37 https en wikipedia org wiki hybrid synergy drive

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Hybrid Synergy Drive

HSD logo

LHD logo

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article's factual accuracy is disputed.

Please help to ensure that disputed statements

are reliably sourced. See the relevantdiscussion

on the talk page. (January 2013)

Hybrid Synergy Drive(HSD) is the brand name of

Toyotafor hybrid cardrive train technology. It is used in

its Yaris,Auris, Prius, Highlander Hybrid, Camry Hybrid,

Estima,Alphard, Lexus RX400h/RX 450h, Lexus ES300h,

Lexus GS 450h, Lexus LS 600h/LS 600hL, Lexus CT 200h,

Lexus IS 300h, Lexus HS 250hand Lexus NX 300hautomobiles. To yota also

licenses its HSD technology to Nissanf or use in its Nissan AltimaHybrid. Its

parts supplierAisin Seiki Co.of f ers similar hybrid transmissions to o ther car

companies.

HSD technology produces a f ull hybridvehiclewhich allows the car to run on

the electric motor only, as opposed to most other brand hybrids which cannot

and are considered mild hybrids. The HSD also combinesan electric driveanda planetary gearsetwhich perf orms s imilarly to a cont inuously variable

transmission. The Synergy Drive is a drive-by-wiresystem with no direct

mechanical connection between the engine and the engine controls: bot h the

gas pedal/acceleratorand the gearshif t leverin an HSD car merely send

electrical signals to a control computer.

HSD is a ref inement o f the original Toyota Hybrid

System(THS) used in the 1997 to 2003 To yota Prius.

The second generation system THS IIf irst appeared on

the redesigned Prius in 2004. The name was changed in

anticipation of itsusein vehicles outside the Toyota

brand (Lexus; the HSD-derived systems used in Lexusvehicles have been

termed Lexus Hybrid Drive , although the Lexus implementat ion is really a

variation of the T HS III), the THS IIIwas implemented in the 2006 Camry, and

would eventually be implemented in the 2010 "third generation" Prius, and the

2012 Prius c. The THS III is designed f or increased power and ef f iciency, and

also improved "scalability" (adaptability to larger as well as smaller vehicles),

wherein the ICE/MG1 and the MG2 have separate reduction paths, and arecombined in a "compound" gear which is connected t o the f inal reduction gear

train and dif f erential;[1]it was introduced on all-wheel driveand rear-wheel

driveLexus models.[2][3]By May 2007 Toyota had sold one million hybrids

worldwide; two million by the end of August 2009; and passed the 5 million

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Toyo ta 1NZ-FXE engine (left) with

early HSD, sectioned and highlighted

(right). Generation 1/Generation 2,

chained, ICE-MG1-MG2 Po wer Split

Device HSD is sho wn.

mark in March 2013.[4][5]As of September 2014, more than 7 million Lexus and

Toyota hybrids had been sold worldwide.[6]The United States accounted f or

38% of TMC global hybrid sales as of March 2013.[5]

Contents

1 Principle

1.1 Power flows

1.1.1 MG1 and MG21.2 Transmission

1.3 High voltage battery

2 Operation

2.1 Phases of operation

2.2 Performance

3 Subsequent developments

3.1 Hybrid Synergy Drive (HSD)

3.2 Third Generation

3.3 Fourth Generation

4 List of vehicles with HSD technology

5 Patent issues

5.1 Antonov

5.2 Ford

5.3 Paice

6 Comparison with other hybrids

7 Aftermarket

8 See also

9 References

10 External links

Principle [edit]

Toyota's HSD system replaces a

normal geared transmissionwith an

electromechanicalsystem. An internal

combustion engine(ICE) delivers power

most efficiently over a small speed

range, but the wheels need to be driven

over t he vehicle's f ull speed range. In a

conventional automobile the geared

transmissiondelivers diff erent discrete

engine speed-torque power

requirements to the wheels. Geared

transmissions may be manual, with a

clutch, or automatic, with a torque

converter, but both allow the engine and the wheels to rotate at dif f erent

speeds. The driver can adjust the speed and to rque delivered by the engine

with the acceleratorand the t ransmiss ion mechanically transmits nearly all of

the available power to the wheels which rotate at a dif f erent rate than the

engine, by a factor equal to the gear ratio for the currently selected gear.
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However, there are a limited number of "gears" or gear ratiosthat the driver

can chose f rom, typically four to six. This limited gear-ratio set f orces the

engine crankshaftto rotate at speeds where the ICE is less ef f icient, i.e.,

where a liter of fuel produces fewer joules. Optimal engine speed-torque

requirements f or dif f erent vehicle driving and acceleration conditions can be

gauged by limiting either tachometerRPM rate or engine noise in comparison

with actual speed. When an engine is required to o perate ef f iciently across a

broad RPM range, due to its coupling to a geared t ransmiss ion,

manuf acturers are limited in their options f or improving engine efficiency,

reliability, or lifespan, as well as reducing the size or weight o f the engine.

This is why the engine for an engine-generatoris o f ten much smaller, more

efficient, more reliable, and longer life than one designed for an automobile or

ot her variable speed application.

However, a cont inuously variable transmiss ion allows the driver (or t he

automobile computer) to ef f ectively select the optimal gear ratio required f or

any desired speed or power. The t ransmission is not limited to a f ixed set ofgears. This lack of constraint f rees the engine to operate at its opt imal (mos t

ef f icient) speed (RPM). The most ef f icient speed (RPM) f or an ICE is o f ten

around 15002000 RPM f or t he typical power required to propel an

auto mobile. An HSD vehicle will typically run the engine at its optimal ef f iciency

speed whenever power is needed to charge batteries or accelerate the car,

shut ting down the engine entirely when less power is required.

Like a CVT, an HSD transmission continuously adjusts the effective gear ratio

between the engine and the wheels to maintain the engine speed while the

wheels increase their rotational speed during acceleration. This is why Toyota

describes HSD-equipped vehicles as having an e-CVT(electronic

continuously variable transmission) when required to classify the

transmission type f or s tandards specification lists or regulato ry purposes.

Power flows [edit]

In a conventional car design the separately-excited alternator with integral

rectifier(DC generato r) and starter(DC moto r) are considered accessories

that are attached to the internal combust ion engine (ICE) which normallydrives a t ransmiss ion to power the wheels pro pelling the vehicle. A battery is

used only to start the car's internal combustion engine and run accessories

when the engine is not running. The alternator is used to recharge the batt ery

and run the accesso ries when the engine is running.

