaces of room.
And the sound transmitted outside the room will
depend upon .
The sound insulation properties of walls , f loors
and ceiling etc. .
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Reflection of sound waves.
Reflection of sound waves is exactly the same asthat of light waves.
That is angle of incidence is equal to the angle ofreflection. *c
*c *c
INCIDENT WAVEREFLECTED WAVE
REFLECTING SURFACE.
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Reflection of sound waves.
The reflectedwave
frontfrom a flat
surface are alsospherical and their
centre of curvature
is the image of
source of sound.
FLAT REFLECTORWAVE FRONT
SOUND
SOURCE
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Reflection of sound waves.Sound waves reflected ata convex surface aremagnified and areconsidered bigger.
They are attenuated andtherefore weaker.
So convex surface may beused with advantage tospread the sound wavesthroughout the room.
WAVE FRONT CONVEXREFLECTOR
SOUNDSOURCE
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Reflection of sound waves.
The sound waves reflected ata concave surface areconsidered smaller.
The waves are most condensedand therefore amplified.
The concave surface may beprovided for concentration ofreflected waves at certainpoints.
WAVE FRONT
CONCAVE REFLECTOR
SOUNDSOURCE
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Acoustics general introduction The scientific study of the phenomenon of
sound is known as Acoustics.
Acoustics as applied to buildings is the scienceof sound which assures the optimumconditions for
Producing sound/speech/music
Listening of sound/speech/music
Recording /editing of sound etc.
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Acoustical Interaction
Acoustics means to work on these threeparameters and improve sound experience.
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Acoustical Interaction
Sound is attenuated by absorption Historically, the primary focus of acoustics was
the use of absorbing surfaces to control thereverberation times and loudness of spaces.
Redirected by reflection
Uniformly scattered by diffusion Good architectural acoustic design requires an
appropriate combination of absorptive,reflective and diffusive surfaces
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Acoustics general introduction
For better acoustical results the construction andapplication of sound absorbents and soundreflective materials should be carefully selected
and placed.
This will help in providing better quality of audiovideo sensations to viewers/ listeners.
Proper acoustical planning can reduce orcompletely eliminate defects related to sound,which are called acoustical defects.
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Acoustical defects
List of acoustical defects
Reverberation.
Formations of echoes.
Sound foci.
Dead spots.
Insufficient loudness.
Exterior noises.
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Acoustical defects (Reverberation)
Reverberation is the persistence of soundin the enclosed space , after the source of
sound has stopped. Reverberant sound is the reflected sound
, as a result of improper absorption.
Reverberation may results in confusionwith the sound created next.
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Acoustical defects (Reverberation)
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Acoustical defects (Reverberation)
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Reverberation time & quality of sound
Reverberation time should remain within limits as perIndian Standard Code: 2526-1963.
Sr.No.
RECOMMENDED TIME INSECONDS
ACOUSTICS
1 0.50 to 1.50 Excellent
2 1.50 to 2.00 Good
3 2.00 to 3.00 Fairly good
4 3.00 to 5.00 Bad
5 Above 5.0 seconds Very bad
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Formation of echoes. Echo's
Not all sound that hits matter is absorbed. Someof it is reflected. That means sound bounces offthe solid matter the way a tennis ball bounces offa wall. Sound reflected back to its source is anecho.
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Formation of echoes.
An echo is produced when the reflected sound wavereaches the ear just when the original sound from thesame source has been already heard.
Thus there is repetition of sound.
The sensation of sound persists for 1/10thof a secondafter the source has ceased.
Thus an echo must reach after 1/10th
second of thedirect sound
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Formation of echoes. Multiple echoes may be heard when a sound is
reflected from a number of reflecting surfaces
placed suitably.
This defect can be removed by selecting proper
shape of the hall .
And by providing rough and porous interior
surfaces to disperse the energy of echoes.
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Dead spots.
This defect is the out come of formation of soundfoci.
Because of high concentration of reflected soundat sound foci , there is deficiency of related sound
at some other points. These spots are known as dead spots where sound
intensity is so low that it is insufficient forhearing.
This defect can be removed by suitably placingdiffusers and reflectors.
Right proportions of internal spaces.
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Dead spots.
Geometrical shape of roof helps in proper distribution of sound
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External noise External noises from vehicles , traffic engines ,
factories , machines etc. may enter the hall either
through the openings or even through walls and otherstructural elements having improper sound
insulation.
This defect can be removed by proper planning of thehall with respect to its surroundings and by proper
sound insulation of external walls.
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Acoustical design of halls The initial sound from the source should be of
adequate intensity so that it can be heard
throughout the hall .
