37828321 types of information systems 1

8/3/2019 37828321 Types of Information Systems 1

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Introduction

Data

-Bare facts and figures

Information

-Data that is organized into meaningful context

- It is processed data

-Supports the decision making process

- reduces uncertainty about a situation or event

Knowledge

-Human capacity (potential & actual ability) to take effective action in varied and

uncertain situations.

-It is the awareness and understanding of facts, truths or information gained in the

form of experience or learning.


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Process of Generation of Information

It involves three activities:

(a) Data Acquisition- Data is initially recorded and later verified for accuracy and authenticity. This is called dta

capture.

- Data is captured by punching with keyboard or scanning with scanning devices, facts

from documents on which they were recorded.

- Data captured is organized in data files. Each file contains records relating to various

data elements (fields) expressed with the help of different symbols (characters).

(b) Data Transformation

- It is done by performing any of the following operations:

(i) Rearranging: also called sorting of data

(ii) Classifying

(iii) Calculating

(iv) Summarizing

(c) Management of Information

The processed data maybe either communicated to end user or maybe stored for future

reference.

One decides the report format, appropriate channel of communication to provide

information.

If stored, one decides to store it on some mass storage.


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System

An assembly of inter-related elements comprising a unified whole.

The components (elements) are connected together in order to facilitate the flow of

information, matter or energy.

It works towards a common goal by accepting inputs and producing outputs.

System -

Input Process Output

Control

Feedback


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What is Information System?

It is an organized combination of people, hardware, software, communications

networks, and data resources that stores and retrieves, transforms, and disseminatesinformation in an organization.

Evolution of Information System

Enterprise & Internetworking (1990s/2000s)

e.g. internet worked IS, Intranet, Extranet,

Internet, etc.

Strategic & End User Support (1980s/1990s)

e.g. Expert System, etc.

Decision Support System (1970s/1980s)

Management Reporting (1960s/1970s)

e.g. MIS

Data Processing (1950s/1960s)

E.g. EDPS, TPS, etc.


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Elements/Resources of IS

Computer Hardware

Refers to computer systems and other associated equipment including the communication links

that a modern IT installation may need.One needs to assess the nature of IT needs, the volume of data to be processed, sources of

data, complexity of data analysis and impact of other related factors to determine the hardware

resources.

ComputerSoftware

It is the lifeline of the IT infrastructure and it makes the computer hardware function. It is set of

interrelated computer programs.

Data

Collection of facts or events from both internal and external sources represented in the form of

symbols, such as digits, alphabets, pictures, graphs, etc.

Capturing, processing and storage of data are the essential functions.

Human ResourceThey are the catalyst in process of generation of information and thus are very vital.

Procedures

It includes the operational and control procedures for the use of IT infrastructure.

It contains instructions for users regarding the use of IT infrastructure for day to day activities

and for also handling specific situations.


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Roles of IS

-Focuses on competitive priorities.

- Supports Business Process and operations

-Provide access to information-Enhance communications

-Provide decision assistance

-Supports strategies for competitive advantage

- Summarizing the three major roles of the business applications of IS

Support Strategies

for CA

Support Business

Decision Making

Support business Processes & Operations


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Operations

Support

Systems

Management

Support

Systems

Transaction

Processing

Systems

Process

Control

Systems

Enterprise

Collaboration

Systems

Management

Information

Systems

Decision

Support

Systems

Executive

Information

Systems

Information

Systems

Types of Information Systems


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Types of Information Systems

Two categories depending upon their focus on the kind of

activities in a business enterprise

1. Operations Support Systems

2. Management Support Systems

Operations Support Systems- Focus on the operations of the enterprise

- Objective is to improve the operational efficiency

- Use internal data primarily

- For lower level of managers

- Classified into the following categoriesa) Transaction Processing System

b) Process Control System

c) Enterprise Collaboration System


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a) Transaction Processing Systems

-Focus on the recording and processing of economic events (transactions)

-It processes transactions in two ways batch and real-time (or online)

-It encompasses the entire gamut of daily routines of the enterprise including financialaccounting, inventory control, payroll, sales order processing system.

-TPS s were one of the earliest computerized systems that organizations used tocapture valuable decision-making data and to conduct every day business.

- Almost all organizations have manual or automated TPS. Examples of TPS

Coffee shop

Bank

Doctor

Nasdaq- the e-stock exchange handles up to 1000 stock transaction /second

-TPS are considered the backbone of many organizations without it managerscouldnt make basic decisions such as how many items to produce?

