3140 finley road downers grove, il 60515 630.795.3200 1 problems associated with ppe use –heat...

1 3140 Finley Road Downers Grove, IL 60515 630.795.3200

• Problems Associated with PPE Use– Heat stress– Dermatoses– Restricted vision and dexterity– Restricted communication/hearing– Claustrophobia

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT


• Review MSDS, safety supply catalogs to determine compatibility of gloves, boots and suits with chemicals to be encountered.

• NIOSH website (CDC.gov) Recommendations for chemical protective clothing (CPC)

• Prepare ahead!

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT


RESPIRATORY PROTECTION


Respiratory protection should be used:


When Engineering Controls When Engineering Controls Are Not Feasible or SufficientAre Not Feasible or Sufficient

During EmergenciesDuring Emergencies

When Exposures When Exposures Are UnknownAre Unknown

3

2

1



• Why Respiratory Protection?– Minimize the Inhalation

of Airborne Substances• Dusts• Mists• Vapors/gases• Fumes



• If someone is wearing a respirator then Personal Air Monitoring should be conducted – Gives idea of airborne concentrations in ‘personal

breathing zone’– Helps select the right type of respirator

• Conduct end of service life cartridge calculations



• Respiratory Protection– Respiratory Hazards

• Oxygen deficiency

• Toxic contaminants

• Unknown atmosphere

There is a lot to consider!



• Respiratory Hazards– Oxygen deficiency

• Atmospheric content by volume

– Normal

20.9 % oxygen

– Minimum allowable 19.5 %

oxygen



• Respiratory Hazards – Toxic Contaminants

• Dust• Fumes• Mists• Gases• Vapors



• Respiratory Hazards– Unknown Atmosphere

• Typical spill situation

• Could be IDLH (Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health)

• Need highest level of protection



Air-Purifying Respirators

Atmosphere-Supplying

Respirators

Two types of respirators



A four-step process should be used to guide the selection of respiratory protection.

Evaluate the Hazard

Evaluate the Hazard

Determine Physical State of Substance

Determine Physical State of Substance

Determine Potential Exposure

Determine Potential Exposure

1 2 3

Identify Appropriate Respirators

Identify Appropriate Respirators

4


The nature of the contaminant (e.g., concentration, effects, exposure limits)

ContaminantContaminant

Workplace conditions (e.g., temperature, humidity

WorkplaceWorkplace

Factors related to the wearer that may affect respirator performance

UserUser

The nature of the activity to be conducted (e.g., duration)

Activity Activity

Respirator Respirator SelectionSelection



Employees required to wear respirators must receive training on the following:


• Why the respirator is necessary and how improper fit, usage, and maintenance can make the respirator ineffective

• The limitations and capabilities of selected respirators

• How to use the respirator in emergency situations, including when the respirator malfunctions

• How to inspect, put on and remove, and check the seals of the respirator

• Respirator maintenance and storage procedures

• How to recognize medical signs and symptoms that may limit or prevent effective use of the respirator


THERMAL STRESS

Heat Stress

Cold Stress


HEAT STRESS

• Combination of workload and environmental heat

• Increases with temperature and humidity

• Aggravated by chemical protective clothing (CPC)

• CPC limits the dissipation of body heat and moisture


HEAT DISORDERS

• HEAT RASH

• HEAT CRAMP

• DEHYDRATION

• HEAT EXHAUSTION

• HEAT STROKE


• Signs of Heat Rash– Tiny red and patchy

blisters– Skin rash over arms,

shoulders, chest and behind knees

– Tingling or pricking feeling on skin

HEAT RASH (Prickly Heat)



• With a Heat Rash– Stay away from hot

environments and sunshine

– Keep skin dry

– Avoid scratching

– See physician



• To Avoid Heat Rash:– Take a shower after

working in the heat

– Dry skin thoroughly

– Change underwear

– Stay in a cool place after work


HEAT CRAMPS

• HEAT CRAMPS– Painful spasms of the arms, legs and

stomach muscles– Caused by electrolyte imbalance by

prolonged sweating without adequate fluid and salt intake


HEAT CRAMPS

• First Aid:– Drink 1 or 2 glasses of

slightly salted fluids

– Gently massage cramping muscle

– Rest in cool place


DEHYDRATION

• Excessive fluid loss caused by sweating, illness, alcohol consumption, etc.

