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Narendran & Perera, SIL 2018 1
3D Printing Opportunities for SSL Components and Fixtures
Nadarajah Narendran and Indika U. Perera
Lighting Research Center Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Troy, NY 12180
Session Number: T2 S1 P1
Narendran & Perera, SIL 2018 2
What is 3D printing?
3D printing process: • Objects are fabricated by depositing material using print heads, nozzles, or other material deposition or solidification processes using a layer by layer approach with digital information from a computer‐aided design (CAD) model.
• Also known as additive manufacturing (AM)
• Several types of AM processes
http://edition.cnn.com/TECH/spec ials/make‐create‐innovate/3d‐ printing/ Example of vat photopolymerization
https://3dprinting.com/what‐is‐3d‐printing/
Narendran & Perera, SIL 2018 3
3D printing processes and material
Polymer Metal
Ceramic
Material jetting Direct energy deposition
Vat photopolymerization Material extrusion Binder jetting
Powder bed fusion Sheet lamination
Source: Adopted from IDTechEx 2018, Masterclass 7 handouts http://www.3ders.org/articles/20170524‐sculpteos‐newly‐released‐state‐of‐3d‐printing‐2017‐report‐shows‐a‐maturing‐market.html
Narendran & Perera, SIL 2018 4
3D printer and material manufacturers
• 3D Printers • Thermoplastic extrusion
• Stratasys, Ultimaker, RepRap • Selective laser sintering
• 3DSystems, EOS • Vat photopolymerization
• Formlabs, 3DSystems, Carbon 3D • Direct metal laser sintering/Electron beam melting
• EOS, GE (Concept Laser, Arcam) • Binder/Material jetting
• 3DSystems, hp, Stratasys
• Materials • Thermoplastic
• BASF, ARKEMA, COVESTRO
• Vat photopolymerization: • DSM, Dow Corning, Henkel
• Metal powder • SANDVIK Osprey, Renishaw, Advance laser Materials (EOS)
Narendran & Perera, SIL 2018 5
Expanding market for 3D printing
• Industries who have embraced 3D printing for manufacturing parts and systems
• Automotive
• Aerospace
• Medical
• Consumer products
Narendran & Perera, SIL 2018 6
Source: ARK investment Management LLC | ark‐investment.com, 2016Source: ARK Investment Management LLC , 2016 |ark‐investment.com
Successful implementation of 3D printing
CFM International’s 3D‐printed fuel nozzle reduces part count from 18 to just 1. (Image source: ge.com)/
3D‐printed parts for the Rolls‐Royce Phantom. (Image source: bmw.com)
Customizable 3D‐printed electric shavers from partnership between Philips, Shapeways and Twikit (Image source: 3dprint.com)
3D‐printed shoes from Adidas and Carbon (Image source: 3dprint.com)
Narendran & Perera, SIL 2018 7
0
10
20
30
40
2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022
G lo
ba l r
ev en
ue ($
B ill
io ns
)
Year
Forecast Max. Global 3D printing
Forecast Min. 3D printing
Global 3D Printing (estimated)
Global SSL market
Global 3D printing market projections • Global 3D printing market
• $3.1B in revenue in 2013 • $12.8B by 2018 • $21.0B by 2020.
• 2017 AM service providers • 29% Metal and polymer • 20% Metal • 51% Polymer
Source: Adopted from data obtained including Wohlers , Allied Market Research, Canalys, CCS Insight, Freedonia, Gartner, IBISWorld, Business Wire, IDC, Statista market research reports
[ Source: Wohlers Report 2014 ]
Narendran & Perera, SIL 2018 8
Reasons for pursuing 3D printing
• Prototyping • Product development • Customization • Cost reduction • Weight reduction • Increased efficiency • Innovation
Source: 3D printing: The next revolution in industrial manufacturing, UPS and Consumer technology Association, 2016
Narendran & Perera, SIL 2018 9
Can SSL Benefit from 3D Printing?