The HSD system replaces the geared transmission, alternator, and starter

mot or with:

MG1, an AC motor-generatorhaving a permanent magnetrotor,[7]used as

a mot or when starting the ICE and as a generator (alternator) when

charging the high voltage battery

MG2, an AC mot or-generator, also having a permanent magnet roto r, used

as the primary drive mot or and as a generator (alternato r), which

regeneration power is directed to the high voltage battery
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Power electronics, including three DC-AC invertersand two DC-DC

converters

Computerized control systemand sensors

HVBa high voltage batterysources electrical energy during acceleration

and sinks electrical energy during regeneration braking

Through the power splitter, a series-parallel full hybrid's HSD syst em thus

allows f or the following intelligent power f lows:[8]

Auxiliary power

HVB -> DC-DC converter - > 12VDC battery

12VDC battery - > Various standard and automatic energy saving

auxiliary f unctions

Engine charge(Recharging and/or heating catalytic converter and/or

interior comfort HVAC)

ICE -> MG1 -> HVB

Battery or EV driveHVB -> MG2 -> wheels

Engine & motor drive(Moderate acceleration)

ICE -> wheels

ICE -> MG1 -> MG2 -> wheels

Engine drive with charge (Highway driving)

ICE -> wheels

ICE -> MG1 -> HVB

Engine and motor drive with charge (Heavy power situat ion such as insteep hills)

ICE -> wheels

ICE -> MG1 -> HVB


Full power or gradual slowing(Maximum power s ituations)

ICE -> wheels


HVB -> MG2 -> wheels

B-mode braking

Wheels -> MG2 ->HVB

Wheels -> MG1 -> ICE (ECU - Electronic Cont rol Unit - uses MG1 to

spin ICE which drains battery allowing more charge from MG2, and

also links ICE to wheels causing "engine braking" ICE RPM increases

when charge level of HVB is too much to accept regen electricity f rom

MG2, or increasing ef f ort f rom driver pushing the brake pedal)

Regenerat ive braking

wheels -> MG2 -> HVB

Hard braking

Front disk/rear drum (rear disk in UK) -> wheels

All disk -> wheels (2010 and newer, except 2012- current Prius c, which
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Regenerative_brakinghttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Battery_packhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Sensorhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Control_systemhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Buck-boost_converterhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Inverter_(electrical)http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Power_electronics


5/21

Power electronics from Prius

NHW11 "Class ic"

Late Toyota HSD, sectioned and

highlighted. Generation 3, chainless,

ICE-MG1 Power Split Device/MG2

Motor Speed Reduction Device HSD issho wn. This is a P510 transaxle, from

a 2012 Prius c; a P410 transaxle,

from a 20 10 Prius, is s imilar, but is

physically larger.

uses f ront disk, rear drum).

MG1 and MG2 [edit]

MG1(Secondary motor-generator):

A motor to st art the ICE and a

generator to generate electrical

power f or MG2 and to recharge the

high voltage traction battery, and,through a DC-t o- DC converter, to

recharge the 12 volt auxiliary

battery. By regulating the amount o f

electrical power generated (by

varying MG1's mechanical torque

and speed), MG1 effectively controls the transaxle's cont inuously variable

transmission.

MG2(Primary mot or-generator): Drives the wheels and regenerates power

f or the HV battery energy sto rage while braking the vehicle. MG2 drives the

wheels with electrical power generated by the engine-driven MG1 and/or

the HVB. During regenerative braking, MG2 acts as a generator, converting

kinetic energy into electrical energy, sto ring this electrical energy in the

battery.

Transmission [edit]

The mechanical gearing design of the

system allows the mechanical power

from the ICE to be split three ways:

extra torque at the wheels (under

constant rotation speed), extra rotation

speed at the wheels (under constant

torque), and power for an electric

generator. A computer running

appropriate programs controls the

systems and directs the power flow

from the different engine + motor

sources. This power split achieves the

benefits of a cont inuously variable

transmission(CVT), except that the

torque/speed conversion uses an

electric mot or rat her than a direct

mechanical gear train connection. An HSD car cannot operate without the

computer, power electronics, battery pack, and motor-generators, though in

principle it could operate while miss ing the internal combustion engine. (See:

Plug-in hybrid) In practice, HSD equipped cars can be driven a mile or twowithout gasoline, as an emergency measure to reach a gas station.

An HSD transaxlecontains a planetary gearset that adjusts and blends the

amount o f to rque f rom the engine and motor(s) as its needed by the f ront
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Planetary_gearhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Transaxlehttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Filling_stationhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Plug-in_hybridhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Continuously_variable_transmissionhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/File:Toyota_electronic_continuously_variable_transmission_(2010-10-16)_03.jpghttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/File:Toyota_electronic_continuously_variable_transmission_(2010-10-16)_03.jpghttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_Synergy_Drive&action=edit&section=4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Continuously_variable_transmissionhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Transaxlehttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/DC-to-DC_converterhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/EV_batteryhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_Synergy_Drive&action=edit&section=3http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/File:ToyotaOpenHSD.jpghttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/File:ToyotaOpenHSD.jpg


6/21

High vo ltage nickel-metal hydride

(NiMH) battery of second generationToyota Prius.

wheels. It is a sophisticated and complicated combination o f gearing, electrical

mot or-generators , and computer-controlled electronic contro ls. One of the

mot or-generators , MG2, is connected to the output shaf t, and thus couples

torque into or out o f the drive shaf ts; f eeding electricity into MG2 adds

torque at the wheels. The engine end of the drive shaf t has a second

differential; one leg of this dif f erential is att ached to the internal combust ion

engine and the other leg is attached to a second motor-generator, MG1. The

dif f erential relates the rotation speed of the wheels to the rotation speeds of

the engine and MG1, with MG1 used to absorb the dif f erence between wheel

and engine speed. The dif f erential is an epicyclic gear set(also called a

"power split device"); that and the two motor- generators are all contained in a

single transaxle housing that is bolted to the engine. Special couplings and

sensors monitor rotation speed of each shaft and the total torque on the

drive shaft s, f or f eedback to the contro l computer. [9]

In Generation 1 and Generation 2 HSDs, MG2 is directly connected to the ring

gear, that is, a 1:1 ratio, and which of f ers no to rque multiplication, whereas inGeneration 3 HSDs, MG2 is connected t o the ring gear through a 2.5:1

planetary gear set ,[10]and which, consequently, of f ers a 2.5:1 to rque

multiplication, this being a primary benef it o f the Generation 3 HSD as it

provides f or a smaller, yet more powerf ul MG2. However, a secondary benef it

is the MG1 will not be driven into overspeed as f requently, and which would

ot herwise mandate employing the ICE to mitigate this o verspeed; this st rategy

improves HSD perfo rmance as well as saving fuel and wear-and- tear on the

ICE.

High voltage battery [edit]

The HSD system has two principal

battery packs, the High Voltage (HV)

battery, also known as t he traction

battery, and a 12 volt lead-acid battery

known as the Low Voltage (LV) battery,

which f unctions as an auxiliary battery.

