3.a. public hearing to consider landmark designation of

Heritage Preservation Commission Virtual Meeting

Special Meeting September 15, 2021

06:00 PM

. THIS MEETING SHALL BE CONDUCTED PURSUANT TO MINNESOTA STATUTES SECTION 13D.021 AND MEMBERS WILL APPEAR ELECTRONICALLY. ALL VOTES SHALL BE TAKEN BY ROLL CALL AND EACH MEMBER OF THE COMMISSION WILL BE ABLE TO HEAR EACH OTHER.

. PLEASE NOTE THIS IS A VIRTUAL MEETING AND OPEN TO THE PUBLIC. MEMBERS OF THE PUBLIC HAVE THE OPTION TO CALL IN TO PARTICIPATE +1 347-352-4853 PHONE CONFERENCE ID: 983 075 159# OR REQUEST A MEETING INVITATION LINK BY CONTACTING [email protected] BY NOON ON WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 15, 2021.

1. CALL TO ORDER

2. SET AGENDA

3. PUBLIC HEARING

3.A. Public hearing to consider landmark designation of and/or removal of potential landmark designation for property at 11 4th Street SE.

3.A.1. Red Owl & Time Theatre

3.A.2. Memo- Red Owl & Time Theatre

3.A.3. Kevin Lund Submitted Materials

4. ADJOURNMENT

Community Development Department | Development Services and Infrastructure Center | 4001 West River Parkway NW | Rochester MN 55901

PH: 507.328.2950 | FAX: 507.328.2401 | [email protected]

www.rochestermn.gov/communitydevelopment

TO: HERITEAGE PRESERVATION COMMISSION

FROM: MOLLY PATTERSON-LUNDGREN, AICP HERITAGE PRESERVATION & URBAN DESIGN COORDINATOR

SUBJECT: RED OWL/TIME THEATER

DATE: SEPTEMBER 9TH, 2021

The designation studies for both the Red Owl and the Time Theater buildings (attached again here) were provided in the packet and briefly discussed at the July meeting and then again at the August meeting. At the August meeting, the commission requested that a public hearing be scheduled in order to allow for public comments and to consider whether to recommend to City Council designation of the property. The HPC has agreed to follow the adopted policy of the City Council. The following process will be followed for the public hearing:

1. Agenda item is opened by the Chair. 2. City presentation - results of the eligibility studies and comments from the SHPO. 3. Applicant presentation (up to 10 minutes). 4. Public hearing comments from the public. All speakers are limited to 5 minutes and may only

speak once. If clarification is needed, HPC should ask immediately after speaker is done. 5. Rebuttal/final comments by applicant (up to 5 minutes) 6. Public Hearing closed 7. HPC Q&A of applicants and staff.

While the studies indicate that there is historic significance for the property, they also provide a finding that the historic integrity is too weak to recommend landmark designation for either building. As required prior to designation, the studies were provided to the State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) and they have concurred with this finding. I also concur with the findings of the eligibility studies and the SHPO and am recommending that the commission determine that landmark designation will not be recommended to the City Council. A draft motion is provided at the end of this memo. Also discussed at the August meeting, was whether the commission might make a recommendation to the City Council, to retain the buildings to allow consideration within the upcoming small area plan, for their reuse in redevelopment of the riverfront. While Section 4-7-3 of the preservation ordinance does not provide a specific duty to the HPC that would support such an action, it is more generally covered in Section 4-7-1, the statement of legislative intent. A second motion could be adopted as follows. Optional 2nd Motion: The HPC supports retaining these buildings, to allow for consideration within the upcoming small area plan of their reuse, to meet the stated legislative intent of Section 4-7-1, The Heritage Preservation Ordinance, to promote the environmental benefits of adapting and reusing

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mailto:[email protected]

http://www.rochestermn.gov/communitydevelopment

Community Development Department | Development Services and Infrastructure Center | 4001 West River Parkway NW | Rochester MN 55901

PH: 507.328.2950 | FAX: 507.328.2401 | [email protected]

www.rochestermn.gov/communitydevelopment

buildings, and to promote the preservation and continued use of historic properties for the education and general welfare of the people of the City. The following draft motion is recommended to the HPC. A motion determining that a recommendation for landmark will not be made to the City Council for the property located at 11 Fourth Street SE, due to the property lacking historic integrity to support such designation. Further, the potential landmark designation is hereby removed from said property.

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http://www.rochestermn.gov/communitydevelopment

MINNESOTA STATE HISTORIC PRESERVATION OFFICE

50 Sherburne Avenue ▪ Administration Building 203 ▪ Saint Paul, Minnesota 55155 ▪ 651-201-3287

mn.gov/admin/shpo ▪ [email protected]

AN EQUAL OPPORTUNITY AND SERVICE PROVIDER

August 19, 2021 Molly Patterson-Lundgren Historic Preservation & Urban Design Coordinator Community Development City of Rochester 4001 West River Parkway NW, Suite 100 Rochester, MN 55901 RE: Local designation of the Red Owl Grocery Store and Time Theatre, 11 4th St SE, SHPO Referral Number 2021-0961 Dear Ms. Patterson-Lundgren, Thank you for the opportunity to comment on the above referenced local designation. It has been reviewed pursuant to Minnesota Statute §471.193, subd. 6., and Sec. 4-7-8 (e) of the City of Rochester Code of Ordinances. The Red Owl Grocery Store is a one-story, flat-roofed, masonry commercial building constructed in

1935. The 4th Street SE façade is clad in smooth Bedford limestone panels with a polished black stone

water table. A large modern aluminum storefront with eight glass panels spans virtually the entire

length of the façade. The limestone panels wrap around the front of the west elevation; the remainder

of the west wall is clad in brick. A one-story concrete block addition was attached at the rear in 1942 and

extended in 1983. Storefront alterations include removal of the central double-door entrance, original

chrome storefront windows, and Red Owl signage and awning. In addition, the east wall of the building,

which abutted the adjoining Time Theater, was partially removed in 1983 to open up the interior space

of both buildings.

The Red Owl Grocery Store that opened in 1935 on 4th Street SE replaced a smaller store that had

opened in downtown Rochester in 1922. The new larger store remained open until about 1952 when a

Red Owl Supermarket opened in the new Miracle Mile Shopping Center west of downtown Rochester.

Due to alterations to the façade of the building, the Red Owl Grocery Store has lost its integrity and is

therefore not a suitable candidate for local designation.

The Time Theater is a two-story, flat-roofed, masonry commercial building constructed in 1937 and

designed in the Art Deco/Streamline Moderne style. The 4th Street SE façade is clad in buff-colored brick

and features a large modern aluminum storefront flanked by non-original cementitious panels.

Decorating the façade are multiple rows of brick laid at an angle, creating a zig-zag pattern. A large, fixed

non-original canvas awning spans the width of most of the façade. The east elevation is clad in buff-

colored brick and features a non-historic aluminum entrance and 14 large non-original fixed windows on

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the first and second floors that were cut into the formerly solid masonry wall in 1983. The entrance and

four of the first-floor windows are covered with fixed awnings. A non-historic wooden deck installed in

1983 spans the length of the east elevation. Alterations to the façade include the removal of the central

ticket counter flanked by paired double doors with half-moon designs, display cases, a marquee

immediately above the entrance, and a massive, streamlined metal marquee with lights announcing

TIME both horizontally and vertically. New doors and windows on the east and north elevations were

cut into the formerly solid masonry wall in 1983. In addition, the west wall of the building, which

abutted the adjoining Red Owl Grocery Store, was partially removed in 1983 to open up the interior

space of both buildings.

The Time Theatre was operated by the Rochester Amusement Company until 1961. Subsequent owners

made significant changes to both the interior and exterior of the building in the 1960s and in 1983.

Due to alterations to the façade, the east elevation, and the interior of the building, the Time Theater

has lost its integrity and is therefore not a suitable candidate for local designation.

If you have any questions regarding our assessment of these properties, please contact me at 651.201.3291 or [email protected]. Sincerely,

Michael Koop State Historic Preservation Office cc: Christine Schultze, Chair, Rochester HPC

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TIME THEATER Rochester Historic Landmark Eligibility

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CONTACT: LAUREN ANDERSON | 612.843.4146 | [email protected]

CITY OF ROCHESTER LANDMARK DESIGNATION

STUDY

Time Theater 11 4th Street Southeast, Rochester, MN 55904

July 2021

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City of Rochester Landmark Designation Study Time Theater 11 4th Street Southeast Rochester, Minnesota 55904 Prepared for: City of Rochester 201 4th Street Southeast Rochester, MN 55904 By: New History 575 Ninth Street Southeast, Suite 215 Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414 (612) 843-4140 www.newhistory.com For questions and comments: Meghan Elliott and Lauren Anderson [email protected]; [email protected] (612) 843-4146 ©2021 New History

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Historic Property Name: Time Theater Rochester Historic Landmark Eligibility

1

Property Identification & Description

Identification Historic Name Time Theater Current Name Legends Bar n’ Grill Address 11 4th Street North City/Twp Rochester County Olmsted Legal Description ALL TH PT OF MILL RESERVATION AS PLATTED IN MOE &

OLDS DES AS FOLL COM AT N PROPERTY LINE OF 4TH ST SE & CONTINUING TH IN A NELY DIRECTION AL E LINE OF ALLEY 175FT MORE OR LESS TH E TO THE WALL OF THE ZUMBRO RIVER TH S AL WALL BACK TO THE N PROPERTY LINE OF 4TH ST SE TH W AL N LINE 4TH ST SE TO BEG

USGS Quad Rochester, MN Property ID (PIN) 640211053797 SHPO Inventory Number OL-ROC-456 Previous Determinations National Register – Not listed Phase 1 Survey – The 106 Group (2014)

Aerial view of Rochester, 2021. Courtesy of Olmsted County

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Property Description

Architect/Engineer/Contractor Liebenberg & Kaplan (architects); C.C. Pagenhart (contractor)

Style Art Deco/Streamline Moderne Construction Date 1937 Original Use Movie Theater Current Use Vacant (most recently used as a restaurant) Associated Properties/Districts N/A

Resource Type Buildings Structures Sites Objects Contributing Resources • • • • Non-Contributing Resources • Time Theater • • •

Statement of Significance The Time Theater is historically significant under Criterion 5 as a local example of the Streamline Moderne and Art Deco architectural styles and as a local example of a building type – the small Moderne movie theaters constructed in the United States during the Great Depression of the 1930s. It is also significant under Criterion 6 for its identification as the work of master theater architects Jack Liebenberg and Seeman Kaplan. The period of significance is 1937, the date of the building’s construction. The property does not retain integrity to the period of significance and is therefore recommended as not eligible for local landmark designation.

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Physical Description of the Property

The Time Theater at 11 4th Street Southeast (historically addressed at 15 4th Street Southeast) is a two-story, flat-roofed, rectangular-shaped masonry commercial building located in downtown Rochester, just northwest of the crossing of the 4th Street bridge over the Zumbro River. The building’s primary south elevation fronts on 4th Street Southeast, and the secondary east elevation overlooks the Zumbro River and associated Riverwalk Trail. The building shares a party wall with the adjacent building to the west. A parking lot is located to the north. In 1983, the building was connected at the interior to the adjacent building, and both buildings are now located on the same parcel addressed at 11 4th Street Southeast.1

South elevation, looking north, March 2021. Courtesy of the City of Rochester.

1 Ankeny, Kell & Associates, “Zumbro Market,” February 17, 1983, Sheets A3 – A4, on file at the City of Rochester.

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South Elevation

The building’s primary elevation, which faces south, is composed of light-colored brick with a granite water table. At the time of the building’s construction, the center of the façade held a set of double doors beneath a marquee. Today, the façade features a modern aluminum storefront entrance system surrounded by non-original panels composed of a cementitious material, with a non-original metal-framed awning reading “Union Labor Center” attached to the façade above the paneling. Around the entrance, columns and rows of brick are laid at an angle, creating a symmetrical, double-lined design on the façade. At the cornice, two courses of brick are likewise laid at an angle to create a three-dimensional, zig-zag design. The top of the façade is capped with a concrete or stone parapet cap.

East elevation, looking southwest, March 2021. Courtesy of the City of Rochester.

East Elevation

The secondary east elevation is composed of light-colored brick with a painted concrete foundation. A non-historic deck, built up above the height of the Riverwalk Trail and Zumbro River (installed in 1983), spans the length of the façade.2 As one moves north, the grade of the deck slopes downward, progressively exposing more of the building’s foundation. Near the center of the façade,

2 Notice 797, Donald Austin, Building and Safety Department, City of Rochester, to Ankeny, Kell and Ankeny & Weiderholt, September 30, 1983, on file at the City of Rochester.

