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Start from the present

Taliban Attacks in Pakistan (NY Times)

Class Dismissed (NY Times)

http://video.nytimes.com/video/2009/10/12/world/asia/1247465136193/taliban-attacks-in-pakistan-on-the-rise.html?scp=1&sq=pakistan&st=csehttp://video.nytimes.com/video/2009/02/22/world/asia/1194838044017/class-dismissed-in-swat-valley.html?scp=1&sq=class%20dismissed%20swat&st=csehttp://video.nytimes.com/video/2009/02/22/world/asia/1194838044017/class-dismissed-in-swat-valley.html?scp=1&sq=class%20dismissed%20swat&st=csehttp://video.nytimes.com/video/2009/02/22/world/asia/1194838044017/class-dismissed-in-swat-valley.html?scp=1&sq=class%20dismissed%20swat&st=csehttp://video.nytimes.com/video/2009/10/12/world/asia/1247465136193/taliban-attacks-in-pakistan-on-the-rise.html?scp=1&sq=pakistan&st=csehttp://video.nytimes.com/video/2009/10/12/world/asia/1247465136193/taliban-attacks-in-pakistan-on-the-rise.html?scp=1&sq=pakistan&st=cse

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Main questions

Where did this Taliban come from?

What was the role of domestic politics?

Religious ideology, education, poverty?

Role of imperialism and occupations?

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The Map: Territory & Community

6

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Kashmir: What is at issue?

Self-determination and independence

Secularism versus religion as a basis for

states

Territory

Dislocation and loss of lives

Identity

7

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Some basics

Independence on August 14, 1947

East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) and WestPakistan

4 provinces: Sindh, Punjab, Balochistan, NWFP 3 territories: Azad Kashmir, Federally

Administered Tribal Areas, and Gilgit-Baltistan

National language is Urdu - but most people

speak Punjabi (60-70%)

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9

Pakistan (3)

Tensions with India, Kashmir situation etc.,also created insecurity

This led in turn to a strengthening of the

militaryResource scarcity

Assassination of first PM Liaqaut Ali Khan

By 1951, the US saw this as an opportunity

to extend Cold War politics

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10

Sources of Power: Pakistan

Military

Bureaucracy

Landowning Classes

Prime Minister and Party in governmentPresident

Religion & Religious Leaders

External relations (in particular, with the US)

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Locus of power

President Undemocratic constitutions (especially since

Zia), with unprecedented concentration ofpowers in the President

Military Weakness of the political system; Perceivedthreat of external aggression

Bureaucracy History & state formation;Elitism of the Muslim League;Concentration of power in the head;Cultural bias against politicians;

Religion Perhaps the most complex locus of power

The US The USs own interests- oil- anti-communism

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12

Regimes Sources of legitimacy

M.A. Jinnah (1947-8) Creator of independent

Pakistan

Ayub Khan (1958-69) Developmentalism

Yahya Khan (1969-71) Democratization

Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (1971-77) Democracy/populism

Benazir Bhutto & NawazSharif

Democratic regime(?)

Pervez Musharraf (1999-2008) War on Terror

Present Democracy (?)

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Constitution

3 constitutions since independence (1956,

1962, 1973) each reiterating the

importance of Islam

The last iteration (1973) of the constitution

came after the cessation of East Pakistan

(now Bangladesh) in 1971

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Role of Religion in the State

The various degrees of statesecularity/religiousity of different governmentsdemonstrates the difficulties, at the state level, toarticulate the role of Islam in the state

Zia-ul-Haqs government (1973-1988) cameclosest to implementing Shariah law through itsIslamization programs, but no federalgovernment has fully implemented Shariah Law

Shariah Law has existed, however, in certainterritories

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Women in Pakistan

Zia-ul-Haqs Islamizationpolicies haddetrimental effects for women especiallythrough a set of law called the Hudood

OrdinancesA vocal and vociferous womens

movement emerged during Zias rule

Womens movement in Pakistanstruggling to articulate a balance betweenIslam and secularism

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Political Economy of Defence

First decade after independence, Pakistani

military and civil administration took up 3/4

of the federal budget

Military governments

Ayub Khan (1958)

Zia-ul Haq (1977)