• No early symptoms• Signs

– Fatigue/weakness– Dry mouth– Loss of work capacity

• First Aid– Fluid and salt replacement


• Symptoms and Signs of Heat Exhaustion:– High pulse rate

– Profuse sweating

– Oral temperature normal or slightly elevated (add 1°F to estimate body temperature from oral temperature)

– Pale, moist face– Dizziness– Nausea– Headache– Fatigue– Weakness– Unsteady Gait– Victim may collapse if warning signs are disregarded

HEAT EXHAUSTION


HEAT EXHAUSTION

• Causes:– Dehydration– Low level of heat

acclimation to the environment

– Low level of fitness


HEAT EXHAUSTION

• First Aid:– Lie down flat on back in cool

environment– Drink slightly salted fluids– Open clothing– In case of collapse, call ambulance

– Victim must lie flat except when drinking


HEAT STOKE

• Symptoms and Signs of Heat Stroke:

– Confusion

– Hot dry skin (red, mottled or cyanotic)

– Irrational behavior

– Loss of consciousness

– Convulsions

– Extremely high body temperature (104°F and rising)

– Condition is fatal if treatment is delayed

– Partial or complete failure of sweating


HEAT STROKE

• Early Signs:– Body temperature is elevated (add 1°F

to estimate body temperature from oral temperature)

– Erratic behavior

– Hot, dry, flushed

– Weakness

– Unsteady gait

– Irritability

– Call for medical help – this is an emergency!


HEAT STROKE

• Fully-Developed Symptoms:– Flushed

– Dry skin

– Convulsions

– Loss of consciousness

– Body temperature 105°F or above (add 1°F to estimate body temperature from oral temperature)

– Start cooling immediately and call an ambulance


HEAT STROKE

• First Aid:– Call the ambulance

– Bring body temperature down as fast as possible

– If using cold bath, rub skin constantly to maintain skin circulation

– Increase air movement

– Place an ice bag on head

– Keep towel and sheet wet

– Stop cooling when body temperature is down to 101°F


HEAT ILLNESS PREVENTION

• Prevent excess loss of body water– Drink small amounts every 15

minutes

• Up to 1.5% body weight loss at the end or workday is okay

• More than 1.5% body weight loss increases risk of heat illness.



• Replace salt loss due to sweating– When salt is needed, add it to

food or water

• Unacclimated workers do not sweat enough. Their sweat contains large amounts of salt.

• Check with physician before increasing salt intake.



• Acclimated workers have good sweating ability and their sweat contains only small amounts of salt – less extra salt is needed.


HEAT ILLNESS PREVENTION• Acclimation to Heat:

– Increased heat tolerance while decreasing risk of heat illness

– Gradually introduce new workers to heat exposure

– An acclimated worker can sweat more, has less increase of pulse rate and temperature

• Control Conditions


Cold Stress

• Cold-Related Disorders– Hypothermia– Frostbite– Frostnip– Trench Foot– Chilblain– Raynaud’s Disorder


Hypothermia

• Signs and Symptoms:– Chills– Pain in extremities– Fatigue– Euphoria– Slow, weak pulse– Slurred speech– Collapse– Shivering– Unconsciousness– Body temperature < 95°F


Hypothermia

• Causes– Excessive exposure

to the cold– Exhaustion or

dehydration


PROGRESSION OF HYPOTHERMIA

Core (Body) Temperature (°F)

Clinical Signs

98.6 “Normal” oral temperature

96.8 Metabolic rate increases in an attempt to compensate for heat loss

95.0 Maximum shivering

93.2 Victim conscious and responsive with normal blood pressure

91.4 Severe hypothermia below this temperature

84.2 – 86.0 Progressive loss of consciousness; muscular rigidity increases; pulse and blood pressure difficult to obtain; respiratory rate decreases