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an engaged concrete column marks the point at which the building’s east wall angles north, away from the river. A non-historic aluminum storefront entry system (installed in 1983) is located at the north side of the elevation. Non-historic punched window openings (also installed in 1983) are located at the first and second levels.3 Windows are modern fixed aluminum windows, some with modern awnings and three with operable lower panes. Louvers, a large mechanical vent, and abandoned anchors are set in the masonry façade. At the top of the façade, the building’s parapet has a metal cap.

. East elevation, looking south, March 2021. Courtesy of the City of Rochester.

3 Ankeny, Kell & Associates, “Zumbro Market,” February 17, 1983, Sheet A7, on file at the City of Rochester.

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North Elevation

Like the east elevation, the secondary north elevation is composed of light-colored brick with a painted concrete foundation. The building’s non-historic wood deck wraps around from the east façade to continue along the north elevation. At the first level, a set of modern aluminum and glass double doors (installed in 1983) beneath an awning provides access to the building from the parking lot. Non-historic punched window openings at the first and second levels (installed in 1983 and later) have modern fixed aluminum windows. At the top of the façade, the building’s parapet has a metal cap. At the west side of the elevation, the 1983 concrete-block addition to the adjacent building encroaches on the Time Theater façade.4

North elevation, looking south, March 2021. Courtesy of the City of Rochester.

4 Ankeny, Kell & Associates, “Zumbro Market,” February 17, 1983, Sheets A1 – A4, on file at the City of Rochester.

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West Elevation

The building shares a party wall with the adjacent building to the west (constructed in 1935), and the majority of the west elevation is concealed. Character-Defining Features: The Time Theater does not retain integrity, and only some of its character-defining features remain. Character-defining features that have been lost include:

• Original entry sequence with two sets of double doors on the primary façade • Central ticket booth on the primary façade • Metal marquee, canopy, signage, and lighting on the primary façade • Movie poster display cases on the primary façade • Large areas of blank masonry walls on the east and north façades

Character-defining features that remain include:

• Exterior masonry, including: brick detailing, polished granite water table, and stone or concrete parapet cap at the primary south façade

• Location of primary entrance on the primary south façade

Discussion of Historical Significance History of Property Rochester’s Time Theater, located along 4th Street Southeast and the west bank of the Zumbro River, was constructed in 1937. The theater was developed by the Mayo Properties Association on the site of a former mill, which the association acquired from the Rochester Milling Company in 1930.5 The exact reasons that led to Mayo’s decision to develop the theater are unknown, but the operators of Rochester’s thriving Mayo clinic were likely one of the only entities with enough capital to finance the construction of a new building during the Great Depression of the 1930s. Mayo hired the well-known architectural firm of Liebenberg and Kaplan to design their new theater. C. C. Pagenhart was the general contractor. Many local Rochester firms also contributed to

5 “Real Estate Record: Time Theater,” September 26, 1930, Mayo Association Real Estate Records, Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul, MN; “Welcome to the New Time Theater,” Rochester Post-Bulletin, January 6, 1937; Deed Record No. 151, September 26, 1930, courtesy of Kevin Lund.

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the theater’s construction, including the Rochester Electric Company, sheet metal and heating contractor Alfred Pekkalas, Sanitary Co. plumbing, and the Dodge Lumber & Fuel Company.6

Time Theater, c. 1936. Courtesy of the History Center of Olmsted County.

The 400-seat theater opened in January of 1937 with Harry Salisbury, an experienced show business professional and Rochester resident, as the manager. Operations were handled by the Rochester Amusement Company, affiliated with the larger Minnesota Amusement Company, which leased the building from the Mayo Properties Association.7

6 “Architects and Engineers…” Rochester Post-Bulletin, January 6, 1937; “Welcome to the New Time Theater,” Rochester Post-Bulletin, January 6, 1937; “Manager of New Time Theater Began Show Business 12 Years Ago,” Rochester Post-Bulletin, January 6, 1937. 7 “Congratulations!,” Rochester Post-Bulletin, January 6, 1937; “Manager of New Time Theater Began Show Business 12 Years Ago,” Rochester Post-Bulletin, January 6, 1937; “We Will Show No Films Because ‘It’s Time,’” Rochester Post-Bulletin, April 24, 1982; Keiter Directory Company, Rochester City and Olmsted County Directory (Rochester, MN: Keiter Directory Co., Inc., 1940), 48.

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Time Theater, c. 1937. Courtesy of Cinematreasures.org.

Newspaper articles announcing the theater’s opening hailed its “ultra-modern design.” The exterior was ornamented with a “unique canopy and towering design,” a sleek, streamlined metal marquee with colored electric lights and the theater’s name printed in bold letters, and an ornamented brick façade with symmetrical geometric patterns created by unique masonry coursing. Two sets of double doors with half-moon designs flanked a central ticket counter, and display cases showcasing current or upcoming features were set at either edge of the façade.8 Historic photographs and a c. 1948 Sanborn fire insurance map suggest that two or three small window openings were located on the east elevation.9

8 “New Time Theater to Mark Another Milestone…” Rochester Post-Bulletin, January 6, 1937; historic photographs of the Time Theater, courtesy of Olmsted County. 9 Sanborn Map Company, Fire Insurance Map of Rochester, MN, 1928, rev. 1948, Sheet 4, Proquest Digital Sanborn Maps; historic photographs of the Time Theater, courtesy of Olmsted County.

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Time Theater, January 1937. Courtesy of the History Center of Olmsted County.

At the interior, most of the available space was filled by a single auditorium, with a second-level projection booth at the back of the auditorium. A lobby, foyer, and powder room were located near the entrance.10 The theater featured the latest technology and modern furnishings, including colored carpet in the foyer and lobby, “ultra-modern” decorations, and “luxurious furniture of the most modern design.” Advertisements called attention to the building’s air conditioning system, which used an artesian well, radiators, humidifiers, and “cooling surfaces” to maintain a constant 70-degree interior temperature.11 The theater was innovative in its acoustical design, intended to “insure perfect sound reception in every seat in the theater.” Projection equipment represented the latest technology in visual and audio quality, including RCA Photophone motion picture sound equipment and the

10 Sanborn Map Company, Fire Insurance Map of Rochester, MN, 1928, rev. 1948, Sheet 4, Proquest Digital Sanborn Maps; “Opening of New Time Theater to Mark Another Milestone in Theatrical History,” Rochester Post-Bulletin, January 6, 1937. 11 “New Time Theater to Mark Another Milestone…”Rochester Post-Bulletin, January 6, 1937; “Air Conditioning Plant to Provide Theater Comfort,” unknown newspaper, c. 1937, courtesy of Kevin Lund; “…And We Drilled the Deepest Well…” Rochester Post-Bulletin, January 6, 1937.

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“latest type clear vision screen.”12 Other novel features included “floating cushion seats” and a “photo-electric cell” powered drinking fountain without handles.13 The theater opened on January 8, 1937, with a showing of the film “Three Smart Girls.” 14 An eager crowd of Rochester residents awaited tickets, and the large number of attendees forced the theater to turn away some patrons. Merchants coordinated “two special trade days” of sales, encouraging theater attendees to patronize nearby businesses.15 Parking was provided at the rear (north) side of the building.16

Sanborn Fire Insurance Company Map of Rochester, 1948, Sheet No. 4. Courtesy of the

History Center of Olmsted County. The Time Theater was operated by the Rochester Amusement Company until 1961, when the firm decided not to renew its lease from the Mayo Properties Association. A spokesperson for the Rochester Amusement Company attributed the firm’s decision to “the Time’s limited seating capacity and the fewer Hollywood productions,” noting that Rochester’s larger Lawler and Chateau theaters were more conveniently located and better suited to new trends in film production and showing. The theater was purchased by independent theater operator James Fraser of Red Wing.17 In 1963, building permits indicate that the interior walls and ceiling were covered with marlite.18 In 1967, the theater was sold to Mann Theaters of Minneapolis; that same year, a building permit was filed to

12 “Do You Know,” Rochester Post-Bulletin, January 4, 1937; “Congratulations Rochester!” Rochester Post-Bulletin, January 8, 1937; “New Time Theater to Mark Another Milestone…”Rochester Post-Bulletin, January 6, 1937. 13 “Do You Know,” Rochester Post-Bulletin, January 4, 1937; “New Time Theater Opens at Rochester,” Winona Daily News, January 11, 1937; Tamara Schonsberg, “Southeast rich in loyalty, memories,” Rochester Post-Bulletin, February 25, 995. 14 “New Time Theater to Mark Another Milestone…”, Rochester Post-Bulletin, January 6, 1937. 15 “New Rochester Theater Opens, Crowd Attends, Rochester Post-Bulletin, January 8, 1937. 16 “Theater Provides Space for Parking,” Rochester Post-Bulletin, January 6, 1937. 17 “Time Theater leased to Red Wing Man,” Rochester Post-Bulletin, November 21, 1961. 18 Building permit application B12838, 15 4th Street SE, August 9, 1963, City of Rochester.

Time Theater

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replace the entry door and relocate the ticket booth.19 By the late 1960s and the 1970s, the theater had developed a reputation for showing adult-only films. Mayo sold the property in 1977. It continued to operate as a theater until 1982, when the Rochester Theater Company decided to replace the Time by adding two additional screens to its existing theater at the Northbrook Shopping Center.20

Time Theater, 1975. Courtesy of the History Center of Olmsted County.

In 1983, the Time Theater building, along with the adjacent Gold Bond Stamp Store (originally a Red Owl grocery store constructed in 1935), was redeveloped into a two-level restaurant and retail space known as the Zumbro Market. According to one newspaper article, the remodel included the complete gutting of the interior and an exterior “face-lift.” Drawings for the project on file at the City of Rochester indicate that the renovation included the remodel of the primary entrance to its current configuration, the addition of windows on the east and north elevations, the addition of an entrance on the east as well as the north elevation, and the infill of two small window openings on the east elevation. The deck along the east and north elevations was also added at this time.21 The building was purchased by AFL-CIO Labor Temple Association around 2000 and then by the City of Rochester in 2013. Building permit records indicate numerous interior remodels for a variety of

19 Building permit application B17405, 15 4th Street SE, July 14, 1967, City of Rochester. 20 “We Will Show No Films Because ‘It’s Time,’” Rochester Post-Bulletin, April 24, 1982; 21 “We Will Show No Films Because ‘It’s Time,’” Rochester Post-Bulletin, April 24, 1982; Beverly Geber, “Gutting of Time Theater Is Nearing Completion,” Rochester Post-Bulletin, March 9, 1983; Lee Hilgendorf, “A XXX Theater in Rochester – Really?” Rochester Post-Bulletin, April 5, 2016; “Could the Legends Site Be Deemed a Local Landmark?” Rochester Post-Bulletin, January 28, 2021; Application for Building Permit and Zoning Certificate, 18-1983, 11 – 15 4th Street Southeast, January 19, 1983, City of Rochester; Notice 797, Donald Austin, Building and Safety Department, City of Rochester, to Ankeny, Kell and Ankeny & Weiderholt, September 30, 1983, on file at the City of Rochester; Ankeny, Kell & Associates, “Zumbro Market,” February 17, 1983, Sheet A7, on file at the City of Rochester.

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commercial tenants during the late twentieth and early twenty-first century. Most recently, the building was leased to the Legends Sports Bar. The building is currently vacant.22 Historic Context(s): Movie Theaters in Downtown Rochester At the turn of the 20th century, motion pictures were a novel form of entertainment in the United States. These silent films were shown in vaudeville houses as well as by traveling exhibitors at fairgrounds, circuses, and other locations. The first permanent theater designated specifically for the showing of motion pictures in the United States was the Nickelodeon, which opened in a converted storefront in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1905. During the first decade of the twentieth century, thousands of similar “storefront theaters” that catered to the working class opened across the country.23 By the 1910s and 1920s, moviegoing had become a middle-class pastime, leading to the construction of elegant new theaters that represented a “step-up” in theater design. The era between 1913 and 1932 became known as the “golden age” of movie theaters and moviegoing, the era of the elaborate movie palace. According to historian David Kenney, “the 1920s [proved] to be a decade of excess” in theater design.24 Historian Charlotte Herzog elaborates on the characteristics of these movie palaces:

Among [the movie palace’s] most distinguishing characteristics were its numerous appointments, lavish decorations, and enormous size. During the teens the average movie palace had from one thousand to eighteen hundred seats…During the 1920s, the peak years of the movie palace, the average size house accommodated from eighteen to twenty-five hundred… The exterior and interior of the theater were lavishly decorated in a romantic but highly eclectic historic mode to distinguish it from the other buildings around it and to give it the stamp of legitimacy. With the help of materials like terra cotta and plaster, architects combined their own improvisations with exact reproductions of entire renowned buildings or parts of buildings to achieve their effect.25

The increasing popularity of movie palaces was reflected in the movie theaters built in Rochester during the 1910s and 1920s. The Empress Theater (not extant) at 5 Broadway Avenue South was constructed in 1914; the Metropolitan Theater (not extant) at 102 South Broadway was

22 Lee Hilgendorf, “A XXX Theater in Rochester – Really?” Rochester Post-Bulletin, April 5, 2016; “Could the Legends Site Be Deemed a Local Landmark?” Rochester Post-Bulletin, January 28, 2021; Building permit 00-08174, 11 SE 4th Street, December 15, 2000, City of Rochester. For examples of building permits for interior remodeling, see Building permit R11-0301CB, 11 SE 4th Street, November 4, 2011, City of Rochester; Building permit 07-01817, 11 SE 4th Street, July 25, 2007, City of Rochester; Building permit 96-00888, 11 SE 4th Street, May 14, 1996, City of Rochester; Building permit 96-00888, 11 SE 4th Street, April 1, 1996, City of Rochester; 23 Bob Mondello, “100th Anniversary of First-Ever U.S. Movie Theater,” NPR, June 17, 2005, https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4707873#:~:text=the%20United%20States.-,On%20June%2019%2C%201905%2C%20the%20Nickelodeon%20opened%20in%20Pittsburgh%2C,ancient%20Greek%20word%20for%20theater; Brittannica 24 Dave Kenney, Twin Cities Picture Show: A Century of Movie Going (St. Paul, MN: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2007), 151; Ross Menick and Andreas Fuches, Cinema Treasures: A New Look at Classic Movie Theaters (St. Paul, MN: MBI, 2004), 6, 30. 25 Charlotte Herzog, “The Movie Palace and the Theatrical Sources of Its Architectural Style,” Cinema Journal 20, no. 2 (Spring 1981), 17 – 19.

