3rd year geography higher level - dublin academy · 9 comprehensive study notes. 9 a focus on...

3rd Year Geography

Higher Level

Rivers

No part of this publication may be copied, reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from The Dublin School of Grinds. Ref: 3/geo/h/wh/ Rivers

Looking to maximise your CAO points?Easter is a crucial time for students to vastly improve on the points that they received in their mock exams. To help students take advantage of this valuable time, The Dublin School of Grinds is running intensive, exam-focused Easter Revision Courses. Each course runs for five days (90 minutes per day). All courses take place in Stillorgan, Co. Dublin.

The focus of these courses is to maximise students’ CAO points.

SPECIAL OFFERBUY 2 COURSES GET A 3RD COURSE FREE

To avail of this offer, early booking is required as courses were fully booked last year.

What do students get at these courses?

9 90 minutes of intensive tuition per day for five days, with Ireland’s leading teachers.

9 Comprehensive study notes.

9 A focus on simple shortcuts to raise students’ grades and exploit the critically important marking scheme.

9 Access to a free supervised study room.

EASTERREVISION COURSES

NOTE: These courses are built on the fact that there are certain predicable trends that reappear over and over again in the State Examinations.

FREE DAILY BUS SERVICE For full information on our Easter bus service, see 3 pages ahead.

To book, call us on 01 442 4442 or book online at www.dublinschoolofgrinds.ie

Access to food and beverage facilities is also available to students.

25% SIBLING DISCOUNT AVAILABLE. Please call 01 442 4442 to avail of this discount.

EASTER REVISION COURSE FEES:6TH YEAR & 5TH YEAR COURSES

PRICE TOTAL SAVINGS

1st Course €295 €295 -

2nd Course €180 €475 €115

3rd Course FREE €475 €410

4th Course €70 €545 €635

5th Course €100 €645 €830

6th Course €100 €745 €1,025

7th Course €100 €845 €1,220

8th Course €50 €895 €1,465

9th Course €50 €945 €1,710

3RD YEAR COURSES

PRICE TOTAL SAVINGS

1st Course €195 €195 -

2nd Course €100 €295 €95

3rd Course FREE €295 €290

4th Course €85 €380 €400

5th Course €50 €430 €545

6th Course €50 €480 €690

7th Course €50 €530 €835

8th Course €50 €580 €980

DSOG Easter 2017 8pg A4 FINAL PRINT.indd 2 20/02/2017 13:25

Timetable An extensive range of course options are available over a two-week period to cater for students’ timetable needs. Courses are held over the following weeks:

» Monday 10th – Friday 14th April 2017

» Monday 17th – Friday 21st April 2017

All Easter Revision Courses take place in The Talbot Hotel, Stillorgan (formerly known as The Stillorgan Park Hotel).

BUY 2 COURSES &GET A 3RD COURSE

F R E E !

6th Year Easter Revision CoursesSUBJECT LEVEL DATES TIME

Accounting H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 12:00pm - 1:30pm

Agricultural Science H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 10:00am - 11:30am

Applied Maths H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 8:00am - 9:30am

Art History H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 2:00pm - 3:30pm

Biology Course A* H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 8:00am - 9:30am

Biology Course A* H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 10:00am - 11:30am

Biology Course B* H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 10:00am - 11:30am

Biology Course B* H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 8:00am - 9:30am

Business H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 12:00pm - 1:30pm

Business H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 8:00am - 9:30am

Chemistry Course A* H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 8:00am - 9:30am

Chemistry Course B* H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 10:00am - 11:30am

Classical Studies H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 2:00pm - 3:30pm

Economics H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 8:00am - 9:30am

Economics H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 10:00am - 11:30am

English Paper 1* H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 8:00am - 9:30am

English Paper 2* H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 8:00am - 9:30am

English Paper 2* H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 10:00am - 11:30am

French H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 10:00am - 11:30am

French H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 8:00am - 9:30am

Geography H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 8:00am - 9:30am

Geography H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 2:00pm - 3:30pm

German H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 12:00pm - 1:30pm

History (Europe)* H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 2:00pm - 3:30pm

History (Ireland)* H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 12:00pm - 1:30pm

Home Economics H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 12:00pm - 1:30pm

Irish H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 10:00am - 11:30am

Irish H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 12:00pm - 1:30pm

Maths Paper 1* H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 8:00am - 9:30am

Maths Paper 1* H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 12:00pm - 1:30pm

Maths Paper 1* H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 8:00am - 9:30am

Maths Paper 2* H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 10:00am - 11:30am

Maths Paper 2* H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 10:00am - 11:30am

Maths Paper 2* H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 12:00pm - 1:30pm

Maths O Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 10:00am - 11:30am

Maths O Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 12:00pm - 1:30pm

Physics H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 10:00am - 11:30am

Spanish H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 12:00pm - 1:30pm

Spanish H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 10:00am - 11:30am

Note: 5th Year students are welcome to attend any of the 6th Year courses above.

