biodiversityonline.sfsu.edu/bholzman/_private/316/biodiversity 316-f06.pdf · measuring...

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BIODIVERSITYI. Biodiversity

a. Defined b. Measuring biodiversity

c. Taxonomy (naming things)d. New species continue to be discovered

II. Biodiversity in the USIII Gradients in Biodiversity

a. Spaceb. Time: Successionc. Human Impacts on Biodiversity

BIODIVERSITY:The variety of organisms considered at all levels: from genetic variants belonging to the same species through arrays of species, to arrays of genera, families and still higher taxonomic levels. E. O. Wilson (1992)

We have to consider diversity at different levels.

BiomesEcosystemsCommunitiesPopulationSpecies (Subspecies, Variation)

SFSU Geography 316-Fall 2006 Dr. Barbara A. Holzman

For the exclusive use of students in GEOG 316 Fall 06 SFSU

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BiomesBiomes :: broad major groupings of natural broad major groupings of natural ecosystems that include animals as well as ecosystems that include animals as well as plant life. plant life.

Ecosystem: grouping of plants, animals and microbes, etc. interacting with each other and their physical environment "ECO" = "oikos" (greek for home)

Community: all plants and animals inhabiting an area (suggests interactions)

Population: a group of individuals of the same species in an area

Species: a group of organisms where all members do or have the potential to interbreed and produce viable offspring.Subspecies: Anatomically different but still able to interbreed

Morphological Species Concept: each species is morphologically distinguishable from its closest relative.

Biological Species Concept: a group of organisms that is reproductively isolatedfrom another group



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Red wolf (Canis rufus)

Taxonomy

(naming things)

Major Groups :

Prokaryotes,DNA not enclosed in a nucleusDNA not enclosed in a nucleus(includes (includes moneramonera, viruses), viruses)

EukaryotesDNA enclosed in a nucleus DNA enclosed in a nucleus includes fungi, includes fungi, protistaprotista, animals, plants), animals, plants)

Until recently: 5 kingdomsUntil recently: 5 kingdoms

MoneraMonera (Bacteria and Blue green algae)(Bacteria and Blue green algae)

ProtistaProtistaFungiFungiPlants Plants AnimalsAnimals



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NEW GROUP:Archaea, consisting of about 500 species, was discovered in 1977. (extremophiles)

Now all living things are Now all living things are classified into 3 Domains classified into 3 Domains (Groups)(Groups)

ArchaeaArchaeaBacteriaBacteriaEukaryotes (4 kingdoms)Eukaryotes (4 kingdoms)

Prokaryotes (now divided into Prokaryotes (now divided into two Domains)two Domains)

ARCHAEA: exist in extreme environments, hypersaline lakes, thermal vents, hot springs

BACTERIA: bacteria, nitrogen fixing bacteria, bacteriophages

– Viruses (?)



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KINGDOM CLASSIFICATIONFOR EUKARYOTES

PROTISTA: protozoa, chrysophytes, slime molds (including(CHROMISTA: kelps, diatoms, haptophytes)

FUNGI: true fungi, mushrooms, yeast, molds, lichen

PLANTAE: plants, algae, bryophytes,

ANIMALIA: (Metazoa) multicellular animals

Scientific nomenclature…..(Latin names)

Carl Linnaeus ( 1707-1778)

Binomial (two names) includes genus and species name

i.e. Homo sapien

vs.

Common name: human

Classification HierarchyClassification HierarchyKINGDOMKINGDOM

PHYLUMPHYLUMCLASSCLASS

ORDERORDERFAMILYFAMILY

GENUSGENUSSPECIESSPECIES



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For PlantaeKINGDOM

DIVISIONCLASS

ORDERFAMILY

GENUSSPECIES

Classification HierarchyClassification Hierarchy

KINGDOMKINGDOM AnimaliaAnimaliaPHYLUMPHYLUM ChordataChordataCLASSCLASS MammaliaMammaliaORDERORDER CetaceaCetacea

subordersuborder OdontocetiOdontocetiFAMILYFAMILY MonodontidaeMonodontidaeGENUSGENUS MonodonMonodonSPECIESSPECIES MonodonMonodon moncerosmoncerosCommon name: Common name: NarwhalNarwhal

KingdomKingdom:: AnimaliaAnimaliaPhylum: Phylum: ChordataChordata

Class: Class: MammaliaMammaliaOrder: Order: CetaceaCetacea

SubOrderSubOrder: : MysticetiMysticeti

Family: Family: EschrichtiidaeEschrichtiidaeGenusGenus:: EschrichtiusEschrichtiusSpecies:Species: EschrichtiusEschrichtius robustusrobustusCommon name:Common name: Grey WhaleGrey Whale



