3.fuel oil
TRANSCRIPT
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FUEL OIL
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Crude Oil - Introduction
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Introduction
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Strictly speaking, the term Fuel Oil or
Mazot refers to a furnace fuel that is
obtained as a residual petroleum fraction
coming from the bottom of theatmospheric tower (AD tower)
Such fraction is also known as the long
residue
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Introduction
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Refineries deal differently with such
fraction as follows:
Taken as a product from the
the AD tower
Supplied to the Vacuum
tower for further
fractionation For this part well
deal with Fuel Oil as an AD tower
product
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Uses/Applications
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1. Domestic:Central Heating, where the
most common method of heat generation
involves the combustion
of fossil fuelin a furnace.
The resultant heat then
gets distributed in which
the central heating system provides
warmth to the whole
interior of a building
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furnacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furnacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuel -
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Uses/Applications
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2. Industrial:steam generation in which the
fuel oil is used in heating furnaces
3. In Transportation: Used in Ships and
known as Bunker fuel which stands forthe heaviest type of fuel oil
4. Crackedto produce
more valuable products
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Refining Processes
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Fuel oil is a heavy cheap fraction that has
limited uses, thus it is not economic to
invest in refining the oil to improve its
properties. Consequently, it is: Sold as it is
Or blended with other species of fuel oil
having better specifications (like blending ahigh sulfur content oil with another having a
low sulfur content)
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Specifications
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1. Viscosity
Fuel oil is highly viscous, that it is difficult to
pump throughout a fuel system and fuel
nozzles In order to fix such problem, some fuel
systems contain steam that is used to heat
fuel oil and thus reduce its viscosity
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Specifications
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1. Viscosity
Typical viscosities for different types of fuel oil
over a range of temperatures is shown below
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Specifications
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1. Viscosity
Other mechanical or intergrated
mechanical/thermal techniques are used to
push (Atomize) the oil through nozzles tomake it easily and smoothly burnt.
Atomization occurs by forcing fuel through a
small jet (opening) under high pressure to
break it into a fine misted spray
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Specifications
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1. Viscosity
There is a number of atomization techniques;
Blast Burner
Rotary Cup Burner Viscosity specs for fuel oil:
1500 sec. Red I in winter
2000 sec. Red I in summer
Would these numbers be different in another
country? Why?
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Specifications
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2. Carbon Residue
Measures the liable extent of deposits
remaining upon burning
A high carbon residue is not appreciatedsince it deposits on burner nozzles and might
eventually result in plugging such nozzles
Since fuel oil is not to be
refined, such property is
enhanced by blending with
other species having lower
carbon residues
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Specifications
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2. Carbon Residue
The Conradson apparatus is used to measure
the carbon residue (we shall experience such
experiment in the lab.) The principle is based on simply weighting a
sample of the oil, then burning the sample to
complete combustion, the %weight remaining
is the carbon residue
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Specifications
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3. Pour Point
In many cases, the pour point spec for F.O is
determined based on the minimum weather
conditions. Yet, although it is a heavy fraction, it is not
important for fuel oil.
Bonus Question; Why?!
Because fuel oil is heated anyway throughout its
paths to reduce viscosity
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Specifications
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4. Flash Point
By default, flash point is a property for
light fractions, yet it is measured for F.O,
where it should commonly be > 150 F Bonus Question: Why do you think it is
important to measure it for F.O.?
Because if the distillation process is not proper,
some lighter fractions might escape with the F.O.
cut, and since these fractions are of a higher
value, it will not be economic to lose it with the
cheap F.O. fraction
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Specifications
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5. Calorific Value
Calorific Value is an important property for
F.O. since it is used as a fuel
Generally, the heavier the fuel, the higher theC/H ratio and the lower the calorific value
and the price
Consequently, F.O -being heavy- has a low
calorific value ranging from18000 to 19000
Btu/lb
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Specifications
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5. Calorific Value
Calorific Value is measured using a
calorimeter, and the table below shows how
it graduates as the C/H ratio increases
Type of fuel Calorific value Btu / lb
Hydrogen 61,000
Gasoline
20,000
Diesel 19,300
Fuel oil 18,000
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Specifications
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6. Sulfur Content
Sulfur content is an important spec for all
fossil fuels, why?
As a rule of thumb; For straight run fractions,the heavier the fraction, the higher the sulfur
content. And since fuel oil comes from the
bottom of the AD, it is expected to have a
higher sulfur content compared to otherlighter fractions
The specification for the F.O. sulfur content is
4%