Narendran & Perera, SIL 2018 10
Vision for SSL and 3D Printing
Building design Construction Interior finishing
Custom lighting fixture design
On‐demand, On‐site custom fixtures
Interior lighting with custom fixtures
Change Architectural Lighting Practice
Narendran & Perera, SIL 2018 11
Why 3D print of SSL fixtures?
• Custom fixtures • Improved visual appeal and functions
• Faster new product introductions • Rapid prototyping
• Lower cost SSL fixtures • Reduce cost with composite heat sinks with tailored thermal properties • Reduced carbon footprint: Lower cost manufacturing on‐site (3D printing) • One‐step process: Print/integration of components • Reduce stored inventory of systems and parts
Narendran & Perera, SIL 2018 12
Components of an LED lighting fixture
[LRC 2017]
Narendran & Perera, SIL 2018 13
Recent studies
• Goal: To investigate if functional mechanical, electrical, and optical components can be fabricated using current 3D printing technologies and materials to manufacture SSL lighting fixtures
Narendran & Perera, SIL 2018 14
Mechanical Components
Narendran & Perera, SIL 2018 15
Objective
• LED systems ‐ Metal heat sinks • To keep LED junction temperatures low • Drawbacks:
• Heavy, Expensive, Overdesigned thermal management
• Study objective: • To investigate if custom heat sinks of suitable thermal properties can be printed using fused filament fabrication (FFF) method
Narendran & Perera, SIL 2018 16
Estimated Tj with 3D printed heat sinks
Parameter Value Thermal power of LED package ( ) 1 ,2, 5, and 10 W LED package thermal resistance ( ) 10°C/W Diameter of LED package ( 12.7 mm Heat sink length ( ) 10.0 cm Heat sink width ( ) 10.0 cm Heat sink thickness ( ) 2.5 mm Heat sink surface emissivity ( ) 0.9 Ambient temperature ( 20°C
LED heat sink
LED package
Thermal conductivity of aluminum ~200 W m-1 K-1
Narendran & Perera, SIL 2018 17
Thermal performance of 3D printed heat sinks
• In this study we investigated how composite polylactic acid or polylactide (PLA) filaments with thermally conductive fillers affect thermal conductivity of printed heat sinks to manage the junction temperature, Tj, of the LED
Narendran & Perera, SIL 2018 18
Estimated Tj with different heat sinks
40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90
0.1 1 10 100 1000
L E
D c
hi p
ju nc
tio n
te m
pe ra
tu re
(°
C )
Heat sink thermal conductivity (W/(m·K))
Generic PLA Copper infused PLA variant A Copper infused PLA variant B Carbon fiber PLA Bronze infused PLA Graphene infused PLA Aluminum
Narendran & Perera, SIL 2018 19
Heat sink temperature profile
• Thermal properties of 3D printed heatsink with different materials
19
Aluminum heat sink
100%
Graphene composite PLA
70%
Copper composite PLA
60%
Generic PLA
50%
Narendran & Perera, SIL 2018 20
Heat sink geometry effects
20
Tc=64 °C Tc=66 °C Tc=70 °C
8 mm
28 mm
5 mm
5 mm
Narendran & Perera, SIL 2018 21
Predicting composite thermal conductivity
• To identify and verify a model that can accurately predict the composite material thermal conductivity
21
• Model predictions • Epoxy (κ=0.4 W m‐1 K‐1) • Copper (κ=400 W m‐1 K‐1) • Copper particle size=100 μm
• Experiment • Copper average particle sizes 5 and 150 μm in epoxy host material
Terentyeva et al., 2017.
Narendran & Perera, SIL 2018 22
Summary
• Thermal conductivity of 3D printed PLA components depends on build orientation and filler material properties
• In‐plane thermal conductivity better compared to cross‐plane ; greater than 30%
• Infill percentage increase increased the thermal conductivity of 3D printed components
• Need improved performance filaments to meet thermal conductivity needs of heat sinks for LED systems
In‐plane Cross‐plane