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built in 1914; and the Lawler Theater (not extant) at 221 – 223 1st Avenue Southwest was constructed in 1916. Finally, the Chateau Dodge Theater (extant and listed on the NRHP) at 15 1st Street Southwest was constructed in 1927. The Chateau was an example of an atmospheric theater, theaters “designed to give moviegoers the illusion that they were sitting in an outdoor elegant garden.” The exterior featured an architectural style described as “French chateau” or a hybrid of the French and Byzantine styles. The Empress, Lawler, and Metropolitan each held 1,000 seats, while the Chateau held 1,600. All were operated by the Finkelstein and Ruben Amusement Company, which by the late 1920s operated 125 theaters across the country.26

Chateau Theater, 1938. Courtesy of the History Center of Olmsted County.

The Great Depression was a catalyst for change in both the movie watching experience and the design of movie theaters. Historian Richard Butsch notes that

The Depression abruptly redefined the movie-going experience. It halted the promotion of movie-going as an experience of luxury at the movie palace. In its place, price, comfort and

26 Robert Frame, “Chateau Dodge Theater,” National Register of Historic Places nomination, April 1980, Section 8, https://npgallery.nps.gov/GetAsset/454faa87-eb58-4c93-bcbf-746dad444c24/; “Empress Theater,” Cinema Treasures, accessed June 7, 2021, http://cinematreasures.org/theaters/45864; History Center of Olmsted County, “Metropolitan Theater,” Cinema Treasures, accessed June 7, 2021, http://cinematreasures.org/theaters/60340; Kenney, Twin Cities, 135; Keiter Directory Company, Rochester City and Olmsted County Directory (Rochester, MN: Keiter Directory Co., Inc., 1929), 44; “Rochester Starts Restoring Chateau,” Minneapolis Star Tribune, May 28, 2016.

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distraction from worries became the selling point. Movie palace construction stopped…Many theaters, mostly independents in small towns, closed their doors in the early years…The movie palaces that survived in the 1930s redefined the evening from one of champagne to one of popcorn and soda. They drastically reduced prices, eliminated or reduced the stage shows, cut staffs, and redefined their jobs. They lowered the wages of ushers and trained them for crowd control instead of courteous assistance. Many began continuous showings of movies and emphasized double features instead of lavish live stage shows. 27

These trends appear to have held true in Rochester. In a 1932 newspaper article, Rochester theater manager Ray Niles noted that “the general reduction of wages, associated with the tremendous amount of unemployment, has been responsible for a severe drop in theater attendance.”28 The Metropolitan Theater went out of business in 1931, and the Chateau was forced to closed briefly in 1932 before reopening in 1933.29 By the mid-1930s, however, lowered prices and promotional offers had successfully revived ticket sales and generated a new boom in theater construction and improvements.30 Many existing theaters were remodeled, including those in Rochester. Based on available architectural drawings on file at the University of Minnesota, it appears that the Chateau, Lawler, and Empress were all remodeled in the 1930s by the renowned theater architects Liebenberg and Kaplan.31 The firm of Liebenberg and Kaplan was a partnership between Jack Liebenberg and Seeman Kaplan. Liebenberg graduated from the newly-formed University of Minnesota School of Architecture’s in 1916. After serving in the U.S. Army Air Force during World War I, he returned to the University of Minnesota to teach architecture. Among his students was Seeman Kaplan. One of Kaplan and Liebenberg’s early projects was the redesign of the Arion Theater in Northeast Minneapolis in 1923. During the Great Depression, Liebenberg and Kaplan went on to design the renovations of many theaters in the Twin Cities and the Upper Midwest, becoming, in the words of historian Dave Kenney, “the Upper Midwest’s premiere theater architect.”32

27 Richard Butsch, "American Movie Audiences of the 1930s," International Labor and Working-Class History, no. 59 (2001): 106-20. Accessed June 7, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27672712. 28 “Chateau Theater at Rochester to Close Saturday,” Winona Daily News, June 16, 1932. 29 “Metropolitan Theater,” Cinema Treasures, accessed June 7, 2021, http://cinematreasures.org/theaters/60340; Chateau Theater at Rochester to Close Saturday,” Winona Daily News, June 16, 1932; “Chateau Theater at Rochester to be Opened Soon,” Winona Daily News, March 20, 1933. 30 Hollywood Theater, National Register of Historic Places Nomination, Section 8, https://npgallery.nps.gov/GetAsset/3162541e-19fe-4fb7-8f25-4db1af45be6f/. 31 Liebenberg & Kaplan Papers Finding Aid, Northwest Architectural Archives, accessed June 7, 2021, https://archives.lib.umn.edu/repositories/8/resources/2237/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&filter_q%5B%5D=chateau&op%5B%5D=&field%5B%5D=&limit=&q%5B%5D=*&filter_from_year=&filter_to_year=&commit=Search. 32 Kenney, Twin Cities Picture Show, 211 - 257.

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Uptown Theater in Minneapolis, c. 1939. The theater was constructed in 1916 and remodeled

in 1939 by Liebenberg and Kaplan. Courtesy of the University of Minnesota.

For many Depression-Era theaters, both remodeled and new, the new Moderne style replaced the previous opulent designs of the 1920s.33 Generally divided into two subsets, Art Deco and Streamline Moderne, the Moderne style largely rejected historical references as a source of inspiration. Art Deco architecture is generally characterized by its vertical emphasis, stylized ornamentation using geometrical forms such as chevrons and zigzags, and smooth wall surfaces. Low relief panels, strips of windows with decorative spandrels, and stepped back façades also characterize the style.34 Beginning around 1930, the Streamline Moderne style developed as a less ornamented form of Moderne architecture. Drawing from the industrial design of ships, planes, and automobiles, Streamline Moderne buildings featured smooth wall surfaces, a horizontal emphasis, rounded or curved corners and windows, and aluminum or stainless-steel detailing. Not only were Art Deco and Streamline Moderne theaters less expensive to build, but eliminating the decorative features of the 1920s movie palaces – such as chandeliers and ornamental plaster – also made them more acoustically friendly for the new “talkies” – motion pictures with sound.35

33 Kenney, Twin Cities Picture Show, 155. 34 “Art Deco Style: 1925 – 1940,” and “Moderne Style 1930 – 1950,” Pennsylvania Architectural Field Guide, accessed June 7, 2021, http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/portal/communities/architecture/styles/art-deco.html. 35 Hollywood Theater, National Register of Historic Places Nomination, Section 8, https://npgallery.nps.gov/GetAsset/3162541e-19fe-4fb7-8f25-4db1af45be6f/; Kenney, Twin Cities Picture Show, 152, 155.

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New theaters built during the Depression were smaller and less elaborate than their predecessors. According to Butsch:

The Depression took hold just as a handful of major Hollywood studios established firm control of the industry, vertically integrated from production to exhibition. These studios halted plans to build large and lavish movie palaces. Instead, they instituted a new wave of theater construction after 1932, building smaller theaters with sound systems in less expensive, modern architectural style on the business streets of neighborhoods, suburbs, and small towns to try to expand the market. In place of ushers, they turned up lights between movies so patrons could seat themselves. Concession stands selling popcorn and other refreshments became centers of profit.36

The construction of the Time Theater in 1937 reflects these trends. City directories suggest that the Time was the only new theater built in Rochester during the 1930s.37 The Time was much smaller than the Empress, Lawler, and Chateau, with a seating capacity of 400.38 The theater’s design marks it as a local example of the Moderne style, with a blend of Art Deco and Streamline Moderne elements. The symmetrical geometrical designs on its primary façade, as well as the original doors that featured half-moon windows and handles, reflected the Art Deco focus on geometric ornamentation, while the streamlined design of the original marquee was more representative of the Streamline Moderne style. The attention given the theater’s acoustical system and latest projection technology in newspaper publicity indicate that the theater was designed specifically for movies with sound. Following World War II, the theater industry was challenged by a number of factors, including the skyrocketing popularity of the television and the construction of drive-in theaters in the suburbs. Movie attendance peaked in 1946 and then began a decline.39 By the late 1950s, Rochester’s Lawler, Chateau, and Time Theaters remained in operation, though the Empress Theater had closed.40 Following the closure of Time Theater in 1982, both the Lawler and Chateau closed their doors in the 1980s.41

36 Butsch, “American Movie Audiences,” 111. 37 For example, see Keiter Directory Company, Rochester City and Olmsted County Directory (Rochester, MN: Keiter Directory Co., Inc., 1938), 48. 38 Keiter Directory Company, Rochester City and Olmsted County Directory (Rochester, MN: Keiter Directory Co., Inc., 1938), 48. 39 Kenney, Twin Cities Picture Show, 308, 331. 40 R. L. Polk & Co., Polk’s Rochester City Directory (St. Paul, MN: R. L. Polk & Company, 1957), 124. 41 “Lawler Theatre,” Cinema Treasures, accessed June 13, 2021, http://cinematreasures.org/theaters/28334; Chateau Theatre,” Cinema Treasures, accessed June 13, 2021, http://cinematreasures.org/theaters/3138.

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Rationale for Local Historical Designation

Designation Criteria

Criteria from Sec. 4-7-8 of City Code. (Numbering was changed in 2019 from A-H and old criteria is shown in the right-hand column for reference.) An “X” indicates designation criterion met by the subject property. (1) Its character, interest, or value as part of the development, heritage, or cultural

characteristics of the city, state or United States; A

The Time Theater was one of several movie theaters in Rochester during the twentieth century. The Time was much smaller than its predecessors, such as the prominent Chateau Theater (listed on the NRHP), and its contribution to local entertainment in Rochester from the 1930s through the early 1980s does not appear to have been distinguished from those other theaters in any significant way. Thus, the Time Theater does not meet Criterion 1. (2) Its location as a place of a significant historic event; B The building is not known to have been the place of a significant historic event and therefore does not meet Criterion 2. (3) Its location within and contribution as an element of a landmark district; C The building is not part of a landmark district and does not meet Criterion 3. (4) Its identification with a person who significantly contributed to the culture and

development of the city; D

While the building was constructed on property owned by the Mayo Properties Association established by Dr. Charles and William Mayo, the Time Theater is not directly identified or associated with either individual and does not meet Criterion 4. X (5) Its embodiment of distinguishing characteristics of an architectural style, period,

form, or treatment; E

The Time Theater meets Criterion 5 as a local example of the Streamline Moderne and Art Deco architectural styles and as a local example of a building type – the small movie theater constructed in the United States during the 1930s. As constructed, the building’s design incorporated elements of both the Art Deco and Streamline Moderne architectural styles, including geometric designs, smooth stone cladding, and a metal marquee. With its small size and general Moderne character, the theater was also an example of the small neighborhood theaters constructed across the United States during the Great Depression. X (6) Its identification as the work of an architect or master builder whose individual

efforts have influenced the development of the city or have contributed to the development of a nationally- or internationally-recognized style or movement;

F

The Time Theater meets Criterion 6 for its identification as the work of master architects Jack Liebenberg and Seeman Kaplan. Liebenberg and Kaplan achieved national recognition for their designs of Midwest theaters, and this building appears to be the only theater in Rochester designed by the firm. The builder, C. C. Pagenhart, was a local contractor who also constructed other buildings in Rochester; however, there is no information to suggest that this building was a particularly notable example of Pagenhart’s local work. (7) Its embodiment of elements of architectural design, detail, material, or

craftsmanship that represent a significant architectural innovation; and G

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The building does not embody the elements of architectural design, detail, material, or craftsmanship that represent a significant architectural innovation; therefore, the building does not meet Criterion 7. (8) Its location, scale, or other physical characteristics representing an established

and familiar visual feature or a neighborhood, a district, the community, or the city. H

The building is an established component of this area of downtown Rochester, having occupied its current location for over eight decades. However, it is inconspicuous and diminutive in both scale and design, especially when compared to the more prominent and elaborate commercial buildings along Broadway Avenue South. Therefore, the building does not meet Criterion 8.

