350041 basics of filtration - water filtration & sterilization · forces (consider settling...

BASICS OF FILTRATIONA reference for filtration standards and terminolgy

INTRODUCTION

For tough, heavy-duty industrial, commercial and residential applications, there is no better choice than PENTEK for your filtration needs. We offer an extensive line of filters, housings and systems manufactured ex-clusively for demanding jobs. They come in a variety of sizes and styles to meet your specific requirements. Our products are found in the food processing, pharmaceuti-cal, chemical, electronic, metal working, agricultural and photographic industries – just to name a few.

PENTEK is dedicated entirely to the filtration industry with a modern, 300,000 square foot manufacturing facility and a 100,000 square foot distribution center. We distribute products to over 100 countries. Our facilities include highly automated machines, including molding presses ranging in capacity from 75 to 1,200 tons. We have multiple carbon block extrusion machines and a variety of high-volume and product-specific work cells, operating day and night by a well-trained and motivated work force.

PENTEK employs an expansive technical and engineer-ing staff, along with an on-site research & development laboratory to complement their efforts. Chemists and microbiologists test the integrity of our products with

respect to their applications. With coordination of our strict quality control measures, our on-site testing facilities and our highly experienced and knowledgeable workforce, we have earned our ISO-9001 rating – proof that you are getting a quality-driven partner. We don’t just produce product, we design it with your applications in mind and test it as well. We value quality as much as you do.

PENTEK continuously introduces new products to satisfy emerging market needs. We also fully support our products with a certified and dedicated technical sup-port team, ready to assist with application, installation, troubleshooting and maintenance information.

PENTEK Technical Support Telephone: 800.861.8758 Fax: 800.863.5541

If you have a specific filtration need that requires a customized solution, contact our industrial sales depart-ment. We are anxious to help you provide clear solutions for your filtration needs.

We welcome your comments, suggestions, or questions about this handbook.

•1•

TABLE OF CONTENTSTABLE of CONTENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . .� 1

CARTRIDGE FILTRATION. . . . . . . . . .� 3

DRIVING FORCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .� 4

MECHANICAL CAPTURE . . . . . . . . . .� 5

MEANS of RETENTION. . . . . . . . . . . .� 6

SURFACE FILTRATION . . . . . . . . . . . .� 7

DEPTH FILTRATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . .� 8

FIBER FILTRATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .� 9

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS . . . . . . .� 12

CHEMICAL COMPATIBILITY CHART . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13

BAG FILTER TECHNICAL INFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 - 16

WEIGHTS & MEASURES . . . . . .� 17 - 21

GLOSSARY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .� 22 - 26

WATER TREATMENT TABLE . .� 27 - 33

PRODUCT LINE & APPLICATIONS .� 34

BASICS OF FILTRATION

•2•

REASONS FOR FILTRATION

Removal of Fluid ContaminantsIn any manufacturing process the end product is the culmination of many steps, each potentially creating dif-ficulties. A properly designed filter system can eliminate many costly problems. The removal of contaminants from a fluid process stream makes that fluid more valu-able and increases product yields. A dirty fluid stream in a manufacturing process can decrease productivity and lead to high rejection rates. A filter placed in a strategic location can alleviate such problems and also act as a monitor for the whole process. For example, a filter that plugs prematurely for no apparent reason suggests that there are improper conditions somewhere in the process. Cartridge filters can be used to protect critical orifices located in a manufacturing process (i.e. an extruder) so that the openings do not become clogged and cause downtime. If the fluid in question is recircu-lating, reclaim value can also be increased by placing a cartridge filter in line. Removing a haze or classifying particles are other reasons for using cartridge filters. Properly dispersing a mixture, such as pigment/resin mixture, is an example of this. Finally, since gases are fluids, the removal of aerosols or mists can be achieved with cartridge filters known as coalescers. Vapors can be removed with activated carbon cartridges.

Collection of Suspended SolidsIn the previous section, fluid is described as a valuable asset requiring polishing filtration. In other applica-tions, the suspended solid may be the valuable asset that is reclaimed by cartridge filtration. Many chemical processes require the use of catalysts in order to be functional. Cartridge filtration can recover the unused portions of the catalyst so that it can be used over again. If the catalyst is a precious metal, or if a precious metal is used in the actual reaction, cartridge filtration can recover unused portions and thus reduce operating costs.

In the case of pollution control, contaminant’s need to be recovered from waste effluents before the fluid is released into the environment, and this can be accom-plished by cartridge filtration.

Cartridge Filter Driving Forces

FiltrationThe removal of a suspended particle from a fluid, liquid or gas, by passing the fluid through a porous or semipermeable medium.

SeparationThe removal of a dissolved substance (solute) from a carrier fluid stream (solvent). Cartridge filtration is typically pressure driven. Other types of filtration and separation devices may employ alternative driving forces: gravitational settling, centrifugal force, a vacuum, etc. There are several advantages associated with using pressure as the driving force in a cartridge filtration system:

Greater output per unit area

Smaller equipment than when using other driving forces (consider settling ponds and deep bed filters)

Ease of handling volatile liquids

1)

2)

3)

Dirt Side Effluent

Clean Side Effluent

Pressure

•3•

Cartridge Filtration Driving Forces

Pressure DropThere must be a difference in pres-sure between the inlet and outlet sides of a filter in order to push a liquid through the filter. This pressure differential is largely influenced by the resistance to flow of the filter or medium. The pressure differential is the difference in pounds per square inch (PSI) or kPa between the inlet and outlet ports. Pressure differential may be referred to as PSID, ∆P, pres-sure drop, or differential pressure.

System Pressure DropThe actual system pressure drop (dif-ference in pressure between the inlet and the outlet) is due to loss of PSI, resulting from loss of flow through the cartridge and loss of flow through the housing. Both losses contribute to total ∆P.

NOTE: Cartridge ∆P increases throughout the filtration process as the cartridge collects dirt and becomes more resistant to flow. Housing ∆P remains constant (assuming constant flow rate and fluid density).

Total System Pressure Drop ∆P = ∆P Cartridge + ∆P Housing

Cartridge Pressure DropFluid flows through channels created by pores in the filter medium. This is called laminar flow, moving in orderly layers, rather than in a turbulent manner. During laminar flow, pressure loss resulting from flow through the cartridge is dependent upon:

Micron rating

Viscosity (centipoise-cPs, centi-stokes-cSt, second saybolt Univer-sal-SSU)

Flow rate (gallons per minute-gpm)

1)

2)

3)

Change in pressure drop can be calcu-lated with the following equation:

∆P = AuQ

Where: ∆P = Pressure drop A = Cartridge (laminar) flow constant u = Viscosity (cps) Q = Flow rate (gpm)

Housing Pressure DropAll flow in a housing must pass through the same inlet and outlet port restrictions, which represent only a few square inches in area. Flow through the cartridge filters may be divided among several square feet of area.

Thus, the flow rate per unit area through filter housing ports is typically higher than the flow rate per unit area through cartridge media. This high flow rate produces turbulent flow in the housing as fluid disperses through the inlet port or seat cups and into the less restrictive housing cavities. Housing pressure drop increases as flow rate and/or fluid density increase but decrease as port size and the number of seat cups increase (seat cups/plates hold column of cartridges). Housing pressure drop is affected by four main variables:

Flow rate

Fluid density, expressed as specific gravity

Inlet and outlet port sizes

Number of seat cups (seat plate) in the separator plate

NOTE: Housing ∆P may become significant at higher flows, such as when used with pleated cartridges.

1)

2)

3)

4)

P1 = 6 psi P1 = 4 psi

∆P = P1 - P2 = 2 psi

Note: As flow rate and viscosity increase, cartridge ∆P increases.

Note: How quickly housing pressure drop increases with increasing flow rates.

CARTRIDGE FILTRATION

P Equation

The Effect of Flow on Cartridge PSID

The Effect of Viscosity on Pressure Loss

The Effect of Flow on Housing PSID

P 1 = 6 psi

∆P = P1 - P2 = 2 psi

P 2 = 4 psi

•4•

Series Filtration

Total ∆P = ∆PA + ∆PB + ∆PC

Note: the overall ∆P of the series system is also figured by subtracting the outlet pressure from the inlet pressure

Parallel Piping

Total Flow Rate = Flow Rate A + Flow Rate B + Flow Rate C ∆P = ∆PB = ∆PC

DRIVING FORCESCartridge Filtration Driving Forces

Open, Parallel and Series Filtration SystemsFiltration systems can be arranged in a number of different configurations or plumbing arrangements. These configurations affect the ∆P of the system. One possible variation is to have an open system, or a system in which the clean effluent is dumped into a tank open to atmospheric pres-sure. Under these conditions, the total ∆P is equal to the influent pressure, since all system pressure is lost on the downstream side.

Another possible plumbing arrange-ment is to have two or more systems (housings + cartridges) set up in parallel. In this scenario, the total flow rate will be the sum of the flows of each system. The total ∆P will be the same as the ∆P for each compo-nent of the overall setup.

Another configuration is a series filtration system. In this case, coarser prefilters are plumbed in before tighter final filters, producing an ac-cumulative reduction in contaminant levels.

Scope of Cartridge Filtration Particle Size RangeThe size of particles removed by cartridge filtration is defined by the term micron. A micron is defined as one millionth of a meter in length. Micron = μm =1/1,000,000 m = 1 x 106 m. Some common particle sizes are listed below. Visible particles are greater than 40 μm. Hazes are caused by 15-20 μm particles.

Common Particle Size

Particle Size

Table salt 100 microns

Human hair 40 - 70 microns

Talcum powder 10 microns

Fine test dust 0.5 - 176 microns

Pseudomonas diminuta 0.3 microns

Maximum Recommended Operating Temperatures

Gasket Material

Buna N 250º F (121º C)Ethylene Propylene 350º F (177º C)Viton 450º F (232º C)Teflon 500º F (260º C)

Filter MediaPolyester 300º F (149º C)Polypropylene 225º F (107º C)Nylon 325º F (163º C)

Housing Media

Carbon Steel 400º F (204º C)304 Stainless Steel 400º F (204º C)316 Stainless Steel 400º F (204º C)PVC 150º F (65º C)Polypropylene 150º F (65º C)

•5•

Mechanism of Capture

There are at least seven mechanisms by which a filter can capture par-ticles. All of these mechanisms are at work in a filter at any given time to varying degrees and may change as operating conditions change. The seven mechanisms of particle capture are listed below:

Direct InterceptionDirect interception is usually the governing mechanism in liquid filtration. Interception of a particle occurs by this method when a particle approaches a media obstruction at a distance equal to or less than the particle radius. In essence, if the particle “runs into” a physical barrier, it becomes captured.

BridgingOne single particle may be too small to be directly intercepted or blocked by the filter medium. However, two particles hitting the obstruction at the same time may stick together and be deposited. Particles form a bridge across a pore by hitting the pore simultaneously, or by adhering to each other earlier in the process and then becoming deposited. Bridged particles may not clog the opening completely, thus creating a smaller pore that is more difficult to pass through. The gradual accumulation of particles on the filter medium is known as the formation of a filter cake. This cake creates a finer matrix for subsequent interception.

SievingSimilar to bridging, sieving is a specialized case of direct inter-ception. Sieving occurs when the opening or pore in the medium is more constrictive than the diameter of the particle. The particle is simply too large to pass through the pore. Sieving may occur on the surface of the filter or throughout the depth of the medium.

Inertial ImpactionInertial impaction is based on the scientific principle of inertia, stating that a moving object will continue to move in a straight line unless acted on by an outside force. As particles flow through a filter, they may encounter an obstruction and become captured while the fluid flows around the barrier. Due to the inertia of the particle, it continues to move in a straight line and becomes impacted. Fluid viscosity also greatly affects inertial impaction. Fluids that are highly viscous exert greater drag on particles, reducing the chances of inertial impaction. Gases, on the other hand, have extremely low viscosity, enhancing inertial impaction to the point of being a primary mechanism of capture in gas filtration.

Diffusion InterceptionThe mechanism of diffusion intercep-tion is attributable to the fact that molecules are in constant random motion. This motion enhances the opportunity for a particle to become intercepted by the filter medium. Dif-fusion interception is more prevalent

in particles that are 0.1 to 0.3 microns in size, since small particles are most affected by molecular bombardment. Diffusion interception is primarily found in gases due to their inherently low viscosity and high degree of molecular mobility.

Electrokinetic EffectsElectrical charges may be present on the filter medium and/or on the particles. Particle deposition can occur due to attractive forces between charges or induced forces due to the proximity of the particle to the me-dium. Some manufacturers purposely alter the surface of the filter medium to enhance electrokinetic capture.

Gravitational SettlingParticles have mass and are therefore affected by gravity. It is possible that a particle may leave the fluid stream-lines and settle in the same fashion as sediment in a settling tank. Particles may be deposited within a filter medium or in the up-stream chamber of a filter housing.

MECHANICAL CAPTURE

Radius

•6•

MEANS OF RETENTIONMeans of Retention

Mechanical RetentionMechanical retention occurs when a particle is mechanically restricted from passing through the filter me-dium. Direct interception, sieving, and bridging are mechanisms of capture that facilitate mechanical retention. Of these three methods of capture, sieving is the most dependable under normal forward flow conditions. If a particle is too large to move through a pore, unless the actual physical structure of the filter medium or particle is altered, the particle cannot be pushed through the pore. Particles captured by both bridging and direct interception are mechanically retained, but are more condition dependent than sieving. Pulsing or surging will dislodge a filter cake and/or small particles directly intercepted by media obstructions and, hence, release the mechanically retained particles. However, if operating conditions are stable, particles held by mechanical retention should not be released.

Adsorptive RetentionAdsorptive retention refers to the adherence of a particle to the filter medium due to interactions between the particle and the surface of the medium. The particle “sticks” to the filter. Phenomena behind this adsorptive affect include electrical and hydrophobic interactions. Smaller particles adsorb more strongly than larger particles. The tendency of particles to adsorb, however, is very condition dependent; a particle that is adsorbed can be adsorbed. Adsorptive retention predominates for particles captured by inertial impaction, diffu-sion interception, and electrokinetic attraction.