- Transaction can be internal orexternal

Internal: occurring inside the organization

External: occurring outside the company, customer places an order from a

company catalog


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-Few years ago a separate transaction systems existed for each department in

a company

- Now many organizations are integrating the TPS systems of each

department so that users can see how their decision affect other parts of the

organization and the customers.

-TPS are the data lifeline of a company for several reasons:

If a company fails to capture a transaction it may lead not only to customer

dissatisfaction and lost profit but also to serious penalties and lawsuits.

TPS s become the source of data for other systems in the organization. If

analyzed and integrated it will give business key information about new

company plans. A better plan how to meet customer needs and preferences.

TPS is a link between the organization and external entities, such as

suppliers, customers & distributors.


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Enter data

Step 1

Validate data

Step 2

Process the

data intoinformation

Step 3

Store the

processed

data

Step 4

Generate

output

Step 5

Support user

queries

Step 6

Steps in Processing a

Transaction


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1. Data entry: enter data by using input devices such as ATM it called datasource document

2. Validation: ensure the accuracy and reliability of data.

3. Processing: once the company validate the accuracy & reliability of data

the system processes and converts data into information. There are two

types of processing.(a) On-line Transaction Processing (OLTP)

the data input device is directly linked to the system to be

processed.

some times linked to the system via the network or

telecommunication. example Bank ATM, student registration for classes, travel agent

flight reservation.

On-line processing is possible because of networks and

databases.

Steps in Processing a Transaction


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(b) Batch Processing

Processing that done on a daily, weekly, or monthly basis or any

period of time.

Disadvantages of batch processing

The information in the files may not up-to-date.

Some errors may be detected only after the entire batch is

processed in on-line processing errors can be detected right

away. Which type of processing is better?

It depends on the users decision making needs.

4. Data storage: to store the processed data in proper way. Otherwise datawill be usefulness to decision makers.

The kind of processing and type of storage medium are to some extent

related.

For example: magnetic tape is often used in batch processing. And

magnetic disk used in on-line processing.


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5. Output generation

Convert data into useful format

Different users need different formats at different times

6. Quer y support the last step is to query or ask system questions.

Steps in Processing a Transaction


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Characteristics/Features of a

Transaction Processing System Records internal and external transactions that take place in a

company

Is used mostly by lower-level managers to make operationaldecisions

Handles and stores large Volume of Data

Automation of basic operations

Benefits are easily measurable Stores data that are frequentlyaccessed by other systems, i.e. it acts as a source of input forother systems

Is ideal for routine, repetitive tasks

Records transactions in batchmode or on-line

Requires six steps to process a transactiondata entry,validation, data processing, storage, output generation, andquery support


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b) Process Control System

Monitors & control physical process

c) Enterprise Collaboration Systems

-Enhance team and workgroup communication and productivity, and include

applications that are sometimes called office automation system.

It facilitates the following activities:

-Producing outgoing documents (using text processors)

- storage & retrieval of documents (using document management system)

- transmission of messages (using message communication systems)

- scheduling and meeting management (using video conferencing)


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Management Support System- Information System application focus on providing information and

support for effective decision making by managers.

- Classified into following categoriesa) Management Information Systemb) Decision Support Systemc) Executive Support System

a) Management InformationSystems

- Aims at meeting the information needs of managers, particularly withregard to the current and past operations of the enterprise.

- Offers summary and exception reports on the operations of theenterprise and are also called as operations support systems.

Summary Report :A report that accumulates data from several transactions and

presents the results in a condensed form.Exception Report: A report that outlines any deviations between actual output and

expected output.

- The main input to an MIS is usually the transaction processing system and other

internal company sources


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Benefits of MIS:

1. Provide middle managers with information to make

semistructured decisions.

2. Information generated by an MIShelps managers understand

the day-to-day operations of the company

3. Helps managers implement the tactical goals of the company.

MIS is a group of general-purpose, well-integrated systems

that monitor and control the internal operations of an

organization.

Features

Summary and exception Information Operational Control

Focus on Internal Information

Structured and semi-structured Decision


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Relationship between a TPS and MIS

The main goal of TPS is to record & process company transaction.While the main goal of MIS is to produce summary & exceptionreports for making tactical decisions.

The output of a TPS & other company sources are the input of MIS

TPS usually helps managers with operational decisions, while MIShelps managers make tactical decisions over a longer period of time.