The LV battery supplies power to the

electronics and accessories when the

hybrid system is turned of f and the

high-voltage battery main relay is

o f f .[11][12]

The t raction battery is a sealednickel-metal hydride(NiMH) batterypack. The

battery pack of the f irst generation Toyot a Prius consisted of 228 cells

packaged in 38 modules, while the second generation Prius cons isted o f 28

Panasonic prismatic nickel metal hydride modules, each containing six 1.2 volt

cells, connected in series to produce a nominal voltage of 201.6 volts. Thedischarge power capability of the second gen Prius pack is about 20 kWat

50% state of charge(SoC). The power capability increases with higher

temperatures and decreases at lower temperatures. The Prius has a computer

that s so lely dedicated to keeping the battery at the optimum temperature and
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/State_of_chargehttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/KWhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Rechargeable_batteryhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Nickel-metal_hydridehttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Seal_(mechanical)http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Lead-acid_batteryhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Prius_(XW20)http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Nickel-metal_hydridehttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/File:Ni-MH_Battery_02.JPGhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/File:Ni-MH_Battery_02.JPGhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_Synergy_Drive&action=edit&section=5http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Enginehttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Epicyclic_gearinghttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Differential_(mechanics)


7/21

EV mode button in the 2012 Toyota

Camry hybrid.

optimum charge level.[13]

Like the second generation Prius, the t hird generation Prius bat tery pack is

made up of the same type of 1.2 volt cells. It has 28 modules of 6 cells f or a

to tal nominal voltage of only 201.6 volts. A boo st converter is used to

produce 500 Volt DC supply voltage for t he inverters f or MG1 and MG2.[11]

The car's electronics only allow 40% of to tal rated capacity of the battery

pack (6,5 Ampre hour) to be used in order to prolong the battery life. As aresult, the SoC is allowed to vary only between 40% and 80% of the rated full

charge.[11]The battery used in the Highlander Hybridand the Lexus RX 400h

was packaged in a diff erent metal battery casing with 240 cells that deliver

high voltage of 288 volts .[13]

A button labelled "EV" maintains electric

vehiclemode af ter being powered on

and under mos t low-load conditions at

less than 25 mph (40 km/h) if the

traction battery has enough charge.

This permits all-electric drivingwith no

f uel consumption f or up to 1 mi

(1.6 km). However, the HSD sof tware

switches to EV mode automatically

whenever it can.[14][15]Only the Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybridhas a longer

driving all-electric rangein blended operationelectric-gasoline of 11 mi

(18 km) (EPArating) until the battery is depleted.[16]The Prius PHEV is

outfitted with 4.4 kWhlithium-ion batt eriesco-developed with Panasonicthat

weighs 80 kg (180 lb) compared with the nickel-metal hydride batt eryof the

third generation Prius, which has a capacity o f only 1.3kWh, and weighs 4 2 kg

(93 lb). The larger battery pack enables all-electric operat ion at higher speeds

and longer distances than the conventional Prius hybrid.[17][18]

The following table details the HV battery capacity for several 2013-2014

model yearLexus and To yota vehicles.[19]

Vehicle

Model

Year

Battery

capacity(kWh)[19]

Battery Type

Lexus CT 200h 2014 1.3 NiMH

Lexus ES 300h 2014 1.6 NiMH

Lexus GS 450h 2014 1.9 NiMH

Lexus LS 600h L 2014 1.9 NiMH

Lexus RX 450h 2014 1.9 NiMH

Toyota Avalon Hybrid 2014 1.6 NiMH

Toyota Auris Hybrid 2014 1.3[11] NiMH

Toyota Camry Hybrid 2014 1.6 NiMH

Toyota Highlander Hybrid 2014 1.9 NiMH
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Highlander#Third_generation_.28XU50.3B_2013.E2.80.93present.29http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Camry_(XV50)#Camry_Hybridhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Auris_Hybridhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Avalon_Hybridhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Lexus_RX_450hhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Lexus_LS_600h_Lhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Lexus_GS_450hhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Lexus_ES_300hhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Lexus_CT_200hhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/KWhhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Model_yearhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Prius_(XW30)http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Nickel-metal_hydride_batteryhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Panasonichttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Lithium-ion_batteryhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/KWhhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/EPAhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Blended_modehttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/All-electric_rangehttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Prius_Plug-in_Hybridhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/All-electric_modehttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Electric_vehiclehttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Camry_hybridhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/File:Camry_Hybrid_2012_07_VA_4177.JPGhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/File:Camry_Hybrid_2012_07_VA_4177.JPGhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Lexus_RX_400hhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Highlander_Hybrid


8/21

A typical Hybrid Synergy Drive

configuration

To yota Mirai(FCV) 2015 1.6[20] NiMH

To yota Prius 2014 1.3 NiMH

Toyota Prius c 2014 0.9 NiMH

Toyota Prius v 2014 1.3 / 1.0 NiMH / Li- io n

To yota Prius PHV 2014 4.4 [18] Li-ion

Toyota Yaris Hybrid 2014 0.9[21] NiMH

Operation [edit]

The HSD drive works by shunting electrical power between the two mot or

generators , running of f the battery pack, to even out the load on the internal

combustion engine. Since a power boo st f rom the electrical moto rs is

available f or periods o f rapid acceleration, the ICE can be downsized to match

only the average load on the car, rather t han sized by peak power demands

f or rapid acceleration. The smaller internal combustion engine can be

designed to run more ef f iciently. Furthermore, during normal operation theengine can be operated at or near its ideal speed and torque level for power,

economy, or emiss ions, with the battery pack absorbing or supplying power

as appropriate to balance the demand placed by the driver. During traffic

sto ps the internal combustion engine can even be turned of f f or even more

economy.

The combination of ef f icient car design, regenerative braking, turning the

engine of f f or t raf f ic stops, signif icant electrical energy sto rage and ef f icient

internal combust ion engine design give the HSD powered car signif icant

ef f iciency advantagespart icularly in city driving.

Phases of operation [edit]

The HSD operates in distinct phases

depending on speed and demanded

torque. Here are a f ew of them:

Batt ery charging: The HSD can

charge its battery without moving

the car, by running the engine and

extracting electrical power from

MG1. The power gets shunted into

the battery, and no to rque is

supplied to the wheels. The shifter

must be in the "Park" position.

Engine start : To s tart the engine, power is applied to MG1 to act as a

starter. Because of the size of the mot or generators, starting the engine

requires relatively litt le power f rom MG1 and the conventional starter

motorsound is not heard. Engine start can occur while sto pped or moving.

Reverse gear (equivalent ): There is no reverse gear as in a conventional

gearbox: the computer reverses the phase sequence to AC moto r-

generator MG2, applying negative torque to the wheels. Early models did
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Starter_motorhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/File:Prius2004HSD.JPGhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/File:Prius2004HSD.JPGhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_Synergy_Drive&action=edit&section=7http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Drivinghttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_Synergy_Drive&action=edit&section=6http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Yaris_Hybridhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Prius_PHVhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Prius_vhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Prius_chttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Prius_(XW30)http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Fuel_cell_vehiclehttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Mirai


9/21


10/21

so the conventional brakeson HSD vehicles are undersized compared to

brakes on a conventional car of similar mass.