Surface vs. Depth FiltrationThe terms “surface filtration” and “depth filtration” describe parameters of the particle size/pore size relation-ship present during the filtration process. Although filters are often generalized as being surface or depth filters, in reality, the label is inappro-priate unless the particle size/pore size relationship is known.

Surface FiltrationA true surface filter can be thought of as a screen that is challenged with particles that are too large to pass through its openings. The particles will collect on the surface, forming a filter cake. Retention will be absolute since no particles will be able to penetrate through the surface. This mechanism of capture is recognized as sieving. Note, however, that if the same screen was challenged with small enough particles, it would no longer capture all of the contam-inant’s at the surface. Hence, the process of surface filtration is strictly dependent upon the particle size/pore size relationship.

Sieve Retention: Uniform Pore SizePleated filters are designed to enhance surface filtration when appropriately utilized. The micro-fiber sheet media has a narrow pore size distribution, favoring absolute sieving, in addition to a large surface area, increasing the capacity to retain particles at the surface. The medium is thin, permit-ting higher flows with lower pressure drops. These properties promote the formation of a filter cake, giving this type of filter a high dirt-holding capacity.

Mechanical Retention

Adsorptive Retention

•7•

SURFACE FILTRATIONSurface vs. Depth Filtration

Depth FiltrationA true depth filter allows particles to penetrate the filter matrix and become captured throughout the depth of the medium. As with surface filtration, this only holds true when the particle size/pore relationship is conducive to the process for which the cartridge was designed. The depth filter matrix has a broad pore size distribution; hence, depth cartridges rely on adsorptive retention for a portion of their dirt-holding capacity. Some depth filters, such as the ARD, Nexis and DFT Classic, have a gradient pore structure, with tighter pores near the center core, to maximize mechanical retention. In some depth cartridges, such as string wound, the medium is not a fixed pore matrix, as with chemically or thermally affixed pleated media. For this reason, depth cartridges should not be subjected to flows as high as those that are possible for pleated cartridges. Most depth filters are made from extruded melt blown fibers or twisted yarn fibers. Melt blown depth filters are generally made from polypropylene, polyester or nylon and can be made in both absolute and nominal reten-tion ratings. These types of cartridges can be made to filter particles sizes from less than one micron to over 100 microns. Yarn wound cartridges, made with fibrous materials, are often brushed in order to maximize the tortuosity of flow through the filter. They are nominally rated but offer the advantage of being made from a variety of materials.

Depth Versus SurfaceDescriptions of depth filters and surface filters usually emphasize the extreme characteristics of each. In reality, the filtration process is somewhere on a scale between the two, leaning predominantly to one end or the other. The filter chosen to perform the task will dictate whether or not surface filtration or depth

filtration will predominate. The debate of depth filter versus surface filter often becomes a complex issue that is dependent upon many different factors.

EconomicsGenerally pleated cartridges cost more per 10-inch equivalent than do depth cartridges. However, at the lower micron ratings, the higher cost of the cartridge is made up by the greater dirt holding capacity. A comparison of cost and dirt holding capacity for wound cotton DFT Classics versus pleated Duo-fines was made to determine which is more economical.

Cost Per Gram of ContaminantThe higher cost per cartridge of the pleated versus the wound levels out between 3 and 10 microns; below this point it becomes more economical to use pleated cartridges. Conversely, above this level, the wound cartridge is likely to be more economical. Keep in mind, however, that direct cartridge to cartridge replacement cost is not always the only governing factor. Consider an entirely new application in which a system has to be sized from flow data. Due to the ability of the pleated cartridge to flow at a higher rate with a lower PSID, fewer pleated cartridges would have to be

incorporated into the system. This would require a smaller housing, fewer replacement cartridges and lower disposal costs. In this case, one would have to weigh the difference of the initial cost and cartridge replace-ment cost. For example, a 3-micron Duo-fine costs three times more than a polypropylene DFT but holds 5.2 times the contaminant before reaching change out level.

•8•

DEPTH FILTRATIONSurface Vs. Depth Filtration

Parameter Surface Filters Depth Filters

Deformable Particles May blind off pleats Recommended - adsorptive retention

Nondeformable Particles Removes narrow range Removes broader range of particles

Rating Absolute or nominal Absolute or nominal

Classification/Clarification Classification Clarification

Flow per 10" Equivalent PSID Recommended 10 gpm Recommended 5 gpm

Economics - Particle Retention < 10-micron Holds more dirt than depth,handles higher flow rate

More economical than pleated atgreater than 10-microns

Cartridge Cost * More expensive initially than depth,fewer replacements, holds more dirt

More economical initially than pleated,holds less dirt

Housing Cost * Fewer cartridges - smaller housing More cartridges-bigger housing

* Based strictly on cartr� necessary for depth cartridges, as opposed to pleated cartridges, to achieve the same flow at a given pressure drop and micron rating.

Type ofCartridge Description Benefits

TypicalApplication*

Yarn Wound(Depth)

Yarn of twisted staple fiberswound around a center core.

Inexpensive, broad chemicalcompatibility, numerous materialoptions for many applications.

Chemicals, magnetic coatings, cosmetics, oil production, food and beverage, potable water photographic applications.

Non-Woven(Depth)

Depth media created by layering melt–blown (extruded) fibers.

Graded pore structure, chemically inert materials, no extractables downstream.

Photo chemical, potable water, solvents, ultrapure water, chemicals, beer and wine, food and beverage, enzymes, resins.

Non-WovenPleated(Surface)

Pleated media: spunbondedor melt–blown sheets;paper-like.

Wide chemical compatibility, large surface area per 10" cartridge, high dirt-holding capacity, cheaper than depth cartridges at low microns.

DI water, process water, electronics, wine filtration, photographic applications, magnetic coatings, chemicals, cosmetics.

Membrane

Polymeric sheets containingsymmetric or asymmetric pores (RO membranes and most UF membranes don’t have pores).

Asymmetric pores, positive mechanical retention, high flow rate, absolute ratings, resistance to bacteria, ultra–fine filtration.

DI water applications, electronics,plating, chemical process, power generation, photographic applications, food and beverage, various etch baths.

Resin-Bonded

Fibers treated with resin toenhance rigidity.

Rigid for high viscosity,no center core, no glues or epoxies, little media migration, one piece construction, high flow rates.

Paints, inks, coatings, adhesives, oils, sealants, resins, petroleums, pesticides, salt water, varnishes.

Sintered Metal

Porous media formed bysintering thin layer of metal.

Absolute rating, strength, porosity, cleanability, high flow and dirt-holding capacity, non-fiber releasing.

High temperature, high pressure applications; corrosive fluids, polymer filtration, process steam, gas filtration, catalyst recovery.

Woven Metal

Fibrous media woveninto distinct pattern.

Strength, cleanability, high flow, porosity, dirt-holding capacity.

Same as Dynalloy but at much larger micron ratings. Used more as a sieve.

GranularPorous carbon activated todevelop large surface area.

Removes dissolved organicsfrom gases and liquids.

Potable water, reverse osmosis, organics removal, instrument air, plating solutions.

*These are typical applications. Please consult individual product pages or your PENTEK dealer for more specific information.

•9•

FIBER FILTRATIONFiber Filtration Principles

Pore size of the filter is the most important consideration when choos-ing a cartridge. Pore size is dependent upon the following:

Fiber DiameterAs fiber diameter decreases, mean pore size decreases. In other words, in order to get a finer filter, use thinner fibers.

PorosityPorosity is the ratio of the void volume to the total volume of a filter medium. Porosity can be decreased by winding a cartridge more tightly. Decreasing the porosity decreases the mean pore size and makes the filter finer. However, decreasing porosity also increases the resistance to flow of the cartridge, consequently increasing the overall ∆P.

Thickness of the Filter MediaAs filter medium becomes thicker, mean pore size decreases and as layers of medium are added to a cartridge, the pores become smaller. However, as is the case with porosity, adding layers to the medium increases the resistance to flow and, consequently, the overall ∆P.

*NOTE: Designing a fibrous filter is a juggling act between fiber diam-eter, porosity and thickness of filter medium.

Filtration Variables

Filtration performance (life and efficiency) varies as operating condi-tions change. The guidelines described below are a basic outline of how operating conditions affect filter life and efficiency.

Effect on EfficiencyFlow Rate - High flow rates are detrimental to adsorptive retention mechanisms and, hence, decrease efficiency. This effect is more dra-matic in wound cartridges and at higher micron ratings. Conversely, a decrease in flow rates increases

1)

efficiency by enhancing adsorptive retention and the ability to form a filter cake. Some evidence suggests that optimum efficiency occurs around 0.5 to 0.75 gpm/1 ft2 for pleated media.

Differential Pressure - In order to maintain a constant flow rate through a filter as it plugs with contaminant, more fluid must flow through the progressively smaller unplugged portions of the cartridge. This increases differential pressure and decreases efficiency. *NOTE: If the differential pressure is allowed to exceed the manufacturer’s recommended maxi-mum, typically 35 PSID, both the life and efficiency of the cartridge may be compromised.

Viscosity - Increasing viscosity increases the hydrodynamic drag of the fluid and also increases the differential pressure required to push the liquid through the filter. Increasing the viscous drag is detrimental to adsorptive reten-tion, consequently decreasing filter efficiency.

Contaminant - The relationship of particle size distribution to pore size determines the degree of surface versus depth filtration.

Flow Conditions - Cartridge filters are designed for use under steady flow conditions. Pulsating flow can disrupt a filter cake and/or dislodge particles that were adsorptively or even mechanically retained. Excessive pulsing can also cause structural damage to the filter.

Compatibility - Fluids that are not compatible with a filter can have various detrimental effects on filtra-tion efficiency. Incompatibility can cause filter media to swell, become brittle, dissolve, shrink and separate from end seals and release fibers. The filter may become seriously weakened.

2)

3)

4)

5)

6)

Area - increasing filter area while keeping the flow rate constant re-duces the flux or flow density (flow rate per unit area) and, therefore, increases filter efficiency.

7)

Pore Size

Pore Size

Higher Porosity

Lower Porosity: More Flow Resistance

•10•

Common Process Flow Options

•11•

COMMON PROCESS FLOW OPTIONS

Wastewater Treatment

•12•

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

HospitalLaboratories Drinking Cooking Dialysis

Hotel/MotelFaucet Undercounter Shower Kitchen Laundry

HomeFaucet Undercounter Reverse Osmosis Shower Pitcher Countertop Whole House

SchoolDrinking Fountain Cafeteria Laboratories

IndustrialLaboratories Drinking Oil Absorbent Process Machine Wash Plant Process Chemical Plant Refinery Food Processing

•13•

CHEMICAL COMPATIBILITY CHART

PRESSURE/FLOW NET PRESSURE DROP - psi (bar) @ FLOW RATE - gpm (Lpm)

MODEL 1 (4)

3 (11)

5 (19)

8 (30)

10 (38)

15 (57)

20 (76)

25 (95)

30 (114)

35 (132)

40 (151)

50 (189)

60 (227)

70 (265)

80 (303)

90 (341)

100 (379)

1/4" Slim Line® <1 (<0.1)

2 (0.1)

4 (0.3)

10 (0.7)

15 (1.0)

3/8" Slim Line® <1 (<0.1)

<1 (<0.1)

2 (0.1)

5 (0.4)

7 (0.5)

1/2" Slim Line® <1 (<0.1)

<1 (<0.1)

2 (0.1)

5 (0.4)

7 (0.5)

3/4" Standard <1 (<0.1)

<1 (<0.1)

<1 (<0.1)

<1 (<0.1)

1 (0.1)

2 (0.1)

3 (0.2)

3/4" V-I-H <1 (<0.1)

1 (0.1)

2 (0.1)

4 (0.3)

7 (0.5)

16 (1.1)

Big Blue® HFPP 3/4" <1 (<0.1)

<1 (<0.1)

<1 (<0.1)

<1 (<0.1)

1 (0.1)

2 (0.1)

3 (0.2)

Big Blue® HFPP 1" <1 (<0.1)

<1 (<0.1)

<1 (<0.1)

<1 (<0.1)

1 (0.1)

1 (0.1)

2 (0.1)

3 (0.2)

4 (0.3)

5 (0.4)

7 (0.5)

11 (0.8)

16 (1.1)

Big Blue® HFPP 1½" <1 (<0.1)

<1 (<0.1)

<1 (<0.1)

<1 (<0.1)

<1 (<0.1)

1 (0.1)

1 (0.1)

2 (0.1)

2 (0.1)

3 (0.2)

4 (0.3)

7 (0.5)

10 (0.7)

13 (0.9)

NOTE: The pressure drop values listed for flow rates higher than 10 gpm were� CAUTION: Do no�

Chemical Tem

pera

ture

(˚F)

**

% C

once

ntra

tion*

*

Poly

prop

ylen

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SAN

Nyl

on G

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ABS

GF

Delri

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Buna

-N

Silic

one

Vito

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60

300

Serie

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ainl

ess

Hydrogen Peroxide 68 30 A – D – -D D – A –

Inks 125 – A B A B A A – A A

Ketones 68 – D D B – C D – D A

Lubricating Oils 125 100 C A A B A A C A A

Mercury 125 100 A – A – A A – A A

Methyl Alcohol 125 100 A D A D A B – C –

Mineral Oil 100 100 B A A A A A – A A

Naphthalene 125 100 A B A C D B D A A

Nitric Acid 68 10 A B D C D D – A A

Olive Oil 125 100 A A A A A A C A A

Plating Solutions 125 – A* – A/D* – * A* D A –

Sodium Compounds 125 ANY A A A/C* C * A C A B

Sodium Hypochlorite 100 5 A A A B A A C A B

Sugar & Syrups 125 – A – A B A A A A A

Sulfuric Acid 68 25 A A D B D C – A –

Toluene 100 – D D A D D D D C A

Water (hot) 200 100 – – A – – C A B A

DI Water 125 100 B A A A A A A A –

Sea Water 125 100 A B A A C A – A –

Whiskey/Wines 125 – A A A A A A – A A

Xylene 100 100 C D A D D D D A A

Chemical Tem

pera

ture

(˚F)