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Kingdom PlantaeDivision MagnoliophytaClass LiliopsidaOrder LilialesFamily AgavaceaeGenus Yucca Species Yucca brevifoliaCommon name :

Joshua Tree

Kingdom:Kingdom: AnimaliaAnimaliaPhylum:Phylum: ArthropodaArthropodaClass:Class: InsectaInsectaOrder:Order: ColeopteraColeoptera

Suborder:Suborder: PolyphagaPolyphaga Series:Series: CucujiformiaCucujiformiaSuperfamilySuperfamily: : CucujoideaCucujoidea Section:Section: ClavicorniaClavicornia

Family:Family: CoccinellidaeCoccinellidaeGenus:Genus: HippodamiaHippodamiaSpecies:Species: HippodamiaHippodamia convergensconvergens

Common Name: 12 spotted ladybugCommon Name: 12 spotted ladybug

How many Species are How many Species are there?there?

There are about There are about 1.8 million 1.8 million described and nameddescribed and namedspecies of organisms. species of organisms.



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How many species are How many species are there really?there really?

1.41.4--6 million?6 million?4.34.3--5.6 million?5.6 million?30 million?30 million?

New Species. About 10,000 new species are found every year, and most of these are insects and other inconspicuous animals

For animals: New species are still being discovered, at the rate of about 1-5 birds and 1-5 mammalsper year

Primates: 38 primates, species and subspecies, have been described in the last ten years: 10 from Madagascar, 8 from Africa, 7 from South-east Asia, 10 from the Brazilian Amazon (seven of them marmosets), and 3 from the Brazilian Atlantic forest.



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BLACKBLACK--FACED LION FACED LION TAMARINTAMARIN

((LeontopithecusLeontopithecus caissaracaissara))

Known locally as:Known locally as:micomico--leãoleão--caracara--pretapreta

Photo by Luis Claudio Marigo

Drawing of Peruvian beaked whale (Mesoplodon peruvianus)© Wurtz-Artescienza

An Adult Pseudoryx (saola) (#1) ©Alan Rabinowitz c/o International Wildlife, Volume 28, Number 4, 1998: 36-43. [Used with permission]



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Head of the Megamouthstranded at Mandurah, Western Australia.

Fishermen captured the shark six kilometers from their home in BarangayPuerto. Map is cropped from Encarta World Atlas 1998 Edition.

The Antarctic brainbeardplunderfish (Pogonophrynecerebropogon), a new species recently collected at a depth of 300 m in the Ross Sea. The long chin barbel is used as a lure to attract prey. This species is nearly 15 inches long.

The Antarctic gravelbeardplunderfish (Artedidracoglareobarbatus), collected at a depth of 130 m near Franklin Island in the Ross Sea. This species lives in the vicinity of sponge beds and uses its chin barbel as a lure to attract prey. This species is about 6 inches long.



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Coelacanth (Latimeria chalumnae )

New EcosystemsNew Ecosystems

HydroHydro--thermal thermal marine ventsmarine vents

AnchialineAnchialine cavescaves

Cataloging the biodiversity on Cataloging the biodiversity on Earth is a huge team effort.Earth is a huge team effort.The Tree of LifeThe Tree of LifeAllAll--species Foundationspecies FoundationAllAll--species Inventoryspecies Inventory



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Biodiversity in the United StatesBiodiversity in the United States

200,000 native200,000 nativespecies currentlyspecies currentlyknown in the USknown in the US

DevilDevil’’s hole pupfishs hole pupfish

Coast Redwood

US BiodiversityUS BiodiversityFour out of every 10Four out of every 10salamanders are found in USsalamanders are found in US

Freshwater speciesFreshwater species1/3 of world1/3 of world’’s freshwater musselss freshwater mussels61% of worlds freshwater crayfish61% of worlds freshwater crayfish22% of freshwater turtles22% of freshwater turtles17% of freshwater snails17% of freshwater snails

US biodiversityUS biodiversitySixth greatest diversity Sixth greatest diversity

of mammalsof mammals

Second in number Second in number of gymnospermsof gymnosperms



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CaliforniaCalifornia

California is most California is most biologically biologically diverse state in diverse state in the unionthe union40,000+ species 40,000+ species Most federally Most federally listed specieslisted species

Biodiversity Biodiversity through through spacespace

Biodiversity through Biodiversity through spacespace

As you go away from the tropics As you go away from the tropics species numbers decreasespecies numbers decrease



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Profile of a tropical rainforest . Different heights allows different niches. TRF can accommodate more species

Relationship between the number of birds species and the number of canopy layers.



