4 ethical principles for n ursing research
TRANSCRIPT
ETHIC
AL PRIN
CIPLE
S FOR
NURSING R
ESEARCH
DEVELOPMENT OF PROFESSIONAL GUIDELINES
ethical principles related to nursing research were derived from these two:
Nuremberg Codea. emphasize adequate protection of human subjects from harm or riskb. right to withdraw from experimentation at any time during the course of the
studyc. adequate qualifications of those conducting the research
DEVELOPMENT OF PROFESSIONAL GUIDELINES
ethical principles related to nursing research were derived from these two:
Declaration of Helsinkia. emphasized on the subjects need to be informed of the benefits of the study
before consenting to participate in the researchb. allowing legal guardians to grant permission to enroll subjects in research and
recommended written consent
BASIC RIGHTS OF HUMAN SUBJECTS IN RESEARCH
right to freedom from injury- Beneficence - Non-maleficence - Freedom from any Physical and Psychological Harm - Freedom from Exploitation
BASIC RIGHTS OF HUMAN SUBJECTS IN RESEARCH
right to privacy and dignity- information regarding income, marital
status, personal activities, opinions, beliefs and
attitude s- use of cameras, one-way mirrors, tape
recorders, diaries, patient records
BASIC RIGHTS OF HUMAN SUBJECTS IN RESEARCH
right to anonymity and confidentiality- Anonymityo keeping individuals namelesso limiting access to information that is gathered from the subjecto facilitated by using CODE NUMBERS from subject’s identity----
the master code of which should be locked up; access limited to those who are intimately involved in the research
o in anonymity, the researcher cannot even link the data to the subject
BASIC RIGHTS OF HUMAN SUBJECTS IN RESEARCH
- Confidentiality
o protecting the data by not divulging information gathered or learned in caring for the a patient without the individual’s permission to do so
o info carrying a stigmaoDx of HIV-AIDSoevidence of domestic violenceoprison record
INFORMED CONSENT
- a written consent form to be signed by the subject ensuring that the study participants have adequate information regarding the research, are capable of comprehending the information, and have the power or free choice.
- signed by the subject, signed and dated by the researcher and a witness
KEY ELEMENTS OF AN INFORMED CONSENT
a.freedom from coercion
•no bribery of any type or threat of any form was done to the subject to force him to participate in the research
•right to self- determination- right to withdraw from the research any time he wants without any penalty
KEY ELEMENTS OF AN INFORMED CONSENT
b. adequate disclosure• subjects were provided with enough
information for them to make a voluntary decision
KEY ELEMENTS OF AN INFORMED CONSENT
c. comprehension•ensuring the subjects understand the information provided •medical jargon is avoided•language is kept simple•may be written in the local language of the subject•sentences must be short•pages much not be too overcrowded with too much words
CONTENTS OF AN INFORMED CONSENT
1. Title of the study2. Personnel engaged in the study
• principal investigator• co-investigator/s• research assistants
3. Invitation to participate in the study• “You are invited to participate in the research study”• not requested, ‘chosen’, not ‘eligible’
CONTENTS OF AN INFORMED CONSENT
4. Reason the particular subject is being invited to participate5. Clear description of the purpose of the study6. Detailed description of Procedures of the study
• descriptions of what will actually occur• how much time is required of the subject• whether hospitalization will be required• whether it will always , sometimes or never be required
as part of the subject’s standard of care;• how much and how often blood will be drawn
CONTENTS OF AN INFORMED CONSENT
7. Potential risks to subjects, including psychological, social and physical risks
• explanation of steps that will be taken to protect against risks
• estimation of likelihood of occurrence• severity• duration of potential risks
8. Potential Benefits of the study• identification of desired benefit to society• risk-benefit-ratio- estimate of potential risks in relation
to the potential benefits
CONTENTS OF AN INFORMED CONSENT
9. Economic considerations• whether subjects will incur any additional expenses as a
result of participation10. Confidentiality considerations
• explanation of steps that will be taken to ensure the confidentiality of information that is obtained during the course of the study, such as who will have access to the data and when the data and specimens will be destroyed
11. Freedom of subjects to ask questions and withdraw from the study at any time without penalty