**

% C

once

ntra

tion*

*

Poly

prop

ylen

e TF

SAN

Nyl

on G

F

ABS

GF

Delri

n

Buna

-N

Silic

one

Vito

n E-

60

300

Serie

s St

ainl

ess

Acetic Acid 125 50 A A D A D C – C –

Acetone 125 100 A D B D B D B D A

Ammonium Compounds 125 100* A A A* A B A B A C

Ammonium Hydroxide 125 10 A A A A D A – A C

Beer 125 ANY A A D B A D C A A

Benzene 72 100 B D A D B D – A B

Calcium Compounds 125 ANY* A A A A A A C A B/C

Calcium Hypochlorite 68 20 A – D – D B C A D

Citric Acid 125 10 A A C B A D C A –

Cottonseed Oil 125 – A A A B A A – A B

Detergents 125 2 A A A A A A – A –

Ethyl Alcohol 125 96 A B A B A A B A –

Freon 68 25 B 12 22 A C D 12 113

TF D 12 11 ONLY

Fruit Juices 125 – A A A A A A – A A

Gasoline 125 100 C A A D B A D A A

Glucose 125 20 A A A A A A B A A

Glycerin 125 100 A A A B A A B A A

Glycol 125 – A D – D A A – A –

Hexane 125 100 C – A D D A B A A

Hydrochloric Acid 125 20 A A D B D C – A –

Hydrofluoric Acid 68 40 A – D A D D – A –

12 22

A = Negligible EffectB = Limited Absorption Attack

C = Extensive Absorption and/or rapid Permeation

D = Extensive Attack * Consult Factory for Specific Compound

** MaximumTF = Talc Filled

GF = Glass Filled

NOTICE: We cannot anticipate all conditions under �e accept no responsibility for results obtained by the application of this information or the safety and suitability of our products, eithe�product c� c applications, we sell the product without warranty against chemicals listed above. Buyers and users assume all responsibility for liability performance or damage.

•14•

BAG FILTER TECHNICAL INFORMATION

Acids DI Water Machine Tool Coolants Solvents

Adhesives Plating Dyestuffs Paint Syrup

Aerosol Products Fabric Coatings Paper Coatings Transformer Oil

Amines Fruit Juice Parts Cleaners Ultrapure Water

Beer Gasoline Perfumes Varnishes

Bottled Water Honey Petrochemicals Vegetable Oil

Chemical Pigments Hydraulic Oils Pharmaceuticals Waste Oil

Cleaning Fluids Industrial Coatings Plastisols Water

Cleaning Machines Lacquer Polymer Solutions Waxes

Coil Coatings Latex Solutions Printing Ink Wine

Cooling Towers Liquid Detergent Process Water

Crude Oil Liquid Sugar Resins

Cutting Fluid Lotions Reverse Osmosis

Typical Filter Bag Applications

Construction Fiber 1 2.5 5 10 25 50 75 100 150 200 250 300 400 600 800

Felts Polyester • • • • • •

Polypropylene • • • • • • •

High Efficiency Polyester • • • • • • • •

Polypropylene • • • • • • • •

Monofilament Mesh Nylon • • • • • • • • •

Notes: 1. Bags for polypropylene housings not available in polyester.2. Bags for housings sizes GP503, GP504, GP801, GP802 and AC801, AC802 not available as standard in

1 micron felt or 200-micron felt.3. Bags for housings sizes GP503, GP504, GP801, GP802 and AC801, AC802 not available as standard in

50-micron monofilament mesh.

Standard Constructions, Fibers and Micron Ratings

Liquid Visc. CPS @Temp FAsphalt, Virgin 7,250 250Asphalt, Emulsion 2,100 300Type 1 4,000 77

1,025 100Asphalt EmulsionType II, V, & IV 575 77Black Liquor 3,100 122

1,525 130Bone Oil 220 130

65 212Carbolic Acid 65 65Castor Oil 1,350 100

525 130Caustic Soda Solution20% NaOH 40 6530% NaOH 58 6540% NaOH 110 65Coconut Oil 144 100

78 130Cod Oil 150 100

95 130Cottonseed Oil 176 100

100 130Glucose 67,500 100

7,500 150Glycerine (100%) 2,950 68.6

813 100

Liquid Visc. CPS @Temp FGlycol:Propylene 240 70Triethylene 190 70Diethylene 150 70Ethylene 90 70Insulating Oil 115 70

65 100Kerosene 35 68

32.6 100Lard 287 100

160 130Linseed Oil, Raw 143 100

93 130Molasses, C 135,000 100(Blackstrap or final) 40,000 130Neatsfoot Oil 230 100

130 130Oils—Fuel Oil No. 1 37 70

33 100Fuel Oil No. 2 43 70

36 100Fuel Oil No. 5 500 100

175 130Fuel Oil No. 6 1,725 122

480 160SAE No. 10 200 100

105 130SAE No. 20 320 100

50 130SAE No. 30 490 100

220 130

Liquid Visc. CPS @Temp FSAE No. 50 1,275 100

95 210SAE No. 70 2,700 100

140 210SAE No. 90 Trans-mission Lube 1,150 100

400 130SAE No. 140 Trans-mission Lube

1,625 130160 210

Olive Oil 200 100115 130

Peanut Oil 250 100145 130

Petrolatum 100 13077 160

Printers’ Ink 6,250 1002,100 130

Rosin (Wood) 25,500 19010,300 200

Sulfuric Acid (100%) 75.7 68Turbine Lube Oil 420 100Turpentine 33 60

32.6 100Varnish–Spar 1,425 68

650 100

Standard Constructions, Fibers and Micron Ratings

FiberOrganicSolvents

AnimalVegetable& Petro Oils

Micro-Organisms Alkalies

OrganicAcids

OxidizingAgents

MineralAcids

Temperature Limitations(max. deg F)

Polyester Excellent Excellent Excellent Good Good Good Good 300Polypropylene Excellent Excellent Excellent Excellent Excellent Good Good 200Nylon Excellent Excellent Excellent Good Fair Poor Poor 300

*Chart is to be used as a guide. User should make tests with specific media to assure compatibility.

Compatibility and Temperature Limits for Standard Bag Materials*

U.S. Mesh Inches Microns3 .265 67303 .223 56604 .187 47605 .157 40006 .132 33607 .111 28308 .0937 238010 .0787 200012 .0661 168014 .0555 141016 .0469 119018 .0394 100020 .0331 84125 .0280 70730 .0232 59535 .0197 50040 .0165 42045 .0138 35450 .0117 29760 .0098 25070 .0083 21080 .0070 177100 .0059 149120 .0049 125140 .0041 105170 .0035 88200 .0029 74230 .0024 63270 .0021 53325 .0017 44400 .0015 37

Comparative Particle List

•15•

BAG FILTER TECHNICAL INFORMATIONSizing Filter Bag Housing ApplicationsImportant Factor to Consider When Sizing Filter Bag Housing Applications: The system should be designed using a filter bag with as large a surface area as possible. Increasing the area of a filter bag by 2 times = An increase in life for the filter bag of 3 to 4 times in addition to increasing the filter bag efficiency.

System Pressure DropThe most important factor in selecting a housing size for a filter bag application is the initial total clean pressure drop for the system, ∆PS. The pressure drop, ∆PS, consists of the pressure drop caused by the housing ∆pH with the bag basket in place plus the pressure drop caused by the filter bag ∆PB.

System Pressure Drop = ∆PS = ∆pH + ∆PBWhen sizing new applications, the ∆PS should be 2.0 psi or less. The lower this value is, the more contaminant a filter bag will hold. For high contaminant loading applications, this value should be as low as possible. For applications with low contaminant loading, this value can go to 3.0 psi or more.

Housing Pressure Drop - ∆pHThe graphs below give the clean pressure drops through the size of 503, 504, 801 and 802 housings with a perforated filter bag basket without a filter bag installed for water, 1 cps @ 68º F.

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Size 503 & 504 Size 801, 802 & 803

To determine the pressure drop caused by the housing, ∆pH, follow these steps:

Viscosity, cps

1 H2O 50 100 200 400 600 800 1000 2000

1.0 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.5 2.8

Step 1 Using the proper housing model number pipe size & flow rate, determine the pressure drop, ∆pH, for water, 1 cps @ 68º F.

Step 2 Multiply the value, ∆pH, obtained in step 1 by the proper viscosity correction factor from the chart below if the liquid has a viscosity greater than 1 cps.

This is the ∆pH, the pressure drop caused by the housing and basket without the filter bag installed for the specific housing pipe size, flow rate and liquid. The ∆PB, the pressure drop caused by the bag, must now be calculated and added to the value obtained in step 2 to obtain the system ∆P - ∆PS.

•16•

Filter Bag Pressure Drop - ∆PB

To determine the pressure drop caused by the housing, ∆pH, follow these steps: Step 1 The graphs show the ∆PB produced by a #2

size bag (size 802 housing) for water, 1 cps @ 68º F. The pressure drop is determined from the type of bag, the micron rating and flow rate.

Step 2 Correct for bag size from the table below if the size is different than #2 size.

Step 3 If the viscosity of the liquid is greater than 1 cps (water @ 68º F). Multiply the result from step 2 by the proper correction factor from the chart below.

The value obtained in step 3, ∆PB, is the clean pressure drop caused by the filter bag.

SummarySystem Pressure Drop = ∆PS = ∆pH +∆PB

For new applications the ∆PS should be 2.0 psi or less. For high contaminant loading applications, this value should be as low as possible. The lower this value is, the more contaminant a bag will hold. For applications with low contaminant loading, this value can go to 3.0 psi or more. Consult factory for specific recommen-dations when the clean ∆PS exceeds 2.0 psi.

FILTER BAG TECHNICAL INFORMATION

Bag Size Housing Size Dia. x Length Multiply By

2 802 7.06” x 32” 1.00

1 801 7.06” x 16.2” 2.25

4 504 4.15” x 14” 4.50

3 503 4.15” x 8” 9.00

Viscosity (cps)

Correction Factor

50 4.5

100 8.3

200 16.6

400 27.7

800 50.0

1000 56.2

1500 77.2

2000 113.6

4000 161.0

6000 250.0

8000 325.0

10000 430.0

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Standard Bags: Felt & Mesh

•17•

WEIGHTS & MEASURESAvoirdupois Weight1 dram = 27.478 grains1 ounce = 16 drams1 pound = 16 ounces1 short ton = 2000 pounds1 long ton = 2240 pounds1 ounce = 437.5 grains1 pound = 7000 grains

NOTE: The grain is the same in avoirdupois, troy and apothecaries weight.

Troy Weight1 pennyweight = 24 grains1 ounce = 20 penny weights1 pound = 12 ounces1 ounce = 480 grains1 pound = 5760 grains

Apothecaries Weight1 scruple = 20 grains1 dram = 3 scruples1 ounce = 8 drams1 pound = 12 ounces1 dram = 60 grains1 ounce = 480 grains1 pound = 5760 grains

Dry Measure (U.S.)1 quart = 2 pints1 peck = 8 quarts1 bushel = 4 pecks1 bushel = 32 quarts1 barrel = 105 quarts

Wet Measure (U.S.)1 pint = 4 gills1 quart = 2 pints1 gallon = 4 quarts1 barrel (liquid) = 31.5 gal.1 barrel (oil) = 42 gallons

Long Measure1 foot = 12 inches1 yard = 3 feet1 rod = 5.5 yards1 furlong = 40 rods1 statute mile = 8 furlongs1 rod = 16.5 feet1 furlong = 660 feet1 statute mile = 5280 feet

Mariners’ Measure1 fathom = 6.0 feet1 cable length = 120.0 fathoms1 statute mile = 5280.0 feet1 nautical mile = 6080.2 feet

Square Measure1 square foot = 144 square inches1 square yard = 9 square feet1 square rod = 30.25 square yards1 rood = 40 square rods1 acre = 4 roods1 square mile = 640 acres1 acre = 43,560 square feet1 square mile = 27,878,400 sq. feet

Cubic Measure1 cubic foot = 1728.0 cubic inches1 quart (dry) = 67.2006 cubic inches

1 bushel = 2150.42 cubic inches1 barrel (dry) = 7056.0 cubic inches1 quart (liquid) = 57.75 cubic inches1 gallon = 231.0 cubic inches1 barrel (liquid) = 7276.5 cubic inches1 cubic yard = 27.0 cubic feet 1 cord = 128.0 cubic feet1 ton (shipping) = 40.0 cubic feet

Metric Weight1 microgram = 0.001 milligram1 milligram = 0.001 gram1 centigram = 0.01 gram1 decigram = 0.1 gram1 dekagram = 10.0 grams1 hectogram = 100.0 grams1 kilogram = 1000.0 grams1 metric ton = 1000.0 kilograms

Metric Linear Measure1 micrometer = 0.001 millimeter1 millimeter = 0.001 meter1 centimeter = 0.01 meter1 decimeter = 0.1 meter1 dekameter = 10.0 meters1 hectometer = 100.0 meters1 kilometer = 1000.0 meters

Metric Square Measure1 sq. centimeter = 100 sq. millimeters1 sq. decimeter = 100 sq. centimeters1 square meter = 100 sq. decimeters1 acre = 100 square meters1 hectare = 100 acre1 sq. kilometer = 100 hectares

1 square meter = 10,000 sq.centimeters1 sq. kilometer = 1,000,000 square

meters

Metric Cubic Measure1 milliliter (cubic centimeter) =

1000 cubic millimeters1 liter (cubic decimeter) =

1000 milliliters1 hectoliter = 100 liters1 cubic meter = 10 hectoliters1 cubic meter = 1000 liters

