3g rnp principles nokia

© NOKIA 27.10.1999 / CS/PIPE/3G/Pekka Ranta page: 1

3G 3G Radio NetworkRadio Network

Planning PrinciplesPlanning Principles

Nokia Networks

Planning & IP Engineering

3G Planning Methods Development

Pekka Ranta

Presentation in 3G Planning Seminar 1999


ContentsContents

• 3G Highlights

• Radio Network Planning Process

• System Dimensioning

• Link Budgets

• Load Factor & Capacity calculations

• CDMA Radio Access Technology

• Radio Resource Management

• Detailed Planning


3G Highlights3G Highlights

Multiservice environment

• Bit rates from 8 kbit/s to 2 Mbit/s, also variable rate

• Quality classes

• Error rates, 10 % FER to 10-6 BER

• Delay sensitivity, 100 ms to seconds

• Asymmetric up and downlink traffic

• Common channel data traffic

Air interface

• Capacity and coverage coupled via interference margin

• Neighbor cells coupled via interference

• Receiver performance depends on

• bit rate

• environment

• Soft handover

• Fast power control

GSM cooperation

• Use of GSM for coverage provision, handovers

• Direction of traffic to GSM vs. WCDMA

• Service continuity vs. differentiation


New issues in planning processNew issues in planning process

CoveragePlanning andSite Selection

ParameterPlanning

PropagationmeasurementsCoverageprediction

SiteacquisitionCoverageoptimisation

ExteAna

NetworkConfigurationandDimensioning

DEFINITION PLEMENTATION

Traffic distributionService distributionAllowed blocking/queuingSystem features

IdentificationAdaptation

Area / Cellspecific

Handoverstrategies

Maximumnetworkloading

Other RRM

NetworkOptimisation

O & M

Surveymeasurements

Statistical performance analysis

Quality Efficiency Availability

Capacity Requirements

Requirementsand strategyfor coverage,quality andcapacity,

per service

Multiple services

Coverage and capacitycoupling

Multiple services


Take advantage of existing GSM networkTake advantage of existing GSM network

ction

ParameterPlanning

PropagationmeasurementsCoverageprediction

Siteacquisition External Interference

Analysis

NetworkConfiguratiandDimensioning

DEFINITIO ION

Traffic distributionService distributionAllowed blocking/queuingSystem features

IdentificationAdaptation

Area / Cellspecific

Handoverstrategies

Maximumnetworkloading

Other RRM

NetworkOptimisation

O & M

Surveymeasurements

Statistical performance analysis

Quality Efficiency Availability

Capacit rements

Requirementsand strategyfor coverage, ality and pacity, r service

Experienceon service usagefrom GSM, with

HSCSD and GPRSGSM 1800propagation

measurements

GSM co-siting

GSM for coverageextension


System Dimensioning System Dimensioning

• Dimensioning is a very rough first estimate for Radio Network & IP Core Rollout :

• number of required BSS (BS+RNC)

• number of required IP core Network elements: SGSN, GGSN, MSC

Evolution steps for future expansion.

• Netdim is used for BSS part calculations,

• Excel sheet is used for IP core part calculations

IP Networks

MS

IuUTRAN

BS

BS

BS

BS

RNC

RNC

Iur

Iub

GGSN

SCPHLR

GMSC

3G-SGSN

MSC/VLR

BSS part IP core part

PSTN/ISDN


Dimensioning Process Flow ChartDimensioning Process Flow Chart

Link Budget CalculationRadio link specifc :- Data rate (processing gain)- Average Eb/No- SHO gain in dB

Equipment specifc :- MS Power class- MS/BS sensitvity- Antenna gainetc

Load factorcalculation

Propagtion specific :- Antenna height- BPL and BPL deviation- Area correciton factor- Lognormal shadowing margin

Max. allowed path loss

Cell Range Calculation

Max. Cell Range in each area type

Capacity Estimate

No. of sites / Total supported traffic in each area type

Equipment Requirement

BS HWs / Transmission / RNC

Service specific :- blocking rate- Packet traffic

1st guess of amount of traffic per CU

InterferenceMargin

Max. trafic per CU

If fulfill the operator need

If too low capacity


Dominating factors in System ConfigurationDominating factors in System Configuration

