1. 1. Differences in perceptual-cognitive skills in team, individual, and non- athletes, and effects of dual-tasking on multiple object tracking. Robert Gronbeck. Cairns Sports Performance Clinic, Cairns, Australia
2. 2. Areas covered Acknowledgements What Im really interested in A tale of two meta-analyses Two empirical approaches Moderator variables A new method emerges Transferability effects Meet our sample Experience the Neurotracker Results Explanation & reflection Upping the ante Meet our sub-sample Dual-task performance Results Achieving mastery Explanation & reflection Limitations Future directions In summary Q & A or play 2
3. 3. Acknowledgements I Would Like to Thank: James Cook University, Cairns, Australia Dr Jocelyn Faubert, University Montreal Dr Nerina Caltabiano, Honours Supervisor Family & friends encouraged & supported me We Stand On The Shoulders of Giants 3
4. 4. Faster, bigger, stronger trends 4
5. 5. What Im really interested in: Perceptual-Cognitive Skills Major Focus of Study Measuring Visual Tracking Speed (VTS) Dual Task Performance Secondary focus Decision making motor tasks and VTS Individual Differences Individual and team sport athletes with non-athletes 5
6. 6. A tale of two meta-analyses Perceptual-Cognitive Expertise (2007, 2010) Elite athletes possess superior procedural/declarative knowledge, decision making, cue utilisation, & attentional allocation capacities. Common research variables include response accuracy, reaction time, fixations, saccades, and quiet eye. No tasks of executive function or dual task performance included. 6
7. 7. Two empirical approaches Expert performance approach Sports specific content creates ecological saliency where expertise can be observed. Cognitive component skills approach Non-specific, non-sport related assessments to measure cognitive capacities. 7
8. 8. Moderator variables Sport Type Interceptive, Strategic, Other Static, Interceptive, Strategic Paradigm Recall, recognition, occlusion, decision making, anticipation, spatial & temporal. Presentation Video, static, field 3D a suggested improvement 8
9. 9. A new method emerges 3D Multiple object tracking (3D-MOT) Impact of stereoscopic vision & 3D representation on MOT performance. (Tinjust, Allard & Faubert, 2008). Professional, elite, non-athletes. (Faubert, 2013) . Professional basketballers, positions & player statistics (Hoffman, 2014). Findings MOT speed dependent on athlete level, position played, 3D presentation, and positively correlated to basketball stats. 9
10. 10. 10 3D Multiple object tracking (3D-MOT) Experienced amateur footballers & passing accuracy (Romeas, 2014) Enhanced cognitive function using perceptual-cognitive training (Parsons, 2014). Improving performance task attention. (Parsons, Bates & Faubert, 2013). Findings Training with 3D-MOT enhanced passing accuracy, cognitive function & neuroelectric brain function. Transferability effects
11. 11. Participants n = 131 (n = 14 non-athletes) 69.5% team sport (n = 91) 19.8% individual sport (n = 26) Age Levels 19.1% under 15 (n = 25) 24.4% 15 20 (n = 32) 32.8% 20 35 (n = 43) 23.7% 35+ (n = 31) 11 Meet our sample
12. 12. 12 Experience the Neurotracker
13. 13. Results 13 Individual differences Athlete VTS was significantly higher (M = 0.94) than non-athletes (M = 0.49), p