Miscellaneous U.S. Liquid Measures and Metric Equivalents1 minim or drop = 0.0616 milliliters1 fluid dram =

60 minims = 3.697 milliliters1 fluid ounce =

8 fluid drams = 29.57 milliliters1 quart =

32 fluid ounces = 0.9463 liters1 gallon = 4 quarts = 3.785 liters1 tierce =

42 gallons = 0.1590 cubic meters1 hogshead =

63 gallons = 2 barrels (liquid) = 0.2385 cubic meters

1 pipe or butt = 126 gallons = 4 barrels (liquid) = 0.4770 cubic meters

1 ton = 252 gallons = 8 barrels (liquid) = 0.9539 cubic meters

Line

ar E

quiv

alen

ts

Inches Feet Yards Rods Miles Centimeters Meters Kilometers1.0 = 0.08333 = 0.02778 = 0.005051 = 0.00001578 = 2.54 = 0.0254 = 0.000025412.0 = 1.0 = 0.3333 = 0.06061 = 0.0001894 = 30.48 = 0.3048 = 0.000304836.0 = 3.0 = 1.0 = 0.1818 = 0.0005682 = 91.44 = 0.9144 = 0.0009144198.0 = 16.5 = 5.5 = 1.0 = 0.003125 = 502.9 = 5.029 = 0.00502963360.0 = 5280.0 = 1760.0 = 320.0 = 1.0 = 160900.0 = 1609.0 = 1.6090.3937 = 0.03281 = 0.01094 = 0.001988 = 0.000006214 = 1.0 = 0.01 = 0.0000139.37 = 3.281 = 1.094 = 0.1988 = 0.0006214 = 100.0 = 1.0 = 0.00139370.0 = 3281.0 = 1094.0 = 198.8 = 0.6214 = 100000.0 = 1000.0 = 1.0

Square Inches

Square Feet

Square Yards

Square Centimeters

Square Millimeters Acres

Square Miles Acres Hectares

Square Kilometers

1.0 = 0.006944 = 0.0007716 = 6.452 = 0.0006452 = 1.0 = 0.001563 = 40.47 = 0.4047 = 0.004047144.0 = 1.0 = 0.1111 = 929.0 = 0.0929 = 640.0 = 1.0 = 25900 = 259.0 = 2.591296.0 = 9.0 = 1.0 = 8361.0 = 0.8361 = 0.02471 = 0.00003861 = 1.0 = 0.01 = 0.00010.155 = 0.001076 = 0.0001196 = 1.0 = 0.0001 = 2.471 = 0.003861 = 100.0 = 1.0 = 0.011550.0 = 10.76 = 1.196= 10000.0 = 1.0 = 247.1 = 0.3861 = 10000.0 = 100.0 = 1.0A

rea

Equi

vale

nts

U.S. Quarts U.S. GallonsBritish Imperial quarts

British Imperial gallons

Cubic Inches Cubic feet Liters

Cubic Meters

1.0 = 0.25 = 0.8327 = 0.2082 = 57.75 = 0.03342 = 0.9464 = 0.00094644.0 = 1.0 = 3.331 = 0.8327 = 231.0 = 0.1337 = 3.785 = 0.0037851.201 = 0.3002 = 1.0 = 0.25 = 69.35 = 0.04014 = 1.137 = 0.0011374.804 = 1.201 = 4.0 = 1.0 = 277.4 = 0.1605 = 4.546 = 0.0045460.01732 = 0.004329 = 0.01442 = 0.003606 = 1.0 = 0.0005787 = 0.01639 = 0.0000163929.92 = 7.481 = 24.92 = 6.229 = 1728.0 = 1.0 = 28.32 = 0.028321.057 = 0.2642 = 0.8799 = 0.22 = 61.02 = 0.03531 = 1.0 = 0.0011057.0 = 264.2 = 879.9 = 220.0 = 61020.0 = 35.31 = 1000.0 = 1.0Vo

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GrainsAvoirdupois ounces

Avoirdupois Pounds

Avoirdupois Grams Kilograms Pounds Short Tons Long tons Kilograms Metric Tons

1.0 = 0.002286 = 0.0001429 = 0.06480 = 0.00006480 = 1.0 = 0.0005 = 0.0004464= 0.4536= 0.0004536437.5 = 1.0 = 0.06250 = 28.35 = 0.02835 = 2000.0 = 1.0 = 0.8929 = 907.2 = 0.90727000.0 = 16.0 = 1.0 = 453.6 = 0.4536 = 2240.0 = 1.120 = 1.0 = 1016.0 = 1.01615.43 = 0.03527 = 0.002205 = 1.0 = 0.001 = 2.205 = 0.001102= 0.0009842= 1.0 = 0.00115430.0 = 35.27 = 2.205 = 1000.0 = 1.0 = 2205.0 = 1.102 = 0.9842 = 1000.0 = 1.0W

eigh

t Eq

uiva

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s

•18•

To Convert from: To: Multiply by:Column 2 to Column 1 Multiply by:

Acre-feet cubic meters 1233 8.11 x 10-4Cubic feet (cu ft) (US) cubic centimeters 28,317 3.53 x 10-5 Cubic feet (cu ft) (US) cubic meters 0.028 335.31Cubic feet (cu ft) (US) liters 28.32 0.035Cu ft/min cu cm/sec 472 0.0021Cu ft/min liters/sec 0.472 2.119Cu ft/sec liters/min 1699 5.886 x 10-4 Cubic inches (US) cubic meters 1.64 x 10-5 61,024Cubic inches (US) liters 0.0164 61.024Cubic inches (US) milliliters (ml) 16.387 0.0610Feet (US) meters 0.3048 3.281Feet (US) millimeters (mm) 304.8 3.28 x 10-3 Feet/min cm/sec 0.508 1.97Feet/min kilometers/hr 1.829 x 10-2 54.68Feet/min meters/min .305 3.28Ft/sec2 km/hr/sec 1.0973 0.911Gallons (US) cu cm (ml) 3785 2.64 x 10-4 Gallons (US) liters 3.785 0.264Gallons/min (US) liters/sec 0.063 15.85U.S. Gal./min. cu. Meters/hr. 0.227 4.4U.S. Gal./sq. ft./min. cu. Meters/hr./ 2.44 0.408

Sq. metersGrains (troy) grams 0.0648 15.432Grains (troy) milligrams (mg) 64.8 0.01543Grains/gal (US) grams/liter 0.0171 58.417Grains/gal (US) ppm 17.1 0.0584Inches (US) centimeters (cm) 2.54 0.3937Inches (US) millimeters (mm) 25.4 0.0394Miles (US, statute) kilometers (km) 1.609 0.6214Miles (US, statute) meters 1609 6.214 x 10-4 Miles/hr cm/sec 44.7 0.0224Miles/hr meters/min 26.82 0.0373Miles/min kilometers/hr 96.6 1.03 x 10-2 Ounces (avoirdupois) grams 28.35 .0353Ounces (US fluid) ml 29.6 0.0338Ounces (US fluid) liters 0.0296 33.81Pounds (av) grams 453.6 0.0022Pounds (av)/sq. in. kgr./cm2 0.0703 14.223Pounds (av) kilograms 0.4536 2.205Pounds (av) grains 7000 14.2 x 10-5 Pounds/cu ft grams/l 16.02 0.0624Pounds/ft grams/cm 14.88 0.067Pounds/gal (US) grams/ml 0.12 8.345Pounds/gal (US) grams/liter 119.8 8.34 x 10-3 Quart (US liq) ml 946.3 0.001057Quart (US liq) liters 0.946 1.057Square feet (US) sq cm 929 1.08 x 10-3 Square feet (US) sq meters .0929 10.76Square inches (US) sq cm 6.452 0.155

(To convert from the metric system to English system take the reciprocal of the figures in the third column.)

The exact amount of waste effluent from an industrial plant cannot always be easily deter-mined. In some cases, knowing the quantity of water required in the process of any unit can be an approximation of the effluent.

Industrial Requirement for Water

Product Unit Produced Gal./Unit Water Required Gal./DayBuildingsOffice Person ----- 27 to 45Hospital Bed ----- 130 to 350Hotel Guest Room ----- 300 to 525LaundriesCommercial lb. Work load 5 to 8 -----Institutional lb. Work load 1 to 4 -----Restaurant meal 1 to 4 -----MeatPacking House 100 hogs killed 550-600 -----Slaughter House 100 hogs killed 550-600 -----Stockyard 1 acre 160-200 -----Poultry 1 bird ----- 1OilOil Refining 100 bbl. 75,000 to 80,000 -----SugarSugar Refinery lb. Sugar 1 -----PaperPaper Mill 1 ton 40,000 -----Paper PulpGround Wood 1 ton (dry) 5,000 -----Soda 1 ton (dry) 85,000 -----Sulfate 1 ton (dry) 65,000 -----Sulfite 1 ton (dry) 60,000 -----Textile*Cotton Bleacheries 1 lb. Double boil 25 to 40 -----Cotton Finishing 1 yard 10 to 15 -----Silk Hosiery Dyeing 1 lb. 3 to 5 -----Knit Goods Bleaching With Soloxone 1 lb. 7 to 8 -----*Water requirements in these places vary so widely that average figures are of little value. Therefore, meter readings must be obtained for each individual plane. Municipal RequirementsMinimum water requirements per capita per day = 50 gal. Average water per capita per day = 150 gal.**AWWA

Conversion Factors: English to Metric

To convert from left to right

To convert from right to left

from to

to fromLength 2.54

0.305cmm

in.ft.

0.3943.28

Area 6.450.093

cm2

m2sq. in.sq. ft.

0.15510.78

Volume 28.324.553.78

l (liter)ll

cu. ft.lmp. galU.S. gal

0.03530.220.264

(l m3 = 1000 l = 220 lmp. Gat = 264 U.S. gal = 35.3 ft3)Weight 0.065

0.454kg (kilograms) kgr kg

(kilograin) lb

15.42.205

Pressure 0.0680.704

atm (head water)

lb/sq. in. lb/sq. in.

14.71.42

Regenerant Level 16.0 g/l lb/cu. ft. 0.0624Density 99.77

119.8kg/m3(g/l)kg/m3(g/l)

lb./lmp.gallb./U.S. gal

0.010020.00834

Rinse Volume 0.1600.134

l/ll/l

lmp. gal/min.U.S. gal/cu.ft.

6.257.47

Throughput(Flow rate)

0.2720.227

m3/hm3/h

lmp. gal/min.U.S. gal/min.

3.684.4

FlowVelocity

2.942.45

m/h(m3/h/m2)m/h(m3/h/m2)

lmp. gaL/min/sq.ft.U.S. gal/min/cu.ft.

0.340.408

Service FlowRate

9.6 8.05

m3/hm3 (l/h/l)m3/h/m3 (l/h/l)

lmp. gal/min/cu.ft.U.S. gal/min/cu.ft.

0.1040.125

Hardness 0.0560.80.58

1° dGerman HardnessGerman Hardness

ppm CaCo3

English hardness French hardness

17.851.251.785

Capacity 0.581.282.290.0469.0 16.1

g CaCo/lg CaCo/lg CaCo3/lequiv./lg/CaCo/lg CaCo3/l

g CaCo3/lkgr CaCo3/cu.ft.kgr CaCo3/cu.ft kgr CaCo3/cu.ftlb CaCo3/cu.ft lb.CaCo3/cu.ft

1.7850.7810.43621.80.1120.062

multiply bymultiply by

Equivalents of Pressure and Head



INFORMATION CHARTS

(1) To Obtain (2) Multiply (3) By pound/in2 pound/ft2 Atmospheres kg/cm2 (68˚ F)

pound/in2 1 144 0.068046 0.070307pound/ft2 0.0069445 1 0.000473 0.000488Atmospheres 14.696 2116.22 1 1.0332kg/cm2 14.2233 2048.155 0.96784 1kg/m6 0.001422 0.204768 0.0000968 0.0001inch water* 0.036092 5.1972 .002454 0.00253foot water* 0.432781 62.3205 0.029449 0.03043inch mercury** 0.491154 70.7262 0.033421 0.03053mm mercury 0.0193368 2.78450 0.0013158 0.0013595bar 14.5038 2088.55 0.98692 1.01972Mpa 145.038 20885.5 9.8692 10.1972

kg/m2

(68° F)inch water (32° F) foot water inch mercury

pound/in2 703.070 27.7276 2.3106 2.03602pound/ft2 4.8241 0.1926 0.01606 0.014139Atmospheres 10332.27 407.484 33.9570 299.921kg/cm2 1000 394.38 32.8650 28.959kg/m6 1 0.3944 0.003287 0.002896inch water* 25.375 1 0.08333 0.073430foot water* 304.275 12 1 0.88115inch mercury** 345.316 13.6185 1.1349 1mm mercury 13.59509 0.53616 0.044680 0.03937bar 10197.2 402.156 33.5130 29.5300Mpa 101972.0 4021.56 335.130 295.300

mm mercury (32° F) bar** megapascal

(MPa)**pound/in2 51.7150 0.06895 0.006895pound/ft2 0.35913 0.000479 0.0000479Atmospheres 760 1.01325 0.101325kg/cm2 735.559 0.98067 0.098067kg/m6 0.073556 0.0000098 0.0000098inch water* 1.8651 0.00249 0.000249foot water* 22.3813 0.029839 0.0029839inch mercury** 25.40005 0.033864 0.0033864mm mercury 1 0.001333 0.0001333bar 750.062 1 0.10Mpa 7500.62 10.0 1

•19•

INFORMATION CHARTSKey to the Relative Sizes of Particles

Micron ComparisonsSubstance Microns

Table Salt 100

Human Hair(average dia.) 50-70

White Blood Cell 25

Talcum Powder 10

Cocoa 8-10

Red Blood Cell 8

Bacteria (cocci) 2

44 Microns325 Mesh

74 Microns

200 Mesh

145 Microns100 Mesh

Relative Size of ParticlesMagnification 500 times

2 Microns

5 Microns

8 Microns

25 Microns

˚C = ( ˚F –32) x 5/9 (or 0.55)˚F = ˚C x 9/5 (or 1.8) + 32

˚F ˚C ˚F ˚C ˚F ˚C

-40 -40 70 21.1 185 85.0

-35 -37.2 75 23.9 190 87.8

-30 -34.4 80 26.6 195 90.5

-25 -31.6 85 29.4 200 93.3

-20 -28.9 90 32.2 205 96.1

-15 -26.1 95 35.0 210 98.9

-10 -23.3 100 37.8 212 100.0

-5 -20.5 105 40.5 215 101.6

0 -17.78 110 43.3 220 104.4

+5 -15.0 115 46.1 225 107.2

10 -12.2 120 48.9 230 110.0

15 -9.4 125 51.6 235 112.8

20 -6.6 130 54.4 240 115.5

25 -3.9 135 57.2 245 118.3

30 -1.1 140 60.0 250 121.1

32 0 145 62.8 255 123.9

35 1.6 150 65.5 260 126.6

40 4.4 155 68.3 265 129.4

45 7.2 160 71.1 270 132.2

50 10.0 165 73.9 275 135.0

55 12.8 170 76.6 280 137.8

60 15.5 175 79.4 285 140.5

65 18.3 180 82.2 290 143.3

A filter’s efficiency is a function of the beta ratio.