However both systems must work together in harmony to meet thecompanys information needs.


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b) Decision Support System

-Gives direct computer support to managers during the decision making process.

-- offers flexibility to manager to decide the input data, tool of analysis, depth ofanalysis and reliance on the outcome of analysis for decision making. The usershave full control of the system.

-- offers an interactive environment for users and thus permits managers toexperiment with data and model to develop the optimal decision making strategy.

-It has a User friendly interface

- report generators and graphical facilities

-Flexibility of use in various unexpected decision situation.

- DSS:- A set of interactive software programs that provide managers with data, tools,and models to make semistructured decisions.

-Some activities that a DSS can perform:

Selecting the best loan package to meet your needs.

Identifying an ideal location for a store


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Managers should answer two types of questionsWhat? Why?

What

Computers are excellent at

computations

(answering what

questions)

Why

People are excellent at

applying intuition & judgment

to solve problems

(answering why questions)

DSS uses computer computations and put them into models that systemize

decision processes


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Components of a Decision

Support System1. Database management system (DBMS): apiece of software that controls, manages, andmaintains internal & external data.

2. Model management system: a system thatstores and processes the models thatmanagers use to make decisions.

3. Support tools: tools that help users to interact

and interface with a decision support system.


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A DSS has five main characteristics:

1. DSS integrates data & models so that it is easier formanagers to make good decisions.

2. DSS helps managers see how decision interrelate and theeffects of one decision on others.

3. It supports a wide variety of decision-making styles.

4. It helps managers make decisions under dynamic or

changing business conditions5. DSS allows users to query the system for a specificanswers.

Characteristics of a decision support system


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Features of a decision support system

A DSS has three features that are extremely useful to managers :

1. What-if analysis 2. Goal seeking 3.risk analysis

1. What-if analysis: The study of the impact of a change in the

input data on the proposed solution. ex. Product pricing

Complex decision because decision maker must consider many

internal & external information

A DSS can help manager to answer what if questions

What if the price of raw materials increased by 10%

What if the product demand increased

If the competitors reduce the price by 5%


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2. Goal seeking: help managers determine what they

should do to achieve a certain goal. Ex.1 The goal to

increase sales of its top-selling product by 10%. A

DSS can show different ways to achieve. Ex.2 What

grade should student get to achieve A in the course.

3. Risk analysis: A DSS calculates the risk associated

with each alternatives.

Features of a decision support system

con..


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A Simple Decision-Making

Model

Internal Data

External Data

Decision-making

Models

What-if Analysis

Goal Seeking

Problem Solving

Generate Alternatives

Assess Risk


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Decision Models Statistical Models allow user to perform a wide range of statistical

functions (average, standard deviation, graphic analysis.)

Financial and Accounting Models to measure and assess thefinancial implications of different alternatives. (profit-or-lose analysis,cost-benefit analysis.)

Production Models help to estimate number of machines tooperate, amount of material required to meet the predetermineddemand

Marketing Models help marketing managers make a wide variety ofdecisions (product pricing, store location, advertising strategies..)

Human Resource Models help managers to make decisions thatinvolve in company personnel (assessing training needs estimatingfuture personnel needs evaluating hiring & firing policies.


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Benefits

- evaluation of a larger number of alternatives

- modeling and forecasting becomes easy- useful in intra group and inter group communication

- in depth analysis of data and thus more effective use of data resource


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c) Executive Information Systems (EIS)

1. Top managers do not have the time to study and analyze largevolume of data. They need an IS that will analyze the data & present

it in elegant manner so they can have quick & effective decisions.

2. The system that deliver high level information in a friendly way is

called EIS.

3. An EIS consists of tools & techniques, such as color graphics, touchscreens, voice activated commands, and distribute large volumes of

data quickly and effectively.

4. Provides critical information from both internal and external sources

to easy-to-use displays to managers

5. The managers get tailored made formats they prefer.6. Focus more on delivery of information by top managers than

generation of information.


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The main difference between DSS & EIS is that EIS is usedto deliver & display information (information delivery), whileDSS is used to analyze a problem(problem solving)

Today many systems are a combination of DSS & EIS,these systems are known as Executive Support System

An EIS has many features that a DSS has, such as drill-down, which allows employees to obtain summary ordetailed data with a few simple keystrokes.

Drill-down: the ability to provide information at the level

of detail that the decision maker demands.