Hypothermia

• First Aid– Move to warm area and remove wet clothing – Modest external warming (heat pack, blanket)– Drink warm, sweet fluids– Call for medical assistance


FROSTBITE

• Sign and Symptoms– Burning sensation at first– Coldness, numbness and tingling follows– Skin color whitewhite or grayish yellow to

reddish violet to black– Blisters– Response to touch depends on the depth

of freezing


FROSTBITE


FROSTBITE

• Causes– Exposure to cold– Vascular disease

• First Aid– Move to warm area and remove wet clothing – External warming (e.g. warm water)– Drink warm, sweet fluids– Call for medical assistance


FROSTNIP

• Signs and Symptoms– Skin turns whitewhite– Possible itching pain

• Causes– Exposure to cold above freezing

• First Aid– Similar to Frostbite


TRENCH FOOT• Signs and Symptoms

– Severe pain– Tingling, itching– Edema (swelling)– Blisters– Response to touch depends on

depth of freezing• Causes

– Exposure to cold above freezing and dampness

• First Aid– Similar to Frostbite


CHILBLAIN

• Signs and Symptoms:– Recurrent localized itching of

the skin– Painful inflammation– Swelling


CHILBLAIN

• Causes– Inadequate Clothing– Exposure to cold and dampness– Vascular disease

• First Aid– Remove to warm area– Get medical assistance


RAYNAUD’S DISORDER

• Signs and Symptoms– Fingers blanch with cold exposure– Fingers tingle– Intermittent blanching and reddening

• Causes– Exposure to cold and vibration

(jackhammer)

• First Aid– Remove to warm area– Get medical assistance


RAYNAUD’S DISORDER


COLD STRESS PREVENTION

• Exposed Skin:– Not permitted when air

speed and temperature equate to a chill temperature of –25.6°F.



• Exposed Skin:

– Superficial or deep local tissue freezing will occur at 30.2°F, regardless of wind speed



• Exposed Skin:– If workers are immersed in

water or wet, immediately provide a change of clothing and treat for hypothermia.



• HAND PROTECTION REQUIRED:– If working with bare hands for dexterity for

more than 10-20 minutes in a temperature below 60.8°F.

– Provide warm air jets, radiant heaters or warming plates.

– Metal handles on tools, control bars should be insulated.



• HAND PROTECTION REQUIRED:

– If dexterity is not required, gloves should be used:

• For sedentary work below 60.8°F

• For light work below 39.2°F

• For moderate work below 19.4°F



• PROTECTIVE CLOTHING REQUIRED:

– In environments at or below 39.2°F


CONFINED SPACES


CONFINED SPACES

• The OSHA Standard was written to ensure the health and safety of those entering a confined space

• Applicability– All activities where

persons may enter a confined space

DANGERPERMIT-REQUIRED CONFINED SPACE

DO NOT ENTERAuthorized Entrants

Only!

DANGER


• A Confined Space . . .– Is large enough and so

configured that an employee can bodily enter.

– Has limited or restricted means for entry or exit.

– Is not designed for continuous employee occupancy.

CONFINED SPACES


• A Permit-Required Confined Space ….

– Is a confined space that has one or more of the following characteristics:

• Contains or has a potential to contain a hazardous atmosphere

• Contains a material that has the potential for engulfing an entrant

CONFINED SPACES


CONFINED SPACES

• A Permit-Required Confined Space ….– Is a confined space that has one or more of the

following characteristics (cont’d)

• Has an internal configuration such that an entrant could be trapped or asphyxiated by inwardly converging walls or by a floor which slopes downward and tapers to a smaller cross-section

• Contains any other recognized serious safety or health hazard


CONFINED SPACES

• Entry:

– The action by which a person passes through an opening into a permit-required confined space.

– Entry includes ensuring work activities in the space and is considered to occur as soon as any part of the body (including your head) breaks the plane of the opening into the space.