• CAPACITY & COVERAGE Related

• The amount of Spectrum

• Service Bitrate & Busy Hour Traffic (kbits/s)

• Traffic Distribution

• Area Distribution

• Site Configurations

• Maximum UL Load

• QUALITY Related

• Indoor Coverage


3G Speech Coverage3G Speech Coverage

WCDMA Link Budget

Speech Service Urban macrocellsUrban macrocellsUrban macrocells

1 % FER target Uplink Uplink Uplink

Max load 30% 50% 70%

Max. TX Power per channel [W] 0.125 0.125 0.125

As above in dBm 21.0 21.0 21.0 a

TX Antenna Gain [dB] 0.0 0.0 0.0 b

Body loss of MS in UL / Cable loss of BS in DL [dB] 2.0 2.0 2.0 c

Transmit EIRP per channel [dBm] 19.0 19.0 19.0 d = a + b - c

Thermal Noise Density [dBm/Hz] -174.0 -174.0 -174.0 e

Receiver Noise Figure [dB] 5.0 5.0 5.0 f

Receiver Noise Density No [dBm/Hz] -169.0 -169.0 -169.0 g = e + f

Rise Over themal (Io+No)/No [dB] 1.5 3.0 5.2 h

Total interference density : Io = (1-a) Ior + Ioc [dBm/Hz] -172.7 -169.0 -165.3 i = 10*log( 10 (̂(h+g)/10)-10 (̂g/10) )

Total effective noise + interference density : Io + No [dBm/Hz] -167.5 -166.0 -163.8 j = 10*log( 10 (̂i/10)+10 (̂g/10) )

Processing gain [dB] 25.0 25.0 25.0 k = 10*log(3840/12.2)

Required Eb/(No+Io) [dB] 4.0 4.0 4.0 m

Receiver sensitivity [dBm] -122.6 -121.1 -118.9 n = m-k+j + 10*log10(3840000)

SHO Gain [dB], multi-cell 2.0 2.0 2.0 t

RX Antenna Gain [dB] 20.5 20.5 20.5 o

Cable loss of BS in UL / Body loss of MS in DL [dB] 2.0 2.0 2.0 p

TPC headroom [dB] 4.0 4.0 4.0 q

Max. path loss [dB] 158.1 156.6 154.4 r = d - n + o - p + q +t

Coverage Probability [%] 80 80 80

Log Normal Fade Constant [dB] 12 12 12

Propagatiom odel exponent 3.38 3.38 3.38

Log Normal Fade Margin [dB] 4.4 4.4 4.4 s

BS antenna heigh 40 40 40

MS antenna height 1.5 1.5 1.5

Area type correction 0 0 0 UrbanIndoor Loss [dB] 15.0 15.0 15.0 u

Cell Range, km 1.19 1.08 0.93 Okumura Hata


3G data Coverage3G data CoverageWCDMA Link Budget

Load =50 % Urban macrocellsUrban macrocellsUrban macrocells

Uplink Uplink Uplink

Service, kbits/s 64.00 144.00 384.00

Max. TX Power per channel [W] 0.25 0.25 0.25

As above in dBm 24.0 24.0 24.0 a

TX Antenna Gain [dB] 0.0 0.0 0.0 b

Body loss of MS in UL / Cable loss of BS in DL [dB] 0.0 0.0 0.0 c

Transmit EIRP per channel [dBm] 24.0 24.0 24.0 d = a + b - c

Thermal Noise Density [dBm/Hz] -174.0 -174.0 -174.0 e

Receiver Noise Figure [dB] 5.0 5.0 5.0 f

Receiver Noise Density No [dBm/Hz] -169.0 -169.0 -169.0 g = e + f

Rise Over themal (Io+No)/No [dB] 3.0 3.0 3.0 h

Total interference density : Io = (1-a) Ior + Ioc [dBm/Hz] -169.0 -169.0 -169.0 i = 10*log( 10 (̂(h+g)/10)-10 (̂g/10) )