Engine braking: The HSD system has a special transmiss ion sett ing

labelled 'B' (for Brake), that takes the place of a conventional automatic

transmission's 'L' set ting, providing engine braking on hills. This can be

manually selected in place of regenerat ive braking. During braking when the

battery is approaching potent ially damaging high charge levels, t he

electronic control system automatically switches to conventional engine

braking, drawing power f rom MG2 and shunting it t o MG1, speeding the

engine with thro tt le closed to absorb energy and decelerate the vehicle.

Electric boost: The battery pack provides a reservoir of energy that

allows the computer to match the demand on the engine to a

predetermined opt imal load curve, rather than operating at the to rque and

speed demanded by the driver and road. The computer manages t he

energy level stored in the battery, so as to have capacity to absorb extra

energy where needed or supply extra energy to boost engine power.

Performance [edit]

The To yota Priushas modest acceleration but has extremely high ef f iciency

for a midsized four-door sedan: usually significantly better than 40 mpg (US)

(5.9 l/100 km) is typical of brief city jaunts ; 55 mpg (4.3 l/100 km) is not

uncommon, especially for extended drives at modes t speeds (a longer drive

allows the engine to warm up f ully). This is approximately twice the f uel

efficiency of a similarly equipped four-door sedan with a conventional power

train. Not all of the extra efficiency of the Prius is due to the HSD system: theAtkinson cycleengine itself was also designed specif ically to minimize engine

drag via an of f set crankshaftto minimize piston drag during the power stroke,

and a unique intake system to prevent drag caused by manifold vacuum

("pumping losses") versus the normal Otto cyclein mos t engines.

Furthermore, the Atkinson cycle recovers more energy per cycle than the Ot to

because of its longer power st roke. The downside of the Atkinson cycle is

much reduced torque, particularly at low speed; but the HSD has eno rmous

low-speed torque available f rom MG2.

The Highlander Hybrid(also so ld as the Kluger in some countries) of f ers

better acceleration performance compared to its non-hybrid version. The

hybrid version goes f rom 060 mph in 7.2 seconds, t rimming almos t a second

of f the conventional version's t ime. Net hp is 268 hp (200 kW) compared to

the conventional 215 hp (160 kW). Top speed f or all Highlanders is limited to

112 mph (180 km/h). Typical f uel economy f or the Highlander Hybrid rates

between 27 and 31 mpg (8.77.6 l/100 km). A conventional Highlander is rated

by the EPA with 19 city, 25 highway mpg (12.4 and 9.4 l/100 km respect ively).

The HSD mileage boost depends on using the gasoline engine as ef f icientlyas poss ible, which requires:

extended drives, especially in winter: Heating the internal cabin for the

passengers runs counter to the design of the HSD. The HSD is designed
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Highlander_Hybridhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Otto_cyclehttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Manifold_vacuumhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Power_stroke_(engine)http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Crankshafthttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Atkinson_cyclehttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Priushttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_Synergy_Drive&action=edit&section=8http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Engine_brakinghttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Automatic_transmissionhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Engine_brakinghttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Brakes


11/21

Cutaway display o f the HSD Note:

Generation 1/Generation 2, chained,

ICE-MG1-MG2 Power Split Device

HSD is sho wn

to generate as little waste heat as

possible. In a conventional car, this

waste heat in winter is usually used

to heat the internal cabin. In the

Prius, running the heater requires

the engine to continue running to

generate cabin-usable heat. This

ef f ect is most no ticeable when

turning the climate contro l (heater)

of f when the car is stopped with the

engine running. Normally the HSD

cont rol system will shut the engine

of f as it is not needed, and will not

start it again until the generator reaches a maximum speed.

moderate acceleration: Because hybrid cars can thrott le back or

completely shut off the engine during moderate, but not rapid,

acceleration, they are more sensitive than conventional cars to driving

style. Hard acceleration f orces t he engine into a high-power state while

moderate acceleration keeps the engine in a lower power, high ef f iciency

state (augmented by battery boost).

gradual braking: Regenerative brakes re-use the energy of braking, but

cannot absorb energy as f ast as conventional brakes. Gradual braking

recovers energy for re-use, boosting mileage; hard braking wastes the

energy as heat, just as f or a conventional car. Use of the "B" (braking)

selector on the transmission contro l is usef ul on long downhill runs toreduce heat and wear on the conventional brakes, but it does not recover

additional energy.[23]Use of "B" constantly is discouraged by Toyota as it

may promote excessive wear on certain gears.[24]

Most HSD systems have batteries that are sized f or maximal boost during a

single acceleration f rom zero t o the to p speed of the vehicle; if there is more

demand, the battery can be completely exhausted, so that this extra torque

boost is not available. Then the system reverts to just the power available

f rom the engine. This results in a large decline in perf ormance under certain

conditions : an early-model Prius can achieve over 90 mph (140 km/h) on a 6

degree upward slope, but after about 2,000 feet (610 m) of altitude climb the

battery is exhausted and the car can only achieve 5560 mph on t he same

slope[citation needed](until the battery is recharged by driving under less

demanding circumstances).

Subsequent developments [edit]

The basic design of the T oyota Hybrid System / Hybrid Synergy Drive has not

changed since its introduction in the 1997 Japanese-market Toyota Prius, butthere have been a number of significant refinements.

The schematic diagrams illustrate the paths of power flow between the two

electric moto r-generators MG1& MG2, the Internal Combustion Engine (ICE),
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_Synergy_Drive&action=edit&section=9http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/File:Toyota_Paris_9.JPGhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/File:Toyota_Paris_9.JPG


12/21

Schematic view o f the First-

Generation Toyota Hybrid

transmission system (S : central Sun"

gear, C: planetary Carrier, R: outer

Ring gear, Motor-Generators MG1&

MG2, Internal Com bustion Engine

ICE)

Second-Generation (G2) Toyota

hybrid: Hybrid Synergy Drive (HSD)

four-wheel drive system

and the f ront wheels via the planetary

"Power Split Device" elements. The

Internal Combustion Engine is

connected to t he planetary gear carrier

and not to any individual gear. The

wheels are connected to the ring gear.

There has been a continuous, gradual

improvement in the specif ic capacity o f

the t raction bat tery. The original Prius

used shrink-wrapped 1.2 volt D cells,

and all subsequent THS/HSD vehicles

have used custom 7.2 V battery

modules mounted in a carrier.

Called Toyota Hybrid System f or initial

Prius generations, THS was followed

by THS II in the 2004 Prius, with subsequent versions termed Hybrid SynergyDrive. The THS relied on the voltage of the bat tery pack: between 276 and

288 V. The Hybrid Synergy Drive adds a DC to DC converterboosting the

potential of the battery to 500 V or more. This allows smaller battery packs to

be used, and more powerf ul motors .

