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8/18/2019 3copy Black Se Golde

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ELECTRICITY GENERATION FROM

SPEED BRAKER

by

Rajeev Kumar Gangwar !"#$##""%&'

Kame()war Daya* !"#$##""+"'

Raja Ram !"#$##""%!'

Ramen,ra Kumar !"#$##""%$'

De-ar.men. /0 Me1)an21a* Eng2neer2ng

S)r2 S2,,)2 32naya4 In(.2.u.e O0 Te1)n/*/gy

D/)na Bare2**y 56P6'

A-r2* &"!#


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ELECTRICITY GRNERATION FROM SPEED BRAKER

by

Rajeev Kumar Gangwar !"#$##""%&'

Kame()war Daya* !"#$##""+"'

Raja Ram !"#$##""%!'

Ramen,ra Kumar !"#$##""%$'

Submitted to the Department of Mechanical Engineering

in partial fulfillment of the requirements

for the degree of

Bachelor of Technology

in

Mechanical Engineering

SHRI SIDDHI VI !"!# I STIT$TE %& TE'H %(%)"

$*+* Technical $ni,ersity (uc-no.

!pril/ 0123


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DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this submission is my o.n .or- and that/ to the best of my

-no.ledge and belief/ it contains no material pre,iously published or .ritten by

another person nor material .hich to a substantial e4tent has been accepted for

the a.ard of any other degree or diploma of the uni,ersity or other institute of

higher learning/ e4cept .here due ac-no.ledgment has been made in the te4t*

Signature

ame5 Ra6ee, #umar )ang.ar

Roll o*5 2137331180

Date5 **9**90123

CERTIFICATE


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This is to certify that +ro6ect Report entitled :Electricity )eneration &rom

Speed Bra-er;* .hich is submitted by Ra6ee, #umar )ang.ar in partial

fulfillment of the requirement for the a.ard of degree B* Tech* in Department of Mechanical of $*+* Technical $ni,ersity (uc-no./ is a record of the candidate

o.n .or- carried out by him under my9our super,ision* The matter embodied in

this thesis is original and has not been submitted for the a.ard of any other

degree*

Da.e7 Su-erv2(/r

ACKNO8LEDGEMENT


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It gi,es us a great sense of pleasure to present the report of the B* Tech +ro6ect

underta-en during B* Tech* &inal "ear* > for his

full support and assistance during the de,elopment of the pro6ect*


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ame 5

Roll o*5

Signature5

ame 5

Roll o*5

Signature5

ame 5

Roll o*5


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T!B(E %& '% TE TS +age

'H!+TER 2? I TR%D$'TI% >>>>>>>>>>>**@2?3A

2*2S'%+E %& THE +RESE T >>>>>>>>>@ A2*0B!SI' +RI 'I+(E>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>*@CA

0? >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>**@21?2 A

0*2 E(E'TRI'IT" )E ER!TI% &R%M R!'# ! D +I I%

ME'H! ISM>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>*>@23?2 A

0*0 'R! # SH!&T ME'H! ISM>>>>>>>>>>>*@2CA

'H!+TER ?(ITER!T$RE REVIE>>>>>>>>>*@27A

*2 B(%'# DI!)R!M>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>**@28A

*0 '% STR$'TI% DET!I(S>>>>>>>>>>>>@2 ?02A

* EF$I+ME T REF$IRED>>>>>>>>>>>>*>@00?03A

* *2 R!'# ! D +I I% >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>@00A

* *0 B!(( BE!RI )>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>*@00A

* * S+$R )E!R>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>@00A

* *3 &(">>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>**@0 A

* * SH!&T>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>**@0 A

* *C )E ER!TER>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>*@0 A

* *7 &IRST (!>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>**@03A

* *8 SE'% D (!>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>*@03A

'H!+TER 3?DIS'RI+TI% >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>*@0 ?0CA


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3*2 H!RD>>>>>>>>>>>>***@0C? 1A