Beta ratio % Efficiency

1 0

2 50

4 75

5 80

10 90

20 95

50 98

75 98.67

100 99

1,000 99.90

5,000 99.98

10,000 99.99

Infinity 100

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Temperature Conversion Table

Filter Efficiency

•20•


INFORMATION CHARTSULTRAVIOLET SYSTEMS

Ultraviolet light has long been known to be an effective disinfectant. Correct exposure to the right wavelength and intensity of UV light destroys the bacteria which may be present in a water supply and may break away from a dirty filter. It will also destroy other micro-organ-isms, such as viruses, fungi and algae, which are not touched by normal concentrations of chlorine. These may be harmful to people, animals and plants. Independent laboratory tests have determined that the following dosages of germicidal ultraviolet energy are necessary for 99.9 percent destruction of various micro-organisms.

Micro– Organism Type

Ailment Caused

Energy Microwatt Seconds/cm2 to Destroy

Streptococcus Bacteria Strep throat 3,800Dysentery Bacilli Bacteria Diarrhea 4,200S. paratyphi Bacteria Paratyphoid Fever 6,100Influenza Virus Flu 6,600Staphylococcus Bacteria Boils 6,600Fecal Coliform Bacteria Diarrhea 6,600Polio Type 1 Virus Polio 7,000Salmonella Bacteria Food Poisoning 10,000Pseudomonas aerugenosa Bacteria Skin Infection 10,500Legionella Bacteria Legionnaire’s Disease 12,300S. Typhi Bacteria Typhoid Fever 15,200

LiquidSpecific Gravity

Viscosity 60˚ F lbs/Gallon Weight

MISCELLANEOUS LIQUIDS

Water 1.0 31.5 8.33

Gasoline 0.68-0.74 30 5.6-6.2

Jet Fuel 0.74-0.85 35 6.2-7.1

Kerosene 0.78-0.82 38 6.5-6.8

Turpentine 0.86-0.87 33 7.2

Varnish Spar 0.9 1600 7.5

FUEL OIL AND DIESEL OIL

No.1 Fuel Oil 0.82-0.95 38 6.8-7.9

No.2 Fuel Oil 0.82-0.95 50 6.8-7.9

No.3 Fuel Oil 0.82-0.95 68 6.8-7.9

No.5A Fuel Oil 0.82-0.95 400 6.8-7.9

No.5B Fuel Oil 0.82-0.95 600 6.8-7.9

No.6 Fuel Oil 0.82-0.95 70,000 6.8-7.9

No.2D Diesel Fuel 0.82-0.95 68 6.8-7.9

No.3D Diesel Fuel 0.82-0.95 120 6.8-7.9

No.4D Diesel Fuel 0.82-0.95 600 6.8-7.9

No.5D Diesel Fuel 0.82-0.95 5,000 6.8-7.9

CRANKCASE OIL-AUTOMOBILE LUBRICATING OILS

SAE 10 0.88-0.935 600-900 7.3-7.8

SAE 20 0.88-0.935 900-3,000 7.3-7.8

SAE 30 0.88-0.935 3,000-4,400 7.3-7.8

SAE 40 0.88-0.935 4,400-6,000 7.3-7.8

SAE 50 0.88-0.935 6,000-10,000 7.3-7.8

SAE 60 0.88-0.935 10,000-17,000 7.3-7.8

SAE 70 0.88-0.935 17,000-45,000 7.3-7.8

TRANSMISSION OILS

SAE 90 0.88-0.935 5,500 7.33-7.79

SAE 140 0.88-0.935 12,000 7.33-7.79

SAE 250 0.88-0.935 50,000 7.33-7.79

OTHER OILS

Castor Oil 0.96 9,000 8.00

Chinawood 0.943 1,800 7.85

Coconut 0.925 500 7.70

Cod 0.928 600 7.73

Corn 0.924 700 7.70

Cotton Seed 0.88 – 0.925 600 7.33 – 7.7

Cylinder 0.82 – 0.95 14,000 6.83 – 7.9

Navy No.1 Fuel 0.989 1,100 8.24

Navy No.2 Fuel 1.0 24,000 8.33

Gas 0.887 90 7.39

Insulating Lard 0.912-0.925 600 7.6 – 7.7

Linseed 0.925-0.939 500 7.7 – 7.82

Raw Menhadden 0.933 500 7.77

Neats Foot 0.917 1,000 7.64

Olive 0.912-0.918 550 7.6 – 7.65

Palm 0.924 700 7.70

Peanut 0.92 500 7.66

Quencing -- 900 --

Rape Seed 0.919 900 7.65

Rosin 0.98 7,800 8.16

Rosin (Wood) 1.09 Extreme Viscose 9.1

Sesame 0.923 500 7.69

Soya Bean 0.927-0.98 475 7.72 – 8.16

Sperm 0.883 250 7.35

Turbine (Light) 0.91 350 7.58

Turbine (Heavy) 0.91 1,400 7.58

Whale 0.925 450 7.70

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•21•

Nomograph for Determining Langelier or Ryznar Index

Conductivity and Resistivity (NaCl and CaCO3 solutions at 25° C

INFORMATION CHARTSWater never exists in a completely pure state, and will always have some measurable level of contami-nation. There are many different types of contamination. Many of these contaminations must be removed in order for the water to be suitable for commercial, industrial, laboratory or municipal use. In fact, applications such as pharmaceutical, laboratory, dialysis and microelectronics must adhere to certain quality standards.

Dissolved inorganics include calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron and other salts, as well as heavy metals that form ions in water.

Common inorganic compounds found in water are calcium, magnesium and sodium chloride (NaCl).

Organic contaminants include lignins, tannins, detergents, humic acid and other by-product of vegetable decay.

Bacteria and their by-product, pyrogens, are found in measurable levels in virtually all water supplies.

Particles, which include sand, silt and dirt, can be broken down into two primary categories–collodial and non-collodial.

Dissolved gasses include hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and carbon dioxide (CO2).

Grains/gal*as CaCO3

ppmas CaCO3

ppmNaCl

ConductivitypS/cm

ResistivityMΩ/cm

99.3 1700 2000 3860 0.0002674.5 1275 1500 2930 0.0003449.6 850 1000 1990 0.0005024.8 425 500 1020 0.000999.93 170 200 415 0.00247.45 127.5 150 315 0.00324.96 85.0 100 210 0.00952.48 425 50 105 0.00950.992 17.0 20 42.7 0.0230.742 12.7 15 32.1 0.0310.585 10.0 8.0 20.0 0.050.292 5.0 4.0 10.0 0.100.146 2.5 2.0 5.0 0.200.074 1.27 1.5 3.28 0.300.048 0.85 1.00 2.21 0.450.025 0.42 0.50 1.13 0.880.029 0.50 0.40 1.00 1.000.015 0.25 0.20 0.5 2.000.0076 0.13 0.15 0.38 2.650.0050 0.085 0.10 0.27 3.700.0025 0.042 0.05 0.16 6.150.003 0.050 0.04 0.1 10.00.00070 0.012 0.015 0.087 11.50.00047 0.008 0.010 0.076 13.10.00023 0.004 0.005 0.066 15.20.00012 0.002 0.002 0.059 16.90.0006 0.001 0.001 0.057 17.6none none none 0.055 18.24***1 grain per gallon = 17.1 ppm (CaCO3) **theoretical maximum

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Need: total solids, calcium hardness, alkalinity, temperature and pH.Directions:

Extend line from Ts to Ca and mark on T-1.Extend line from Alkaline to t line and mark T-2.Connect transfer line T-1 and T-2 at the marks.

1)

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Read value to the pH scale and extend line from this value to the pH scale. Read values on L and R.Langelier index: positive–scale formingRyznar stability index: below 6.5 scaling above 6.5 corrosive

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Nomograph for Determining Langelier or Ryznar Index

•22•

Absolute Filter Rating: Filter rating meaning that 99.9 percent or essentially all of the particles larger than a specified micron rating will be trapped on or within the filter.

Absorption: The process of substance actually penetrating into the structure of another substance. This is different from adsorption in which one substance adheres to the surface of another.

Acidic: The condition of water or soil which contains a sufficient amount of acid substances to lower the pH below 7.0.

Activated Carbon: A water treat-ment medium found in block, granulated, or powdered form which is produced by heating car-bonaceous substances, bituminous coal or cellulose-based substances such as wood or coconut shell, to 700°C or less in the absence of air to form a carbonized char and then activating (oxidizing) at 800°C to 1000°C with oxidizing gases such as steam and carbon dioxide (oxygen is never used as the oxidiz-ing gas because its reaction with the carbon surface is too rapid and violent) to form pores, thus creating a highly porous adsorbent material. Activated carbon is commonly used for dechlorination and for reducing trace and soluble materials such as organic chemicals and radon from water.

Activated Carbon Block Filter: Activated carbon block is a blend of fine activated carbon (e.g. 80 x 325 mesh activated carbon), water and a suitable binder (such as polyethylene or a similar material) that is mixed and molded and hardened or extruded to a car-tridge filter of any size and shape. Sometimes specialized media are added along with activated carbon to provide customized performances for specific contaminants.

Adsorption: The physical process occurring when liquids, gases, or suspended matter adhere to the surfaces of or in the pores of an adsorbent medium. Adsorption is a physical process, which occurs without chemical reaction. See also absorption.

Automatic Water Softener (Auto-matic Filter): A water softener (or filter) that is equipped with a clock timer, which automatically initiates the backwash and or regeneration process at certain preset intervals of time. All operations, including bypass of treated or untreated water (depending upon design) backwashing, brining, rinsing and returning the unit to service are performed automatically.

Alkaline: The condition of water or soil which contains a sufficient amount of alkali substances to raise the pH above 7.0.

Anaerobic: A condition in which there is no air or no available free oxygen.

Anion: An ion with a negative charge. An anion such as chloride (Cl), nitrate (NO3) bicarbonate (HCO3), or sulfate (SO4) may result from the dissociation of salt, acid or alkali.

Anion Exchange: An ion exchange process in which anions in solu-tions are exchanged for other anions from an ion exchange resin. See also ion exchange.

Backwash: The up flow or counter current flow of water through a filter medium or ion exchange me-dium for the purpose of thoroughly expanding the media bed to remove foreign particulate matter accumu-lated during the service cycle and to flush it to the drain.

Bacteria: Single-celled organism (sin-gular form=bacterium) which lacks well-defined nuclear membranes and other specialized functional cell parts and reproduces by cell division or spores. Bacteria may be free-living organisms or parasites. Bacteria (along with fungi) are decomposers that breakdown the wastes and bodies of dead organ-isms, making their components available for reuse. Bacteria cells range from about 1-10 microns in length and from 0.2 to 1 micron in width. They exist almost every-where on earth. Despite their small size, the total weight of all bacteria in the world likely exceeds that of all other organisms combined. Some

bacteria are helpful to man, others harmful.

BOD: Biochemical oxygen demand.

Biocide: A chemical which can kill or inhibit the growth of living organisms such as bacteria, fungi, molds and slimes.

Brackish Water: Water containing dissolved solids in the range 1000-15000 ppm.

Brine: A strong solution of salt(s) with total dissolved solids concen-trates in the range of 30,000 to 300,000.

Carcinogen: Any substance which tends to produce cancer in an organism.

Cartridge Filter: A device made up of a housing and a removable cartridge (element) for a fluid filtra-tion. In high flow rate commercial applications, the element is clus-tered in a large housing. Elements can be cleanable and reusable or disposable.

Cation: A positive ion in an elec-trolyte solution, attracted to the cathode under the influence of a difference in electrical potential sodium ion is a cation.

Centrifugal Pump: A pump contain-ing a rotation impeller or rotating vanes mounted on a shaft in a casing and turned by a power source. The rotating impeller uses centrifugal force to deliver water in a steady stream.

Centrifuge: A mechanical device that uses centrifugal or rotational forces to separate solids from liquids.

Chloramines: Chemical complexes formed from the reaction between ammonia and chlorine being used to disinfect many municipal water supplies. Unlike chlorine, chloramines do not combine with organics in the water to form po-tentially dangerous trihalomethanes (THMS). Chloramines can exist in three forms: 1. Monochloramine 2. Dichloramine 3. Nitrogen Trichlo-ride. Water containing chloramines must not be used for fish or kidney dialysis applications.

GLOSSARY

•23•

COD: Chemical oxygen demand.

