SANSKRIT PRIMER

AN INTRODUCTORY LEVEL -1 BOOK

A SYSTEMATIC TEACHING AND SELF-LEARNING TOOL

This Book is available at www.books-india.com

SAMPLE PAGES

Prof. Ratnakar Narale

PUSTAK BHARATI BOOKS-INDIA

Author : Dr. Ratnakar Narale, Ph.D (IIT), Ph.D. (Kalidas Sanskrit Univ.) Prof. Hindi, Ryerson University, Toronto web : www.books-india.com Title : Sanskrit Primer,Level -1 Book Teach or Learn to Read, Write, Understand, Speak and Think Sanskrit; with main emphasis on empowering the readers to make their own sentences understand and enjoy the precious beauty of speaking in Sanskrit. This systematically laid out Five Star book with the best reviews, is fully transliterated for the bebefit of the new learners of Sanskrit language. This level I book of twenty novel Lessons and five large Reference Appendices has everything a new learner would ever need to learn the Sanskrit from a basic to the intermediate level, without any external help. The step-by-step approach and review of every step, gives the reader a high degree of success and confidence. It is a treasure of new ideas, techniques, information and reference material. It is rich with examples, exercises and an important chapter of “Answers to all the Exercises.” Published by : Books-India (Pustak Bharati), Division of PC PLUS Ltd. Web. : www.books-india.com Published for : Sanskrit Hindi Research Institute ISBN 978-1-897416-55-6 © All rights reserved. No part of this book may be copied, reproduced or utilised in any manner or by any means, computerised, e-mail, scanning, photocopying or by recording in any information storage and retrieval system, without the permission in writing from the author.

Sanskrit Primer

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INDEX

anukraman<ika@ AnauÛmaiNaka_

INTRODUCTION paRitaP#apanama`

Lesson 1 The Sanskrit Alphabet sa>s˜tavaNa|maaLaa 1

Lesson 2 Reading Sanskrit (Pronunciation) qccaara: 2

Lesson 3 Writing Sanskrit words oabda: 4

Lesson 4 Writing the Vowels svara: 10

Lesson 5 The Sanskrit Characters sa>s˜tavaNaa|: 12

Vowels svara: 12

Consonants vyaØjanaaina 13

Lesson 6 Writing the Vowel-Signs svaricaÈaina 15

Application of Vowel-signs 16 Rules for Sanskrit to English Transliteration with diacritical marks 17 Lesson 7 Writing Compound Consonants 20 Lesson 8 Writing Compound Characters sa>yauFoabda: 24

Word Endings oabdantaa: 26

Lesson 9 Introduction to Sandhi sainZa: 27

Compounding Vowels svarsainZa: 28

Compounding Consonants vyaØjanasainZa: 28

Flowchart of Visarga-Sandhi ivasaga|sainZa: 31

Lesson 10 Introduction to Numerals sa>Syaa: 33

Lesson 11 BASICS OF MAKING YOUR OWN SENTENCES 37 Vocabulary of Noun oabdkaeoa: 36

Lesson 12 Pronouns sava|naamaaina 67

Charts of Common Sanskrit Action Words iÛyaapadaina 69

Lesson 13 MAKING YOUR OWN SENTENCES vaaKyarcanaa 73

Lesson 14 Modes of speaking sentences 89 Parasmaipadi and Atmanepadi parsmaEpadI AatmanaepadI 89

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Transitive and Intransitive Verbs sakma|kma Akma|kma ca 91

The Causative Verbs iNajantapaRiÛyaa 92

The Desiderative Verbs sa²ntapaRiÛyaa 93

The Frequentive Verbs yaGnta-yaGLaugantapaRiÛyae 94

Lesson 15 The Cases karkaiNa ca ivaBaFya: ca 95

15.1 The Nominative (1st) Case paRYamaa 95

15.2 (to) The Accusative (2nd) Case iVtaIyaa 96

15.3 (with, by) Instrumental (3rd) Case ta\taIyaa 96

15.4 (for) The Dative (4th) Case catauYaI| 98

15.5 (from) The Ablative (5th) Case paØcamaI 99

15.6 (of) The Possessive (6th) Case PaP#I 101

15.7 (in, on, at) The Locative (7th) Case saptamaI 103

15.8 The Vocative Case sambaaeZanama 103

Lesson 16 The Adjectives ivaoaePaNaaina 104

Past Passive Participle, ppp\ F 108

Past Active Participle Fvatau 109

Present Active Participle oata\-oaanaca 110

Potential Participle tavyata, AnaIyar 114

Indeclinable Past Participle Ktvaa, Lyapa 116

The Infinitive taumauna 118

Lesson 17 The Adverbs and Conjunctions 124 Adverbs iÛyaaivaoaePaNaaina 124

Conjunctions yaaEigakoabda: 127

Lesson 18 The Prepositions AaEpasaiga|koabda: 130

Lesson 19 Conversations vaataa|Laapaa: 138

Lesson 20 General Knowledge saamaanyaXaanama 143

The Days of the Week vaasara: 143

The Names of the Months maasaa: 143

The Names of the Directions idoa: 144

Time samaya: 144

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APPENDIX : (i) The Ten Classes of Verbs gaNaa: 145