3*0 E(E'TRI'IT" )E ER!TI% >>@ 2? A

'H!+TER ?+%>>>>>>>>>>*>*@ CA

*2V%(T!)E )E ER!TI% @VSA(%!D>>>>>>>>>>>>@ 7A

C?!DV! T!)E>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>**@ 8A

7?!++(I'!TI% S>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>@ A

8?'% '($TI% >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>**@31?32A

?RE&ERE 'ES>>>>>>>>>**>>>>>>>>>>>>@30?3 A


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LIST OF TABLES

&igure 2*25?*Bloc- Diagram

&igure 0*25?Bloc- Diagram of DTM& Decoder

&igure 0*05? &ilter %utput

&igure0* 5? Decoding 'ircuit

&igure0*35? Timing Diagram


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@E4ampleA

LIST OF SYMBOLS

G4 Integer ,alue of 4*

ot Equal

∈ Belongs to

J Euro? ! 'urrency

K %ptical distance

K o %ptical thic-ness or optical half thic-ness


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@E4ampleA

LIST OF ABBRE3IATIONS

!!M !cti,e !ppearance Model

I'! Independent 'omponent !nalysis

IS' Increment Sign 'orrelation

+'! +rincipal 'omponent !nalysis

R%' Recei,er %perating 'haracteristics


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AIM

To )enerating electricity from speed brea-ers


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ABSTRACT

Before starting I ha,e one question to you all .ho is really ,ery happy .ith the

current situation of the electricity in IndiaL I suppose no one * so this is my step toimpro,e the situation of electricity .ith a inno,ati,e and useful concept ie )enerating

Electricity from a Speed brea-er &irst of all .hat is electricity means to usL

Electricity is the form of energy* It is the flo. of electrical +o.er * Electricity is a

basic part of nature and it is one of our most .idely used forms of energy*


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.hen the ,ehicles passes o,er a speed brea-er* (ots of energy is generated .hen

,ehicle passes o,er it*


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off the high.ay* This pro6ect is about )E ER!TI% %& E(E'TRI'IT" .ith the

S+EED BRE!#ERS* )enerally .hen ,ehicle is in motion it produces ,arious forms

of energy li-e/ due to friction bet.een ,ehicle s .heel and road i*e* rough surface

HE!T Energy is produced/ also .hen ,ehicle tra,eling at high speed stri-es the

.ind then also heat energy is produced .hich is al.ays lost in

en,ironment and of .hich .e can t ma-e*

'entral !sia energy crisis caused by abnormally cold temperatures and lo. .ater

le,els in an area dependent on hydroelectric po.er* South !frican electrical crisis

Solution for Energy 'risis ne4t time on the roads/ don t scoff at the speed?brea-ers*They could actually light up small ,illages off the high.ay* )enerally .hen ,ehicle is

in motion it produces ,arious forms of energy li-e/ heat energy/ .ind energy etc*/ all

these energies can t ma-e use of is 6ust the .astage of energy that is abundantly

a,ailable around us*

In this paper it is mainly focused on the principle of +otential Energy to Electrical

Energy 'on,ersion * +otential energy can be thought of as energy stored .ithin a‖

physical system* This energy can be released or con,erted into other forms of energy/

including -inetic energy* It is called potential energy because it has the potential to

change the states of ob6ects in the system .hen the energy is released* If h is the

height abo,e an arbitrarily assigned reference point/ then #inetic energy of an ob6ect

is the e4tra energy .hich it possesses due to its motion* It is defined as the .or-

needed to accelerate a body of a gi,en mass from rest to its current ,elocity* Ha,ing

gained this energy during its acceleration/ the body maintains this -inetic energy

unless its speed changes* egati,e .or- of the same magnitude .ould be required to

return the body to a state of rest from that ,elocity* In this paper it is e4plained the

.or-ing of a mechanism to generate po.er by con,erting the potential energy

generated by a ,ehicle going up on a speed brea-er into -inetic energy*


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:! ,ehicle .eighing 2/111 -g going up a height of 21 cm on such a rumble strip

produces appro4imately 1* 8 -ilo.att po.er* So one such speed?brea-er on a busy

high.ay/ .here about 211 ,ehicles pass e,ery minute/ about one -ilo .att of

electricity can be produced e,ery single minute* The figure .ill be huge at the end of

the day/; he said* The !ssam po.er ministry is e4pected to bac- the IIT pilot pro6ect*

Das says a storage module li-e an in,erter .ill ha,e to be fitted to each such rumble

strip to store this electricity* The cost of electricity generation and storage per mega

.att from speed?brea-ers .ill be nearly Rs 2 crore as opposed to about Rs 8 crore in

thermal or hydro po.er stations* e4t time on the roads/ don t scoff at the speed?

brea-ers* They could actually light up small ,illages off the high.ay*!n amateur

inno,ator in )u.ahati has de,eloped a simple contraption that can generate po.er

.hen a ,ehicle passes o,er a speed brea-er* #ana- )ogoi/ a small time businessman/

has de,eloped a mechanism to generate po.er by con,erting the potential energy

generated by a ,ehicle going up on a speed brea-er into -inetic energy* The

inno,ation has caught the eye of the Indian Institute of Technology @iitA/ )u.ahati/