Deionization: The removal of all ionized minerals and salts (both organic and inorganic) from a solu-tion by a two-phase ion exchange procedure. First, positively charged ions are removed by a cation exchange resin in exchange for a chemically equivalent amount of hydrogen ions. Second, nega-tively charged ions are removed by an anion exchange resin for a chemically equivalent amount of hydroxide ions. The hydrogen and hydroxide ions introduced in this process unite to water molecules. This process is also called deminer-alization by ion exchange.

Desalination: The removal of dis-solved inorganic solids (salts) from a solution such as water to produce a liquid which is free of dissolved salts. Desalination is typically accomplished by distillation, reverse osmosis or electrodialysis.

Differential Pressure: The difference in pressure at two points in a water system. Differences may be due to variations in elevation or to friction losses, or to pressure drops caused by resistance to water flow through pipes, softeners, filters or other devices.

Distillation: The process of separat-ing the water from the organic and inorganic contaminants through a combination of evaporation (or vaporization), cooling and conden-sation.

DOE: Double Open Ended Cartridge

Efficiency (Media Filtration): The percent of contaminant reduction, which occurs with a specified medium volume and specified water contact time. Membrane filtration – the figure obtained (expressed as a percent) by dividing the volume (gallons or liters) of product water produced by the total volume (gallons or liters) of feed water to the particular unit or system.

Ferric Iron: Small solid iron particles containing trivalent iron, usually as gelatinous ferric hydroxide or ferric oxide, which are suspended in water and visible as “rusty water.” Ferric iron can normally be

removed by filtration. Also called precipitated iron.

Ferrous Iron: A divalent iron ion, usually as ferrous bicarbonate which, when dissolved in water, produces a clear solution. It is usually removed by cation exchange water softening. Also called clear water iron.

Hardness: A common quality of water which contains dissolved compounds of calcium and magne-sium and, sometimes, other divalent and trivalent metallic elements. The term hardness was originally applied to waters that were hard to wash in, referring to the soap wasting properties of hard water. Hardness prevents soap from lath-ering by causing the development of an insoluble curdy precipitate in the water; hardness typically causes the buildup of hardness scale (such as seen in cooking pans). Dissolved calcium and magnesium salts are primarily responsible for most scaling in pipes and water heaters and cause numerous problems in laundry, kitchen, and bath. Hard-ness is usually expressed in grains per gallon (or ppm) as calcium carbonate equivalent. The degree of hardness standard as established by the American Society of Agricultur-al Engineers (S-339) and the Water Quality Association (WQA) is:

Heavy Metals: Metallic elements with high atomic weights, e.g. mercury, barium, bismuth and lead. They can damage living things at low concentrations and tend to accumulate in the food chain.

Hydrophilic: Having a strong affin-ity (liking) for water, and thereby exhibiting the characteristic of absorbing water. Example – cotton is a hydrophilic fiber. The opposite of hydrophobic.

Hydrophobic: Having a strong aver-sion (dislike) for water, and thereby exhibiting the characteristic of repelling water. Example – Nylon is a hydrophobic fiber. The opposite of hydrophilic.

Ion Exchange: A reversible chemical process in which ions from an insoluble permanent solid medium (the “ion exchanger” – usually a resin) are exchanged for ions in a solution or fluid mixture sur-rounding the insoluble medium. The superficial physical structure of the solid in not affected. The direction of exchange depends upon the selective attraction of the ion exchanger resin for the certain ions present and the concentration of the ions in the solution. Both cation and anion exchange are used in water conditioning. Cation exchange is commonly used for water softening.

Iron: A very common element often present in groundwater in amounts ranging from 0.01 to 10.0 ppm (mg/l). Iron may be found in three forms: 1. in soluble form such as in ferrous bicarbonate; 2. bound with a soluble organic compound; 3. as suspended ferric iron particles. Iron above 0.3 mg/l is objectionable in water because of staining of laundry and plumbing fixtures.

Iron Bacteria: Bacteria which thrive on iron and are able to actually use ferrous iron (as found in water or steel pipes) in their metabolic processes to incorporate ferric iron in their cell structure and to deposit gelatinous ferric hydroxide iron compounds in their life processes.

Langelier Saturation Index: A calculated number used to predict the calcium carbonate (CaCO3) stability of a water; whether a water will precipitate, dissolve, or be in equilibrium with, calcium car-bonate. It is sometimes erroneously assumed that any water that tends to dissolve CaCO3 is automatically corrosive. Langelier saturation index = pH – pH, where pH = actual pH of the water, and pH, = pH at which the water having the same alkalinity and calcium content is just saturated with calcium carbonate.

GLOSSARY

Term Grains/gallon Mg/Liter (ppm)

Soft < 1.0 < 17.1Slightly Hard 1.0 to 3.5 17.1 to 60

Moderately Hard 3.5 to 7.0 60 to 120

Hard 7.0 to 10.5 120 to 180Very Hard 10.5 & above 180 & above

•24•

Microfiltration: The separation or removal from a liquid of particu-lates and micro-organisms in the size range of 0.1 to 2 microns in diameter.

Micron Rating: A measurement applied to filters or filter media to indicate the particle size at which a substantial percentage of suspended solids above that size will be removed. As used in the water treatment industry standards, this may be an absolute rating or a nominal rating.

Membrane: A thin sheet or surface film, either natural or man-made, of microporous structure that performs as an efficient filter of particles down to the size range of chemical molecules and ions. Such membranes are termed “semiperme-able” because some substances will pass through but others will not. Usually small ions, water, solvents, gases, and other very small molecules can pass through a membrane, but other ions and mac-romolecules such as proteins and colloids are barred from passage. Man-made (synthetic) membranes are highly engineered polymer films about 100 angstroms thick and with controlled distributions of pores ranging from 5 to 5,000 ang-stroms in diameter. Membranes are used in reverse osmosis, electrodi-alysis, nanofiltration, ultrafiltration, and as pleated final filter cartridges in water treatment.

Microwatt-Seconds Per Square Centimeter: A unit of measure-ment of intensity and retention or contact time in the operation of ultraviolet systems.

Milligrams Per Liter (mg/l): A mea-sure of concentration of a dissolved substance. A concentration of one mg/l means that one milligram of a substance is dissolved in each liter of water. For practical purposes, this unit is equal to parts per mil-lion (ppm) since one liter of water is equal in weight to one million milligrams. Thus, a liter of water containing 10 milligrams of calcium has 10 parts of calcium per one million parts of water, or 10 parts per million (10 ppm).

Microhm: One millionth of an ohm. The unit of measurement for testing the electrical resistance of water to determine its purity. The closer water comes to absolute purity, the greater its resistance to conduction an electric current. Absolutely pure water has a specific resistance over 18 million ohms across one centimeter at a temperature of 78°F (25°C).

Micron Rating: A measurement applied to filters or filter media to indicate the particle size at which suspended solids above that size will be removed. As used in the water treatment industry standards, this may be an absolute rating or a nominal rating.

Mixed Bed: The intermix of two or more filter or ion exchange prod-ucts in the same vessel during a service run. The most common use is in ion exchange systems having a 40/60 percent cation to anion resin bed such as that for a deionization polisher unit. In filtration, there may be an intermix of two or more media in a single tank with each stratified into separate layers.

MTBE (Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether): A volatile organic chemical (VOC) used as an octane-enhancing lead substitute and more recently as an oxygenating agent in gasoline to reduce carbon monoxide emis-sions from automobiles. MTBE is volatile, flammable and highly soluble in water. During refueling and gasoline production, MTBE is volatilized to the atmosphere where it dissolves into the atmospheric moisture and returns to earth in precipitation. Since MTBE does not adsorb well with organic matter in soils it is easily washed away. In surface water, MTBE volatil-izes into the air, while in ground water, MTBE persists and moves freely. MTBE occurrences in ground water above 40 ppb have so far been attributed to point source contamination such as underground tank leaks, overflows, etc. EPA has tentatively classified MTBE as a potential human carcinogen. MTBE filtration system is available from PENTEK model US-1000.

Nanofiltration: A membrane treat-ment process which falls between

reverse osmosis and ultrafiltration on the filtration/separation spec-trum. The nanofiltration process can pass more water at lower pressure operations that reverse osmosis, can remove particles in the 300 to 1,000 molecular weight range such as humic acid and organic color bodies present in water, and can reject selected (typically polyvalent) salts. Nanofil-tration may be used for selective re-moval of hardness ions in a process known as membrane softening.

Neutralization: The addition of either an acid to a base or a base to an acid to produce a more nearly neutral solution. The use of alkaline or basic materials to neutralize acidity of some water is common practice in water pro-cessing. Neutralization does not always mean the attaining of pH 7.0. When a strong acid reacts (is neutralized) with a weak base, the resulting pH may remain less than 7.0; when a strong base reacts with a weak acid, the pH may remain greater than 7.0.

Nominal Filter Rating: Filter rating indicating the approximate size particle, the majority of which will not pass through the filter. It is generally interpreted as meaning that 85 percent of the particles of the size equal to the nominal filter rating will be retained by the filter.

Operating Temperature: The manufacturer’s recommended feed-water or inlet water temperature for a water treatment system.

Ozone (O3): A very strong oxidizing agent, which is unstable and must be generated on site. Ozone is a highly reactive form of oxygen and can be produced by sending a high voltage electrical discharge through air or oxygen (such as occurs in a lighting storm). Some degree of ozone can also be produced by certain types of ultraviolet lamps. Ozone is an excellent oxidizing agent and bactericide.

Parts Per Million (ppm): A measure of proportion by weight, which is equivalent to one unit of weight of solute (dissolved substance) per mil-lion weights of solution. Since one liter of water weighs one million

GLOSSARY

•25•

milligrams, one ppm is equal to one milligram per liter (mg/l). Milligram per liter is the preferred unit of measure in water or waste water analysis.

Pascal (Pa): A unit of pressure equal to one newton of force per square meter. One thousand pascals equal one kilopascal (KPa); a kilopascal equals 0.145 pounds per square inch. 1 psi = 6895 Pa = 6.895 kN/sq.m = 0.0703 kg/sq. cm.

Pathogens: Micro-organisms that can cause disease in other organ-isms or in humans, animals, and plants. They may be bacteria, viruses, or parasites and are found in sewage, in runoff from animals, and in water used for swimming. Fish and shellfish contaminated by pathogens, or the contaminated water itself, can cause serious illness.

pH: A measure of the degree of the acidity or the alkalinity of a solution as measured on a scale (“pH scale”) of 0 to 14. The midpoint of 7.0 on the pH scale represents neutrality – a “neutral” solution that is neither acid nor alkaline. Numbers below 7.0 indicate acidity; numbers above 7.0 indicate alkalinity. It is important to understand that pH is a measure of intensity, not of capacity. That is, pH indicates the intensity of alkalinity or acidity in the same way temperature tells how hot something is but not how much heat the substance carries.

Porosity: A measure of the volume of pores in a material. Poros-ity is calculated as a ratio of the interstices of a material (e.g., the volume of spaces between the media particles in a filter bed) to the volume of its mass, and is expressed as a percentage.

Pressure Differential: The difference in the pressure between two points in a water system. The difference may be due to the difference in elevation and/or to pressure drop resulting from water flow.

Pressure Drop: 1. A decrease in the water pressure (in psi) which occurs as the water flows. Pressure drop may occur for several reasons:

internal friction between the molecules of water, external friction between the water and the walls of the piping system, or rough areas in the channel through which the water flows. 2. The difference be-tween the inlet and the outlet water pressure during water flow through a water treatment device such as a water conditioner. Abbreviated ∆P and measured in pounds per square inch gauge pressure.

Pressure Head: The vertical distance (in feet) equal to the pressure (in psi) at a specific point. The pres-sure head is equal to the pressure in psi times 2.31 ft/psi.

Radial Flow: The flow pattern in which water flows from the outside of a filter element to the center core. For example, a replaceable cartridge filter unit.

Radon (Rn): A colorless, odorless, short-lived radioactive gas which is produced by decay of the uranium/radium series and is soluble in water. Radon is considered carci-nogenic when inhaled by humans. Radon can be removed from water by aeration or activated carbon.

Regeneration: (ion exchange, softening) The use of a chemical solution (regenerant) to displace the contaminant ions deposited on the ion exchange resin during the service run and replace them with the kind of ions necessary to restore the capacity of the exchange medium for reuse. This process is also called recharging or rejuvena-tion. Catalyst media are recharged similarly.

Reverse Osmosis (RO): A water treatment process that removes undesirable materials from water by using pressure to force the water molecules through a semipermeable membrane. This process is called “reverse” osmosis because the pres-sure forces the water to flow in the reverse direction (from concentrated solution to the dilute solution) to the flow direction (from the dilute to the concentrated) in the process of natural osmosis. RO removes ionized salts, colloids, and organic molecules down to a molecular weight of 100. May be called hyperfiltration.

Ryznar Index: A modification of the Langelier index used to calculate the degree of calcium carbonate saturation and to predict the likelihood of scale formation from a water supply.

SOE: Single Open Ended Cartridge

Tannin: Any of a group of water soluble, natural organic phenolic compounds that are produced by metabolism in trees and plants, and are part of the degradation-resistant fulvic acid materials formed during the decomposition of vegetation. Tannins occur in water or in almost any location where large quantities of vegetation have decayed. Tan-nins can impact a faintly yellowish to brown color to water. Tannin molecules tend to form anions in water above pH 6 and can then be treated with anion exchange resins. Below pH 5, tannins are better treated with activated carbon.

Total Dissolved Solids (TDS): The total weight of the solids that are dissolved in the water, given in ppm per unit volume of water. TDS is determined by filtering a given volume of water (usually through a 0.45 micron filter), evaporating it at a defined temperature (usually 103° - 105° Celsius) and then weighing the residue. Note: A test measuring the electrical conductivity of the water provides only an estimate of the TDS present, as conductivity is not precisely proportional to the weight of an ion and nonconduc-tive substances cannot be measured by electrical tests.

Total Suspended Solids: The particles which can be removed from a solu-tion by filtration, usually specified as the matter which will not pass through a 0.45-micron pore-diam-eter filter.