For halls of big sizes suitable sound amplification
system should be installed.
The sound produced should be evenly distributed
so that there is no dead spots and sound foci.
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Acoustical design of halls The boundary surface should be so designed that
there are no echoes or near echoes.
Desired reverberation time should be achieved by
proper placement of absorbents on wall.
The out side noise should be eliminated.
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Physical Design Principles for halls
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Physical Design Principles for halls
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Physical Design Principles for halls
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Physical Design Principles for halls
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Physical Design Principles for halls
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Physical Design Principles for halls
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Physical Design Principles for halls
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Acoustics materials
Carpet is an outstanding sound
absorptive material. When
properly selected, carpet absorbs
airborne noise as efficiently as
many specialized acoustical
materials. No other acoustical
material performs the dual role of a
floor covering and a versatile
acoustical aid.
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Acoustics materials
QUIET BARRIER HDA flexible, 2lb per sq./ft. 1/4in. thick, high density
material with a smoothsurface designed to reducenoise transmission betweentwo spaces. Applicationsinclude reducing airborne
noise transmission throughwalls, ceilings and floors
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Acoustics materialsQUIET BARRIER MD
A flexible, 1lb per sq./ft. 1/8 in.
thick, high density material
with a smooth surface
specially engineered to
reduce noise transmission
between two spaces.
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Acoustics materialsTough core Ceiling Tiles
High-performance composite
ceiling panel. Especially well-
suited to minimize sound
transmission between adjacent
spaces sharing a common attic
space. Available in a variety of
finish options and edge details.
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Acoustics materials
Isotrax
Complete soundproofing
system for walls and
ceilings. Blocks andisolates sound, reduces
noise from traveling
through building materials.
New or existingconstruction.
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Acoustics materials
damping tiles used for noise absorption.
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Sound insulation general introduction
Unwanted sound reaching the ears is called
NOISE.
It may be due to frequency of sound.
It may be due to intensity of sound .
Or it may be due to the combination of both
frequency and intensity of sound.
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Sound insulation
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Sound insulation general introduction
So sound insulation is the measure by whichtransmission of sound / noise from inside to out side(vice versa ) or from one room to other is prevented.
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Sound insulation ( effects of noise) It creates discomfort.
It has adverse effect on blood pressure , sleep andcauses muscular strains.
It leads to fatigue and decreases the efficiency of aperson.
It takes away essence of music and speech.
It disturbs concentration.
Prolonged exposure to noise may result in temporarydeafness or even nervous breakdown.
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Classification of noise.From the origin point of view noise may be of two
types:-
Out door noise.
Indoor noise.
And noise may also be classified as
Air borne noise or sound
Structure borne noises or impact noises or sounds.
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Sources of out door noises.
OUT DOOR NOISES ARE CAUSED BY:-
Road traffic.
Railways.
Climatic conditions.
Aero planes.
Moving machines.
Machines in nearby factories or buildings etc.
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Transmission loss (TM) of sound
When sound is transmitted from source ororigin to the adjoining room/ area, reductionin sound intensity takes place.This is known as transmission loss (TM)Measured in decibels (dB)
60 decibels 40 decibels
TM=60-40=20 DECIBELS.
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Types of sound insulating materials
Non porous rigid.
Porous rigid materials.
Non rigid porous flexible materials.
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Types of sound insulating materials Non porous rigid
Brick masonry plastered on both sides
Stone masonry structures
Concrete structures RCC Structures
Porous rigid materials.
Light weight concrete
Cellular concrete
Gypsum board partitions
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Types of sound insulating materials
Non rigid porous flexible materials
Perforated boards
Compressed fiber boards
Pulp boards
Mineral wool boards
Acoustic tiles /sheets
Glass wool
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Types of sound insulating materials
Non rigid porous flexible materials
Cobalt quilt
Wood wool boards
Curtains
Foams
Celotex boards
Cane fiber etc.
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Sound insulating techniquesThere are some construction techniques also which
are adopted for sound insulation.
Double wall construction.
Cavity wall construction. False ceiling.
Hollow block construction.
Double pane windows. Baffle blocks, honey combs etc.
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Sound insulating techniques Double wall construction .
BOARDS WOODENSTUDS
SOUND ABSORBING BLANKETBOARDS
WOODEN STUDS
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Sound insulating techniques False ceiling.
REINFORCED CONCRETE ROOF
SUSPENDERS
FALSE CEILING
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Sound insulating techniques Hollow block construction.
COMPRESSED CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCKS
HOLLOW
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Thank you and enjoy sound