.hich .ill fund a pilot pro6ect to generate electricity from speed?brea-ers*

The idea is basic physics* )ogoi has .elded fi,e?metre?long metal plates into the

speed?brea-er instead of the con,entional bitumen?and?stone?chip rumble strip* The

plates are mo,able and inclined .ith the help of a spring?loaded hydraulic system*

The fulcrum?attached plates are pushed do.n .hen a ,ehicle mo,es o,er them and

bounce bac- to original position as it passes*

U


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up a height of 21 cm on such a rumble strip produces appro4imately 1* 8 -ilo.att

po.er* So one such speed?brea-er on a busy high.ay/ .here about 211 ,ehicles pass

e,ery minute/ about one -ilo .att of electricity can be produced e,ery single minute*

The figure .ill be huge at the end of the day/U he said* The !ssam po.er ministry is

e4pected to bac- the iit pilot pro6ect* Das says a storage module li-e an in,erter .ill

ha,e to be fitted to each such rumble strip to store this electricity* The cost of

electricity generation and storage per mega .att*

Installation and utili=ation of the pro6ect5P This arrangement shall be installed at the toll gate of high.ay/ .here the speed of

,ehicles is limited9slo./ .hich is ideal to operate the arrangement in proper manner*P Energy from the running ,ehicles on the road can be utili=ed for the fruitful purpose

of energy transformation to generate electricity*

P The energy .hich is being lost .ithout any utili=ation no. can be trapped*

P The generated electricity shall be useful to illuminate street lights in the ,icinity of

toll gate/ to charge $+S Batteries/ to charge cartridge batteries of electric cars at

battery charging depot at toll gate*


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S1/-e /0 .)e Pre(en. 8/r4

The utili=ation of the electrical energy is goon increasing .ith the gro.th of

population* The $nited States of !merica @$S!A is the .orld s second largest

producer and consumer of electricity @'ecels-i/ B et al, 2 7 A* It consumes about

01 of the .orld s supply of electricity* This is gi,en by the $S D%E Energy

Information !dministration9Electric +o.er !nnual 0122*

Total electrical energy consumption in 0122 .as 3/2 8 Billion -


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BASIC PRINCIPLES7

• Simple energy con,ersion from mechanical to electrical*• To generate electricity using the ,ehicle -inetic energy as input•


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This pro6ect e4plains the mechanism of electricity generation from speed brea-ers*G2

G0 G The ,ehicle load acted upon the speed brea-er system is transmitted to rac- and

pinion arrangements* Then/ reciprocating motion of the speed?brea-er is con,erted

into rotary motion using the rac- and pinion arrangement .here the a4is of the pinion

is coupled .ith the sproc-et arrangement* The sproc-et arrangement is made of t.o

sproc-ets* %ne of the sproc-et is larger in dimension than the other sproc-et* Both the

sproc-ets are connected .ith chain .hich transmits the po.er from the larger

sproc-et to the smaller sproc-et* !s the po.er is transmitted from the larger sproc-et

to the smaller sproc-et/ the speed that is a,ailable at the larger sproc-et is relati,elymultiplied at the rotation of the smaller sproc-et* The a4is of the smaller sproc-et is

coupled to a gear arrangement* Here .e ha,e t.o gears .ith different dimensions*

The gear .heel .ith the larger diameter is coupled to the a4is of the smaller sproc-et*

Hence/ the speed that has been increased at the smaller sproc-et .heel is passed on to

this gear .heel of larger diameter* The smaller gear is coupled to the larger gear*

Therefore/ as the larger gear rotates it increases the speed of the smaller gear .hich isfollo.ing the larger gear and multiplies the speed to more intensity* Though the speed

due to the rotary motion achie,ed at the larger sproc-et .heel is less/ as the po.er is

transmitted to gears/ the final speed achie,ed is high* This speed is sufficient to rotate

the rotor of a generator and is fed into the rotor of a generator* G3 The rotor .hich

rotates .ithin a static magnetic stator cuts the magnetic flu4 surrounding it/ thus

producing the electric moti,e force @emfA* This generated emf is then sent to anin,erter/ .here the generated emf is regulated* This regulated emf is no. sent to the

storage battery .here it is stored during the day time and can be used in night time for

pro,iding po.er to street lights*


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used to con,ert the rotary in to linear motion The rac- is the flat/ toothed part/ the

ratchet is the gear* The diameter of the gear determines the speed that the rac- mo,es

as the pinion turns* Rac- and pinions are commonly used in the steering system of

cars to con,ert the rotary motion of the steering .heel to the side to side motion in the