Toxic Substances: Chemical elements and compounds, such as lead, ra-don, benzene, dioxin, and numerous others, that have toxic properties by either ingestion, inhalation, or absorption into the human body. There is considerable variation in the degree of toxicity among the various toxic substances and in the exposure level that induces toxicity.

GLOSSARY

•26•

Trihalomethanes (THMs): A group of organic chemicals, suspected of being carcinogenic, which are formed in water when chlorine being used as a disinfectant reacts with natural organic matter such as humic acids from decayed vegeta-tion. Humic acids are present in all natural water used as sources of drinking water supplies. Chlo-roform is one of the most common THMs formed in this type of reaction.

Turbidity: The amount of small par-ticles of solid matter suspended in water as measured by the amount of scattering and absorption of light rays caused by the particles. Turbidity blocks light rays and makes the water opaque. Turbid-ity is measured in nephelometric turbidity units (NTU). Potable water should not exceed 0.3 NTU. Turbidity cannot be directed equated to suspended solids because white particles reflect more light than dark-colored particles and many small particles will reflect more light than an equivalent large particle.

Ultrafiltration: A method of cross flow filtration (similar to reverse osmosis but using lower pressures) which uses a membrane to separate small colloids and large molecules from water and other liquids. The ultrafiltration process falls between reverse osmosis and microfiltration in terms of the size of particles removed, with ultrafiltration removing particles in the 0.002 to 0.1 micron range, and typi-cally rejecting organics over 1,000 molecular weight while passing ions and smaller organics.

Ultraviolet (UV) Light: Radia-tion (light) having a wavelength shorter than 3900 angstroms, the wavelengths of visible light, and longer than 100 angstroms, the wavelengths of x-rays. This wavelength puts ultraviolet light at the invisible violet end of the light spectrum. Ultraviolet light is used as a disinfectant.

Uniformity Coefficient: The measure of the variation in particle sizes of filter and ion exchange media. The coefficient is defined as the ratio of the sieve size that will permit

passage of 60 percent of the media material by weight to the sieve size that will permit passage of 10 percent of the media material by weight. A uniformity coefficient of 1.00 denotes a material hav-ing particle grains all the same size; numbers increasingly greater than one denote increasingly less uniformity.

Virus: A parasitic infectious microbe, composed almost entirely of protein and nucleic acids, which can cause disease(s) in humans. Viruses can reproduce only within living cells. They are 0.004 to 0.1 microns in size, and about 100 times smaller than bacteria.

Water Hammer: The shock wave or series of waves caused by the resistance of inertia to an abrupt change (acceleration or decelera-tion) of water flow through a water piping system. Water hammer may produce an instantaneous pressure many times greater than the normal pressure. For this reason, many building codes now require the installation of a “water hammer arrestor,” a device to absorb these shock waves and prevent damage to appliances such as washing machines.

Water Softener (mechanical): A pressurized water treatment device in which hard water is passed through a bed of cation exchange media (either inorganic or synthetic organic) for the purpose of ex-changing calcium and magnesium ions for sodium or potassium ions, thus producing a softened water which is more desirable for laundering, bathing, and dishwash-ing. This cation exchange process was originally called zeolite water softening or the Permutit Process. Most modern water softeners use a sulfonated bead form of styrene/divinylbenzene (DVB) cation resin.

Water Softener Salt: Salt suitable for regenerating residential and commercial cation exchange water softeners. Most commonly used for this purpose is sodium chloride (NaCl) in crystal or pelletized form. Rock grade salt should be 96-99 percent NaCl; evaporated salt should be 99+ percent NaCl. Potassium chloride (KCl) may also

be used for the regeneration cycle in the cation exchange process, thus minimizing the amount of sodium added to both the softened water and the spent regenerant water going to the drain.

Water Softening: The reduction/re-moval of calcium and magnesium ions, which are the principal cause of hardness in water. The cation exchange resin method is most commonly used for residential and commercial water treatment. In municipal and industrial water treatment, the process can be lime softening or lime-soda softening.

Water Source: The basic origin of a water, either a surface source (such as a lake, river, or reservoir) or a subsurface source (such as a well). After treatment and pumping via pipe lines, the treated and pumped water becomes a water supply.

Well: A bored, drilled, or driven shaft, or a dug hole, whose depth is greater than the largest surface dimension and whose purpose is to reach underground water supplies or oil, or to store or bury fluids below ground.

Glossary provided courtesy of Water Quality Association.

GLOSSARY

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WATER TREATMENT TABLE

Inorganic Chemicals

MCLG1 (mg/L)

MCL2 or TT3 (mg/L)

Potential Health Effects from Water Ingestion

Sources of Contaminant in Drinking Water Treatment Methods

Antimony 0.006 0.006 Higher blood cholesterol; lower blood glucose

Petroleum refinery discharge; solder; electronics; fire retardants; ceramics

Coagulation/filtration Activated carbon* Reverse osmosis Distillation

Arsenic None 5 0.005 (P)

Skin damage; circulatory system problems; higher cancer risk

Discharge from semiconductor manufacture; petroleum refining; wood preservatives; herbicides; animal feed additives; erosion from natural deposits

As+3: Chemical oxidation to convert to As+5 Reverse osmosis (w/prior chlorination) Distillation As+5: Coagulation/filtration Lime softening Activated carbon* Anion exchange Activated alumina Reverse osmosis Distillation Electrodialysis Organic complexes: Activated carbon

Asbestos(fiber>10 μm)

7 million fibers/L

7 MFL Higher risk of developing benign intestinal polyps

Decay of asbestos cement in water mains; natural deposit erosion

Corrosion control to reduce leaching from distribution pipes Coagulation/filtration Submicron filtration Reverse osmosis Ultrafiltration Distillation

Barium 2 2 Higher blood pressure Drilling waste discharge; metal refineries; natural deposit erosion

Cation exchange Reverse osmosis Distillation Electrodialysis

Beryllium 0.004 0.004 Intestinal lesions Discharge from metals refineries and coal-burning factories; and electrical, aerospace and defense firms

Coagulation/filtration Activated carbon* Lime softening Activated alumina Cation exchange Reverse osmosis Distillation Electrodialysis

Cadmium 0.005 0.005 Kidney damage Corrosion of galvanized pipes; natural deposits erosion; metal refineries discharge; runoff from waste batteries and paints

Coagulation/ filtration Activated carbon* Lime softening Cation exchange Reverse osmosis Distillation Electrodialysis

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Inorganic Chemicals

MCLG1 (mg/L)

MCL2 or TT3 (mg/L)



Chromium (total) 0.1 0.1 Some people who use water with chromium well in excess of MCL over many years could experience allergic dermatitis

Steel and pulp mill discharge; metal finishing industry discharges; natural deposits erosion

Cr+3: Coagulation/filtration Lime softening Cation exchange Reverse osmosis Distillation Cr+5: Anion exchange Reverse osmosis Distillation Organic complexes: Activated carbon

Copper 1.3 1.3 = action level; TT6

Short exposure: gastrointestinal distress; Long term exposure: Wilson’s disease sufferers should consult personal doctors if above action level

Household plumbing corrosion; natural deposits erosion; leaching from wood preservatives

Cation exchange (20-90%) Reverse osmosis Distillation Electrodialysis

Cyanide (as free cyanide)

0.2 0.2 Nerve damage or thyroid problems

Discharge from steel/metal factories; plastic and fertilizer factories

Chemical oxidation/ disinfection (pH> 10) Anion exchange Reverse osmosis Distillation Electrodialysis

Fluoride 4.0 4.0 Bone disease (pain and tenderness); children may get mottled teeth

Water additive which promotes strong teeth; natural deposits erosion; discharge from fertilizer and aluminum factories

Activated alumina Bone char Reverse osmosis Distillation Electrodialysis

Lead Zero 0.015 = action level; TT6

Infants/ children: physical/mental developmental delays; Adults; high blood pressure; kidney problems

Household plumbing corrosion; runoff from waste batteries; natural deposits erosion

Cation exchange (20-90%) Coagulation/filtration Activated carbon* Lime softening Reverse osmosis Distillation Electrodialysis

Inorganic Mercury 0.002 0.002 Kidney damage Natural deposits erosion; refinery/factory discharge; landfill/cropland runoff; fluorescent lamps

HG+2: Activated carbon* Lime softening Cation exchange (20-90%) Reverse osmosis Distillation HgCl3–1: Anion exchange Reverse osmosis Distillation Organic complexes: Activated carbon

Nickel 0.1 0.1 Kidney damage, respiratory difficulties, higher cancer risk

Natural deposits erosion, refinery/factory discharge

Ni+2 : Cation exchange Lime softening Reverse osmosis Distillation


•29•

Inorganic Chemicals

MCLG1 (mg/L)

MCL2 or TT3 (mg/L)



Nitrate (as N) 10 10 Infants under 6 months: blue baby syndrome – life threatening without immediate medical attention; symptom: baby looks blue, shortness of breath

Runoff from fertilizer use; leaching from septic tanks, sewage; natural deposits erosion

Anion exchange Reverse osmosis (pressure sensitive) Distillation Electrodialysis

Nitrite (as N) 1 1 Infants under 6 months: blue baby syndrome – life threat-ening without immediate medical attention; symptom: Baby looks blue, shortness of breath

Runoff from fertilizer use; leaching from septic tanks, sewage; natural deposits erosion

Chemical oxidation To convert to nitrate then: Anion exchange Reverse osmosis (pressure sensitive) Distillation

Selenium 0.05 0.05 Hair/fingernail loss; numb-ness in fingers or toes; circulatory problem

Petroleum refinery discharge; natural deposits erosion; mining discharges

Se+4: Coagulation/filtration Anion exchange Activated alumina Reverse osmosis Distillation Electrodialysis Se+5 : Anion exchange Activated alumina Reverse Osmosis Distillation Electrodialysis

Thallium 0.0005 0.0002 Hair loss; changes in blood; kidney intestine or liver problems

Leaching from ore-processing sites; discharge from electronics, glass pharmaceutical companies

Cation exchange Activated alumina Reverse osmosis Distillation

Organic Chemicals

MCLG1 (mg/L)

MCL2 or TT3 (mg/L)



Acrylamide Zero TT7 Nervous system or blood problems; higher cancer risk

Added to water in sewage/wastewater treatment

Control of water treatment chemicals and surfaces in contact with water

Alachlor Zero 0.002 Eye, liver, kidney or spleen problems; higher cancer risk

Runoff from herbicide used on row crops

Activated carbon

Atrazine 0.003 0.003 Cardiovascular system problems; reproductive difficulties


Activated carbon

Benzene Zero 0.005 Anemia; lower blood plate-lets; higher cancer risk

Factory discharges; leaching from gas storage tanks and landfills

Activated carbon Aeration

Benzo(a)pyrene (PAH)

Zero 0.0002 Reproductive difficulties; higher cancer risk

Leaching from linings of water storage tanks, distribu-tion lines

Activated carbon

Carbofuran 0.04 0.04 Blood or nervous system problems; reproductive difficulties

Leaching of soil fumigant used on rice and alfalfa

Activated carbon


•30•


Organic Chemicals

MCLG1 (mg/L)

MCL2 or TT3 (mg/L)



Carbon tertrachloride

Zero 0.005 Liver problems; higher cancer risk

Discharge from chemical plants and other industrial activities

Aeration

Chlordane Zero 0.002 Liver or nervous system problems; higher cancer risk

Residue of banned termiticide

Activated carbon

2,4-D 0.07 0.07 Kidney, liver or adrenal gland problems


Activated carbon

1,2-Dibromo-3-chlo-ropropane (DBCP)

Zero 0.0002 Reproductive difficulties; higher cancer risk

Runoff/leaching from soil fumigant used on soybeans, cotton, pineapples, orchards


o-Dichlorobenzene 0.6 0.6 Liver, kidney or circulatory system problems

Discharge from industrial chemical factories


p-Dichlorobenzene 0.075 0.075 Anemia; liver, kidney or spleen damage; changes in blood



2,4,5-TP (Silvex) 0.05 0.05 Liver problems Residue of banned herbicide

Activated carbon

1,2,4- Trichlorobenzene

0.07 0.07 Changes in adrenal glands Discharge from textile finish-ing factories


1,1,1-Trichloroethane 0.2 0.2 Liver, nervous system and circulatory problems

Discharge from metal degreasing sites and other factories


1, 1, 2- Trichloroethane

0.003 0.005 Liver, kidney or immune system problems



Trichloroethylene Zero 0.005 Liver problems; higher cancer risk

Discharge from petroleum refineries


Vinyl chloride Zero 0.002 Higher cancer risk Leaching from PVC pipes; discharge of plastic factories

Aeration

Xylenes (total) 10 10 Nervous system damage Petroleum and chemical fac-tory discharges


Radionuclides MCLG1 (mg/L)

MCL2 or TT3 (mg/L)



Beta particles and photon emitters

None 5 4 mrems per year

Higher cancer risk Decay of natural and man-made deposits

Ion Exchange (mixed bed) Reverse osmosis Distillation Electrodialysis

Gross alpha particle activity

None 5 15 pCi/L8 Higher cancer risk Decay of natural and man-made deposits

Treatment method depends on specific radionuclide—e.g., radium, radon or uranium, see below

Radium 226 & Radium 228 (combined)

None 5 5 pCi/L Higher cancer risk Decay of natural and man-made deposits

Cation exchange Reverse osmosis Distillation

•31•


Radionuclides MCLG1 (mg/L)

MCL2 or TT3 (mg/L)



Radon Zero 300 pCi/L (P) Higher cancer risk Decay of natural and man-made deposits

Electrodialysis

Micro-organisms MCLG1 (mg/L)

MCL2 or TT3 (mg/L)



Giardia lamblia Zero TT9 Giardiasis, a gastroenteric disease

Human and animal fecal waste

Turbidity reduction to 0.3 NTU and then: Chemical Oxidation/Disinfection Chlorination Ozone Iodine Absolute Filtration (<5 micron sized particles) Distillation

Heterotrophic Plate Count (HPC)

n/a TT9 HPC has no health effects, but can indicate how effective treatment is at controlling microorganisms

N/A Turbidity reduction to 0.3 NTU and then: Chemical Oxidation/ Disinfection Chlorination Ozone Iodine Absolute Filtration (<5 micron-sized particles) Distillation

Legionella Zero TT9 HPC Legionnaire’s Disease, more commonly known as pneumonia

Found naturally in water; multiplies in heating systems

Turbidity reduction to 0.3 NTU and then: Chemical Oxidation/ Disinfection Chlorination Ozone Iodine Absolute Filtration (<5 micron sized particles) Distillation

Total Coliforms(including fecal coli-form and E. coli)

Zero 5%10 Used as indicator other potentially harmful bacteria may be present11

Human and animal fecal waste

Turbidity reduction to 0.3 NTU and then: Chemical Oxidation/Disinfection Chlorination Ozone Iodine (e.g., polyiodide resins) Submicron (absolute) filtration (<0.45 micron) Ultraviolet irradiation Distillation

Turbidity n/a TT9, 0.3 NTU

Turbidity has no health ef-fects but can interfere with disinfection and provide a medium for microbial growth. It may indicate presence of microbes.

