35-2 the nervous system - regional school district...

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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

35-2 The Nervous System

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Do Now


Finish the matching quiz.

You may use your brain hat to help you.

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What are the functions of the nervous

system?

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The nervous system

controls and

coordinates functions

throughout the body

and responds to

internal and external

stimuli.

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Neurons

Neurons

The messages carried by the nervous system are

electrical signals called impulses.

The cells that transmit these impulses are called

neurons.

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Neurons

Neurons are classified according to the direction in

which an impulse travels.

• Sensory neurons carry impulses from the

sense organs to the spinal cord and brain.

• Motor neurons carry impulses from the brain

and spinal cord to muscles and glands.

• Interneurons connect sensory and motor

neurons and carry impulses between them.

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Neurons

Structures of a Neuron

Axon

terminals

Myelin sheath

Cell body

Nodes Axon

Dendrites

Nucleus

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Neurons

The largest part of a typical neuron is the cell body.

It contains the nucleus and much of the cytoplasm.

Cell body

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Neurons

Dendrites extend from the cell body and carry

impulses from the environment toward the cell body.

Dendrites

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Neurons

The axon is the long fiber that carries impulses away

from the cell body.

Axon

terminals

Axon

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Neurons

The axon ends in axon terminals.

Axon

terminals

Axon

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Neurons

The axon is sometimes surrounded by an insulating

membrane called the myelin sheath.

There are gaps in the myelin sheath, called nodes,

where the membrane is exposed.

Impulses jump from one node to the next.

Myelin sheath

Nodes

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Regions of the Cerebral Cortex

Do Now: Correct the quiz in front of you.

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Cerebellum

• controls balance

• works with the cerebrum

to produce smooth,

controlled, muscle movements

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The Nerve Impulse

The Moving Impulse

An impulse begins when a neuron is

stimulated by another neuron or by the

environment.

Resources/Movies/vaaction.mov

Resources/Movies/vaaction.mov

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The Synapse

The Synapse

At the end of the neuron, the impulse reaches an

axon terminal. Usually the neuron makes contact

with another cell at this site.

The neuron may pass the impulse along to the

second cell.

The spot where an impulse is transferred to

another cell is called a synapse (space between

the neurons)

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The Synapse

A Synapse

Resources/Movies/vasynapt.mov

Resources/Movies/vasynapt.mov

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The Synapse

Neurotransmitters

are chemicals used by

a neuron to transmit

an impulse across a

synapse to another

cell.

Vesicle

Neurotransmitter

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The Synapse

Neurotransmitters

attach to membrane

receptors on the

next cell.

A new impulse

begins on the next

neuron cell.

Receptor

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The Synapse

Moments after binding to receptors,

neurotransmitters are released from the cell surface.

The neurotransmitters may then be broken down by

enzymes, or taken up and recycled by the axon

terminal.

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“Go Fish” with Nervous Impulses

Place cards in order. You may use the following list

to arrange your cards:

Order of Actions:1. Message Received2. Neuron Fires3. Axon4.Neurotransmitters5. Synapse6. Receptor7. New Message8. Recycle


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Do Now: Label all the parts of the neuron and draw the direction of the impulse.

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your nervous system

is divided into the

central nervous system (CNS)

and the

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

which is the brain and spinal cord

which connects everything to the brain and spinal cord

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The Central Nervous System


The CNS relays messages, processes information, and analyzes information.

The CNS consists of the brain and the spinal cord.

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The CNS has a space filled with cerebrospinal fluid.

Cerebrospinal fluid acts as a shock absorber that

protects the central nervous system.

Cerebrospinal fluid also permits exchange of

nutrients and waste products between blood and

nervous tissue.

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Let’s take a closer look at the brain

weighs 1300 - 1400 g

made up of about 100 billion neurons

“the most complex living structure on the universe” Society for Neuroscience

makes us who we are

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The Brain

The Brain

The brain is the place to which impulses flow and

from which impulses originate.

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Cerebral cortex

(Cerebrum)

The Cerebrum / Cerebral Cortex

Is the largest region of the brain.

It controls the voluntary (conscious) activities.

Used for intelligence, learning, judgment, memory, thought, reading and language, interpreting the senses

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Let’s conduct some neurological

tests……how does your brain

process information?

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How many black dots can you count?

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Is this a spiral?

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Are the lines straight or bent?

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The Brain

A deep groove divides the cerebrum into

hemispheres, which are connected by a band of

tissue called the corpus callosum.

Let’s the two sides of the brain “talk” to eachother.

.

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Video

The Girl with Half a Brain (5.39min)

Do Now: Watch the video and take notes.

- What symptoms did she show that indicated

her brain was not functioning correctly?

- What kind of surgery did the doctors

perform?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2MKNsI5CWoU

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The Brain

Each half of the cerebrum deals with the opposite

side of the body:

• The left half of the cerebrum controls the right

side of the body.

• The right half of the cerebrum controls the left

side of the body.

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The Brain

Lobes of the Cerebrum

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Regions of the Cerebral Cortex

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Let’s use your brain!

What techniques do you use to help you remember…….let’s try a memory game.

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Study the following for one minute:

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You have 30 sec. to write down as

many objects you can remember!

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What were some of your

“tricks”?

All those “tricks” you described

are common methods for

committing information to

memory (learning)

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The Brain

Cerebellum

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Cerebellum

• controls balance

• works with the cerebrum

to produce smooth,

controlled, muscle movements

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The Brain

The Cerebellum

It coordinates and balances the actions of the

muscles so that the body can move gracefully

and efficiently.

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try to “outsmart” your foot

1. While sitting at your desk, lift your right foot off the

floor and make clockwise circles with it.

2. Now, while doing this, draw the number '6' in the air

with your right hand….. Your foot will change

direction.

You can’t do it. It's pre-programmed in your brain!

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The Brain

Pons

Medulla oblongata

Brain stem

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The Brain

The Brain Stem

The brain stem connects the brain and spinal

cord.

Regulates information flow between the brain and

the rest of the body.

Runs all involuntarily muscles (ones you cannot

control) Blood pressure, heart rate, breathing,

and swallowing are controlled in the brain stem.

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The Spinal Cord

The Spinal Cord

The spinal cord links the brain and the rest of the

body.

Information, including some kinds of reflexes, are

processed directly in the spinal cord.

A reflex is a quick, automatic response to a

stimulus.

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The Peripheral Nervous System


The PHS is all of the nerves and associated cells

that are not part of the brain and the spinal cord.

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Two divisions of the peripheral nervous system.

The sensory division transmits impulses from sense organs to the central nervous system.

The motor division transmits impulses from the central nervous system to the muscles or glands.

The motor division is divided into the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.

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The Somatic Nervous System

The SNS regulates conscious control activities

such as the movement of skeletal muscles.

Some somatic nerves are involved with reflexes.

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Do Now:

Watch the video.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_qXS9KjyDC4

Diagram the reaction that occurs when your hand

touches a hot stove.

Use these terms in your diagram: Motor neuron,

interneuron, sensory neuron, stimulus, receptor,

spinal cord.


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The Withdrawal ReflexReflex Arc

If you touch something hot, sensory receptors , stimulate a sensory neuron, which relays a signal to the spinal cord, which then sends a signal to a motor neuron to move your hand.

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Reflex Arc

Sensory

receptors

Effector (responding

muscle)

Interneuron Spinal cord

Sensory neuron

Motor

neuron

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Do Now:

Label the diagram in front of you.


35-2 the nervous system - regional school district...

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