.heels* ! ratchet is a mechanical de,ice that allo.s continuous linear or rotary

motion in only one direction .hile pre,enting motion in the opposite direction* Rac-

and ratchet gears gi,e a positi,e motion especially compared to the friction dri,e*


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ELECTRICITY GENERATION FROM OF ROLLER

MEC9ANISM7 oil production peak occurred in December

Before starting I ha,e one question to you all .ho is really ,ery happy.ith the current situation of the electricity in IndiaL I suppose no one * so this is my

step to impro,e the situation of electricity .ith a inno,ati,e and useful concept ie

)enerating Electricity from a Speed brea-er &irst of all .hat is electricity means to

usL Electricity is the form of energy* It is the flo. of electrical +o.er * Electricity is a

basic part of nature and it is one of our most .idely used forms of energy*


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o. I m thro.ing some light on the ,ery ne. and inno,ati,e concept ie

)E ER!TI ) E(E'TRI'IT" &R%M ! S+EED BRE!#ER * +roducing electricity

from a speed brea-er is a ne. concept that is under going research* The number of

,ehicles on road is increasing rapidly and if .e con,ert some of the -inetic energy of

these ,ehicle into the rotational motion of roller then .e can produce considerable

amount of electricity/ this is the main concept of this pro6ect* In this pro6ect/ a roller is

fitted in bet.een a speed brea-er and some -ind of a grip is pro,ided on the speed

brea-er so that .hen a ,ehicle passes o,er speed brea-er it rotates the roller* This

mo,ement of roller is used to rotate the shaft of D*'* generator by the help of chain

dri,e .hich is there to pro,ide 25 speed ratio * !s the shaft of D*'* generator rotates/it produces electricity* This electricity is stored in a battery* Then the output of the

battery is used to lighten the street lamps on the road* o. during daytime .e donLt


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need electricity for lightening the street lamps so .e are using a control s.itch .hich

is manually operated *The control s.itch is connected by .ire to the output of the

battery* The control s.itch has % 9%&& mechanism .hich allo.s the current to flo.

.hen needed*

%ne question that u all are thin-ing is .hy I ha,e apply this on the speed brea-er and

not on the rough road or plane road .here the -inetic energy of the ,ehicle is more

then .hat I m getting on the speed brea-er I m gi,ing u one e4ample/ 6ust thin- o,er

it*

! car or any hea,y ,ehicle is coming .ith a speed of 211 mph on the road and

passing o,er this roller .hich is fitted at the le,el of the road then this roller is

gaining the speed nearly some.here 1 mph @due to lossesA* So no. suppose a cycle

is coming .ith a speed of 01 mph and is going to pass this roller @.hich is mo,ing at

a speed of 1 mphA due to this difference in the speed there .ill be a collision that is

the main reason for using this concept on the speed breaker.

Side ,ie.


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Top ,ie.Main Disad,antage of using roller mechanism in generating electricity using

speed brea-er5 Suppose/.hen a car or a ,ehicle is coming .ith a speed of 81

-mph on the road and passing o,er this roller .hich is fitted at the le,el of the

road then this roller is gaining the speed nearly some.here C1?71-mph due to

losses*So no. a cycle or bi-e coming at a speed of 01 -mph and is going to

pass this roller @.hich is mo,ing at a speed of C1?71 -mphAdue to this speed

difference speed collision .ill ta-esplace/.hich ma-es the ,ehicle to mo,e

a.ay from its path .hich may lead to accidents*


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ELECTRICITY GENERATION FROM OF RACK AND PINIONMEC9ANISM7

This mechanism is the third mechanism * it is the cran- shaft mechanism* .hene,er

the ,ehicle going on the speed brea-er /the speed brea-er goes do.n.ards *so/ the

potential energy is con,erted into -inetic energy* here/ .e are used cran- shaft

mechanism for the de,elopment of the small amount of electricity* the electricity

sa,es on the battery storage unit *the cran- shaft mechanism is regained its pre,ious

position vice versa.