CONFINED SPACES

• All Confined Spaces– Trenches & Excavations– Crawl Spaces – Sewer & Manholes– Storm Drains– Pipelines– Pits– Vaults– Silo & Storage Tanks

• All Potentially Permit-Required


CONFINED SPACES

• Confined Space Hazards– Atmospheric – Physical Configuration – Mechanical – Electrical – Thermal – Noise – Vibration – Engulfment or Entrapment


CONFINED SPACES

• Hazardous Atmospheres–Oxygen-Deficient Atmospheres

–Oxygen-Enriched Atmospheres

–Flammable Atmospheres

–Toxic Atmospheres

–Corrosive Atmospheres

–Asphyxiating Atmospheres


CONFINED SPACES

• Oxygen-Deficient– Less than 19.5% 02

– Reduction of oxygen in a confined space may be the result of either consumption, displacement or absorption.

• Oxygen-Rich– Greater than 21% 02

– Causes flammable and combustible materials to burn violently when ignited, such as:

– Never use pure oxygen to ventilate.


CONFINED SPACES

Flammable Atmosphere Required Factors:– Oxygen – Flammable Gas, Vapor or Dust– Ignition Source

• Welding• Electric Tools• Sparks• Smoking


CONFINED SPACES

Flammable Atmospheres Caused by… – Enriched oxygen atmospheres

– Vaporization of flammable liquids

– By-products of work

– Chemical reactions

– Concentrations of combustible dusts

– Fumes from chemicals on inner surfaces


CONFINED SPACES

• Toxic Atmospheres – Most substances should be considered hazardous in a

confined space.

– Toxic substances can come from the following:

• The product stored in the space

• Work performed in the space

• Areas adjacent to the space


CONFINED SPACES

• Five Basic Questions:

– What did the space previously contain?

– What reactions could have occurred?

– What operations will be performed?

– What materials will be brought into the space?

– What materials may have inadvertently entered the space?


• Space large enough to enter, and• Limited or restricted entry or exit, and• Not designed for continuous worker

occupancy

Not a confined space

Confined space

Hazardous atmosphere

Engulfment hazard

Configuration hazard

Any other recognized serious hazard

Permit required confined

space

Not a permit

required confined

space

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

NoNo

Yes

Yes

Yes


• Testing the air inside a confined space• Required for two purposes:

– Evaluation of the hazards of the permit space

– Verification that the acceptable entry conditions for entry into the space exist

• Must be conducted by a qualified, trained person

CONFINED SPACES


CONFINED SPACES

Methane(lighter than air)

Carbon Dioxide(same as air)

Hydrogen Sulfide (heavier than air)

Test all layers of the atmosphere for suspected chemical hazards.


• Roles and responsibilities• Identification and evaluation of confined spaces• Acceptable entry conditions• Preparation, issuance, and cancellation of entry permits• Atmospheric testing• Safe entry procedures• Measures to prevent unauthorized entry • Measures to eliminate or control hazards• Use of protective equipment• Emergency rescue procedures

You should have a written confined space entry program that addresses the following:

CONFINED SPACES


ERGONOMICS


ERGONOMICS

• Ergonomics strives to improve the match between the worker and the workplace.


ERGONOMICS

• Goals of Ergonomic Programs:– Reduce injuries

– Improve efficiency (work smarter not harder)

– Increase comfort and minimize fatigue

– Compliance with existing laws and regulations • OSHA General Duty Clause


ERGONOMICS

• Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSD)– Wear and tear on joints and surrounding tissue,

often associated with long hours of repetitive movement

• Cumulative Trauma Disorders

• Repetitive Motion Syndromes


ERGONOMICS

• Acute vs. Cumulative

• Affected body parts:– wrist, arm, hand– upper back, shoulder– low back


ERGONOMICS

• Symptoms of MSDs– Fatigue, pain, tingling, burning

sensation, discomfort can lead to permanent injury

• Importance of early reporting• Learn to identify risk factors


ERGONOMICS

• Risk Factors• Posture

• Repetition/Frequency• Force• Duration• Contact pressure• Temperature• Vibration