Hybrid Synergy Drive (HSD) [edit]

Altho ugh not part of the HSD as such, all HSD vehicles f rom the 2004 Prius

onwards have been fit ted with an electric air-conditioning compressor, instead

of the conventional engine-driven type. This removes the need to

cont inuously run the engine when cabin cooling is required. Two positive

temperature coef f icientheaters are f itted in the heater core to supplement

the heat provided by the engine.[25]

In 2005, vehicles such as the Lexus RX

400h and Toyota Highlander Hybrid

added four-wheel drive operation by

the addition o f a third electric mot or

("MGR") on the rear axle. In this system,the rear axle is purely electrically

powered, and there is no mechanical

link between the engine and the rear

wheels. This also permits regenerative

braking on the rear wheels. In addition,

the motor (MG2) is linked to the f ront

wheel transaxle by means of a second planetary gearset, thereby making it

poss ible to increase the power density of the motor.[1]Fordhas also

developed a s imilar hybrid syst em, introduced in the Ford Escape Hybrid.

In 2006 and 2007, a further development o f the HSD drivetrain, under the

Lexus Hybrid Drive name, was applied on the Lexus GS 450h / LS 600h

sedans. This system uses t wo clutches (or brakes) to switch the second
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Ford_Escape_Hybridhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Ford_Motor_Companyhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Planetary_gearsethttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/File:THS_evol_2.pnghttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/File:THS_evol_2.pnghttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Positive_temperature_coefficienthttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_Synergy_Drive&action=edit&section=10http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/DC_to_DC_converterhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Planetary_gearsethttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/File:THS_evol_1.pnghttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/File:THS_evol_1.png


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Third-Generation (G3) Hybrid

Synergy Drive (HSD) / Lexus Hybrid

Drive system

mot or's gear ratio to the wheels between a ratio o f 3.9 and 1.9, for low and

high speed driving regimes respectively. This decreases the po wer f lowing

f rom MG1 to MG2 (or vice versa) during higher speeds. The electrical path is

only about 70% efficient, thus decreasing its power flow while increasing the

overall performance of the transmission. The second planetary gearset is

extended with a second carrier and sun gear to a ravigneaux-type gearwith

four shafts, two of which can be held still alternatively by a brake/clutch. The

GS 450h and LS 600h systems ut ilized rear-wheel driveand all-wheel drive

drivetrains, respectively, and were designed to be more po werful than non-

hybrid versions of the same model lines,[2][3]while providing comparable

engine class ef f iciency.[26]

Third Generation [edit]

To yota CEO Katsuaki Watanabesaid in

a February 16, 2007 interview that

Toyota was "aiming at reducing, by half ,

both the size and cost o f the third-

generation HSD syst em".[27]The new

system will f eature lithium-ionbatteries

in later years. Lithium-ion bat teries have

a higher energy capacity- to -weight rat io

compared to NiMH, but operate at

higher temperatures, and are subject t o

thermal instability if not properly

manufactured and controlled, raising safety concerns.[28][29]

Fourth Generation [edit]

On October 13, 2015 Toyota made public details of the Fourth Generation

Hybrid Synergy Drive to be introduced in the 2016 model year. "The t ransaxle

and moto r have been redesigned, delivering a reduction in their combined

weight. The mot or itself is considerably more compact and gains a better

power- to -weight rat io. Not ably there is a 20 percent reduction in mechanical

losses through friction compared to the previous model. The planetary gear

arrangement in the reduction gear has been replaced with parallel gears, which

f urther helps loss reduction." [30]

List of vehicles with HSD technology [edit]

This section does not citeany sources.

Please help improve this section by adding

citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material

may be challenged and removed. (June 2014)

The f ollowing is a list of vehicles with Hybrid Synergy Drive and related

technologies (Toyota Hybrid System I/II/III;[31]Lexus Hybrid Drive)

To yota Prius
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Priushttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidencehttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing/1http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiabilityhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sourceshttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svghttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_Synergy_Drive&action=edit&section=13http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_Synergy_Drive&action=edit&section=12http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/NiMHhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Lithium-ionhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Katsuaki_Watanabehttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/File:THS_evol_3.pnghttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/File:THS_evol_3.pnghttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_Synergy_Drive&action=edit&section=11http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/All-wheel_drivehttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Rear-wheel_drivehttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Ravigneaux_planetary_gearset


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with THS: December 1997 October 2003

with THSII: October 2003late 2010

with THSIII: late 2010present

Toyota Estima Hybrid

with THSI: June 2001- December 2005

with THSII: June 2006present

Toyota Alphard Hybridwith T HSI: July 2003 March 2008

with THSII: September 2011present

Lexus RX 400h / T oyota Harrier Hybrid(March 2005present)

Toyota Highlander/Kluger Hybrid

with THSI: July 2005September 2008

with THSII: October 2008present

Lexus GS 450h(March 2006present)

Toyota Camry Hybrid(May 2006present)

Lexus LS 600h/LS 600hL(April 2007present)

To yota Crown Majesta(April 2012present)

To yota Crown(April 2008present )

Toyota A-BAT(concept truck)

Nissan Altima Hybrid(2007present)

Lexus RX 450h(2009present)

To yota Sai(2009present)

Lexus HS 250h(2009present)

Lexus CT 200h(late 2010present)

To yota Auris(July 2010present )

Toyota Prius c(March 2012present) THSIII

To yota Yaris(March 2012present) THSIII

Lexus ES 300h(2012present)

Toyota Avalon Hybrid(late 2012present)

Lexus IS 300h(2013present)

Lexus GS 300h(2013present)

Patent issues [edit]

Antonov [edit]

As o f autumn 2005, t he Antonov Auto mot ive Techno logy BV Plc company has

sued Toyota, the Lexus brand mother company, over alleged patent

infringement relating to key components in the RX 400h's drivetrain and the

Toyota Prius hybrid compact car. The case has been pending in secret s ince

April 2005, but settlement negotiat ions did no t bring a mutually acceptable

result. Antonov eventually took legal recourse in the German court system,

where decisions are usually made relatively swif tly. The patent holder seeks

to impose a levy on each vehicle sold, which could make the hybrid SUV less

competitive. Toyota fought back by seeking to officially invalidate Antonov's
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyotahttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_Synergy_Drive&action=edit&section=15http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_Synergy_Drive&action=edit&section=14http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Lexus_GS_300hhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Lexus_IS_300hhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Avalon#Hybrid_versionhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Lexus_ES_300hhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Yarishttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Prius_chttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Auris#Auris_HSD_Full_Hybrid_.282010.E2.80.93.29http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Lexus_CThttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Lexus_HShttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Saihttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Lexus_RX#AL10http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Nissan_Altima_Hybridhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_A-BAThttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Crown#S200http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Crown_Majesta#S210http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Lexus_LS_(XF40)#LS_600hhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Camry_(XV40)http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Lexus_GS#GS_450hhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Highlander_Hybridhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Lexus_RX#XU30http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Alphardhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Estima