* Due to large course content, these subjects have been divided into two courses. For a full list of topics covered in these courses, please see 3 pages ahead.

5th Year Easter Revision CoursesSUBJECT LEVEL DATES TIME

English H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 12:00pm - 1:30pm

Maths H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 10:00am - 11:30am

Note: 4th Year students are welcome to attend any of the 5th Year courses listed above.

3rd Year Easter Revision CoursesSUBJECT LEVEL DATES TIME

Business Studies

H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 2:00pm - 3:30pm

English H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 10:00am - 11:30am

English H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 12:00pm - 1:30pm

French H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 12:00pm - 1:30pm

Geography H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 8:00am - 9:30am

German H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 2:00pm - 3:30pm

History H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 8:00am - 9:30am

Irish H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 12:00pm - 1:30pm

Maths H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 8:00am - 9:30am

Maths H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 10:00am - 11:30am

Maths O Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 2:00pm - 3:30pm

Science H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 12:00pm - 1:30pm

Science H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 8:00am - 9:30am

Spanish H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 2:00pm - 3:30pm

Note: 2nd Year students are welcome to attend any of the 3rd Year courses above.

6th Year Oral Preparation CoursesWith the Oral marking component worth up to 40%, it is of paramount importance that students are fully prepared for these examinations. These courses will show students how to lead the Examiner towards topics they are prepared for. This will equip students with the information they need to maximise their performance in the State Examinations.

FEES: €140

VENUE: The Talbot Hotel, Stillorgan (formerly The Stillorgan Park Hotel)

SUBJECT LEVEL DATES TIME

French H Sunday 12th March 9:00am - 1:00pm

German H Saturday 11th March 9:00am - 1:00pm

Irish H Sunday 19th March 9:00am - 1:00pm

Spanish H Saturday 11th March 2:00pm - 6:00pm

To book, call us on 01 442 4442 or book online at www.dublinschoolofgrinds.ie

DSOG Easter 2017 8pg A4 FINAL PRINT.indd 3 20/02/2017 13:25

2 ©The Dublin School of Grinds

Contents: River Features and Landscape ……………………………………………………………………….3

Stages of a River ……………………………………………………………………………………………4

Types of Erosion …………………………………………………………………………………………...5

Exam Question on Water Fall Formation ………………………..………………………………6

V-‐Shaped Valleys …………………………………………………………………………………………..7

What is Deposition ………………………………………………………………………………………..8

Exam Question on Levee Formation ……………………………………………………………….9

How People Use Rivers ………………………………………………………………………………..10

How People Pollute Rivers ……………………………………………………………….…………..11

Hydroelectric Dams ……………………………………………………………………………………..12

Benefits and Disadvantages of Flooding………………………………………………………...13

Short Exam Questions ………………………………………………………………………………….14


River Features and the Landscape:

Features of Rivers:

Source: The area where a river begins.

Tributary: Where a smaller river joins a larger river.

Confluence: A point where two rivers meet.

Estuary: The part of the river that is tidal.

Mouth: It is the part of the river that meets the sea.

Watershed: It is high ground which separates different river basins.

Course: The route the river takes as it passes from the upland areas at its source to the sea.

What are the stages of a river?

• Youthful stage

• Middle or mature stage

• Old age stage


Features of each stage:

Youthful stage:

• Occurs in the upland areas where the land is quite steep.

• A large amount of vertical erosion occurs at this stage as the water ismoving very fast.

Examples of features: Waterfalls, V-‐Shaped valleys and Interlocking spurs

Mature stage:

• Occurs in areas where there is a gentle slope or gradient.

• A large amount of water erodes the river sides (laterally erosion)

Examples of features: Meanders and valley troughs.

Old age stage:

• Occurs in lowland areas where the land is almost flat.

• Water is moving very slowly so a large amount of deposition takes place.

Examples of features: Ox-‐ bow lakes, Levees, flood plains and deltas.


Types of erosion:

Hydraulic action: Moving water erodes rock along the river bank and bed creating its load.

Solution: River water can contain (carbonic acid) chemicals which dissolve certain rocks.

Abrasions: Occurs when small pieces of rock and sand (river load) inthe river erodes the larger rock along the river bed and banks.

Attrition: When rocks are carried along the river bed, they become smooth and rounded as they are continuously rubbing of each other.

Features of River Erosion:

• Waterfall

• V-‐Shaped valley

• Interlocking spurs


Exam paper 2007, Question 2a:

Name one feature of river erosion and with the aid of a diagram explain how it was formed:

Formation of a waterfall: • A waterfall can be found in the youthful stage of a river. The water is

moving extremely fast in this stage which causes a large amount oferosion.

• Waterfalls are formed from different types of erosion which includehydraulic action, abrasion and attrition.