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Number of breeding birds in different parts of Central and North America

Number of mammal species in Central and North America

Number of tree species found in parts of North America



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Diversity Diversity through timethrough time

Diversity through timeDiversity through time

Succession:Succession:Change in Change in species species composition composition over time over time ((thought to be thought to be directional and directional and predictable)predictable)

Primary Primary SuccessionSuccession: : succession of plant succession of plant communities of communities of new land/soilnew land/soil

(no seed source/new soil (no seed source/new soil formed) dunes, lava flows, formed) dunes, lava flows, glaciated lands, shrinking glaciated lands, shrinking lakeslakes



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Secondary successionSecondary succession: previously : previously vegetated land that has been recently vegetated land that has been recently disturbed (disturbed (seed source in soilseed source in soil) ) agricultural agricultural field, clear cutfield, clear cut

Disturbance successionDisturbance succession: where : where disturbance creates/initiates the disturbance creates/initiates the successional process: successional process: fire, floodfire, flood

SeresSeres:: series series of communities of communities that follow one that follow one another:another:early seral stageearly seral stagemid seral stagemid seral stagelate seral stagelate seral stage



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Early seral stageEarly seral stagePioneer species: (Pioneer species: (plants plants adapted to adverse adapted to adverse conditions) conditions) weedy, weedy, germinate/grow quickgerminate/grow quicklots of seedslots of seeds

Mid seral stageMid seral stagecompetitorscompetitors

Late seral stage (Mature Late seral stage (Mature stage)stage)stress stress tolerators,longtolerators,long livedlived–– Climax CommunityClimax Community: : community in community in

““equilibrium stateequilibrium state”” stable but not staticstable but not static

regenerates/ individuals replaced by regenerates/ individuals replaced by same speciessame species

FacilitationFacilitation: Species create : Species create favorable environment for new favorable environment for new speciesspecies

IndividualisticIndividualistic: Random : Random occurrence of species , they occurrence of species , they happen to be able to survivehappen to be able to survive

Successional Theories



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Time

Small herbsand shrubs

Heath mat

Jack pine,black spruce,and aspen

Balsam fir,paper birch, andwhite spruceclimax community

Exposedrocks

Lichensand mosses

Time

Annualweeds

Perennialweeds and grasses

ShrubsYoung pine forest

Mature oak-hickory forest



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Seedling cover increased significantly the second year

The largest seedling observed in 1997 was 1.4 m

By year 2000 saplings are well-established averaging 2.5-3m



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Density 1996 1997 2001

Area Total Seedlings Avg/m2 Total Seedlings Avg/m2 Total Saplings Avg/m2 p

(SignificancProtected 12489 32.9 4863 12.8 1508 4.9 .000Exposed 860 6.1 588 4.2 333 2.4 .000Bayview 1880 23.5 1178 14.7 180 2.3 .294

Total 15229 25.3 6629 11 2021 3.4 .000

Cover 1996 1997 2001

Area Total Hits % Cover Total Hits % Cover Total Hits % Cover p

(SignificancProtected 122 12.8 322 33.9 345 36.3 .000Exposed 14 4 40 11.4 111 31.7 .000Bayview 29 14.5 81 40.5 49 24.5 .159

Total 165 11 443 29.5 505 33.7 .000

Inverse relationship between density and cover. Cover ↑’s - density ↓’s

Pt. Reyes National Seashore: Bishop Pine Forest 1995-2002



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Early SuccessionalSpecies

RabbitQuailRingneck pheasantDoveBobolinkPocket gopher

MidsuccessionalSpecies

ElkMooseDeerRuffled grouseSnowshoe hareBluebird

Late SuccessionalSpecies

TurkeyMartinHammond’sFlycatcherGray squirrel

WildernessSpecies

Grizzly bearWolfCaribouBighorn sheepCalifornia condorGreat horned owl

Ecological succession

Characteristics of early and late Successional Stages

EARLY LATE Net Biomass (annual) high low Mineral Cycling open closed Nutrient Exchange Rate rapid slow Number of Species low -highest- high Food Chains linear web like

(simple) (complex)



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Mature: Old Growth

Human effects on Human effects on SuccessionSuccession



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Wrap upI. Biodiversity

a. Defined at all taxonomic levels b. Measuring biodiversity

From Biomes to individualsSpatial and relational differences

c. Taxonomy (naming things)A way to organize life on the planet3 domains, 5 kingdoms, KPCOFGS

d. New species continue to be discovered (recorded)Primates as well as invertebrates and beyond

II. Biodiversity in the USIII Gradients in Biodiversity

a. As you go up in latitude you go down in biodiversiyb. Time: Successionc. Human Impacts on Biodiversity



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