Period of Significance A property’s “period of significance” is defined as the span of time in which it attained historic significance.42 The Time Theater is historically significant under Criterion 5 as a local example of the Streamline Moderne and Art Deco architectural styles and as a local example of a building type – the small Moderne movie theaters constructed in the United States during the Great Depression of the 1930s. It is also significant under Criterion 6 for its identification as the work of master theater architects Jack Liebenberg and Seeman Kaplan. In accordance with National Park Service guidelines for the designation of architecturally significant properties, the period of significance is 1937, the date of the building’s construction.43 Evaluation of Integrity

The Time Theater does not retain integrity to the period of significance.

Location The Time Theater has not been moved and retains integrity of location.

Design The Time Theater does not retain integrity of design. The primary façade has been significantly altered by the removal of the original double door entry sequence, ticket booth, metal canopy and marquee, lighting, and display cases, as well as the installation of cementitious paneling and a large awning. The addition of new window openings and entrances at the east and north elevations and a deck along the east and north elevations has also altered the property’s historic design.

Setting The Time Theater retains its historic setting, with 4th Street Southeast to the south, the west bank of the Zumbro River to the east, the former Red Owl Grocery Store to the west, and a parking lot to

42 See National Park Service, How to Complete the National Register Registration Form (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior, 1997), 42. 43 See National Park Service, How to Complete the National Register Registration Form (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior, 1997), 42.

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the north. The addition of the Riverwalk Trail along the Zumbro River does not significantly detract from the theater’s integrity of setting.

Materials The Time Theater does not retain integrity of materials. With the exception of the building’s exterior masonry, most of the theater’s distinctive materials have been lost, and new materials, including the storefront and awning, are incompatible with the original.

Workmanship The Time Theater does not retain integrity of workmanship. Though the building retains its historic masonry detailing, it has lost its marquee and canopy, the most important elements of historic workmanship.

Feeling Due to a loss of integrity of design, materials, and workmanship, including the loss of the exterior features that identified the building as a movie theater (such as a double entrance, ticket booth, marquee and canopy, and signage), the Time Theater no longer conveys its historic aesthetic and function as a Moderne movie theater and does not retain integrity of feeling.

Association The building’s redevelopment in 1983 and variety of uses over the past several decades have obscured its association with its original occupant, the Time Theater; therefore, the building does not retain integrity of association.

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Preparer Information Date of Study July 2021 Name & Title of Preparer I Lauren Anderson Organization/Firm New History Name & Title of Preparer II Molly Patterson-Lundgren, AICP, Heritage

Preservation & Urban Design Coordinator Organization/Firm City of Rochester Name & Title of Preparer III Organization/Firm

Information contributing to this study was also provided by the History Center of Olmsted County and Kevin Lund. Mr. Lund submitted an application on February 5th, 2021, requesting City designation of this property as a Landmark. He continued to research and provide additional findings throughout the property evaluation process. As of completion of this study, the City has not provided a copy of the designation for State Historic Preservation Office review, nor held a public hearing. Both of these actions are required prior to a landmark designation by the City Council.

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RED OWL GROCERY STORE Rochester Historic Landmark Eligibility

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CONTACT: LAUREN ANDERSON | 612.843.4146 | [email protected]

CITY OF ROCHESTER LANDMARK DESIGNATION

STUDY

Red Owl Grocery Store 11 4th Street Southeast, Rochester, MN 55904

July 2021

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City of Rochester Landmark Designation Study Red Owl Grocery Store 11 4th Street Southeast Rochester, Minnesota 55904 Prepared for: City of Rochester 201 4th Street Southeast Rochester, MN 55904 By: New History 575 Ninth Street Southeast, Suite 215 Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414 (612) 843-4140 www.newhistory.com For questions and comments: Meghan Elliott and Lauren Anderson [email protected]; [email protected] (612) 843-4146 ©2021 New History

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Historic Property Name: Red Owl Grocery Store Rochester Historic Landmark Eligibility

1

Property Identification & Description

Identification Historic Name Red Owl Grocery Store Current Name Legends Bar n’ Grill Address 11 4th Street North City/Twp Rochester County Olmsted Legal Description ALL TH PT OF MILL RESERVATION AS PLATTED IN MOE &

OLDS DES AS FOLL COM AT N PROPERTY LINE OF 4TH ST SE & CONTINUING TH IN A NELY DIRECTION AL E LINE OF ALLEY 175FT MORE OR LESS TH E TO THE WALL OF THE ZUMBRO RIVER TH S AL WALL BACK TO THE N PROPERTY LINE OF 4TH ST SE TH W AL N LINE 4TH ST SE TO BEG

USGS Quad Rochester, MN Property ID (PIN) 640211053797 SHPO Inventory Number OL-ROC-456 Previous Determinations National Register – Not Listed Phase 1 Survey – The 106 Group (2014)

Aerial view of Rochester, 2021. Courtesy of Olmsted County.

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Property Description Architect/Engineer/Contractor Clyde Smith (architect); C. C. Pagenhart (contractor) Style Streamline Moderne/Classical Revival Construction Date 1935 Original Use Grocery store Current Use Vacant (most recently used as a restaurant) Associated Properties/Districts N/A

Resource Type Buildings Structures Sites Objects Contributing Resources • • • • Non-Contributing Resources • Red Owl

Grocery Store

• • •

Statement of Significance The Red Owl Grocery Store is historically significant under Criterion 1 for its association with Red Owl, a notable regional chain grocery store that contributed both to the development of Rochester as well as to the rise of chain stores across the United States. As the only operating Red Owl store in Rochester from its construction in 1935 until 1952, 11 4th Street Southeast is a local example of the “modernized” grocery stores developed by Red Owl in the 1930s that anticipated the full-fledged supermarkets of the postwar era. The period of significance is 1935 – 1952, reflecting the 17-year period from the store’s opening until the opening of the Red Owl Supermarket at Miracle Mile Shopping Center in 1952. The property does not retain integrity to the period of significance and is therefore recommended as not eligible for local landmark designation.

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Physical Description of the Property

The Red Owl Grocery Store at 11 4th Street Southeast is a one-story, flat-roofed, rectangular-shaped masonry commercial building constructed in 1935. The building is located in downtown Rochester, just northwest of the 4th Street bridge over the Zumbro River. The building’s primary south elevation fronts on 4th Street Southeast. The building shares a party wall with the adjacent building to the east. The building site is bordered by a parking lot to the north and an alley to the west. In 1942, a one-story concrete block addition was added to the building’s north elevation.1 The addition was extended north in 1983. That same year, the building was connected at the interior to the adjacent building, and both buildings are now located on the same parcel addressed at 11 4th Street Southeast.2

South elevation, looking north, March 2021. Courtesy of the City of Rochester.

South Elevation

The building’s primary elevation, which faces south, is clad in rectangular Bedford stone panels. At the base of the elevation, a polished black stone water table runs the length of the façade. The center of the water table features non-original stone panels and one stack of brick, where the

1 Building permit 2686, 11 4th Street SE, February 13, 1942, City of Rochester. 2 Ankeny, Kell & Associates, “Zumbro Market,” February 17, 1983, Sheets A1 – A4, on file at the City of Rochester.

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building’s original double-door entrance was formerly located (removed in 1983).3 A modern aluminum-framed storefront window system rests above the water table. The storefront has tinted glazing, and opaque signage at the bottom half of the glazing. The top of the façade features a dentiled stone cornice and parapet cap. West Elevation

The secondary west elevation faces the alley. The southernmost portion of the façade matches the primary south elevation, with a polished stone water table, stone cladding, modern aluminum storefront system, and a dentiled stone cornice. The remainder and majority of the original 1935 building’s west façade is composed of light-colored brick with a dark-colored brick water table and a concrete or stone parapet cap. The elevation has two fixed aluminum windows with concrete or stone sills, two non-historic door openings with single flush metal doors (installed in 1983), and a louver.4 The location of a former third window opening, infilled with brick in 1983, is also visible.5 Electrical conduit and light fixtures are attached to the façade.

West elevation, looking southeast, March 2021. Courtesy of the City of Rochester.

3 Ankeny, Kell & Associates, “Zumbro Market,” February 17, 1983, Sheet A7, on file at the City of Rochester. 4 Ankeny, Kell & Associates, “Zumbro Market,” February 17, 1983, Sheet A7, on file at the City of Rochester. 5 Ankeny, Kell & Associates, “Zumbro Market,” February 17, 1983, Sheet A7, on file at the City of Rochester.

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North Elevation (Addition)

The building’s secondary north elevation faces the rear parking lot. A one-story, concrete block addition – constructed in 1942 and extended north towards the parking lot in 1983 – runs the length of the façade.6 The upper portion of the original 1935 building’s north elevation is visible above the addition. At the west side of the addition, a ramp with metal handrail leads to a set of modern aluminum and glass doors beneath an awning. A wood and concrete block trash enclosure (also installed in 1983) is attached to the addition’s north elevation.7

Entrance at north addition, looking southeast, July 2021. Courtesy of the City of

Rochester.

East Elevation

The secondary east elevation of the Red Owl Grocery Store is concealed by the adjacent building and is no longer visible.

6 Ankeny, Kell & Associates, “Zumbro Market,” February 17, 1983, Sheet A1, on file at the City of Rochester; Building permit 2686, 11 4th Street SE, February 13, 1942, City of Rochester. 7 Ankeny, Kell & Associates, “Zumbro Market,” February 17, 1983, Sheet A1, on file at the City of Rochester.

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Character-Defining Features:

The Red Owl Grocery Store does not retain integrity, and only some of its character-defining features remain.

Character-defining features that have been lost include:

• Central double-door entrance at the primary south façade and related pedestrian circulation pattern on 4th Street Southeast

• Red Owl signage and awning • Original chrome storefront windows with clear glass

Character-defining features that remain include:

• Bedford stone cladding and cornice • Polished stone water table • Brick and concrete block at the secondary west façade

Discussion of Historical Significance

Property History

The Red Owl Grocery Store was constructed at 11 4th Street Southeast in 1935.8 The store was developed on land owned by the Mayo Properties Association, the site of a former mill which the association purchased from the Rochester Milling Company in 1930.9 The store replaced Red Owl’s first Rochester location on South Broadway, opened in 1922.10 The grand opening for the new 4th Street Southeast store occurred in November of 1935. Newspaper advertisements hailed the “New De Luxe Red Owl Food Store…Complete in Every Department to Serve You with Finest Quality Foods at Saving Prices.”11 At the grand opening, the store distributed free bread and shopping bags to patrons, and musical balloons and candy to children.12

8 “Behind This Curtain…” Rochester Post-Bulletin, November 11, 1935; Deed Record No. 151, September 26, 1930, courtesy of Kevin Lund. 9 “Real Estate Record: Time Theater,” September 26, 1930, Mayo Association Real Estate Records, Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul, MN. 10 “Red Owl Grocery in New Building,” Rochester Post-Bulletin, November 14, 1935. 11 “Curtain’s Up!.” Rochester Post-Bulletin, November 13, 1935. 12 “Red Owl Food Stores,” Rochester Post-Bulletin, November 14, 1935.

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Red Owl at 11 4th Street Southeast, 1935. Courtesy of the Rochester Post-Bulletin.