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CRANKS9AFT MEC9ANISM7

The cran-shaft is a mechanism that transforms rotary mo,ement into linear

mo,ement/ or ,ice ,ersa* &or e4ample/ the motion of the pistons in the engine of a car

is linear @they go up and do.nA* But the motion of the .heels has to be rotary*

So/ engineers put a cran-shaft bet.een the engine and the transmission to the .heels*

The pistons of the engine mo,e the cran-shaft and the mo,ement becomes rotary*

Then the rotary mo,ement goes past the clutch and the gear bo4 all the .ay to the

.heels*

LITERAT5RE RE3IE8

produce more po.er and store it for use at night time as it pro,es to be a boon to the

economy of the country* The energy crisis is a bottlenec- in the supply of energy

resources to an economy* The studies to sort out the energy crisis led to the idea of

generating po.er using speed brea-er* &irst to ma-e use .ere South !frican people/their electrical crisis has made them to implement this method to light up small

,illages of the high.ay* The idea of basic physics to con,ert the -inetic energy into


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electrical energy that goes .aste .hen the ,ehicle runs o,er the speed?brea- .as

used* Since then a lot has been done in this field* The idea caught our .or-ing team

and .e ha,e decided to de,elop such a pro6ect that .ill produce more po.er and

store it for use at night time as it pro,es to be a boon to the economy of the country*

The energy crisis is any great bottlenec- in the supply of energy resources to an

economy* The studies to sort out the energy crisis led to the idea of generating po.er

using speed brea-er* &irstly/ South !frican electrical crisis has made them

implemented this method to light up small ,illages of the high.ay* The idea is basic

physics/ to con,ert the -inetic energy into electrical energy that gone .asted .hen the

,ehicle runs o,er speed?brea-er G * Since then/ a lot has been done in this field* !n

amateur inno,ator/ #ana- )ogoi in )u.ahati has de,eloped a similar contraption to

generate po.er/ .hen a ,ehicle passes o,er speed?brea-er* The idea has caught the

eye of IIT?)u.ahati/ .hich funded the pilot pro6ect related to generate electricity

from speed?brea-ers* They has e,aluated the machine and recommended to the

!ssam go,ernment* Their .or- has pro,ided the need to thin- on this alternati,e to

generate electricity on the large scale/ as it pro,es to be a boon to the economy of the

country*

BLOCK DIAGRAM


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CONSTR5CTION DETAILS7

The ,arious machine elements used in the construction of po.er hump are


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2?R!'#

0?S+$R )E!R

?&("


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0 S+$R )E!R '!ST IR% 0&("


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increased* This arrangement is fitted in high.aysO the complete arrangement is

kept inside the oor level except the speed brake arrangement.

E:5IPMENT RE:5IRED

Ra14 an, P2n2/n Gear(


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The rac- and pinion used to con,ert bet.een rotary and translatory motion* The rac-

is the flat toothed part/ .hile the pinion is the gear* Rac- and pinion can con,ert

rotary to linear of from linear to rotary motion*

&ig5 (ine diagram of po.er hump Ba** Bear2ng(! roller?element bearing is a bearing .hich carries a load by placing round elements

bet.een the t.o pieces* The relati,e motion of the pieces causes the round elements

to roll@tumbleA .ith little sliding* They reduce the friction and transmit the motion

effecti,ely *

S-ur Gear

It is a positi,e po.er transmission de,ice .ith definite ,elocity ratio* It is preferred

for ad6usting some linear misalignment* It should ha,e high .ear and tear/ shoc-?

absorbing capacity*

F*yw)ee*


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The primary function of fly.heel is to act as an energy accumulator* It reduces the

fluctuations in speedG * It absorbs the energy .hen demand is less and releases the

same .hen it is required*

+6+6 S)a0.

It is a rotating element/ .hich is used to transmit po.er from one place to another

place* It supports the rotating elements li-e gears and fly.heels* It must ha,e high

torsional rigidity and lateral rigidity*

+6; Genera./r

It is a de,ice/ .hich con,erts mechanical energy into electrical energy* The generator

uses rotating coils of .ire and magnetic fields to con,ert mechanical rotation into a

pulsing direct electric current through :&araday s la. of electromagnetic induction;*‟

FIRST LA87


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De(1r2-.2/n7

The dynamo uses rotating coils of .ire and magnetic fields to con,ert mechanical

rotation into a pulsing direct electric current through &araday s la. * ! dynamomachine consists of a stationary structure/ called the stator / .hich pro,ides a constant

magnetic field / and a set of rotating .indings called the armature .hich turn .ithin