15/21

relevant patents . The court motion in Microso f t Word document f ormat can

be read here.[32]

On 1 September 2006 Antonov announced that the Federal Patent Court in

Munich has not upheld the validity of the German part of Antonov's patent

(EP0414782) against To yota. A f ew days later, a court in Dsseldorf had

ruled that t he Toyota Prius driveline and the Lexus RX 400h driveline do not

breach the Antonov hybrid CVT patent.[33]

Ford [edit]

Ford Motor Companyindependently developed a syst em with key

technologies similar to Toyota's HSD technology in 2004. As a result, Ford

licensed 21 patents f rom Toyota in exchange f or patents relating to

emissions technology.[34]

Paice [edit]

Paice LLC received a patent f or an improved hybrid vehicle with a

controllable to rque transfer unit (US patent 5343970 , Severinsky; Alex J.,

"Hybrid electric vehicle", issued 1994- 09-06) and has additional patents

related to hybrid vehicles. In 2010 Toyota agreed to license Paice's patents;

terms o f the sett lement were not disclosed.[35]In the sett lement "The parties

agree that, although certain Toyota vehicles have been found to be

equivalent to a Paice patent, Toyota invented, designed and developed the

Prius and Toyotas hybrid technology independent of any inventions of Dr.

Severinsky and Paice as part o f To yotas long histo ry of innovation".[36]Paice

earlier entered into an agreement with Ford f or t he license of Paice's

patent.[37]

Comparison with other hybrids [edit]

Aisin Seiki Co., minority-o wned by Toyota, supplies its versions of the HSD

transmission system to Ford f or use as the "Powersplit" e-CVT in the Ford

Escapehybrid[38]and Ford Fusion Hybrid.[39]

Nissanlicensed Toyot a's HSD for use in the Nissan Altimahybrid, using the

same Aisin Seiki T110 t ransaxle as in the To yota CamryHybrid.[citation needed]

The 2011 Inf initi M35huses a diff erent system of one electric motor and two

clutches.

In 2010 Toyotaand Mazda announced a supply agreement f or the hybrid

technology used in Toyot a's Priusmodel.[40]

General Motors, DaimlerChrysler's and BMW's Global Hybrid Cooperationis

similar in that it combines the po wer f rom a single engine and two mot ors . In

2009, the Presidential Task Force on the Auto Industrysaid that "GM is at

least one generation behind Toyota on advanced, 'green' powertrain

development".[41]

In contrast, Honda's Integrated Motor Assistuses a more traditional ICEand

transmission where the f lywheel is replaced with an electric mot or, t hereby
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Internal_combustion_enginehttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Integrated_Motor_Assisthttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Hondahttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Presidential_Task_Force_on_the_Auto_Industryhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Global_Hybrid_Cooperationhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/BMWhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/DaimlerChryslerhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/General_Motors_Corporationhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Priushttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyotahttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Infiniti_M35hhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Camryhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Nissan_Altimahttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Nissanhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Ford_Fusion_Hybridhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Ford_Escapehttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Aisin_Seiki_Co.http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_Synergy_Drive&action=edit&section=18http://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US5343970http://www.paice.net/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_Synergy_Drive&action=edit&section=17http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Ford_Motor_Companyhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_Synergy_Drive&action=edit&section=16


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reducing complexity and increasing serviceability due t o the f amiliar layout .

Aftermarket [edit]

Some early non-production plug-in hybrid electric vehicleconversionshave

been based on the version of HSD found in the 2004 and 2005 model year

Prius. Early lead-acid batteryconversions by CalCars have demons trated 10

miles (16 km) of ev-only and 20 miles (32 km) o f double mileage mixed-moderange. A company planning to of f er conversions to consumers named EDrive

systems will be using Valence Li-ionbatteries and have 35 miles (56 km)

of electric range. Both of these systems leave the existing HSD system

most ly unchanged and could be similarly applied to ot her hybrid powertrain

f lavors by simply replacing the stock NiMHbatteries with a higher capacity

battery packand a charger to ref ill them for about $0.03 per mile f rom

standard household out lets.

See also [edit]

Comparison of To yota hybrids

Mild hybrid

Hybrid car

Inverter (electrical)

Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor

Variable-f requency drive

Global Hybrid Cooperation

Integrated Motor AssistList of hybrid vehicles

References [edit]

1. ^ abVasilash, Gary (February 2005). "A Lexus Like No Other But Like The

Rest:Introducing The RX 400h" .Automotive Design and Production.

Retrieved 2010-07-12.

2. ^ ab"Lexus GS450h Road Tests" . CAR Magazine. Retrieved

2010-07-13.

3. ^ abVasilash, Gary (July 2006). "The Lexus LS 600H L: Not Just Another

Production Car" .Automotive Design and Production. Retrieved 2010-04-12.

4. ^"News Releases > Worldwide Sales of TMC Hybrids Top 2 Million Units" .

TOYOTA. 2009-09-04. Retrieved 2009-12-03.

5. ^ abToyota Press Room (2013- 04- 17). "Toyota cumulative g lobal hybrid

sales pass 5M, nearly 2M in US" . Green Car Congress. Retrieved

2013-04-17.

6. ^John Voelcker (2014-10-03). "Toyota Racks Up 7 Million Hybrids Sold

Since 1997" . Green Car Reports. Retrieved 2014-10-03.

7. ^All e lectric motors with excited fields, e ither by a (separately-excited)electromagnet rotor or a permanent magnet rotor, can be used as generators

(and vice versa), so the term motor-generator is normally used only when the

same device is being used for both purposes.

8. ^Burress, Timothy Adam (2006). "Vector Control and Experimental
http://power.eecs.utk.edu/pubs/tim_burress_thesis.pdfhttp://www.greencarreports.com/news/1094753_toyota-racks-up-7-million-hybrids-sold-since-1997http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Green_Car_Congresshttp://www.greencarcongress.com/2013/04/tmc-20130417.htmlhttp://www2.toyota.co.jp/en/news/09/09/0904.htmlhttp://www.autofieldguide.com/articles/060705.htmlhttp://www.carmag.co.za/article/lexus-gs450h-2010-03-10http://www.autofieldguide.com/articles/020506.htmlhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_Synergy_Drive&action=edit&section=21http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/List_of_hybrid_vehicleshttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Integrated_Motor_Assisthttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Global_Hybrid_Cooperationhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Variable-frequency_drivehttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/IGBT_transistorhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Inverter_(electrical)http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Hybrid_carhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Mild_hybridhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Comparison_of_Toyota_hybridshttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_Synergy_Drive&action=edit&section=20http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Battery_packhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Nickel_metal_hydridehttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Li-ionhttp://www.valence.com/http://www.edrivesystems.com/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Blended_modehttp://www.calcars.org/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Lead-acid_batteryhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Electric_vehicle_conversionhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid_electric_vehiclehttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_Synergy_Drive&action=edit&section=19


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Evaluation of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors for HEVs" (PDF).