The new building was constructed by local contractor C. C. Pagenhart and designed by architect Clyde W. Smith (1886 – 1952). Smith, a Minneapolis architect, appears to have specialized in designs of larger houses, though he also designed the Woodhill Country Club (near Wayzata, Minnesota) and the Minneapolis and St. Louis Railway Office Building (in Minneapolis, Minnesota).13 The Rochester Post-Bulletin called the new building designed and constructed by Smith and Pagenhart a “beautiful modern building,” “the most modern and best equipped.”14 The 100 by 45-foot store had double the floor space of the original South Broadway store, requiring an increase from four to ten or twelve employees.15 The primary façade featured a set of double doors with transoms at the center of the façade, flanked by storefront windows above a polished stone bulkhead. The storefront was covered by an awning. Above the awning, a blade sign with the iconic Red Owl logo was attached to the façade.16 The Rochester Post-Bulletin commented on the aesthetics of the new store, noting that “a larger glass-plated front, including a portion of the west side, admits an abundance of light. The store front is made more attractive by an outside finishing in Minnesota Bedford stone and

13 “Deaths,” Minneapolis Star, May 19, 1952. 14 “Curtain’s Up!.” Rochester Post-Bulletin, November 13, 1935; “Red Owl Grocery in New Building,” Rochester Post-Bulletin, November 14, 1935; “City Seeks WPA Money for Clubhouse in 1936,” Rochester Post-Bulletin, October 20, 2011, https://www.postbulletin.com/news/news/local/city-seeks-wpa-money-for-clubhouse-in/article_cb52899c-1387-55de-b899-ade2e6f7f9f3.html; Building permit 610, 11 4th Street SE, September 26, 1935, City of Rochester. 15 “Curtain’s Up!.” Rochester Post-Bulletin, November 13, 1935; “Red Owl Grocery in New Building,” Rochester Post-Bulletin, November 14, 1935. 16 “Red Owl Food Stores,” Rochester Post-Bulletin, November 14, 1935; photograph of the Red Owl Store, February 1936, Olmsted County Historical Society; Photograph of the Red Owl Store, January 1936, Olmsted County Historical Society; “Red Owl Grocery In New Building,” Rochester Post-Bulletin, November 14, 1935.

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chromium.”17 The building’s symmetrical design and dentiled cornice recalled the Classical Revival style used throughout the United States during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. On the other hand, the use of smooth and polished stone cladding as well as chromium reflected the trendy Streamline Moderne style of the 1930s.18 Free parking was provided both at the east side and the rear of the building. 19

Red Owl at 11 4th Street Southeast, 1936. Courtesy of the History Center of Olmsted County.

At the interior, the store had “ample room for groceries, fresh fruits and vegetables, dairy products, sea foods and meats.”20 According to the Post-Bulletin, interior fixtures were “modernistic in design,” with showcases and trays constructed of birch and meat counters and coolers “finished in white porcelain.”21

17 “Red Owl Grocery In New Building,” Rochester Post-Bulletin, November 14, 1935. 18 “Classical Revival Style 1895 – 1950” and “Moderne Style: 1930 – 1950,” Pennsylvania Architectural Field Guide, accessed June 16, 2021, http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/portal/communities/architecture/styles/index.html. 19 “Red Owl,” Rochester Post-Bulletin, December 19, 1935; “Red Owl Food Stores,” Rochester Post-Bulletin, November 14, 1935. 20 “Curtain’s Up!.” Rochester Post-Bulletin, November 13, 1935; “Red Owl Grocery in New Building,” Rochester Post-Bulletin, November 14, 1935. 21 “Red Owl Grocery in New Building,” Rochester Post-Bulletin, November 14, 1935.

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Red Owl at 11 4th Street Southeast, 1936. Courtesy of the History Center of Olmsted County.

The Red Owl continued to occupy 11 4th Street Southeast through approximately 1952. In 1937, the Time Theater was constructed on the adjacent parcel, obscuring the building’s east elevation. In 1942, a one-story concrete block addition was added to the store’s north elevation.22

Sanborn Fire Insurance Company Map of Rochester, 1948, Sheet No. 4. Courtesy of the

History Center of Olmsted County.

22 Building permit 2686, 11 4th Street SE, February 13, 1942, City of Rochester.

Red Owl

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In 1952, a Red Owl Supermarket opened in the new Miracle Mile Shopping Center at the west edge of Rochester. This store replaced the 11 4th Street Southeast location; by 1956, the building was listed as vacant in the Rochester City Directory.23 By 1965, the building held the Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company; during the 1970s, it was occupied by the Gold Bond Stamp premium store.24 In 1983, both this building and the adjacent building were redeveloped into a two-level restaurant and retail space known as the Zumbro Market. According to one newspaper article, the remodel included the complete gutting of the interior and an exterior “face-lift.”25 Drawings for the project filed with the project’s building permits indicate that the renovation included the removal of the primary entrance from the building’s primary south façade, the extension of the rear concrete block addition and installation of the trash enclosure at the north elevation, the infill of two window openings on the west elevation, and the addition of two door openings at the west elevation.26 11 4th Street Southeast was purchased by AFL-CIO Labor Temple Association in 2001 and then by the City of Rochester in 2013. Building permit records indicate numerous interior remodels for a variety of commercial tenants during the late twentieth and early twenty-first century. Most recently, the building was leased to the Legends Sports Bar. The building is currently vacant.27

Historic Context(s): Red Owl in Rochester The Red Owl grocery store chain was founded in Rochester in 1922, with “one small grocery”28 on 310 South Broadway (not extant).29 Founded by Ford Bell, the son of General Mills founder James Ford Bell, the company originally sold dry goods, groceries, and coal.30 By the end of the decade, Red Owl had become a familiar Midwest chain, with 175 stores in Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, North Dakota, and South Dakota.31 Red Owl was one of numerous chain grocery stores that rose to prominence in the United States during the 1920s. These chain stores, which included well-known

23 “Red Owl to Note 46th Year Here,” Rochester Post-Bulletin, March 29, 1968; R. L. Polk & Co., Polk’s Rochester City Directory, 1954 (St. Paul, MN: R. L. Polk & Co., 1954), 660; R. L. Polk & Co., Polk’s Rochester City Directory, 1956 (St. Paul, MN: R. L. Polk & Co., 1956), 83, 563; “Looking Over…” Rochester Post-Bulletin, October 8, 1952. 24 Tamara Schonsberg, “Southeast Rich in Loyalty, Memories,” Rochester Post-Bulletin, February 25, 1995; R. L. Polk & Co., Polk’s Rochester City Directory, 1965 (St. Paul, MN: R. L. Polk & Co., 1965), 70. 25 “We Will Show No Films Because ‘It’s Time,’” Rochester Post-Bulletin, April 24, 1982; Beverly Geber, “Gutting of Time Theater Is Nearing Completion,” Rochester Post-Bulletin, March 9, 1983; Lee Hilgendorf, “A XXX Theater in Rochester – Really?” Rochester Post-Bulletin, April 5, 1916; “Could the Legends Site Be Deemed a Local Landmark?” Rochester Post-Bulletin, January 28, 2021. 26 Sanborn Map Company, Fire Insurance Map of Rochester, MN, 1928, rev. 1948, Sheet 4, Proquest Digital Sanborn Maps; Ankeny, Kell & Associates, “Zumbro Market,” February 17, 1983, Sheets A1 - A7, on file at the City of Rochester. 27 Lee Hilgendorf, “A XXX Theater in Rochester – Really?” Rochester Post-Bulletin, April 5, 2016; “Could the Legends Site Be Deemed a Local Landmark?” Rochester Post-Bulletin, January 28, 2021; Building permit 00-08174, 11 SE 4th Street, December 15, 2000, City of Rochester. For examples of building permits for interior remodeling, see Building permit R11-0301CB, 11 SE 4th Street, November 4, 2011, City of Rochester; Building permit 07-01817, 11 SE 4th Street, July 25, 2007, City of Rochester; Building permit 96-00888, 11 SE 4th Street, May 14, 1996, City of Rochester; Building permit 96-00888, 11 SE 4th Street, April 1, 1996, City of Rochester. 28 “Red Owl Has Anniversary,” Green Bay Press-Gazette, May 17, 1947. 29 Keiter Directory Company, Rochester City and Olmsted County Minnesota Directory, 1923 (Rochester, MN: Keiter Directory Company, 1923), 408; “Red Owl Grocery in New Building,” Rochester Post-Bulletin, November 14, 1935; “Red Owl Has Anniversary,” Green Bay Press-Gazette, May 17, 1947. 30 William Burleson, “Red Owl Finds a New Generation of Admirers,” Hennepin History 78, no. 3 (2019), 22 – 23. 31 “Red Owl Stores, Inc., Opens Meat Market,” Minneapolis Star Tribune, April 20, 1929.

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national chains such as Piggly Wiggly, Kroger, A&P, and National Tea Company, represented a departure from the sole-proprietor specialty shops and general stores that dominated the grocery market in the 1800s. Focusing on efficiency and standardization, chain stores used bulk purchasing and high-volume sales to offer lower prices to customers. Many bought directly from manufacturers and/or produced their own brands of product, decreasing their costs per item. Many also adopted fixed price and no-credit policies, and the new concept of self-service, in which patrons were free to select their own merchandise without the help of clerks.32 Newspaper articles and advertisements covering the opening of new Red Owl stores during the 1920s indicate the company’s use of these new chain store merchandising techniques. By August of 1922, Red Owl had expanded outside of Rochester to open a store in New Ulm, Minnesota. An article in the New Ulm Review emphasized the novel nature of the new self-help grocery store for this area of rural Minnesota, and the strategies employed by Red Owl, noting that

This kind of a store, a help-yourself grocery, is a new departure in New Ulm, although stores of this kind are quite common in the East…Groceries and vegetables in the Red Owl are put up in packages and the price plainly marked. The customer may help himself, gather up the things he wants, and then go to the cashier and pay. In this way, fewer clerks are needed and quick service depends on the customer’s own speed…33

Likewise, a 1923 article in the Brainerd Daily Dispatch covering the opening of a Red Owl store in Brainerd, Minnesota noted:

The Red Owl company is entirely a Minnesota concern. It has been in business but one year, and now has fourteen stores in operation…The aim of the company is to sell well-known and nationally advertised lines of groceries of the highest quality at the lowest possible price. This is made possible through quantity buying for all stores, and through the system of the help-yourself selling on the cash and carry plan…Customers enter through a turn-stile and make their own selections from merchandise attractively arranged and easily accessible. Several clerks are always on hand to assist if patrons so desire.34

32 David Gwynn, “A Quick History of the Supermarket,” July 4, 2009, https://www.groceteria.com/about/a-quick-history-of-the-supermarket/; “Grocery Stores and Supermarkets,” Encyclopedia of Chicago, accessed June 3, 2021, http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/554.html; Tracey Deutsch, Building a Housewife's Paradise Gender, Politics, and American Grocery Stores in the Twentieth Century (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2010), 51 – 53, 58 – 62, 139. 33 “Red Owl Opened Saturday,” New Ulm Review, August 23, 1922. 34 “New Red Owl Grocerateria,” Brainerd Daily Dispatch, May 31, 1923.

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Interior of a Red Owl store in Minneapolis, c. 1920s. Courtesy of the Minnesota Historical

Society. By 1923, there were 14 Red Owl Stores located in Little Falls, St. Cloud, Sauk Center, Alexandria, Fergus Falls, Mankato, Red Wing, Faribault, New Ulm, Fairmont, Blue Earth, and Austin, in addition to Rochester. Within another year, there were 22 Red Owl stores, including in Eau Claire and Menomonie, Wisconsin. By 1929, the company had a total of 175 stores in the Midwest, including Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, and North and South Dakota, with headquarters located in Minneapolis. A 1923 newspaper article noted that Red Owl sold “package groceries…canned fruits and vegetables in season, dairy products and smoked meats.” Newspaper advertisements showcased a range of packaged groceries, such as breakfast cereals, coffee, and canned goods, as well as small selections of fresh produce.35 By 1929, 22 of the company’s 175 stores also had meat markets.36 During the 1930s, Red Owl began a modernization campaign of its existing and new stores. Newspaper advertisements and articles covering store construction and remodeling in Midwest towns suggest that this modernization plan included several elements. First, interior layout and circulation were revised to facilitate better self-service. This included wider aisles, the removal of counters that separated products from people and required clerks to service customers, and new methods of display. The chain also began to incorporate shopping carts (or “go-carts,” as the company called

35 “Red Owl Stores,” Brainerd Daily Dispatch, July 26, 1928; “Former Little Falls Girl Married,” Little Falls Herald, October 13, 1922; “Opening Saturday, June 7th,” Eau Claire Leader, June 6, 1924; “Red Owl Stores Inc.,” Dunn County News, March 13, 1924; “New Red Owl Grocerateria,” Brainerd Daily Dispatch, May 31, 1923; “Red Owl Stores, Inc., Opens Meat Market,” Minneapolis Star Tribune, April 20, 1929. 36 “Red Owl Stores, Inc., Opens Meat Market,” Minneapolis Star Tribune, April 20, 1929.