Total effective noise + interference density : Io + No [dBm/Hz] -166.0 -166.0 -166.0 j = 10*log( 10 (̂i/10)+10 (̂g/10) )

Processing gain [dB] 17.8 14.3 10.0 k = 10*log(3840/bitrate)

Required Eb/(No+Io) [dB] 2.0 1.5 1.0 m

Receiver sensitivity [dBm] -115.9 -112.9 -109.2 n = m-k+j + 10*log10(3840000)

SHO Gain [dB], multi-cell 2.0 2.0 2.0 t

RX Antenna Gain [dB] 20.5 20.5 20.5 o

Cable loss of BS in UL / Body loss of MS in DL [dB] 2.0 2.0 2.0 p

TPC headroom [dB] 4.0 4.0 4.0 q

Max. path loss [dB] 156.4 153.4 149.6 r = d - n + o - p + q +t

Coverage Probability [%] 80 80 80

Log Normal Fade Constant [dB] 12 12 12

Propagatiom odel exponent 3.38 3.38 3.38

Log Normal Fade Margin [dB] 4.4 4.4 4.4 s

BS antenna heigh 40 40 40

MS antenna height 1.5 1.5 1.5

Area type correction 0 0 0 UrbanIndoor Loss [dB] 15.0 15.0 15.0 u

Cell Range, km 1.07 0.87 0.68 Okumura Hata


2G&3G LINK BUDGET2G&3G LINK BUDGETWCDMA Link Budget GSM1800 Link Budget

144 kbps NRT Packet data

10 % FER target, load 50 % Uplink Uplink

Max. TX Power per channel [W] 0.25 1

As above in dBm 24.0 30.0 a

TX Antenna Gain [dB] 0.0 0.0 b

Body loss of MS in UL / Cable loss of BS in DL [dB] 0.0 0.0 c

Transmit EIRP per channel [dBm] 24.0 30.0 d = a + b - c

Thermal Noise Density [dBm/Hz] -174.0 -174.0 e

Receiver Noise Figure [dB] 5.0 5.7 f

Receiver Noise Density No [dBm/Hz] -169.0 g = e + f

Rise Over themal (Io+No)/No [dB] 3.0 h=10log(1-load)

Total interference density : Io = (1-a) Ior + Ioc [dBm/Hz] -169.0 i = 10*log( 10 (̂(h+g)/10)-10 (̂g/10) )

Total effective noise + interference density : Io + No [dBm/Hz] -166.0 j = 10*log( 10 (̂i/10)+10 (̂g/10) )

Processing gain [dB] 14.3 k = 10*log(3840/144)

Required Eb/(No+Io) [dB] 1.5 8.0 m

Receiver sensitivity [dBm] -112.9 -106.0

SHO Gain [dB], multi-cell 2.0 0.0 t

RX Antenna Gain [dB] 20.5 20.5 o

Cable loss of BS in UL / Body loss of MS in DL [dB] 2.0 2.0 p

TPC headroom [dB] 4.0 0.0 q

Max. path loss [dB] 153.4 154.5 r = d - n + o - p + q +t

Coverage Probability [%] 80 80

Log Normal Fade Constant [dB] 12 12

Propagatiom odel exponent 3.38 3.38

Log Normal Fade Margin [dB] 4.4 4.4

BS antenna heigh 40 40

MS antenna height 1.5 1.5

Area type correction 0 0

Indoor Loss [dB] 15.0 15.0

Cell Range, km 0.87 0.94 Okumura Hata


WCDMA Specific Property in Link BudgetWCDMA Specific Property in Link Budget

• Interference degradation margin :

• This becomes a function of the cell load factor (so-called cell breathing)

• Load factor directly corresponds to the supported traffic per cell

• Fast fade margin :

• Headroom is needed for maintaining adequate closed loop fast power control

• This is applicable for pedestrian users where Eb/No is more sensitive to PC

• Effect of soft handover :