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_(electricity)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraday's_law_of_inductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armature_(electrical_engineering)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_(electricity)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraday's_law_of_inductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armature_(electrical_engineering)


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that field* The motion of the .ire .ithin the magnetic field causes the field to push on

the electrons in the metal/ creating an electric current in the .ire* %n small machines

the constant magnetic field may be pro,ided by one or more permanent magnets O

larger machines ha,e the constant magnetic field pro,ided by one or more

electromagnets / .hich are usually called field coils *

The commutator .as needed to produce direct current *


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9ARD8ARE RE:5IREMENTS

• STEPPER MOTOR

LED(

SOLDER 8IRE P3C 8IRES

BOLT

SCRE8

Stepper Motor 5


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si4 .ire oneA The si4 .ire stepper is actually t.o motors on one shaft/ so the si4

.ires can immediately be separated into t.o groups of three* Each group .ill ha,e

some connection to each other/ but no connection to any of the other group* In each

group/ one .ire is the common and the other t.o are the opposite ends of a .inding

.hich .ill gi,e out oppositely phased !'*

In terms of resistance/ the reading from the common to either end .ill be half the

reading across the t.o ends* Ha,ing found the common on one set/ you can use the

same process to find the common in the other one* !ll four .indings .ill ha,e almost

e4actly the same resistance*

The ma6ority of steppers are si4 .ire/ but there are other ,arieties* &i,e .ire ones are

easyO the t.o commons on the si4 .ire ha,e already been connected together for you

.hich ma-es things easier* Eight .ire ones are 6ust li-e a si4 .ire but .ith all the

.indings separate/ and four .ire ones are half of an eight .ire one @or half a si4 .ire

one .ith the t.o .indings separateA*

There s more than one .ay to .ire up the stepper to get a D' output* $nli-e thedynohub/ you can t .ire it up to a bulb and run it off !' as it s got four separate

phases and connecting any t.o directly .ill cause a short and stall it* %n the other

hand/ if you re bursting to generate some po.er/ connecting a small light bulb/ say CV

211 m! from % E of the li,e phases to the common and turning the spindle .ith

your fingers should get a result* It s quite a good .ay to find out if you re going to get

a useful amount of po.er out of it/ but you ll only get a quarter of the possible po.er

that .ay* The simplest .ay to .ire it up is to lin- the t.o commons to the minus

terminal and then connect each of the four li,e phases through a small diode to the

plus one as sho.n * Here s .hat it loo-s li-e *

The four li,es .ill each go positi,e @and then negati,eA one after the other li-e the

cylinders of a car firing and the diodes collect together all the positi,e pulses and feed

them out* Because of the o,erlapping phases/ the rectified !' ne,er goes do.n to=ero li-e it .ould from a normal bridge rectifier* +utting the bulb across the output

should gi,e a stronger result than before and a D' ,oltmeter .ill sho. that the output

http://www.c-realevents.demon.co.uk/steppers/resdiag.GIFhttp://www.c-realevents.demon.co.uk/steppers/stepdc.GIFhttp://www.c-realevents.demon.co.uk/steppers/stepdc.GIFhttp://www.c-realevents.demon.co.uk/steppers/stepdcreal.JPGhttp://www.c-realevents.demon.co.uk/steppers/rectwave.GIFhttp://www.c-realevents.demon.co.uk/steppers/resdiag.GIFhttp://www.c-realevents.demon.co.uk/steppers/stepdc.GIFhttp://www.c-realevents.demon.co.uk/steppers/stepdcreal.JPGhttp://www.c-realevents.demon.co.uk/steppers/rectwave.GIF


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,oltage is more or less proportional to the rotation speed* This is normal for a

permanent magnet alternator and you .ill need to use a regulator limit the ,oltage*

Because the stepper is acting as an !' generator/ it doesn t matter .hich .ay you turn

it so designs in .hich it is turned alternately for.ard and bac- by a treadle or foot

pedal are possible*

If the motor you ,e got is rated at V but you .ant to generate enough ,oltage to

charge a 20V battery/ you can often get a.ay .ith 6ust spinning it a bit faster* If that

doesn t .or-/ you may be better off using this ,oltage doubler circuit .ith t.o bridge

rectifiers* I ,e built a pedal generator .hich can be s.itched bet.een the t.oconfigurations/ and there s less difference bet.een them than you d e4pect* The

double ,oltage configuration gi,es a good ,oltage at lo.er speeds but has less current

capability as there s t.ice the .inding resistance* The normal four diode setup gi,es

more current .hen dri,en faster/ but not t.ice as much as the !' impedance of the

.indings has an effect due to the higher frequency* The pro6ect here is all about sorts

of scrapped and secondhand de,ices can be used to generate your o.n electricity* 'ar alternators are an ob,ious one if you .ant to charge 20 Volt batteries* Small

permanent magnet motors such as radiator fan motors or cassette recorder motors are

easy to use as they produce D' po.er directly .ithout any e4ternal circuits li-e

rectifiers or control bo4es*

There is another type of electric motor .orth considering ? the small stepper motors

used in old computer printers* They are quite small and aren t suitable for producing

more than a fe.