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them) into the shopping experience, removing the inconvenience of carrying heavy baskets. Second, Red Owl expanded its produce and meat departments, and updated its store equipment and technology to reflect this expansion. At some stores, “vapor spray equipment” was added to keep produce displays fresh, and seafood was added to the meat department. An article in the April 14, 1938 edition of the Dunn County News (Menomonie, WI), summarized these changes as being “in line with the company’s policy to provide better and more systematic displays, to exhibit merchandise in a more pleasing manner, and to give better and quicker service to patrons.” The aesthetic of these new or remodeled stores was commonly described as “modern.” Cleanliness was a high priority, communicated through the use of the color white. Newspaper articles also suggest that on-site parking lots were added to some locations, evidence of American automobile use even during the years of the Great Depression.37 The development of Rochester’s second Red Owl at 11 4th Street Southeast reflected these 1930s trends in Red Owl store design. While newspaper articles covering the store’s opening do not provide extensive information about its design, the inclusion of vegetables and fruits as well as seafood in the list of store departments, the incorporation of an on-site parking lot, the description of the building as “modern,” and the use of white porcelain at the interior are reflective of other Red Owls constructed or remodeled in the 1930s.38 The changes implemented by Red Owl in the 1930s were the beginning of the development of a new type of grocery store that would dominate the grocery market by the mid-twentieth century – the supermarket. The development of the supermarket began in the early 1930s with independent grocery retailers, who experimented with the development of larger stores that offered a full complement of dry goods, produce, meat, and bakery items at one location. Often located in abandoned industrial buildings away from residential neighborhoods, supermarkets relied not only on self-service and low prices to draw customers but also gaudy marketing techniques and a no-frills shopping environment. Slowly, grocery store chains adopted the ideas pioneered by these independent supermarkets, refining the concept to create a more sophisticated experience that would appeal to upscale shoppers.39

37 Information on the design of Red Owl Stores during the 1930s was derived from historic newspaper articles in Midwest newspapers. For example, see “Red Owl Store Altered to Help Shoppers…” Dunn County News, April 14, 1938; “Red Owl Invites You to the Opening Sale…” Lead Daily Call, October 13, 1938, “Announcing the Opening of a New Red Owl Store,” Gordon Journal, December 19, 1935; “Red Owl Store Moves Into New Modern Building,” Chadron Journal, June 16, 1939; “Red Owl Opens Fine New Food Market in Clark Building, Lead” Deadwood Daily Pioneer Times, April 11, 1936; “Red Owl Store Will Be Opened to the Public Friday,” Rapid City Daily Journal, June 26, 1936; “Red Owl Adds New Tables, Shelves,” Dunn County News, July 15, 1937; and “Newly-Remodeled Red Owl Store Uses New Idea in Merchandising,” Argus-Leader, May 27, 1937. For automobile history during the Great Depression, see John Bell Rae, The American Automobile Industry (Boston, MA: G. K. Hall & Company 1984), 73 – 74. 38 “Curtain’s Up!.” Rochester Post-Bulletin, November 13, 1935; “Red Owl Food Stores,” Post-Bulletin, November 14, 1935; “Red Owl Grocery In New Building,” Rochester Post-Bulletin, November 14, 1935; “Red Owl,” Rochester Post-Bulletin, December 19, 1935. 39 Paul Gilmore, “Grocery Stores and Supermarkets,” Encyclopedia of Chicago, accessed June 3, 2021, http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/554.html; Deustch, 133, 144 – 148; Paul Ellickson, “The Volution of the Supermarket Industry: From A & P to Walmart,” University of Rochester William E. Simon Graduate School of Business Administration, Working Paper No. FR 11-17, April 1, 2011, http://ssrn.com/abstract=1814166, p. 7.

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The business concept of the supermarket required each store to draw a large volume of trade. To attract and retain that trade, architectural historian Richard Longstreth notes that stores had to “offer products of dependable quality and in wide variety at low prices – prices often lower than those of major chain stores.” The cost of overhead was reduced by relying on self-service to the greatest extent possible. Large parking lots were provided to draw motorists arriving by automobile.40 According to Longstreth,

…the supermarket…helped to revolutionize the distribution system by firmly establishing low price as a transcendent factor in mass consumption appeal, by expanding the scope of self-service shopping, and by selling food and other convenience goods at a much larger volume than previously thought possible. These buildings also accelerated the trend of business development away from established nodes, with location predicated on easy access for substantial numbers of motorists.41

Though the concept was developed in the 1930s, it was not until after World War II that the supermarket really came into its own.42 Supermarkets began catering to an increasingly richer clientele, leading to their construction in suburbs and in shopping malls. The stores also expanded their offerings with additional services.43 By the early 1940s, new Red Owl stores were being identified as “supermarkets.” A newspaper article covering the 1941 Red Owl Supermarket in Deadwood, South Dakota suggests the continuity between these 1940s supermarkets and the company’s 1930s stores, noting that the store offered “easy parking in a big parking lot; modern shopping “baskets on wheels”; wide spacious aisles; easily accessible stocks for pleasant, speedy self-service; quick “no waiting” checking,” and a variety of meat and produce.44 Another newspaper article covering the 1942 remodel of an existing Red Owl Store described the new aesthetic and store layout:

All fixtures in the old store were discarded to be replaced by new-type low, sloping shelves and floor displays to afford maximum display of merchandise and easy accessibility to all goods. The store has been lengthened about twenty feet and the meat department has been installed across the back of the store…A much larger and more attractive fruit and vegetable department has been built along the right side of the store. The new super-market will be operated on the self-service principal. Rubber tired carts carrying two steel baskets are provided for customers to eliminate the burden of carrying merchandise.45

The development of supermarkets appears to have at least partially fueled the chain’s continued postwar success; by 1947, the company operated 229 stores in Minnesota, the Dakotas,

40 Richard Longstreth, The Drive-In, the Supermarket, and the Transformation of Commercial Space in Los Angeles, 1914 – 1940 (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1999), 78. 41 Longstreth, The Drive-In, 78. 42 Longstreth, The Drive-In, 77; Ellickson, “The Volution of the Supermarket Industry,” 7. 43 Ellickson, “The Volution of the Supermarket Industry,” 9. 44 “Who…” Deadwood Daily Pioneer-Times, March 14, 1941. 45 “Interior View of New Red Owl Super-Market,” Spearfish Queen City Mail, June 11, 1942.

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Wisconsin, Michigan, Montana, Wyoming, Nebraska and Iowa.46 In 1948, Red Owl constructed a supermarket as part of a new warehouse, office, bakery, and manufacturing complex in Hopkins, Minnesota. According to an article in the Minneapolis Star, this Hopkins store served as “a model for the company’s retail operations.” At this store, “the self-service principal of merchandising [was] extended to all departments,” including the meat department.47

Hopkins Red Owl Complex, 1949. Courtesy of Hennepin County Library.

Historic photographs of Red Owl Supermarkets suggest that by the 1950s and 60s, the company often utilized one-story, Midcentury commercial buildings with clear glass storefronts. The Red Owl name appeared prominently on the facade, often accompanied by the distinctive logo on a large sign or pylon. As was the case for other supermarkets, Red Owls also appeared in shopping centers.48

46 “Red Owl Has Anniversary,” Green Bay Press-Gazette, May 17, 1947. 47 “New Supermarket to Open Monday in Hopkins,” Minneapolis Star, April 30, 1948; “Red Owl Has Anniversary,” Green Bay Press-Gazette, May 17, 1947. 48 Midcentury photographs of Red Owl Supermarkets were obtained from the Minnesota Historical Society’s Collections Online, https://search.mnhs.org/index.php?brand=mhs. For example, see “Red Owl Store, Cedar Avenue, Minneapolis,” August 10, 1955; “Red Owl Store at Southdale Center, Edina,” November 20, 1956, “Exterior view of the Red Owl Store at the Miracle Mile Shopping Center, St. Louis Park,” c. 1960.

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Red Owl Store along Cedar Avenue in Minneapolis, August 10, 1955. Courtesy of the

Minnesota Historical Society. The new Red Owl constructed at the 1952 Miracle Mile Shopping Center in Rochester is illustrative of the company’s postwar supermarket development. At 150 feet wide and 140 feet deep, the store was much larger than the 1935 store at 11 4th Street Southeast. A newspaper article covering the store’s opening labeled it the “largest supermarket in the Midwest,” and the Red Owl public relations director noted that “only 40 markets in the country are as large as the Rochester store.”49 The article explained that

Self-service meat and other departments usually found in large stores of this kind will be included in the new store. In addition, a party and snack department will be provided…One of the features…will be a Kiddie Corral, a department fitted with children’s furniture, comic books and a television set, for youngsters accompanying their parents to the shopping center.50

49 “Miracle Mile Shopping Center Plans Opening,” Rochester Post-Bulletin, October 7, 1952. 50 “Miracle Mile Shopping Center Plans Opening,” Rochester Post-Bulletin, October 7, 1952.

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Red Owl Supermarket in Rochester’s Miracle Mile Shopping Center, October 7, 1952. Courtesy

of the Rochester Post-Bulletin.

Between 1952 and 1956, Red Owl sales increased from $90 million to $124 million. In 1957, there were 146 Red Owl stores, “most of them modern supermarkets” in the North Central States.51 In 1963, a second Red Owl Supermarket was constructed in Rochester at the Northbrook Shopping Center.52 Red Owl was sold to Gamble-Skogmo, Inc. in 1967.53 Following the sale, Red Owl began to decline, “acquiring a ‘second class’ image with consumers that resulted in declining market share.”54 Rochester retained a Red Owl through at least 1986.55 The chain was purchased by Supervalu in 1988.56

Red Owl Store in Rochester’s Northbrook Shopping Center, November 22, 1963. Courtesy of

the Rochester Post-Bulletin.

51 “Red Owl Stores…A Growth Stock,” Wisconsin Rapids Daily Tribune, March 28, 1957. 52 “Northbrook Shopping Center,” Rochester Post-Bulletin, November 22, 1963. 53 Randall Hobart, “Ford Bell Tells Stockholders of Red Owl’s ‘Great Future,” Minneapolis Star, June 7, 1967. 54 “Red Owl: The New Owners Expect to Turn a Profit,” Minneapolis Star Tribune, May 26, 1986; John Ewoldt, “Gone 30 Years, Red Owl Supermarkets Still Live on in Minnesotans’ Memories,” Minneapolis Star-Tribune, January 31, 2018. 55 Conrad deFiebre, “Grocery is a ‘Meet Market’ on Single’s Night,” Minneapolis Star Tribune, August 28, 1986. 56 John Ewoldt, “Gone 30 Years, Red Owl Supermarkets Still Live on in Minnesotans’ Memories,” Minneapolis Star-Tribune, January 31, 2018.

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Rationale for Local Historical Designation Designation Criteria

Criteria from Sec. 4-7-8 of City Code. (Numbering was changed in 2019 from A-H and old criteria is shown in the right-hand column for reference.) An “X” indicates designation criterion met by the subject property. X (1) Its character, interest, or value as part of the development, heritage, or cultural

characteristics of the city, state or United States; A

The Red Owl Grocery Store meets Criterion 1 for its association with Red Owl, a notable regional chain grocery store. As a home-grown chain store that eventually expanded across the Midwest, Red Owl contributed both to the development of Rochester as well as to the rise of chain stores across the United States. As the only operating Red Owl store in Rochester from its construction in 1935 until 1952, 11 4th Street Southeast is a local example of the “modernized” grocery stores developed by Red Owl in the 1930s that anticipated the full-fledged supermarkets of the postwar era.

(2) Its location as a place of a significant historic event; B The building is not known to have been the place of a significant historic event and therefore does not meet Criterion 2.

(3) Its location within and contribution as an element of a landmark district; C The building is not located within a landmark district and therefore does not meet Criterion 3.

(4) Its identification with a person who significantly contributed to the culture and development of the city;

D

While the building was constructed on property owned by the Mayo Properties Association established by Dr. Charles and William Mayo, the Red Owl Grocery Store is not directly identified or associated with either individual and does not meet Criterion 4.

(5) Its embodiment of distinguishing characteristics of an architectural style, period, form, or treatment;

E

At the time of its construction, the building displayed elements of both the Classical Revival and Streamline Moderne styles. Its design did not embody the distinguishing characteristics of either style; therefore, the building does not meet Criterion 5.

(6) Its identification as the work of an architect or master builder whose individual efforts have influenced the development of the city or have contributed to the development of a nationally- or internationally-recognized style or movement;

F

The architect of the building, Clyde W. Smith, was a Minneapolis architect primarily known for his design of larger houses. The builder, C. C. Pagenhart, was a local contractor who also constructed other buildings in Rochester. There is no information to suggest that this building was a particularly notable example of Smith or Pagenhart’s work; therefore, the building does not meet Criterion 6.

(7) Its embodiment of elements of architectural design, detail, material, or craftsmanship that represent a significant architectural innovation; and

G

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The building does not embody the elements of architectural design, detail, material, or craftsmanship that represent a significant architectural innovation; therefore, the building does not meet Criterion 7.

(8) Its location, scale, or other physical characteristics representing an established and familiar visual feature or a neighborhood, a district, the community, or the city.

H

The building is an established component of this area of downtown Rochester, having occupied its current location for over eight decades. However, it is inconspicuous and diminutive in both scale and design, especially when compared to the more prominent and elaborate commercial buildings along Broadway Avenue South. Therefore, the building does not meet Criterion 8.