• Soft handover slightly reduces the average single link Eb/No of MSs, due to macro diversity combining

• In downlink, however, soft handover increases the number of active "transmitters", so the gain may be less than the "loss"

• Soft handover improves the coverage at cell edge due to MDC and reduce non-orthogonal interference (only in DL)

• Downlink power amplifier dimensioning :

• Cell range is determined by the maximum transmit power per MS, but the total transmit power of BS is determined by the "average" transmitted power of all MSs


S

I0cW

IiW=(n-1)S

S Signal received at the base station [w]

Ii Spectral density of interference from all other users in the cell [w/Hz]

Ioc Spectral density of interference from users in other cells [w/Hz]

f = Ioc / Ii measure for re-use

efficiency (environment

dependent).

Typically f = 0.66

UL signal & InterferenceUL signal & Interference


Io = Total spectral interference plus noise density

Io= No+Ioc+Ii= No+Ioc+(n-1)vS/W

W WCDMA bandwidth

n Number of active calls

No Thermal noise spectral density at the input to the receiver LNA [w/Hz]

v voice activity factor (e.g. v = 0.5)

C/I Signal (carrier) to noise and interference ratio

• Energy per bit of data

Rb The data rate (bit rate) (e.g. 8 kbps)

Figure of merit of a digital receiver (e.g. 5 dB for WCDMA)

Eb = SRb

Eb

Io = C

IWRb

C/I= SIoW

= SNo+ n-1 v S

W+Ioc W

= Eb

Io

Rb

W1

Q ; Q

WRb

Eb

N0

= 1CI

UL Capacity EquationUL Capacity Equation


Eb/No & InterferenceEb/No & Interference• target CI [dB] = Eb/No – W/Rb

• Eb/No is the MS Bit Energy to Noise density ratio in DL

• W/R is the processing gain

• W is the WCDMA bandwidth (3,84 MHz)

• Rb is the data rate (kBits/s)

• Simulated Nokia Eb/No values in BS and MS

Voice CS-data 3km /h P-data 3km /h P-data 120km /h

3 km /h 20 km /h 120 km /h 64 kb/s 144 kb/s 384 kb/s 512 kb/s 64 kb/s 144 kb/s 384 kb/s 512 kb/s 64 kb/s 144 kb/s 384 kb/s 512 kb/s

20 ms interleaving 40 ms interleaving 10 ms interleaving 10 ms interleaving

4 4 5 1.5 1.5 2 1.5 1 1 3.3 2

MS parameters w hithout transmit diversity

20 ms interleaving 80 ms interleaving 10 ms interleaving 10 ms interleaving

21 21 21 21/24 21/24 21/24 21/24 21/24 21/24 21/24 21/24 21/24 21/24 21/24 21/24

8 7 6 6 5 5 5 5 4 4


Uplink Load Factor and Pole CapacityUplink Load Factor and Pole Capacity

iRW

NoErx

k

kbNk

k

1/

/_

1

N : Number of "active" radio links per cell (DTX factor)rx_Eb/Nok : Received Eb/No of radio link k at the BSW / Rk : Processing gain at the given bit ratei : Other cell to own cell interference ratio seen by the BS

Loss in link budget due to load= Interference margin (IM)= -10*log10(1-)

MS_TxP = Transmit power per radio link needed for coverage + Loss

IM when 1 !!!0

5

10

15

20

25

0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1

Load factor

Loss

(d

B)


Downlink Load Factor and Pole CapacityDownlink Load Factor and Pole Capacity

kkk

kbNk

k

iRW

NoEtx

1/

/_

1

N : Number of "active" radio links per cell (inc. DTX factor and SHO)tx_Eb/Nok : Transmit Eb/No of the radio link arrived at MS kW / Rk : Processing gain at the given bit ratei k : Other cell to own received BS power ratio seen by MSk, k : Orthogonality factor in Downlink seen by MS k (*

(* Due to multipath propagation, DL orthogonality is no longer maintained when BS signal arrives MS. 1- represents the amount of intra-cell interference seen by the MS receiver

0

5

10

15

20

25

0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1

Load factor

BS

tra

ns

mit

po

we

r ri

se

(d

B)BS transmit power rise due to load

= -10*log10(1-)

BS_TxP = Transmit power for coverage of all radio links + power rise BS_TxP when 1 !!!

