3.4 French and Indian War1754-1763

Objective:Learn how Britain defeated France and her native allies.

Understand how the conflict led to growing tension between Britain and her colonies.

Map: European Claims in North America

European Claims in North AmericaThe dramatic results of the British victory in the Seven Years (French and Indian) War are vividly demonstrated in these maps, which depict the abandonment of French claims to the mainland after the Treaty of Paris in 1763.

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Conflict in Europe, Conflict in Americas

• France and Spain frequently ally against Britain• France allies with Native Americans, guerrilla

style conflict in New World• King William’s War, 1689-1697• Queen Anne’s War 1702-1713• King George’s War, 1744-1748• French and Indian War, 1754-1763

– Begins with Washington surveying French Land in the Ohio Rive Valley

The origins of the Fr. And Indian War• Rivalry between French and English

– Ohio River valley

• Differences between Fr. and English colonies?– Cartier (1534) Champlain (1608)– Fr. Marquette and Louis Jolliet Great Lakes

Upper Miss.– LaSalle claims Lower Miss. River Valley 1682– By 1760 only 80,000 French compared to 1

million English(Why?)

Competition for the Ohio• Fr, Marquette, SJ – 1st European to explore great lakes and

Mississippi• 1749, Virginia speculators in Ohio Company claim 500,000

acres in Ohio Valley– Fr. Had built Ft. Duquesne (Pitt)

• 1754, George Washington, surveyor, leads 150 Virginia Militiamen to ask the French to leave the Ohio Valley

• Washington loses Fort Necessity• Seven Years War begins – global conflict• “America was conquered in Germany.” William Pitt• 1754 Albany Congress – seeks colonial unity, Indian

alliances• Union achieved in theory, not in fact

http://www2.uiuc.edu/unit/armyrotc/program/mils123/necessity/fort.bmp

Fort Necessity, May 1754 (reconstruction)

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Fort Duquesne (Pittsburgh)

Braddock’s Defeat• 1755 Gen. Braddock, 2,000 men

march on Fort Duquesne• Mix of colonial militia and

Regulars (American opinion of British Army?)

• Braddock’s slow moving forces decimated by French and Indian forces, flanking

• Frontier goes up in flames, Indian raiding parties move uncontested

• Britian’s invasion of Canada, 1756, fails

http://www.britishbattles.com/images/braddock/braddock-no-1-map.jpg

Franklin’s Cartoon, The Albany Plan 1754 Pennsylvania Gazette

William Pitt• 1757, Pitt becomes leader in Parliament• 1758, Pitt organizes attacks on Montreal• & Quebec, Louisbourg• 1758 Fort Duquesne falls, renamed

Pittsburgh• Pitt puts James Wolfe in charge of taking

Quebec• Montcalm defends Quebec for France• 1759 Quebec falls, Wolfe and Montcalm

killed• Battle for Quebec is one of most significant

engagements in British and American history

• Montreal falls 1760

http://worldroots.com/brigitte/royal/pitt3.jpg

Fall of Quebec, 1759Battle on the Plains of Abraham

http://www.uppercanadahistory.ca/wm/wm8.html

• Scottish Highlander British Army Grenadiers

BASIC WAR WEAPONS• “BROWN BESS” MUSKET

• FRONTIER TOMAHAWK

French Army French Marines

http://www.britishbattles.com/battle-of-quebec.htm

CONFLICT IN THEOHIO

VALLEY

PEACE?1763

Peace?Line of Demarcation 1763

• France thrown off continent entirely• Spain given possession of N. Orleans and trans-Mississippi

Louisiana• Spain loses Florida• Great Britain dominant in North America and at sea• Friction growing b/w Britain and Colonials (smuggling)• Pontiac’s Uprising – Increasing tension with N. Americans

– Capture 8 forts (General Amherst: Smallpox blankets?)

• Cost of War leads to increasing friction with Britain• Line of demarcation to keep peace and attempt to restart fur

trade with Indians for the crown (King’s view?)

Pontiac’s Uprising

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Colonies and Britain Grow Apart• Line of Demarcation inhibits movement west!!!

This angers Colonials greatly.• 10,000 British troops stationed in colony• Quartering of troops angers colonists• Cost of troops in Colonies heavy burden for Great Britain• George Grenville becomes Prime Minister in 1763• Conflict over Smuggling and Searches of Private Property

– Writs of assistance and ship seizures

• 1764 Sugar Act• Seeds of Rebellion

Sugar ActWHO: Passed by George Grenville, British Prime

MinisterWHAT: • Halved duties on molasses (to discourage

smuggling)• Created new duties on imports (to raise more $)• Smuggling cases now to be heard in British

Admiralty Courts, not colonial courts with colonial juries (Writs of Assistance)

WHEN: 1764WHY: Britain needed money to pay her huge debt

from the French and Indian War and on-going cost of protecting the Frontier.