Period of Significance

A property’s “period of significance” is defined as the span of time in which it attained historic significance.57 The Red Owl Grocery Store is historically significant under Criterion 1 for its association with Red Owl, a notable regional chain grocery store that contributed both to the development of Rochester as well as to the rise of chain stores across the United States. As the only operating Red Owl store in Rochester from its construction in 1935 until 1952, 11 4th Street Southeast is a local example of the “modernized” grocery stores developed by Red Owl in the 1930s that anticipated the full-fledged supermarkets of the postwar era. Therefore, the period of significance is 1935 – 1952, reflecting the 17-year period from the store’s opening until the opening of the Red Owl Supermarket at Miracle Mile Shopping Center in 1952.

Evaluation of Integrity

The Red Owl Grocery Store does not retain integrity to the period of significance.

Location The Red Owl Grocery Store has not been moved and retains integrity of location.

Design The Red Owl Grocery Store does not retain integrity of design. The removal of the entrance and distinctive chromium storefront from the primary façade significantly altered the building’s historic design, removing its ability to function as a distinct building, as well as altering its relationship with the street. The replacement of the clear glass storefront with the current tinted glazing and opaque signage also altered the spatial relationship of the interior to the exterior, eliminating the transparency critical to the storefront’s historic function as the grocery store’s display area. The removal of Red Owl’s signage, a distinctive design element, the extension of the rear concrete-block addition, and the installation of entrances at the west elevation have also detracted from the building’s historic design.

57 See National Park Service, How to Complete the National Register Registration Form (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior, 1997), 42.

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Setting The Red Owl Grocery Store retains its historic setting along 4th Street Southeast, with the Time Theater abutting its east elevation; an alley and a block of commercial buildings to the west; and a parking lot to the north.

Materials The Red Owl Grocery Store does not retain integrity of materials. Though the building retains some of its original masonry cladding, windows have been replaced and original entrance doors removed. Even more importantly, the building’s chromium storefront, the distinctive feature critical to the building’s function and aesthetic as a modernized Red Owl grocery, has been removed.

Workmanship Though the distinctive Red Owl signage has been removed, the remaining historic masonry, including the polished stone water table and dentiled cornice, allows the building to communicate its historic workmanship.

Feeling Due to a loss of integrity of design and materials, as well as the building’s capacity to function as a stand-alone commercial building, the property no longer conveys its historic function as a 1930s Red Owl Grocery Store and does not retain integrity of feeling.

Association The building’s redevelopment in 1983 and variety of uses over the past several decades have obscured its association with its original occupant, the Red Owl Grocery Store; therefore, the building does not retain integrity of association.

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Preparer Information Date of Study July 2021 Name & Title of Preparer I Lauren Anderson Organization/Firm New History Name & Title of Preparer II Molly Patterson-Lundgren, AICP, Heritage

Preservation & Urban Design Coordinator Organization/Firm City of Rochester Name & Title of Preparer III Organization/Firm

Information contributing to this study was also provided by the History Center of Olmsted County and Kevin Lund. Mr. Lund submitted an application on February 5th, 2021, requesting City designation of this property as a Landmark. He continued to research and provide additional findings throughout the property evaluation process. As of completion of this study, the City has not provided a copy of the designation for State Historic Preservation Office review, nor held a public hearing. Both of these actions are required prior to a landmark designation by the City Council.

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Subject: MEMO on timeline of historic inclusion Date: 09.15.21 — Public Hearing on Red Owl + Time Theater To: Molly Patterson-Lundren From: E Christine Schultze, HPC Chair As it seems that many folks are unaware that the Red Owl and Time Theater properties were long identified as historic properties of interest in Rochester, I hope you will read a brief summary.

Up to 2013 The Red Owl + Time Theater properties — or Zumbro Market after 1978 flood, and Embers, Moon Shine Shortys, Union Labor Center, Legends Bar/Labor Temple — were included in many historic inventories and lists.

2014 The City Council (CC), following adoption of Heritage Preservation Ordinance 19B.04 (HPO19B.04) in late 2013, contracted with The 106 Group to complete Phase I Surveys of past historic inventories and lists of individual properties. The 106 Group made no surveys for districts, as district consideration was not part of the contract. The Red Owl + Time Theater properties were reviewed as one building in contracted work, and the 106 Group recommended the building as not individually eligible, based on Rochester Ordinance 19B.04, in “Minnesota Architecture - History Inventory Form OL-ROC-456.”

2015 Independent of the survey recommendation noted, in early 2015 a local heritage group comprised of interested and qualified historians, the Rochester Conservancy (RC), noted that review for a downtown historic district was warranted. They then met over many weeks to review and research. April 2015, the RC presented to the CC a “Downtown Historic District Addition” — a three page chart showing 25 properties, including #20 Red Owl + Time Theater, a contributing district property. The RC recommended addition of the district properties to Group 106 lists for further historic review. May 2015, a City approved Task Force (TF) began review of the Heritage Preservation Ordinance 19B.04 (HPO19B.04) and properties for listing and/or further historic review. October 2015, the TF reported to the CC the following: (1) HPO19B.04 recommendations (2) Property recommendations: (a) Properties recommended for Local Landmark designation. (b) Properties recommended for Potential Landmark designation — which included the RC identified “Downtown Historic District Addition.” [see attached]

2016 TF “Property Recommendations” were directed to the Heritage Preservation Commission (HPC). Over much of the year, City Departments reviewed and revised Draft HPO19B.04. Late 2016, HPO19B.04, as revised by City staff, was adopted.

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2017/2018/2019 February 2017, the CC designates Potential Landmarks, as recommended by the TF, with the exception of: (1) Challenged Properties, which were not brought forward for consideration. (2) “Downtown Historic District Addition” Properties, which were not brought forward for consideration. The HPC requests and receives CC approval for a designation study for a Downtown Historic District. As the HPC proceeds: (1) The City of Rochester and Bloom Holding have agreement(s) for city-owned land along the Zumbro River. The Red Owl and Time Theater buildings are located on the property covered by the agreement(s). (2) PVN is identified as historic consultant for designation study. (3) In HPC in working with staff and PVN to identify logical buildings for district designation study, respects extant City agreement(s) with Bloom Holding, and removes the Red Owl and Time Theater buildings from consideration. The CC recognizes that HPO19B.04 gives the HPC the right to designate Potential Landmarks. The HPC designates as Potential Landmarks those properties identified in PVN’s work as contributing to Downtown Historic District.

2021 Agreements between the City of Rochester and Bloom Holding have ended. A request for Landmark designation of The Red Owl and Time Theater properties is received. The HPC designates The Red Owl and Time Theater properties as Potential Landmarks. Public Hearing on Red Owl and Time Theater Landmark designation scheduled for 09.15.21

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In DMC District Boundaries:Downtown Historic District Addition:25 Possible Contributing Properties for Evaluation:Conservancy 04.06.15 Council

11 Sontes Wine Bar and Tapas

Union National Bank RES 4 3 St SW OL-

ROC-444 1869 same

Survived fire 1878, George Allen, city Atty, law offices, Bud Wilson Muni Judge, Toogood Stevenson loan & insurance, Bank Officers: FT Olds, JD Blake, treas. & mayor, Dr. Graham, J Daniels, AC Gooding,

12 The Taphouse Kennedy Bldg. UDD BIAS 10 3 St SW OL-

ROC-056 Built Julia Kennedy

c.1899 1888 Saloon construction to be built 1899

13 Downtown Kitchen Daube Saloon DD 14 3 St SW OL-

ROC-443 1920 1920 Saloon 1919 Eagle

14 Bilotti's Half Barrel Kruesel's Gen Merch DH Williams RES 304 1 Ave SW OL-

ROC-057

Com'l Italianate?

Bldr: Col. DH Wlliams

1879 1880 Agricultural Implements; Williams was Colonel in Civil War; prominent in city

15Downtown Book and Video/ China Hall 1937

Stebbens Building UDD 220 1 Ave SW OL-

ROC-029 Garfield Schwartz contract

1917 same Built as Office Bldg,; 1899 China & Glassware in Sanborn

16 Newts / City Cafe‚ Jonathan Cassedy granite works

UDD 216 1 Ave SW OL-ROC-393 1930 1895 Jonathan Cassedy granite in 1860s

before 1899-1930 as marble works.

17City Market /Olive Juice Studios (AKA Wellington Sq.)

Henry Dlouhy's Saloon

UDD BIAS 212 1 Ave SW OL-

ROC-392 c.1900 1895

1904 Henry Dlouhy Saloon; 1913 Rochester Commercial Club; Civic League, Automobile Club C. Mayo; lots of important businessmen upstairs became chamber

18 Blakely Building BlakelPost & Reccord UDD 210 1 Ave SW OL-

ROC-028 1902 same1902-1930s Built as Rochester Post & Record by Amherst Willoby Blakely; 1904 Saloon there, too

19 Riverside Olmsted County Coopertive UDD

400 S Broadway Ave

OL-ROC-064 1920 same 1920 OCC; 1930 Nelson tire; Orlen

Ross; Louise Hill

20 Moon Shine Shortys / Union Labor Center Time Theater UDD

BIAS 11 4 St SE OL-ROC-456 1938 1946 1938 Red Owl 1st IBM employee

21 Patterson Dahlberg Lund

Dr. Kelly's Brick Block RES

330 Broadway Ave S

OL-ROC-548 1858 1900

1884 Saloon & Restaurant; Rochester Republican 1899 Columbia Hotel, Powderly shoes

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E Christine Schultze

E Christine Schultze

mplundgren

Textbox

Excerpt from material provided to the City Council in October 2015 - properties recommended by Task Force for Potential Landmark.

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Packet Pg. 67

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Packet Pg. 88

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Packet Pg. 89

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Packet Pg. 90

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Packet Pg. 91

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Packet Pg. 92

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Packet Pg. 93

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Packet Pg. 94

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Packet Pg. 95

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Packet Pg. 96

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Packet Pg. 97

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Packet Pg. 98

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Packet Pg. 99

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Packet Pg. 100

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Packet Pg. 101

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Packet Pg. 103

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Packet Pg. 105

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Packet Pg. 106

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Packet Pg. 107

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Packet Pg. 108

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Packet Pg. 109

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Packet Pg. 110

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Packet Pg. 111

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Packet Pg. 112

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Packet Pg. 113

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Packet Pg. 114

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Packet Pg. 115

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Packet Pg. 117

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Packet Pg. 118

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KEVIN A. LUND

511 15TH AVENUE S.W.

CITY

55902

To: Ms. Molly Patterson-Lundgren, Rochester Community Development

Rochester Heritage Preservation Commission

Re: Red Owl/Time Theatre Landmark status July 27, 2021

Dear Ms. Patterson-Lundgren and Commission members,

I was unable to access my e-mails until early yesterday morning and take note of

the New History report and that the above matter is scheduled to be discussed at

this afternoons Heritage Preservation Commission (“HPC”) meeting.

Unfortunately I am unable to attend this meeting after 5:30 p.m. because of a prior

commitment to attend the dedication of the new Soldier’s Memorial Field track

and work the long jump pit for the Hal Martin All Comers Meet after the

dedication. As an aside, the HPC played an important understated role in that

project for which the community is most grateful.

I have just had the opportunity to briefly review the New History City of Rochester

Landmark Designation Study of the Red Owl and Time Theatre site(s). It

represents outstanding work, particularly the critically important detailed context

study surrounding these two buildings relative to the Great Depression, movie

going architectural/construction trends and the ever evolving grocery store

business model.

I intend to set forth a more detailed argument with respect to a number of the

conclusions drawn but, in the interest of brevity, just wanted to highlight one.

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It relates to Sec. 4-7-8 (4) “Its identification with a person who significantly

contributed to the culture and development of the city”

In this regard it is critical that the Mayo Properties Association needs to be

understood and developed as part of this analysis. Here is a part of that history:

“An event occurred in the 1915-1919 period that made Mayo Clinic secure for

future generations. On October 8, 1919, Drs. William J. and Charles H. Mayo

signed the deed of gift that conveyed all of the physical properties and assets of

Mayo Clinic to Mayo Properties Association. The event climaxed the work of a

committee established in 1918 by the Mayo brothers. Its members, Harry J.

Harwick, Judge George W. Granger and Burt W. Eaton, carefully worked out the

agreement that remains today.

Mr. Harwick was associated with Mayo from 1908 until 1952, and was the key

figure in developing the concept of lay administration at the institution. As a

protégé of Dr. William J. Mayo, he fostered the evolution of medical

administration as an enhancement to group practice that frees the physician from

the daily burdens of routine business affairs.