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used in old computer printers* They are quite small and aren t suitable for producing

more than a fe.


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one for turning the disc .hich .as sometimes a D' motor on older ones and tangled

into the circuit board on later models* Very old hard dri,es @on 08C or 8C computers

and less than 211MA use a small stepper to mo,e the head array* Modern hard dri,es

use an analogue gal,anometer insteadO it contains a pair of ama=ingly strong magnets

? mind your fingers if you e4tract themY +hysically large motors li-e the single ones

.hich dri,e laser printers are ob,iously more po.erful than small onesO anything less

than an inch in diameter is probably only suitable for running a fe. (ED s* They re

%# for educational purposes or ma-ing illuminated things for playing .ith at chill?

outs* @See the page on ma-ing Hub Disc T.irly ThingsA

Steppers come .ith different resolutions* Virtually all steppers are either 2*8Z or 7* Z

per stepO @011 steps or 38 steps per re,olutionA the difference can be felt easily if you

turn the spindle by hand* The 2*8Z ones are ob,iously better for generating at really

lo. re,s/ but also top out lo.er* The coils in steppers ha,e a relati,ely large

inductance/ and beyond a certain speed the output frequency gets so high that the

impedance of the coils starts to become significant and limits the current*


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scrapped ones ha,e been made into neat hydro generators by a local company

appropriately called Ecoinno,ation* The 01cm diameter motor in the Smart Dri,e

.ashing machine is an e4ample of the nice big motors 6ust around the corner*


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.ires coming out* @There are also fi,e/ four and eight .ire ,ersionsO I ll come to those

later ? they are easy to understand once you ,e sussed the si4 .ire oneA The si4 .ire

stepper is actually t.o motors on one shaft/ so the si4 .ires can immediately be

separated into t.o groups of three* Each group .ill ha,e some connection to each

other/ but no connection to any of the other group* In each group/ one .ire is the

common and the other t.o are the opposite ends of a .inding .hich .ill gi,e out

oppositely phased !'*

In terms of resistance/ the reading from the common to either end .ill be half the

reading across the t.o ends* Ha,ing found the common on one set/ you can use the

same process to find the common in the other one* !ll four .indings .ill ha,e almost

e4actly the same resistance*

The ma6ority of steppers are si4 .ire/ but there are other ,arieties* &i,e .ire ones are

easyO the t.o commons on the si4 .ire ha,e already been connected together for you

.hich ma-es things easier* Eight .ire ones are 6ust li-e a si4 .ire but .ith all the

.indings separate/ and four .ire ones are half of an eight .ire one @or half a si4 .ire

one .ith the t.o .indings separateA*

There s more than one .ay to .ire up the stepper to get a D' output* $nli-e the

dynohub/ you can t .ire it up to a bulb and run it off !' as it s got four separate

phases and connecting any t.o directly .ill cause a short and stall it* %n the other

hand/ if you re bursting to generate some po.er/ connecting a small light bulb/ say CV

211 m! from % E of the li,e phases to the common and turning the spindle .ith

your fingers should get a result* It s quite a good .ay to find out if you re going to get

a useful amount of po.er out of it/ but you ll only get a quarter of the possible po.er

that .ay* The simplest .ay to .ire it up is to lin- the t.o commons to the minus

terminal and then connect each of the four li,e phases through a small diode to the

plus one as sho.n* Here s .hat it loo-s li-e *

The four li,es .ill each go positi,e @and then negati,eA one after the other li-e thecylinders of a car firing and the diodes collect together all the positi,e pulses and feed

them out* Because of the o,erlapping phases/ the rectified !' ne,er goes do.n to

http://www.c-realevents.demon.co.uk/steppers/resdiag.GIFhttp://www.c-realevents.demon.co.uk/steppers/stepdc.GIFhttp://www.c-realevents.demon.co.uk/steppers/stepdcreal.JPGhttp://www.c-realevents.demon.co.uk/steppers/rectwave.GIFhttp://www.c-realevents.demon.co.uk/steppers/resdiag.GIFhttp://www.c-realevents.demon.co.uk/steppers/stepdc.GIFhttp://www.c-realevents.demon.co.uk/steppers/stepdcreal.JPGhttp://www.c-realevents.demon.co.uk/steppers/rectwave.GIF