IorIoc


Typical Capacity of WCDMA Typical Capacity of WCDMA - 1x3 configuration, 50% uplink load- 1x3 configuration, 50% uplink load

Voice traffic

Data Traffic

Soft Capacity

Cap

acit

y p

er c

ell p

er c

arri

er

More DataMore Voice

800kbps L1 rate50 Erlang


Capacity SimulationsCapacity Simulations

Number of Simultaneous voice calls per cell30% 50% 70 % UL

Cells UL load UL Load 80 % DLUL Limited UL Limited DL Limited

1*1 34 57 671*3 32 54 621*6 29 48 53

No of Simultaneous RT 144 kbps call per cell30% 50% UL 70 % UL

Cells UL load 80% DL 80 % DLUL Limited DL Limited DL Limited

1*1 3.5 5.4 5.41*3 3.3 4.9 4.91*6 2.9 4.3 4.3


Capacity SimulationsCapacity Simulations

Data throughput per CU30% 50% UL 70 % UL

Cells UL load 80% DL loadUL kbps DL/UL kbps DL/UL kbps

1*1 500 950/830 11501*3 470 800/780 11001*6 419 760/700 980

Mixed Traffixc Capacity per CUNo of Users Erlang at 2% Mean User

Services per cell blocking kbps/MHz/cell12.2 kbits 50 44 5864 kbps RT 12 7.5 96144 kbps RT 5 2.2 63


3G Spectrum Efficiency3G Spectrum Efficiency• 2G Spectrum Efficiency

• 3G Spectrum Efficiency

2G Micro MacrocellSpectrum [MHz] 5 5Channels in System 25 25TCH per TRX 7.5 7.5TCH in System 187.5 187.5Channel Reuse 6 12TCH per Cell 31.3 15.6Traffic inc Trunking Gain 2% 22.8 9System Efficiency Erl/MHz/Cell 4.6 1.8Data throughput 14 kbits/s/TSL= 70

Spectrum [MHz] 5

Channels in System 1

Code CHs per Carrier Release1 576

Code CH per Cell 576/6 carriers 96

Traffic/cell Erlangs

44

System Efficiency Erl/MHz/Cell 8.8Data throughput 800 kbits/s/5 MHz 160


CDMA radio access technology CDMA radio access technology

Freq. 1

Freq. 1

Code A

Code B

Co

de

C

BS1

BS2

Code D

Code E

• Users are separated by codes (code channels), not by frequency or time (in some capacity/hierarchical cell structure cases, also different carrier frequencies may be used).

• signals of other users are seen as noise-like interference

• CDMA system is an interference limited system which averages the interference (ref. to GSM which is a frequency limited system)


CDMA radio access technology: CDMA radio access technology: spreading/despreadingspreading/despreading

• Two main spread spectrum methods: Direct Sequence (DS) and Frequency Hopping (FH). DS used in ARIB/ETSI systems.

• In DS spreading the user signal spreading (modulation) is done with spreading sequencies (codes) having much higher bandwith than the user signal (processing gain = W/R, where R = data rate, W = spread bandwith)

• codes are unique for each channel

• transmitting and receiving sides have the same code with the same phase. The code to be used is determined by the transmitting side and the receiving side acquires the code from the transmited signal (code acquisition)

SpreadingTransmitter

RX spreadingcodegenerator

ReceiverDespreading

TX spreadingcodegenerator

synchronism required

Spread signal

input narrowbandsignal(unspread)

outputsignal(detected)radio path


CDMA radio access technology: CDMA radio access technology: Power Control Power Control

• power control on the uplink is the key to the WCDMA capacity, downlink is less critical

• the power of separate users is controlled in such a way that received power from all users are roughly equal and the total power in the system is minimal==> users can occupy the same carrier and the interference averaging takes place

• if the power control is incomplete, there will be severe problems, refer to the so called near-far-problem (see figure below). Normally the uplink power control range is 70-90 dB, the receiver can handle power differencies not exceeding the spreading ratio (normally 6..20 dB).