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Applications of EIS- Executive Briefing

- Personalized Analysis

- Exceptions Reporting

- Model based analysis

EIS: information system that analyzes and presents

information to executive decision makers in a

useful, friendly, and customized format.


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DSS and EIS Characteristics DSS and EIS provide middle and top managers with decision support. Both DSS and EIS are intuitive, interactive, user-friendly systems.

DSS and EIS are menu-driven and often have excellent color and

graphic capabilities.

Both systems use internal and external data to solve problems.

A DSS uses internal and external data and different decision-makingmodels to provide managers with alternatives to a given problem. An

EIS provides managers with expert information in the form of analysis

and reports.

Both systems are equipped with decision-making tools such as what-

if analysis and goal seeking. EIS is also equipped with drill-down

capabilities.

A DSS can support both individual and group decision making. DSS

that support group decision making are known as group decision

support systems (GDSS).


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Artificial Intelligence (AI) and

Expert Systems (ES) Artificial intelligence is a field of computer sciencethat studies the design and development of computersystems that mimic human intelligence.

Intelligence defined as a set of characteristics or

attributes.

AI includes several areas of specialization such as

1. Computer vision: the computers ability to recognize &identify objects.

2. Speech recognition: the computers ability tounderstand a human voice.

3. Natural language:the ability to communicate with acomputer the way the humans communicate with eachother.

4. Robots: machines capable of human like movement.


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Expert SystemOne of t

he AI fields is Expert System (ES)

Expert systems are computer programs that capturethe knowledge of a human expert and use it to solvecomplex problems.

Knowledge appears in different forms in an

organization such as an innovative ideas for aproducts, a new way to motivate employees, a newproduction method..

The main goal of ES is to capture knowledge of expertsin all forms and use it to solve complex problems of an

organization in a relatively narrow domain. ES then are versatile and can help withmany kinds of

problems.

It attempts to represent knowledge ofhuman experts inthe form ofheursitics.


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Components of an Expert

System ES can capture and apply the knowledge of human expert by joining

three main components:

1. Knowledge base

2. Inference engine

3. User interface

User Poses Problem User

InterfaceInference

Engine Knowledge Base


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1. Components of an ES Knowledge base

Knowledge Acquisition

Knowledge base consists of facts, theorem, cases, forms,

texts, graphics, spreadsheets, principles & rules, that

experts use to solve a given problem.

The information in the knowledge base comes from manysources such as the human experts, books, journals,

databases & others. Managers also can gain knowledge

from observation, formal & informal interviews &

questionnaires. This is known as knowledge acquisition.

Knowledge acquisition: the process of acquiringknowledge from different sources.

These processes usually hard to do and time consuming.

Knowledge acquisition is viewed a bottle neck in building

expert systems.


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Knowledge representation

The process of representing the knowledge of experts in a

language that the computer can understand.

There are different approaches to knowledge representationon of the most popular ways to represent knowledge is using

IF THEN rules.

Expert system that use IF-THEN rules are called rule based

systems.

Example IF car lights were left on AND car doesn't start

THEN the battery is dead (99%)

Components of an ES knowledge base


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Knowledge Base

Knowledge

Human

experts

Journals

Books

Databases

others

Experts captures & acquires this knowledge

Knowledge acquisition

Experts represents knowledge in the system

Knowledge representation

Facts, rules, theorem, & principles

Knowledge Base


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2.Inference engine

The inference engine is similar to the reasoning of the

human brain.two popular reasoning possesses that an

expert system uses:

1. Forward chaining 2.backward chainingIn forward chaining, the inference engine begins with

a set of known facts, analyze the data and looks for

solutions that match the data set.

In backward chaining, the inference engine beginswith a goal and search for data, facts, and other

evidence that support this goal.

Inference engine:a component of expert system that

perform a reasoning function that results in advice tothe user.


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3.User interface

User interface combines the knowledge

base & inference engine in a way that

makes it easy for the user to interact with

the system.

Data start Rule 1

Rule 2

Rule 3

Rule 4Goal End

EndDataRule 1

Rule 2

Rule 3

Rule 4Goal start

forward chaining

backward chaining


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Characteristics of an Expert

System An expert system is a software program that captures

the knowledge and problem-solving skills of a humanexpert.

Expert systems are ideally suited for problems thatrequire knowledge, intuition, and judgment.

Expert systems, unlike DSS and EIS, can replace thedecision maker.

The three main components in an expert system are

the knowledge base, the inference engine, and theuser interface.