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=ero li-e it .ould from a normal bridge rectifier* +utting the bulb across the output

should gi,e a stronger result than before and a D' ,oltmeter .ill sho. that the output

,oltage is more or less proportional to the rotation speed* This is normal for a

permanent magnet alternator and you .ill need to use a regulator limit the ,oltage*

Because the stepper is acting as an !' generator/ it doesn t matter .hich .ay you turn

it so designs in .hich it is turned alternately for.ard and bac- by a treadle or foot

pedal are possible*

If the motor you ,e got is rated at V but you .ant to generate enough ,oltage to

charge a 20V battery/ you can often get a.ay .ith 6ust spinning it a bit faster* If thatdoesn t .or-/ you may be better off using this ,oltage doubler circuit .ith t.o bridge

rectifiers* I ,e built a pedal generator .hich can be s.itched bet.een the t.o

configurations/ and there s less difference bet.een them than you d e4pect* The

double ,oltage configuration gi,es a good ,oltage at lo.er speeds but has less current

capability as there s t.ice the .inding resistance* The normal four diode setup gi,es

more current .hen dri,en faster/ but not t.ice as much as the !' impedance of the.indings has an effect due to the higher frequency*

PO8ER CALC5LATION

Theoretical 'alculation @!ppro4imateA

(et us consider/ The mass of a ,ehicle mo,ing o,er the speed brea-er \ 2 1#g

@!ppro4*A

Height of speed bra-e \21 cm


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&orce \


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A--*21a.2/n(

The generated po.er is stored in the batteryO one can use this charge to ,arious

purposes* Mainly the generated po.er is used in t.o aspects*

Street (ights 5

! Street light/ lamppost/ street lamp/ light standard/ or lamp standard is a raised

source of light on the edge of a road or .al-.ay/ .hich is turned on or lit at a certain

time e,ery night* Modern lamps may also ha,e light?sensiti,e photocells to turn them

on at dus-/ off at da.n/ or acti,ate automatically in dar- .eather*

Traffic (ights 5


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Traffic lights/ .hich may also be -no.n as stoplights/ traffic lamps/ traffic signals/

signal lights/ robots or semaphore/ are signaling de,ices positioned at road * +o.er

generation using speed brea-er system can be used in most of the places such as5

This technique can be used in all high.ays*

This technique can be used in all road.ays Speed bra-e*

This mechanism of generating of electricity can be placed on the actual speed brea-er

of the roads* The po.er is generated .hen the ,ehicles pass through it*


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resources* are depleting ,ery fast and

by the turn of the century man .ill ha,e to depend upon non con,entional sources of

energy for po.er generation* The ,arious types of non?con,entional sources of

energy are solar energy/ .ind energy/ biogas etc> no. by de,eloping :+%


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REFERENCESG2 * Sharma*+*' / +rinciple of rene.able energy systems @+ublic printing ser,ice/

e. Delhi/ 011 A*

G0 * Sharma*+*'/ on?'on,entional po.er plants @+ublic printing ser,ice/ e. Delhi/

011 A*

G * Mu-her6ee*D 'ha-rabarti*S/ on?con,entional po.er plants @+ublic printing

ser,ice/ e. Delhi/ 011 A*G3 * !n-ita/ Meenu Bala/ +o.er )eneration &rom Speed Brea-ers/ International

Wournal %f !d,ance Research In Science and Engineering/ 0@0A/ 012 *


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G * Miller R/ +o.er System %peration/ @Mc)ra.? Hill/ e. "or-/ 2 71A*

GC * Sharma/ +*'*/ : on?con,entional po.er plants;/ +ublic +rinting Ser,ice/ e.

Delhi/ 011 *

G7 * Mu-her6ee/ D* 'ha-rabarti/ S*/ : on?con,entional po.er plants;/ 011 *

G8 *Mu-her6ee/ D* 'ha-rabarti/ S* :&undamentals of rene.able energy systems;/

e. !ge international limited publishers e. Delhi/ 011 *

G * Sharma/ +*'*/ :+rinciples of rene.able energy systems;/ 011

G21


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