In 1917 the Mayo brothers persuaded Judge Granger to resign his district judgeship

and become their legal counsel for several years while he helped Mr. Harwick

work out the details of the Clinic’s reorganization plan. Judge Granger had

previously assisted with the legalities of establishing Mayo Graduate School of

Medicine in 1915

The Legal Department at Mayo had its origins in the activities of Burt W. Eaton,

pioneer Rochester attorney. Around 1900, Eaton became the Mayo brothers’

financial advisor and the attorney who handled their legal matters, including the

early partnership agreements. During his early days of law practice, Eaton’s

partner was Frank B. Kellogg, who later went to Washington as U.S. Secretary of

State and was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for Pact Outlawing War.

With respect to the Mayo Properties Association, Mayo’s 4th, 5th and 6th partners-

Drs. Henry S. Plummer, E. Starr Judd and Donald C. Balfour, Sr. were original

incorporators and members of the Mayo Properties Association.

With lifetime appointments, Dr. Will and Dr. Charlie served until their deaths in

1939 on the Board of Members, the governing body of Mayo Properties

Association, the forerunner of today’s Mayo Foundation.”

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Nelson, Clark W., Mayo Roots Profiling the Origins of Mayo Clinic, 1990 (Mayo

Historical Unit Mayo Foundation).

The Mayo brothers and other prominent community members were undoubtedly

involved in the planning and construction of Red Owl and the Time Theatre while

operating under the Mayo Properties Association legal entity.

Among other things, I would like to be afforded the opportunity to research, either

independently or with New History, Mayo Clinic and other records which may

illuminate why Mayo Properties Association constructed a modern grocery store

and theater. Furthermore, the link between two internationally renowned entities,

General Mills and the Mayo Clinic, needs additional research now that it has been

determined that Ford Bell was involved in the Red Owl endeavor.

I’m waiting to hear from the University of Minnesota in terms of scheduling time

to conduct such research on campus and hope to do so next week during my

vacation.

I apologize for the length of this letter, but am just now analyzing what additional

information would be valuable in making such an important landmark designation

decision. This information would also be most helpful to SHPO in their review as

well

I would hope that HPC consideration of this matter could be deferred until your

next meeting to afford a brief period of time to explore and present additional

facts/factors to support or refute the conclusions arrived at by New History.

Thank you for your consideration.

Respectfully submitted,

Kevin A. Lund

Private citizen

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Mayo Clin Proc, January 2001, Vol 76 The Physician-Administrator Partnership 107

Mayo Clin Proc. 2001;76:107-109 107 © 2001 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research

Special Article

The Physician-Administrator Partnership at Mayo Clinic

One hundred years ago, Dr Will and Dr Charlie Mayowere seeing their medical practice grow at a rate that

required business practices to match. Mr William Graham,an elder brother of Edith Mayo (Mrs Charlie) and thebrother of one of the original partners, Dr ChristopherGraham, was asked by Dr Will to make some sense out ofthe partnership’s books. The year was 1901, and it wasrumored that the finances of the partnership were in disar-ray. Mr Graham, a semiretired businessman in Rochester,was then in his late 50s. From then on, Mr Graham contin-ued to come to the business office almost daily until hisdeath at age 93 in 1940.

In 1908, Dr Will decided the clinic had reached a state oforganization that required more sophisticated businessmanagement. He was impressed by a 19-year-old man whohad recently moved to Rochester from Winona to work atthe First National Bank of Rochester. He hired youngHarry Harwick, and the two of them formed the first physi-cian-administrator partnership, a model that has served thisinstitution well for more than 90 years.

In 1910, Harry Harwick married William Graham’sdaughter, Margaret. Their son, J. William Harwick, joinedthe section of administration after graduating fromDartmouth in 1935, and their daughter, Margaret, married ayoung internist on the Mayo staff, Dr Wallace E. Herrell.Bill Harwick became secretary of the Board of Governorsin 1953, the year Harry Harwick retired after 44 years asMayo’s first chief administrative officer. Bill Harwickserved the Board of Governors as secretary until he retiredin 1976 as well as a brief stint as chief administrativeofficer from 1972 to 1976 after the retirement of Mr SladeSchuster.

Dr Wallace and Margaret Harwick Herrell’s son, John,joined the administrative department in 1968 after a 3-yearbanking career in Chicago, following his graduation fromthe Harvard Business School. He was named chief admin-

JOHN H. HERRELL

Mr Herrell is chief administrative officer, Mayo Clinic, Rochester,Minn. This article was adapted from Mr Herrell’s Dr Carlos Evansand Elizabeth Virginia Margeson Harrison Lecture given October 18,2000.

Address reprint requests and correspondence to John H. Herrell,Mayo Foundation, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905 (e-mail:[email protected]).

istrative officer in 1993 and steps down from that role in2001, 100 years after his great-grandfather first joined theMayo partnership.

This obviously is the history of my family. I do notknow of any other non–family-owned enterprise

where one family has served in the business affairs of thatenterprise for 100 continuous years. I never knew my great-grandfather, William Graham, but I spent a great deal oftime with my grandfather, Harry Harwick, and workedwith my uncle, Bill Harwick, for 8 years before his retire-ment. These family ties bring a unique perspective to theMayo tradition of the physician-administrator partnershipmodel.

To understand the uniqueness of this physician-admin-istrator model, it is necessary to understand the unique-ness of the Mayo business model. The professional staffat Mayo Clinic is salaried. There are no incentive payschemes, and this is true for both physicians and profes-sional administrators. Thus, the financial incentives of thephysicians and the professional administrators are aligned.Both groups can focus on what is best for the patientwithout one group profiting from the other. This structurealso has allowed us to set aside capital over the years tomeet the institution’s long-term financial needs. The prac-tice of medicine in a not-for-profit setting will never behighly profitable because we are a group of professionals

For personal use. Mass reproduce only with permission from Mayo Clinic Proceedings.

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The Physician-Administrator Partnership Mayo Clin Proc, January 2001, Vol 76108

who have bonded together to conduct our professional liveswithin this model. If the practice is highly profitable, it willbe reflected in the staff salaries. However, salaries aredetermined for the year, and there is no expectation of morein a given year, which would not be possible in a setting inwhich staff are incentivized. The lack of incentive payallows for a margin to be saved and reinvested.

Another aspect of the Mayo business model that sets usapart from others in health care, particularly other aca-demic medical centers, is the concept of physician leader-ship. Physician leadership does not necessarily meanphysician management of everything, but physician leader-ship is an essential element in the direction of everything.I believe strongly that physicians are and must be re-sponsible for what happens in the care of patients. This istrue regardless of the business model. What differen-tiates Mayo Clinic is the structure that makes the physicianaccountable for what happens throughout the institution.If the institution fails, the physicians have only them-selves to blame. This fact affects physician behavior atMayo Clinic in a positive way. They must keep the in-stitution’s interests in mind because those interests arealigned with their own.

In the typical academic medical center, administratorsand physicians are constantly jockeying for position andadvantage. Their relationship appears to be adversarial, andtheir interests are often not aligned. Prior to 1986, MayoClinic suffered from some characteristics of such a mis-alignment when Saint Marys and Rochester Methodist hos-pitals were separately managed and governed. Because ofthe closed staff nature of these hospitals and the uniquecharacter of the Sisters of Saint Francis, however, align-ment of interests was not as bad as may typically be foundin other settings, but it was far from perfect. The integrationof Mayo Clinic with Saint Marys and Rochester Methodisthospitals in 1986 was a watershed event in the history ofthe institution. At that point, we brought the cooperativephysician-administrator model, which had existed in theoutpatient setting for 78 years, to the inpatient setting,beginning with the relationship developed by my grandfa-ther and Dr Will. We now manage our hospital environ-ments with a triumvirate of a physician leader, a nurseleader, and a senior administrator. This team ensures thatthe nursing staff has input into management of the hospitalin a way seldom if ever seen at other medical institutions.

We now can focus all our attention on what is best forthe patient, both clinically and financially. We now con-sciously blur the distinction between outpatient and inpa-tient care, again with the only consideration being the bestinterest of the patient. Sadly many medical centers spendtoo much time and energy protecting their separate inpa-tient and outpatient turfs.

The last distinguishing feature of the Mayo businessmodel is the centralized purse. Fees and salaries are setcentrally and not by each department, as is typical of mostmajor medical centers. Department chairs are asked toconcentrate on quality, the efficient use of resources, andthe personal development of their colleagues. Mayo is ameritocracy. There are no haves and have-nots. Researchideas are funded based on their merits, not on how muchrevenue a department can generate. Capital is allocated tothe greatest clinical need. The integrated practice is rein-forced by integrated finances.

It is this integrated financial structure that allows for andfosters cooperation among the members of the staff. Noone loses when a patient is referred to a colleague, and thepatient wins, with the assurance that the clinician with thebest expertise in a given area is the one focused on thepatient’s problem. Human beings are economic animalsand respond to economic stimuli. We have worked veryhard at Mayo to remove the stimuli that work against thepatient’s interest and the interests of our colleagues. If thereis a weakness, it is the lack of incentive to work harder andlonger. However, I have always marveled at the dedicationand selfless effort Mayo staff bring to their jobs. I cannotexplain it with economic theory, but I believe it is the resultof the peer review and peer interactions inherent in theintegrated practice. All of us interact to an unusual degreewith our colleagues, and the pride of belonging to a suc-cessful team is the prime motivator.

Having said all this, I would like to focus on the physi-cian-administrator partnership that has developed at MayoClinic and make some observations about how it developedand where it is heading. The administrative people whohave served this institution for 100 years have shared acommon attribute: They have all believed deeply in thevalues of the institution and have taken great pride in itsaccomplishments. The pursuit of personal wealth is cer-tainly not high on anyone’s list, or we would not be here.Just as our physician colleagues, we are salaried with nobonuses, no profit sharing, and no stock options. Most ofmy classmates from the Harvard Business School havedone a little better financially than I have. But I, like manyof my administrative colleagues, was attracted to a highercalling. I was working for a Chicago commercial bank in1968 and mentioned to my mother that working at theMayo Clinic must be gratifying, given the noble purpose ofthe institution. I never considered actually doing it. Sheobviously talked with her brother, Bill Harwick, andshortly thereafter I received a call from Slade Schustersaying they needed someone in finance within the MayoDepartment of Administration. After a period of introspec-tion, I dragged my poor wife, kicking and screaming, fromChicago to Rochester. The rest is history. All the chief


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Mayo Clin Proc, January 2001, Vol 76 The Physician-Administrator Partnership 109

administrative officers of Mayo after my grandfather, ex-cept Bob Fleming, were born in Rochester and all under-stood the culture and values of this great institution. BobFleming came to Rochester in his early 20s to play hockeyfor the Mustangs, a local semiprofessional team, got a jobin the business office, and spent more than 40 years atMayo Clinic. We all believed in the greatness of MayoClinic and were motivated by a desire to be part of it. It isremarkable that H. J. Harwick has had only 5 successors:Slade Schuster, Bill Harwick, Bob Roesler, Bob Fleming,and me.

The great disappointment I have had as an adminis-trator at Mayo Clinic is that occasionally I encounter anattitude among my physician colleagues that assumes that Ihave an agenda different from theirs. At times, some of thephysicians seem to assume that administrators only careabout money and do not share the physician’s values. If wecared only about money, we would not be here. Adminis-trators do not receive a bonus if the institution makes moremoney. The business model I described earlier is carefullydesigned to align our interests, not to create competingforces. The physicians have as much at stake as administra-tors do to ensure that the institution prospers financially.Administrators have as much at stake as the physicians doto ensure that the patients are well cared for and that ourresearch and education programs are second to none. As Isaid earlier, the physicians are responsible and accountablefor the success of the institution. Administrators are re-sponsible and accountable to our physician colleagues tohelp make that happen. We have knowledge and skills theymay not have and play a vital role in this institution’s

success, but the measures of success are identical for bothgroups.

As Mayo Clinic becomes larger and more complex, themanagement skills of people trained in management and itsallied professions will become even more important inensuring the future of the institution, which is too complexto be managed by amateurs. I would entreat my physiciancolleagues not to become overly enamored with becomingbusiness managers. Trust your administrative colleagues tohave your best interests at heart. The practicing physicianacting in a part-time management capacity with an edu-cated, experienced, and trained administrative colleague isa model that works best for this institution. It ensures thateverything we do is done with a physician’s perspective inan efficient and effective way.

At the end of this year, I will step down as chief admin-istrative officer, and for the first time in 100 years, nomember of my family will be engaged in the managementof Mayo Clinic’s business affairs. I hope the Graham-Harwick-Herrell family will be remembered as one that hascontributed in a remarkable way to this great institution. Ithas been good to us, and I believe we have earned our keep.The future is truly exciting to behold. The informationrevolution and the genomic revolution are waiting forMayo to take a leadership role, and we are in a greatposition to do so. The physicians, other scientists, andadministrators on our staff have the talent and ability totake this institution to greater heights. Mayo has the finan-cial, intellectual, cultural, and physical resources to makethat happen, and I am proud that my family and I haveplayed a role in the creation of that potential.


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