Soil runoff Coagulation/Filtration Submicron filtration Ultrafiltration Reverse Osmosis Cartridge filtration (matched to turbidity particle size) Distillation

1,2-Dichloroethane Zero 0.005 Higher cancer risk Industrial chemical factory discharges

Aeration

•32•



MCL2 or TT3 (mg/L)



1,1-Dichloroethylene 0.007 0.007 Liver problems Industrial chemical factory discharges


cis-1,2-Dichloroeth-ylene

0.07 0.07 Liver problems Industrial chemical factory discharges


Trans-1,2-Dichloro-ethylene

0.1 0.1 Liver problems Industrial chemical factory changes


Dichloromethane Zero 0.005 Liver problems; higher cancer risk

Pharmaceutical and chemical factory discharges

Aeration

1,2-Dichloropropane Zero 0.005 Higher cancer risk Industrial chemical factory discharges


Di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate

0.4 0.4 General toxic effects or reproductive difficulties

Leaching from PVC plumbing systems; chemical factory discharges


Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (PAE)

Zero 0.006 Reproductive difficulties; liver problems; higher cancer risk

Discharge from rubber and chemical factories

Activated carbon

Dinoseb 0.007 0.007 Reproductive difficulties Runoff of herbicide used on soybeans and vegetables

Activated carbon

Dioxin (2,3,7,8- TCDD) Zero 0.00000003 Reproductive difficulties; higher cancer risk

Discharges from chemi-cal factory; emissions from waste incineration, other combustion

Activated carbon

Diquat 0.02 0.02 Cataracts Runoff from herbicide use

Activated carbon

Endothall 0.1 0.1 Stomach and intestinal problems

Runoff from herbicide use

Activated carbon

Endrin 0.002 0.002 Nervous system effects Residue of banned insecticide

Activated carbon

Epichlorohydrin Zero TT7 Stomach problems; repro-ductive difficulties; higher cancer risk

Industrial chemical factory discharge; added to water during treatment

Control of water treatment chemicals and surfaces in contact with water

Ethylbenzene 0.7 0.7 Liver or kidney problems Discharge from petroleum refineries

Activated carbon

Ethelyne dibromide (EDB)

Zero 0.00005 Stomach problems; reproductive difficulties; higher cancer risk

Discharge from petroleum refineries


Glyphosate 0.7 0.7 Kidney problems; Reproduc-tive difficulties

Runoff from herbicide use

Oxidation Activated carbon

Heptachlor Zero 0.0004 Liver damage; higher cancer risk

Residue of banned termiticide

Activated carbon

Heptachlor epoxide Zero 0.0002 Liver damage; higher cancer risk

Breakdown of heptachlor Activated carbon

Hexachlorobenzene Zero 0.001 Liver or kidney problems; reproductive difficulties; higher cancer risk

Discharge from metal refiner-ies and agricultural chemical factories

Activated carbon

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MCL2 or TT3 (mg/L)



Hexachlorocyclo-penta-diene

0.05 0.05 Kidney or stomach problems Discharge from chemical factories


Lindane 0.0002 0.0002 Liver or kidney problems Runoff/leaching from insec-ticide used on cattle, lumber, gardens

Activated carbon

Methoxychlor 0.04 0.04 Reproductive difficulties Runoff/leaching from insecticide used on fruits, vegetables, alfalfa, livestock

Activated carbon

Oxamyl (Vydate) 0.2 0.2 Slight nervous system effects

Runoff/leaching from insecti-cide used on apples, potatoes and tomatoes

Activated carbon

Pentachlorophenol Zero 0.001 Liver or kidney problems; higher cancer risk

Discharge from wood pre-serving factories

Activated carbon

Picloram 0.5 0.5 Liver problems Herbicide runoff Activated carbon

Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)

Zero 0.0005 Skin changes; thymus gland problems; immune deficien-cies; reproductive or nervous system difficulties; higher cancer risk

Runoff from landfills; dis-charge from waste chemicals

Activated carbon

Simazine 0.004 0.004 Blood problems Herbicide runoff Activated carbon

Styrene 0.1 0.1 Liver, kidney and circulatory problem

Discharge from rubber and plastic factories; leaching from landfills


Tetrachloroethylene Zero 0.005 Liver problems; higher cancer risk

Discharge from factories and dry cleaners


Toluene 1 1 Nervous system, kidney or liver problems

Discharge from petroleum factories


Total Trihalomethane (TTHMs)

None 5 0.10 Liver kidney or central nervous system problems; higher cancer risk

By-product of drinking water disinfection

Activated carbon (except chloroform) Aeration Reverse osmosis (up to 95%)

Toxaphene Zero 0.003 Kidney, liver or thyroid problems; higher cancer risk

Runoff/leaching from insec-ticide used on cotton and cattle

Activated carbon

Viruses (enteric) Zero TT9 Gastroenteric disease Human and animal fecal waste

Turbidity reduction to 0.3 NTU and then: Chemical Oxidation/Disinfection Chlorination Ozone Iodine Ultraviolet irradiation Distillation

Notes:1. Maximum Containment level Goal (MGLG) – The maximum level of

a containment in drinking water at which no known or anticipated adverse effect on the health of persons would occur, and which al

2. Maximum Containment Level (MCL) – The maximum permissible level of containment in a water which is delivered to any user of a public water system. MCLs are enforceable standards. The margins of safety in MCLGs ensure that exceeding the MCL slightly does not pose significant risk to public health.

3. Treatment Technique – An enforceable procedure or level of techni-cal performance which public water systems must follow to ensure control of a contaminant.

4. Units are milligrams per liter (mg/L) unless otherwise noted.5. MCLGs were not established before 1986 Amendments to the

Safe Water Drinking Act. Therefore, there is no MCLG for this contaminant.

6. Lead and copper are regulated in a Treatment Technique which requires systems to take tap water samples at sites with lead pipes or copper pipes that have lead solder and/or are served by lead service lines. The action level, which triggers water systems into

taking treatment steps, if exceeded in more than 10% of samples, for copper is 1.3 mg/L and for lead is 0.015 mg/L.

7. Each water system must certify, in writing, to the state (using third-party or manufacturer’s certification when acrylamide and epichlorohydrin are used in drinking water systems, the combina-tion (or product) of dose and monomer levels does not exceed the levels specified as follows: acrylamide = 0.05% dosed at 20 mg/L (or equivalent).

8. Picocuries per liter (pC/L).9. The Surface Water Treatment Rule requires systems using surface

water or ground water under the direct influence of surface water to (1) disinfect the water, and (2) filter the water to meet criteria for avoiding filtration so the following contaminants are controlled at the following levels: Giardia lambia - 99.9% killed/inactivated, viruses; Legionella - no limit, but EPA believes that if Giardia and viruses that are inactivated, Legionella will also be controlled; Turbidity - at no time can (NTUs) and systems that filter must ensure the turbidity goes no higher than 1 NTU (0.3 NTU for conventional or direct filtration) in at least 95% of daily samples in any month; HPC - no more than 500 bacterial colonies per milliliter.

10. No more than 5.0% samples total coliform-positive in a month. (For

water systems that collect fewer than 40 routine samples per month, no more than one sample can be total coliform positive.) Every sample that has total coliforms must be analyzed for fecal coliforms.

11. Fecal coliforms and E. coli are bacteria whose presence indicates that the water may be contaminated with human/animal wastes. Microbes in these wastes can cause diarrhea, cramps, nausea, headaches or other symptoms.

(P) = proposed standard; Arsenic: Current standard is 0.05 mg/L or 50 ppb: Radon: Alternate MCL (AMCL) of 4,000 pCi/L proposed for communities with multimedia mitigation (MMM) program.

*Should not be relied upon as the sole means of treatment. Source: USEPA (Special thanks to Tom Sorg, Kim Fox, and Tom Speth) and Cartwright Consulting

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PRODUCT LINE SUMMARY

PRODUCT LINE & APPLICATIONS

Application Overview

0-160 gpm OEM Equipment

Agriculture

Alcohols

Aqueous Cleaner Recycling Systems

Bilge Filtration System

Boiler Feed

Chillers

City and Well Water

Coolant Filtration for Machine Tools

Drip Irrigation

Eye Wash Stations

Flow Sight Indicators

Food Processing

Food Service

Fountain Solution Systems

Gasoline

Glycol Recycling

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Green Houses

Ground Water Remediation

Hospital Equipment

Hot Liquids

Humidifying Systems

Hydraulic Oils

Ice Makers

In-line Scale Inhibitor

Juices

Lab Equipment

Laser Cooling Equipment

Microbial Growth Control Systems

Oil & Water Separators

Paints/Inks

Parts Washers

Photographic Equipment

Plating Re-circulating Baths

Poultry & Meat Wash Water

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Pressure Washers

Process Filtration

Recreational Vehicles

RO & DI Pre/Post Filtration

Safety Equipment

Salt Water Fisheries

Slurry Filtration

Softener Pre/Post Filtration

Spas & Hot Tubs

Temperature Control Valves

Toluene/Xylene

Vegetable Oils

Vending Machines

Water-based EDM Machines

Whole House

NOTE: Please refer to product bro-chures for applications and product specifications or contact Sales or Technical Services

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Filter HousingsInjection Molded Polypropylene

Nylon

Clear Styrene Acrylonitrile (SAN)

All Natural Polypropylene

Stainless Steel

Filter CartridgesString Wound Polypropylene/Cotton

Pleated Cellulose

Pleated Polyester

Pleated Polypropylene

Spun Polypropylene (Melt–Blown)

Specialty CartridgesPhosphate Crystal

Deionization

Water Softening

Iron Reduction

Oil Adsorbing

Lead Reduction

Chloramine

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Bag HousingsPolypropylene

Aluminum

Carbon Steel

1 to 800 Micron Bags

Carbon CartridgesActivated Carbon-Impregnated Cellulose

Non-Cellulose Pleated Carbon-Impregnated

Granular Activated Carbon (GAC)

GAC Coconut Shell Based

GAC Chloramine Reduction

GAC Silver-Impregnated

Carbon/Phosphate Crystal

Carbon Briquette

Carbon Briquette/Lead Reduction

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SystemsMultiple Housing Systems up to 160 gpm

Countertop Systems

Under Sink Systems

Ultraviolet Systems

Reverse Osmosis Systems

Whole House Systems

Shower Filters

Faucet Filters

In-line Ice Maker Filters

Softeners

AccessoriesMounting Brackets

Wrenches

Cartridge Couplers

Sump Extension

O-rings

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SOURCES OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATIONWater Quality Association

4251 Naperville Road Lisle, IL 60532 1-630-505-0160 www.wqa.org

American Waterworks Association 6666 W. Quincy Avenue

Denver, CO 80234 1-303-794-7711 www.awwa.org

Water Environment Federation 601 Wythe Street

Alexandria, VA 22314-1994 1-800-666-0206

www.wef.org

Fluoridation of drinking water: Your state health department or

American Dental Association 211 E. Chicago Avenue

Chicago, IL 60611 1-312-440-2500

www.ada.org

National Small Flows Clearinghouse or National Drinking Water Clearinghouse

West Virginia University P.O.Box 6064

Morgantown, WV 26506-6064 1-800-624-8301

www.estd.wvv.edu

NSF International 3475 Plymouth Road

P.O.Box 130140 Ann Arbor, MI 48113

1-800-624-8301 www.nsf.org

National Ground Water Association 601 Dempsey Road

Westerville, OH 43081 1-800-551-7379 www.ngwa.org

National Rural Water Association P.O.Box 1428

Duncan, OK 75344 1-580-252-0629 www.nrwa.org

New England Water Works Association

42A Dills Street Milford, MA 01757

1-508-478-6996 www.newwa.org

The Chlorine Institute 2001 L Street, NW, Suite 506

Washington, D.C. 20036 1-202-775-2790

www.c12.org

Salt Institute 700 N. Fairfax Street Alexandria, VA 22314

1-703-549-4648 www.saltinstitute.org

International Ozone Association Pan American Committee

83 Oakwood Avenue Norwalk, CT 06850

1-203-847-8169 www.int-ozone-assoc.org

National Lime Association 3601 N. Fairfax Drive Arlington, VA 22201

1-703-243-5463 www.lime.org

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)

Hours of operation are M-F, 8:30am to 5:00pm, EST. 1-800-426-4791

www.epa.gov

502 Indiana Avenue • P.O. Box 1047 • Sheboygan, Wisconsin 53082-1047Customer Service: 800.645.0267 • Fax: 888.203.7361 • [email protected]

International: 920.457.9435 • Fax: 920.457.2417 • [email protected]©2006 Pentair Filtration, Inc. www.PENTEKfiltration.com Printed in USA MY06 350041

350041 basics of filtration - water filtration & sterilization · forces (consider settling...

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