Land Empires in the Long Nineteenth

Century

Russian Imperialist Policies(cf. USA)

• Recognition of difference – vs. Protestant/white male ideal

• Dealt with the parts rather than the whole – vs. Federal Law

• Tsar as source of change, reward, & punishment– vs. US Constitution and

representative bodies

‘Enlightened’ Monarchs

• Peter the Great’s Westernization projects Catherine the Great & Voltaire • French Revolution Legislative Commission later conservatism• 19th century missionary activity

Crimean War, 1853-56

Short- and Long-term Consequences

• Military history• Emancipation of serfs, 1861–Nobility’s power under question–Land was reallocated, but concept of ‘free labor’ and capitalism not fully accepted with importance of family pedigree •Makes serfs ‘mobile’ industrialization

–Cf. abolitionist movement

The length of the road with its projected extensions is so great that even Americans, who are accustomed to deal with large distances, will have some difficulty in comprehending the scope of this undertaking. The longest continuous line on the North American continent is the Canadian Pacific Railway. Its main line from Montreal to Victoria is 2,990 miles in length…[when] the [Russian railroad] will commence…[it will have more than] 6,000 miles of track…

Global long-distance migration, 1840-1940Destination Origins Amount Auxiliary Origins

Americas (65% went to US)

Europe 55-58 million 2.5 million from India, China, Japan, Africa

SE Asia and Indian Ocean rim

India, S. China 48-52 million 5 million from Africa, Europe, NE Asia, Middle East

Manchuria, Siberia, Central Asia, Japan

NE Asia, Russia 46-51 million

The Sick Man of Europe…?

Read your assigned article and be ready to share its main argument and TWO of the strongest pieces of evidence.

To what extent do you agree with one or the other interpretation (what questions do you still have?)?

Late Qing Dynasty: Aggressive reformists and/or Heroic traditionalists?

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Treaty of Nanking, 1842:The First Unequal Treaty

Treaty of Wangxia, 1843

Internal threats!

Hong Xiuquan“Taiping Tianguo”

Taiping Rebellion1850-64

How to RememberEmpress Cixi/Empress Dowager?

Reform…?

• To what extent was the Qing Dynasty interested in reform?–Self-strengthening movement–Railroad–1905 ending of civil service exams