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Benefits of an Expert System

- Coding of expertise

- Enhanced understanding of business process- Timely availability of expertise

- Easy replication

- Strategic Application

Limitations

- Limited Focus

- Inability to learn

- Maintenance problems and developmental costs

- Limited domain of knowledge


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Top

Middle

Lower

Office

Automation

Systems

Expert Systems

Types of Information Systems and Levels of Management

EIS

DSS

MIS

TPS


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Knowledge Management Systems

-Idea is to

-A KM System could be any of the following:

* Document based

* Provide network maps* AI technologies which use a customized representation scheme to represent the

problem domain.

KMS Cycle

Create

Disseminate StoreManage

Capture

RefineKnowledge


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Knowledge information that is contextual, relevant and actionable.

Knowledge is information in action and is exercised to solve a problem

Knowledge is of two types Explicit knowledge- deals with more objective, rational and technical knowledge

Implicit Knowledge- cumulative store of subjective or experiential learning

MIS focus on explicit knowledge

KMS refers to the use of modern technologies the internet, intranets, extranets.

Benefits

-Sharing of valuable organizational information

- reducing redundant work

- reducing training time for new employees


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IS for Strategic Advantage

IS and Business Strategy

Strategic Information Systems

Definition: Computer systems at any level of an organization

that change the goals, processes, products, services, or

environmental relationships to help the organization gain a

competitive advantage.

Strategic information systems profoundly alter the way a firm

conducts its business or the very business of the firm itself.

It can be of any kind of information system (DSS, TPS, MIS,etc.)


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Strategic Levels and IT


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Business Level Strategy and IT

How can we compete effectively in this particular market?

The most common generic strategies at this level are: To become the low-cost producer

To differentiate your product or service

* Product differentiation: Competitive strategy for creating brand loyalty by developing newand unique products and services that are not easily duplicated by competitors.

Eg: banks provide on-line banking service, Dell sells custom-tailored PC.

* Focused differentiation: Competitive strategy for developing new market niches forspecialized products or services where a business can compete in the target area betterthan its competitors. Information systems enable companies to finely analyze customerbuying patterns, tastes, and preferences so that they efficiently pitch advertising andmarketing campaigns to smaller and smaller target markets.

- To change the scope of competition by either enlarging the market ornarrowing the market


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At the business level the most common analytic tool is value chain analysis.

Value chain model: Model that highlights the primary or support activities thatadd a margin of value to a firms products or services where information systemscan best be applied to achieve a competitive advantage.

Primary activities are most directly related to the production and distribution of thefirms products and services that create value for the customerPrimary activitiesinclude inbound logistics, operations, outbound logistics, sales andmarketing, and service.

Support activities make the delivery of the primary activities of a firmpossible and consist of organization infrastructure (administration andmanagement), human resources (employee recruiting, hiring, andtraining), technology (improving products and the production process),and procurement (purchasing input).

Organizations have competitive advantage when they provide more valueto their customers or when they provide the same value to customers at alower price. Firms can use information systems to create unique newproducts and services that can be easily distinguished from those ofcompetitors.


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Data mining: Analysis of large pools of data to find patterns and rules that can be

used to guide decision making and predict future behavior.

The cost of acquiring a new customer has been estimated to be five times that of

retaining an existing customer. By carefully examining transactions of customerpurchases and activities, firms can identify profitable customers and win more of their

business.

Supply chain management: Integration of supplier, distributor, and customer

logistics requirements into one cohesive process.

Supply chain: A collection of physical entities, such as manufacturing plants,

distribution centers, conveyances, retail outlets, people, and information, which are

linked together into processes supplying goods or services from source through

consumption.

To manage the supply chain, a company tries to eliminate delays and cut the amountof resources tied up along the way.

Information systems make efficient supply chain management possible by integrating

demand planning, forecasting, materials requisition, order processing, inventory

allocation, order fulfillment, transportation services, receiving, invoicing, and payment.


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SHIPPINGSHIPPING INVENTORYINVENTORY

PLANNING &PLANNING &

FORECASTINGFORECASTING

ORDERORDER

PROCESSINGPROCESSING

PRODUCTIONPRODUCTION

PROCUREMENTPROCUREMENTACCOUNTINGACCOUNTING

SUPPLIERSSUPPLIERSCUSTOMERSCUSTOMERS

LOGISTICSLOGISTICS

SERVICESSERVICESDISTRIBUTORSDISTRIBUTORS

INTRANETINTRANETINTRANET

SUPPLY-CHAIN MANAGEMENT


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FIRM LEVEL STRATEGY & IT

How can the overall performance of these business units be

achieved? How can information technology contribute?