Pervez Musharraf (1999)

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Political Economy of Defence

Class aspect of military is tied to the extent towhich the military has been able to infiltrate keyeconomic structures/entities

Military presence can be felt in: housingdevelopments, agriculture, transportation,oil/gas, defence production, hospitals, schools

Greater upward mobility for military personnel

and their families because of access to bettersocial services (schools, hospitals)

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Political Economy of Defence

Dominance of non-elected institutions inPakistanpoints to a disjunction between statepower and class power(Jalal, 144)

Support of landowning families alongside failureto bring about effective land reforms

Mutually constitutive relationship betweendominant social classes and military i.e.

members of military entereing dominant socialclasses, and dominant social classes beingprotected by military

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Political Economy of Defence

Why military overdevelopment?

Pakistan: On a Razors Edge

http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/pakistan/http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/pakistan/http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/pakistan/http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/pakistan/http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/pakistan/http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/pakistan/http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/pakistan/

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Opposition to military

The military has been met with oppositionfrom other political parties

But many of the same parties have often

worked in tandem with the military tosecure their power

The times where political parties have

emerged in opposition to the military isconnected to the degree of economicmarginalization in the country

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Opposition to military

Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (Pakistan Peoples Party)took power in 1971 in the context of unrest inrural areas, including rural Punjab

Roti, kapra, aur makaan- bread, clothes, andshelter

(1971-1977) Glimmer of democracy

Bhutto legacy (dynasty) is very strong but is

also often romanticized (ex. treatment mohajirs) Post-Zia - constitutional coups

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Strategic Importance of Pakistan in

International Relations

Pakistans neighbours - Afghanistan, Iran,

India, China

Cold War

War on Terror

Not separate from overdevelopment of

military

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dM1BG_NnHaAhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LQRmcT6b3gU&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LQRmcT6b3gU&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LQRmcT6b3gU&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dM1BG_NnHaAhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dM1BG_NnHaA

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Human Development in Pakistan

http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/

PAK.html

Does this mean terrorism?

What does your book say?

http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/PAK.htmlhttp://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/PAK.htmlhttp://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/PAK.htmlhttp://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/PAK.htmlhttp://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/PAK.html

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Schaeffer: (1)

First, 9/11 joined together

separate problems across the

Middle East: conflicts related topartition in India and Palestine

and revolutions and wars in the

Gulf and Afghanistan.

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Schaeffer (3)

in regional terms, 9/11 prompted U.S.

invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq.

The Bush administrations war onterroralso led to the intensificationof

already existing conflicts between

Israelis and Palestinians in the WestBank and Gaza, and between

Indians, Pakistanis, and Muslim

insurgents in the Kashmir.

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Schaeffer (4)

Third, in economic terms, 9/11 and the

wars that followed contributed

to recession and, more recently, a new

housing crisis.

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How have these wars been fought?

outsourcing warEstimates of the numbers ofPMC personnel in Afghanistan vary from

130,000 to 160,000 the second-largest

deployment after Iraq (3), which it is set toovertake in the near future. The 30,000 extra US

troops bound for Afghanistan could be

accompanied by up to 56,000 additional

contractor personnel. PMC contractors will thenaccount for nearly two-thirds of all the

Pentagons personnel in Afghanistan, the

highest ratio in any conflict in the history of the

US

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PMFs and PMCs

http://www.corpwatch.org/article.php?id=139

93

PMFs are businesses that provide governmentswith professional services intricately linked to

warfare; they represent, in other words, the

corporate evolution of the age-old profession of

mercenaries. Unlike the individual dogs of war ofthe past, however, PMFs are corporate bodies

that offer a wide range of services, from tactical

combat operations and strategic planning to

logistical support and technical assistance.

http://www.corpwatch.org/article.php?id=13993http://www.corpwatch.org/article.php?id=13993http://www.corpwatch.org/article.php?id=13993http://www.corpwatch.org/article.php?id=13993http://www.corpwatch.org/article.php?id=13993

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Just in time and lean production

of wars

- Downsizing the military but permanent war

agenda

- Possibility of war profiteering

- deregulation

- unemployment

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What does it mean for 'development'

?

Recall how we defined development

- modernization

- Capability- social power