• A waterfall forms when a layer of hard rock lies on an area of soft rock.

• The soft rock erodes faster than the soft rock by hydraulic action andabrasion.

• A vertical drop or overhang forms. The falling water now forms a plungepool due to hydraulic action and abrasion.

Example: Torc water in Killarney. Powers court waterfall in Co. Wicklow.

Marking scheme to question:

Name the feature = 2 marks Two explanations @ 4 marks (St: 2marks + Dev 1 mk + ref. to diagram 1 mark)


Other features of river erosion:

V-‐ Shaped valley:

• A V-‐shaped valley can be found in the youthful stage of a river. The wateris moving extremely fast in this stage which causes a large amount oferosion.

• V-‐shaped valleys are formed from different types of erosion whichinclude hydraulic action, abrasion and attrition.

• Vertical erosion occurs which creates steep sides to the river.

• The sides of the river are weathered away and mass movement carriesthe material down the slope and into the river.

• This material is now transported downstream in the rivers load.

• A V-‐shaped valley is formed.

Example: Youthful stage of the River Liffey

Interlocking spurs:


What is deposition?

• Deposition occurs when a river drops its load.

When does deposition normally take place:

• When a river slows down in the old age stage of a river.

• When the land is quite flat.

• When a river enters the sea at the mouth of the river.

Features of river deposition:

• Ox-‐ bow lakes

• Levees

• Flood plains

• Meanders

• Deltas

Exam paper 2007, Question 2b:

Name one feature of river deposition and with the aid of a diagram, explain how it was formed:

Formation of a levee: • A levee can be found in the old age stage of a river which is on land that is

nearly flat. Levee’s form the river banks along the side of a river.

• A river carries its load in suspension or as dissolved minerals in asolution.

• In times of flood, the water flows over the river banks and onto the floodplain depositing rich alluvial materials.

• The larger and coarser materials are deposited close to the river banks.

• The smaller and finer materials are carried and deposited further awayfrom the river banks over the flood plain.


Examples: Old age stage of River Liffey.

Marking scheme to question:

Name the feature = 2 marks Two explanations @ 4 marks (St: 2marks + Dev 1 mk + ref. to diagram 1 mark)

Other features of river deposition:

Ox-‐bow lake:


Flood plains:

Deltas:

Delta

Exam Paper 2007, Question 2c: Name and briefly explain one way that people use rivers.

Name @ 2 marks One explanation @ 3 marks( St 2mks + Dev 1 mk)

How do people use rivers?

• Tourism: people use rivers for fishing and cruising (Example: RiverShannon)

• Hydroelectric Power (HEP): people create dams across a river to produceenergy for the surrounding areas (Three Gorge dam in China and Inniscarrain Cork).

• Transport: people use rivers to transport heavy goods and people (RiverRhine is used to transport different materials throughout Europe).


Exam Paper 2007, Question 2c:

Name and briefly explain one way that people pollute rivers.

Name @ 2 marks One explanation @ 3 marks

How do people pollute rivers?

• Factories and industry dump waste products and chemicals into riverswhich can kill plants and animals.

• Farmers spread slurry on the land which can be washed into the rivers byrain water which can kill plants and animals.

• Domestic houses have septic tanks which can leak causing pollution inlocal rivers and streams.

What impact does dams and HEP stations have on a river?

Negative impacts Positive impact

Dams cause some land upstream to flood. This can destroy farm land and some homes.

Dams create reservoirs that are used for fishing, water skiing and other water sports. Reservoirs also supply drinking water to the surrounding areas.

Fish populations such as salmon and trout can decrease as their path up river is blocked.

HEP stations produce large amounts of renewable energy.


Exam Paper 2007, Question 2c:

Explain ONE way in which flooding damages an area and ONE way in which flooding can benefit an area:

Damage:

Flooding of land can cause damage to property and homes. Farm land and crops can become destroyed and there may even be loss of life.

Example: The River Mississippi floods frequently.

Benefit:

When flooding occurs in lowland areas, rich alluvial deposits provide fertile soil which produces good agricultural land.

Example: The River Nile

Exam paper 2006: Question 2B:

Answers: i) An economic benefit of hydroelectricity is that it produces large

amounts of this renewable energy which is cheaper than other forms


of energy. These hydroelectric dams create reservoirs that are used for fishing, water skiing and other water sports. This may attract tourists to the area which would improve the local economy. These reservoirs also supply drinking water to the surrounding areas.

An environmental benefit of hydroelectric is that the energy is renewable. This means that it will never run out and people will always have access to this type of energy. It is also a very clean form of renewable energy as no air pollution is produced in the process. This allows the surrounding environment to be air pollution free.

Short Exam Questions:

1)


2)

3)


4)


5)

6)


7)

8)

3rd year geography higher level - dublin academy · 9 comprehensive study notes. 9 a focus on...

Documents