University of Tennessee. p. 16. Retrieved 29 September 2012.

9. ^Bill Siuru. "Synergy Drive: Why Toyotas Hybrids Rock" . Green Car

Journal. Yahoo. Retrieved 2008-03-12.

10. În 2007 and later Camrys, this ratio is 2.636, and in 2010 and later Priuses,

this ratio is 2.478, for an average ratio of roughly 2.5

11. ^ abcdPolitechnika Wrocawska - Inynieria Pojaz dw. "Case study: Toyota

Hybrid Synergy Drive" (PDF). Wrocaw University of Technology. Retrieved2014-11-22. See Auris HSD specs in pp.17: 201.6V x 6.5Amp/hr = 1.310kWh

12. ^The Advanced Lead- Acid Battery Consortium (ALABC). "Do Hybrid Electric

Vehicles Use Lead-Acid Batteries? Yes! Heres why." . ALABC. Retrieved

2014-11-23.

13. ^ abBrad Berman (2008-11-06). "The Hybrid Car Battery: A Definitive Guide

- Todays Hybrid Car Battery: Nickel Metal Hydride - Toyota Prius Hybrid

Battery" . HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2014-11-22.

14. ^Toyota. "Toyota Prius - Three drive modes" . Toyota01. Retrieved

2014-11-23. EV Mode works under certain conditions at low speeds for up to a

mile.

15. Ânh T. Huynh (2012-10-15). "2012 Toyota Camry Hybrid XLE: Technology

In A Mid-Size Sedan" . Tom's Hardware. Retrieved 2014-11-23.

16. Û. S. Environmental Protection Agencyand U.S. Department of Energy

(2014-11-21). "Compare Side-by-Side - 2012/2013/2014 Toyota Prius Plug-

in Hybrid" . Fueleconomy.gov. Retrieved 2014-11-21.

17. ^"2010 Prius Plug- in Hybrid Makes North American Debut at Los Angeles

Auto Show; First Li- ion Battery Traction Battery Developed by Toyota and

PEVE" . Green Car Congress. 2009-12-02. Retrieved 2010-02-03.

18. ^ ab"Toyota Introduces 2012 Prius Plug-in Hybrid" (Press release).

Toyota. 2011-09- 16. Retrieved 2014-11-21.

19. ^ abJosh Pihl (January 2014). "Table 33. Batteries for Selected Hybrid-

Electric Vehicles, Model Years 2013- 2014" . Oak Ridge National

Laboratory. Retrieved 2014-11-21.

20. ^Wayne Cunningham (2014-11-19). "Toyota Mirai: The 300 -mile z ero-

emission vehicle" . CNET. Retrieved 2014-11-21. The Mirai has a 245-volt

nickel-metal hydride battery pack, similar to that in the Camry Hybrid. 245V x

6.5Amp/hr = 1.59kWh

21. ^Toyota. "Yaris & Yaris HSD brochure" (PDF). Toyota South Africa.

Retrieved 2014-11-22. See specs table: 144V x 6.5Amp/hr = 0.936kWh

22. ^Camry Hybrid 2012 owner's manual

23. ^http://www.techno-fandom.org/~hobbit/cars/b-mode.html

24. ^2007 Prius Owners Manual

25. ^"6 Body Electrical". Toyota Hybrid System Course 071 (PDF). Toyota

Technical T raining. p. 1. Retrieved 2008- 10-15.

26. ^"2008 Lexus LS 600h L Overview" . Vehix.com. Retrieved 2010- 07- 13.

27. ^"Toyota's Bid for a Better Battery" .

28. ^Halvorson, Bengt. Li-ion Not Ready for Prius . BusinessWeek, June 18,

2007. Retrieved on 2007- 08- 07.29. ^DailyTech Toyota Shuns Lithium-ion Batteries for Next Gen Prius

30. ^"Toyota Unveils Advanced Technologies in All-New Prius" .

31. ^THSIII incorporates separate ICE-MG1 and MG2 gear reduction ratios, for

higher electric-only vehicle speed and increased hybrid performance; and
http://www.toyotanewsroom.com/releases/2016+toyota+prius+technology.htmhttp://www.dailytech.com/Toyota+Shuns+Lithiumion+Batteries+for+Next+Gen+Prius/article7678.htmhttp://www.businessweek.com/autos/content/jun2007/bw20070615_082926.htmhttp://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/07_10/b4024075.htmhttp://www.vehix.com/car-reviews/2008/lexus/ls-600h-lhttp://www.autoshop101.com/forms/Hybrid06.pdfhttp://www.techno-fandom.org/~hobbit/cars/b-mode.htmlhttp://www.toyota.com/t3Portal/document/om/OM33857U/pdf/sec_02-01.pdfhttp://toyota.co.za/Media/Default/brochures/Yaris.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/CNEThttp://www.cnet.com/products/2016-toyota-mirai/http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratoryhttp://cta.ornl.gov/vtmarketreport/spreadsheets/T33_Batteries_for_Selected_HEV_Vehicles_2013_2014.xlshttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyotahttp://pressroom.toyota.com/releases/toyota+introduces+2012+prius+plug-in+hybrid.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Green_Car_Congresshttp://www.greencarcongress.com/2009/12/prius-phv-20091202.htmlhttp://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/Find.do?action=sbs&id=34516&id=33335&id=32484http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Energyhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/U._S._Environmental_Protection_Agencyhttp://www.tomshardware.com/reviews/camry-hybrid-xle-technology-review,3290-8.htmlhttp://www.toyota.com/prius/#!/features/efficiency/three-drive-modeshttp://www.hybridcars.com/hybrid-car-battery/http://www.alabc.org/publications/lead-acid-batteries-in-hevshttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_University_of_Technologyhttp://www.ae.pwr.wroc.pl/filez/20110606092430_HEV_Toyota.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Yahoohttp://autos.yahoo.com/green_center-article_24/


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v t e

Wikimedia Comm ons hasmedia related to HybridSynergy Drive.

elimination of the internal chain drive, replacing this with helical gears; the

lubricant is also changed to WS- type ATF in some mode ls; transaxles P4xx

and P5xx, for Toyota Priuses

32. ^http://hugin.info/132838/R/1012362/157707.doc

33. ^Court Decision of District Court of Duesseldorf

34. ^Bruce Nussbaum (2005-11-01). "Is Ford Innovative? Part Two." .

Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved 2011-03-09.

35. ^Joann Muller (2010-07-19). "Toyota Settles Hybrid Patent Case" .Forbes.com. Archived from the original on 2013-01-23. Retrieved

2011-03-09.

36. ^"Toyota and Paice reach settlement of patent disputes" (Press release).