ERGONOMICS

• Repetition - number of times an activity is performed without a break

• Repetitive activities often place stress on a specific joint or muscle group– stress not distributed evenly across body– may restrict tissue repair

• Repetitive tasks may be of particular concern if combined with a significant jump or increase in workload


ERGONOMICS

• Static postures - muscle contraction without movement– increases muscular fatigue– impairs blood flow


ERGONOMICS

• Force - amount of muscular activity required to perform a task– heavy lifting– pushing/pulling carts– hand tools– operating equipment


ERGONOMICS

• Factors that increase lifting hazards– Weight– Size– Repetition– Twisting– Bending– Reaching– Method


ERGONOMICS

• Contact Pressure - prolonged impact of hard objects against body parts– resting against work surface edges– metal tools digging into palms– poorly fitting furniture

• Restricts blood flow

• Damages soft tissue

• Presses on nerves


ERGONOMICS

• Neutral postures - tissue under least amount of stress and joints are in strongest position


ERGONOMICS

• Non-neutral postures increase fatigue and susceptibility to injury

• Posture is affected by:– tools and furniture– environment/work area setup– work habits


ERGONOMICS

• Vibration– Excessive vibration causes

pain to muscles, joints and internal organs

– Soft tissue trauma to the hands, arms, feet and legs.


ERGONOMICS

• Heat effects blood circulation & causes cramps, burns/rashes and general discomfort.

• Cold effects the body's blood circulation, causes hypothermia, loss of flexibility, distraction and poor dexterity.

• Comfortable temperature range

• 68 to 74 degrees

• Humidity 20 to 60%


Standing Work

• Options for improvement– Standing mats to reduce fatigue


Work Surface Heights

• Ideal work surface height will depend on type of work

• Detail work - typically higher than elbow height to reduce neck strain– visually intensive tasks– electronic assembly

• Physical exertion - typically lower than elbow height to allow for application of body weight/force


Lifting and Transporting

• Back injuries are some of the most common and costly work-related injuries

• Tools and equipment solutions– carts– conveyors– vacuum lifts– hand trucks– scissor lifts


Hand Tools

• Bend the tool, not the wrist• Keep wrist in handshake posture• Use the correct tool for the task• Spread out the workload

– triggers vs. finger bar– double-handled tools

• Reduce tool weight• Improve tool padding


ERGONOMICS

• Listen to your body

• Report symptoms early

• Communication - share ideas among departments


RADIATION


RADIATION

• Many refineries are licensed by the Illinois Department of Nuclear Safety (IDNS) to use radioactive materials in sealed devices for process and analytical measurements.


RADIATION

• Radiation is energy given off by unstable atoms.

• Everything - your hand, a desk, a piece of paper - is made up of atoms.

• Particles such as electrons, protons, and neutrons are the building block of atoms.


Health Hazards• Ionizing radiation can alter the atoms in

DNA molecules, thereby causing cell death, mutations and cancer

• Some non-ionizing radiation can heat the material it passes though causing burns and cell death.– Microwave oven


RADIATION

• Limit radiation exposure to “As Low As is Reasonably Achievable” (ALARA).


RADIATION

• Best methods of reducing radiation exposures.

– Reduce the amount of Time exposed to the source material

– Increase the Distance between you and the source material

– Put appropriate Shielding between you and the source material


Radiation Safety• Do not operate or disturb a source

• If working around a source for an extended period inform the site Radiation Safety Officer and add to JSA

• Fire, Explosion, Accident, involving a radioactive device – Immediately notify the RSO or designate.

– Follow site Emergency Evacuation Plans.


Discussion Questions


What airborne hazard is present and how could it be reduced?


What is the potential hazard associated with this entry?


What hazardous atmosphere(s) could develop in this space with decomposing

organic mater?

3140 finley road downers grove, il 60515 630.795.3200 1 problems associated with ppe use –heat...

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