S

BS

MS1

MS2

If the power of MS1 is not properly controlled it will jam the weaker signal of MS2


CDMA radio access technology: CDMA radio access technology: Soft HandoverSoft Handover

• MS is simultaneously connected to several base stations=> seamless transition from one cell to another, minimizes interference

BS1

BS2

BS1

BS2

BS1

BS2

Initial state: MS connected to one BS

MS moves towards BS2:another branch is added

Branch to original BS1 is disconnected

Rec

eive

d s

ign

al s

tren

gth

MS distance from BS1

Soft HO region

BS1 signal

BS2 signal


Radio resource management Radio resource management

PC

HCconnection basedfunctions

LC

ACnetwork basedfunctions

PS

RM

• AC Admission Control

• LC Load Control

• PS Packet Scheduler

• RM Resource Manager

• PC Power Control

• HC HO Control

Admission control:

• Performs the admission control for new bearers to enter/leave the network.

• Predictis the interference caused by the bearer and checks whether there is room for it.

• Power allocation

• Manages the bearer mapping ( multiplexing )

• Bearer renegotiation

• Produces a Transpor Format Set (or modifies existing TFS)

• MDC relocation management in SHO

Load Control:

• takes care of radio network stability

• gathers interference information and produces a load vector


Radio resource management Radio resource management Power Control

• The closed loop PC compares the measured SIR with an SIR target and based on this transmits an up/down PC command at 0.625 ms interval

• The open loop PC estimates the needed power based on pathloss + interference measurements (RACH) or perch channel SIR measurements (FACH)

• The outer loop PC sets the SIR target for the fast closed loop PC

Handover Control

• Soft (intra-frequency) handovers: softer between cells within one BS, intra-RNC soft, inter-RNC soft

• Inter-frequency (hard) handovers: Intra-BS, Intra-RNC, Inter-RNC (-MSC)

• Inter-system handovers: WCDMA <-> GSM

Packet Scheduler

• Scheduling packets to the radio interface (UL/DL)

• The PS works in close cooperation with the RLC buffer since it allocates RLC-PDU's

• The PS checks the radio conditions in the load_vector broadcasted by the LC

• The PS may limit the upper_bit_rate inside TFS

Resource manager

• manages the physical resources of RAN and maintains the code tree

• Code allocation for:

• DCH signalling/radio access bearer

• temp DCH

• HW availability of RAN ( BS resources, RNC/ CDSP, transmission) up to some extent


Detailed Planning means CDMA Analysis Detailed Planning means CDMA Analysis • 2G detailed planning is coverage and frequency planning +interference analysis

• 3G detailed planning is calculation of the UL/DL best servers, UL/DL SHO areas, BCCH C/Is, cell loading, SHO overhead and SHO probabilities

Edit iteration control parameters

Manage views

Edit planningparameters

Start calculation,React to reported

invalidlink loss

Edit parameters

Perform UL, DLBest Server

analysis

Set analysis area

Perform UL, DLSHO areaanalysis

BCCH C/Ianalysis

Cell load

SHO probability,SHO overhead

Mobile / userdistribution

Printreports and

plots

Edit cellparameters

Coverage and capacityiteration


Analysis of an example WCDMA planAnalysis of an example WCDMA planInitial UsersInitial Users

Total 2000 users

15 384 kbps

250 64 kbps

1735 8 kbps


Analysis of an example WCDMA planAnalysis of an example WCDMA planDominance areasDominance areas

Uplink Dominance Downlink Dominance


Analysis of an example WCDMA planAnalysis of an example WCDMA plan Cell loading and SHO overhead Cell loading and SHO overhead

Cell loading SHO overhead

Water Water

3g rnp principles nokia

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