Paice LLC. 2010-07- 09. Retrieved 2011-03- 09.

37. ^"Paice and Ford Reach Settlement in Hybrid Vehicle Patent Infringement

Disputes" (Press release). Paice LLC via PR Newswire. 2010-07-16.

Retrieved 2011-03-09.

38. ^"AISIN at a Glance" (PDF).Aisin Seiki Co.2005-09-21. Retrieved

2011-03-09. "Developed the HD-10 proprietary hybrid drive dual system for

use in the Ford Escape Hybrid"

39. ^"Ford Fleet Showroom Cars 2010 Fusion Hybrid" . Ford Motor

Company. Retrieved 2011-03-09.

40. ^"TMC and Mazda Agree to Hybrid System Technology License" (PDF)

(Press release) . Toyota& Mazda. 2010-03- 29. Retrieved 2010-03- 29.

41. ^"Determination of Viability Summary: General Motors Corporation" (PDF).

2009-03-30. Retrieved 2009-12-03.

External links [edit]

HSD explanation at

HowStuffWorks

Planetary Gear explanation at

HowStuffWorks

Hybrid Synergy Drive movie f rom Toyota

Animation showing how HSD works

Power Split Device Animation showing

MG1 and the MG2

Toyota Motor Corporation

MarquesToyota Lexus Scion Daihatsu Hino Ranz1

Subaru2

Subsidiaries

Calty Design Research Central Motors Hino Motors

Kanto Auto Works Toyota Australia

Toyo ta Central R&D Labs Toyo ta Financial Services

Toyo ta Manufacturing UK Toyo ta (GB) PLC

Toyota Motor Europe

Toyota Motor Manufacturing Canada

Toyo ta Motor Manufacturing France

Toyo ta Motor Manufacturing Turkey

Toyota Motor North America

Toyo ta Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America

Toyota Motorspo rt GmbH
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Motorsport_GmbHhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Motor_Engineering_%26_Manufacturing_North_Americahttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Motor_North_Americahttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Motor_Manufacturing_Turkeyhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Motor_Manufacturing_Francehttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Motor_Manufacturing_Canadahttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Motor_Europehttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_(GB)_PLChttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Manufacturing_UKhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Financial_Serviceshttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Central_R%26D_Labs.,_Inc.http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Australiahttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Kanto_Auto_Workshttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Hino_Motorshttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Central_Motorshttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Calty_Design_Researchhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Subaruhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Ranzhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Hino_Motorshttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Daihatsuhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Scion_(automobile)http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Lexushttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyotahttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyotahttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Toyota_Motor_Corporation&action=edithttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Template_talk:Toyota_Motor_Corporationhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Template:Toyota_Motor_Corporationhttp://techno-fandom.org/~hobbit/cars/TIS/ncf/thsiicon.pdfhttp://eahart.com/prius/psd/http://www.wind.sannet.ne.jp/m_matsu/prius/ThsSimu/index_i18n.htmlhttp://www.toyotageorgetown.com/hybrid/hybrid.wmvhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/HowStuffWorkshttp://www.howstuffworks.com/hybrid-car2.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/HowStuffWorkshttp://www.howstuffworks.com/hybrid-car5.htmhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hybrid_Synergy_Drivehttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_Synergy_Drive&action=edit&section=22http://www.whitehouse.gov/assets/documents/GM_Viability_Assessment.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyotahttp://www.mazda.com/publicity/release/2010/201003/100329b.htmlhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Ford_Motor_Companyhttps://www.fleet.ford.com/showroom/2010fleetshowroom/2010-fusionhybrid.asphttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Aisin_Seiki_Co.http://www.aisin.com/finance/ir/report/05annual/pdf/glance.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/PR_Newswirehttp://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/paice-and-ford-reach-settlement-in-hybrid-vehicle-patent-infringement-disputes-98646969.htmlhttp://www.paice.net/toyota-and-paice-reach-settlement-of-patent-disputeshttp://www.forbes.com/2010/07/19/toyota-prius-paice-severinsky-business-autos-hybrid.htmlhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Forbes.comhttp://archive.is/xWADlhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Bloomberg_Businessweekhttp://www.businessweek.com/innovate/NussbaumOnDesign/archives/2005/11/is_ford_innovat_1.htmlhttp://www.duesseldorfer-archiv.de/?q=node/447http://hugin.info/132838/R/1012362/157707.doc


19/21

Joint ventures

WiLL GAC Toyota(50%) Indus Motors Company

Sichuan FAW Toyo ta Motor(50%)

Toyota Kirlos kar Motor

Toyota Peugeot Citron Automo bile Czech

UMW Toyota Motor(49%)

Current mo dels

Cars

86 AgyaAllio nAuris

Aurio nAvalo nAvanza

Avensis Aygo bB Belta

Blade Camry

Camry Hybrid Comfort

Corolla(Coro lla Altis

Coro lla Axio)

Coro lla Fielder Crown

(Crown Athlete

Crown Comfort

Crown Hybrid

Crown Majesta

Crown Royal) Century

Etios iQ is t Mark X

Mirai Passo Premio

Porte Prius

(Prius Plug-in Hybrid)

Prius c Ractis Sai

Verso Vios Verso-S

Vitz Yaris Zelas

Pickup trucks/Utilit ies

Hilux(Hilux Vigo)

Land Cruiser 79 Series

Modellista Pixis Truck

Tacoma Tundra

SUVs/Crossovers

4Runner FJ Cruiser

Fortuner Harrier(Harrier Hybrid)

Highlander Kluger

(Highlander Hybrid

Kluger Hybrid)

Land Cruiser 200

Land Cruiser Prado




Probox Succeed RAV4

Rush Sequoia

Urban Cruiser Venza

Vans

Alphard Estima

Estima Hybrid Granvia

HiAce Solmeio HiAce

Innova Isis Kijang

LiteAce Noah Pixis Van

Previa

Prius v/Prius +/Prius

ProAce Sienna Sienta

TownAce Voxy WISH

Comm ercial t rucksDyna ToyoAce

Type 73 Medium Truck

Buses Coaster
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Coasterhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Type_73_Medium_Truckhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_ToyoAcehttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Dynahttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_WISHhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Voxyhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_TownAcehttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Sientahttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Siennahttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_ProAcehttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Prius_vhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Previahttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Daihatsu_Hijethttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Noahhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_LiteAcehttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Kijanghttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Isishttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Innovahttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_HiAcehttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Granviahttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Granviahttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Estima_Hybridhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Previahttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Alphardhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Venzahttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Urban_Cruiserhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Sequoiahttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Rushhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_RAV4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Succeedhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Proboxhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Land_Cruiser_(J70)http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/wiki/Toyota_Land_Cruiser_(J70)http://localhost/var/www/ap

37 https en wikipedia org wiki hybrid synergy drive

Documents