Synergies: When outputs of some units can be used as inputsto other units, or two organizations can pool markets andexpertise, these relationships can lower costs and generateprofits.

One use of IT is to tie together the operations of disparatebusiness units so that they can act as a whole.

Core competency: An activity at which a firm is a world-classleader.

A core competency relies on knowledge that is gained overmany years of experience (embedded knowledge) and a first-class research organization or just key people who follow theliterature and stay abreast of new external knowledge (tacitknowledge).

Any system that encourages the sharing of knowledge acrossbusiness units enhances competency.


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INDUSTRY LEVEL STRATEGY & IT

How and when should we compete as opposed to cooperate withothers in the industry?

Firms can cooperate to develop industry standards in a number ofareas; they can cooperate by working together to build customerawareness, and to work collectively with suppliers to lower costs.

Information partnership: Cooperative alliance formed between twocorporations for the purpose of sharing information to gain strategicadvantage.

Such partnerships help firms gain access to new customers, creatingnew opportunities for cross-selling and targeting products. They canshare investments in computer hardware and software.

At industry level, two analytic models are used: the competitive forcesmodel and network economics.

Competitive forces model: Model used to describe the interaction ofexternal influences, specifically threats and opportunities, that affect anorganizations strategy and ability to compete.

Network economics: Model based on the concept of a network whereadding another participant entails zero marginal costs but can createmuch larger marginal gain. Used as a model for strategic systems atthe industry level.


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COMPETITIVE FORCES MODEL


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Business can counter the threats of competitive forces by implementing five basic

strategies-

1. Cost Leadership Strategy2. Differentiation Strategy

3. Innovation Strategy

4. Growth Strategy

5. Alliance Strategy

Other Competitive Strategies

1. Improving Business Processes

2. Promoting Business Innovation

3. Lock-in Customers and Suppliers

4. Creating Switching Costs

5. Raising Barriers to Entry

6. Leverage Investment in IT

7. Developing a strategic information base


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Strategic use of IT

Building a customer focus business

Reengineering Business Processes

Improving Business Quality

Becoming an agile company

Creating a virtual company

Building a knowledge creating company

The challenge of strategic IS


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SYSTEM DESCRIPTION ORGANIZATIONAL LEVEL

ORDER PROCESSING ENTER, PROCESS, TRACK ORDERS OPERATIONAL

MARKET ANALYSIS IDENTIFY CUSTOMERS & MARKETS KNOWLEDGE

P

RICING ANALYS

IS

DETERMINEP

RICES

MANAGEMENT

SALES TRENDS PREPARE 5-YEAR FORECASTS STRATEGIC

SALES & MARKETING INFORMATION SYSTEM

SYSTEMS FROM A FUNCTIONAL PERSPECTIVE


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MANUFACTURING INFORMATION

SYSTEM


MACHINE CONTROL CONTROL ACTIONS OF EQUIPMENT OPERATIONAL

COMPUTER-AIDED-DESIGN DESIGN NEWPRODUCTS KNOWLEDGE

PRODUCTION PLANNING DECIDE NUMBER, SCHEDULE OF PRODUCTS MANAGEMENT

FACILITIES LOCATION DECIDEWHERE TO LOCATE FACILITIES STRATEGIC


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ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE TRACK MONEY OWED TO FIRM OPERATIONAL

PORTFOLIO ANALYSIS DESIGN FIRM'S INVESTMENTS KNOWLEDGE

BUDGETING PREPARE SHORT TERM BUDGETS MANAGEMENT

PROFIT PLANNING PLAN LONG-TERM PROFITS STRATEGIC

FINANCE & ACCOUNTING INFORMATION

SYSTEM


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TRAINING & DEVELOPMENT TRACK TRAINING, SKILLS, APPRAISALS OPERATIONAL

CAREER PATHING DESIGN EMPLOYEE CAREER PATHS KNOWLEDGE

COMPENSATION ANALYSIS MONITOR WAGES, SALARIES, BENEFITS MANAGEMENT

HUMAN RESOURCESPLANNING PLAN LONG-TERM LABOR FORCE NEEDS STRATEGIC

HUMAN RESOURCES INFORMATION

SYSTEM

37828321 types of information systems 1

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