1. The First Class Bvaaid: 147

2. The Second Class Adaid: 149

3. The Third Class jauhaetyaaid: 150

4. The Fourth Class idvaaid: 152

5. The Fifth Class svaaid: 154

6. The Sixth Class taudaid: 156

7. The Seventh Class wZaaid: 158

8. The Eighth Class tanaaid: 159

9. The Nineth Class Û‘yaaid: 163

10. The Tenth Class cauraid: 165

(ii) Charts of Declensions of the Cases 167 rama (A), vana (A), maaLaa (Aa), kiva (}) 167; vaair (}), maita (}), nadI (}|) 168;

gauw (q), Zaenau (q), vaZaU (Q), ipata\ (/) 169; maata\ (/), vaaca` (ca`), mawta` (ta`) 170;

Bavata` (ta`), jagata` (ta`), sauÊd` (d`), oaioana` (na`) 171; Aatmana` (na`), kma|na` (na`),

candRmasa` (sa`) 172; payasa` (sa`), garIyasa` (sa`) 173

(iii) Declensions of Pronouns 173

Asmad, yauPmad, tad (asmad, yus<mad, tad) 173; yad (yad), ]tad, }dma (etad, idam) 174; sava| (adas, sarva), ikma (kim) 175.

(iv) Declensions of Numerical Adjectives 176 (v) Chart of Participles ×dntaaina 178

(v) Chart of Tenses and Moods iÛyaapadaina 179

Books by Ratnakar Narale 194

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Dedicated to

My Caring Wife Sunita Ratnakar Narale

and my Loving Grandchildren Samay Narale Sahas Narale Saanjh Narale Saaya Narale

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INTRODUCTION

Hari Om. I believe, we do not have to reject English just because we want to learn Sanskrit, rather we should make use of this world class language to advance it to the celestial Sanskrit language. It is often said that “Sanskrit must be taught through Sanskrit medium only (sa>s×ta-

maaZyamaena ]va).” The words are very inspirational and patronizing, but practically it is

unsuitable. The fact is that a teacher can not teach Sanskrit by speaking in Sanskrit only - without any use of the mediums of signs, cue cards, gestures, objects and some use of a language the reader understands. For teaching a language thorugh a book, the pictures and words written in a common language are used in place of signs and gestures. A significant factor in the approach of this book is the input from our students regarding their needs and difficulties over number of years. Thus, while putting this book together, first consideration is given to the fact that learners may not know how to read or speak the Devana@gar& alphabet, if they came from the countries outside India or from the provinces of India where Hindi not the first language. For such learners, this book covers every aspect a new reader may need to learn the Devanagari script fully well. Also, Sanskrit words are transliterated with proper diacritical marks and English meaning of Sanskrit words is provided. The book progresses step by step, without jumping ahead on what is not yet taught, and covers all basic aspects of grammar in a very delicate manner. In addition, after every step, the material is reviewed cumulatively under an entry called, ‘what we have learned so far.’ This cumulative learning is one of the beautiful aspects of this book. A care is taken to make sure that, the material being discussed on any page deals only with the information covered in previous pages, a very simple principle but most uncommon. For this substantial purpose, you will notice that the three ‘tenses’ are introduced cumulatively without mixing with the ‘cases’ prematurely. After this, the seven cases are demonstrated, now together with the use of the tenses we learned. The key aspect of this book is that it shows you ‘how to make your own Sanskrit sentences,’ rather than teaching through premade sentences. I have tried to make this book easy as and useful as possible. Nevertheless, I beg the readers to forgive me for any errors or omissions. I hope you will find this book interesting and useful. Œ tata` sata`_

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LESSON 3

WRITING SANSKRIT WORDS

PRACTICING SIMPLE CONSONANTS Study the order of the Sanskrit consonants given in Lesson 1, and then do the following exercises. PLEASE NOTE : Uniquely in this book, the characters are grouped according to their shapes, and not

according to their usual aplhabetical order. For, we have observed that with this novel method, it is easy for a new learner to co-relate and remember the Sanskrit characters.

All Sanskrit letters and words have a line on top to indicate the grouping of characters into a word. Follow this rule for each letter carefully and consistently.

v + a = va

3.1 Letters : va va (wa), ba ba, k ka (Shown with Yellow Colour on the Back Cover)

v va b ba v va k v # va b # ba v # va # ka vana (forest) baka bak (stork) kamala (lotus) EXERCISE 2 : Only on what we have learned so far. Write the following in Sanskrit : 1. ka, ba, ka 2. ba, va, ba 3. va, ka, ba 4. ba, va, ka 5. ka, va, ba 6. va, ba, ka 7. k, ba, va 8. kk, kba, kva 9. baba, bak, bava

10. vava, vak, vaba 11. kkk, kbava, kvaba 12. vabak, bakva

ANSWERS : (1) k, ba, k (2) ba, va, ba (3) va, k, ba (4) ba, va, k (5) k, va, ba (6) va, ba, k

v a va

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3.2 Letters : pa pa, Pa s<a, f pha (fa), Na n<a (Shown with Light Green Colour on the Back Cover) .

p pa P Pa p pa f N Na p # pa s< # s<a p # pa # pha, fa n< # n<a

pada (foot) vis<a (poison) fala, phala (fruit) ba@n<a (arrow)

EXERCISE 3 : Only on what we have learned so far. Write the following in Sanskrit : 1. pa, pha 2. pha, ba 3. va, pa, ka 4. pa, s<a, n<a 5. pha, s<a, pa 6. ba, pa, pha 7. Pa, pa, f 8. k, Na, f, va

9. ba, Na 10. kNa, baba, kpa 11. fNa, bava, kba 12. NaNa, PaNa, Papa, baf

13. kf, paPa, bak, vak 14. pak, baf, vaf 15. paba, vaNa, baPa, NaPa 16. pava, kva

ANSWERS : 1. pa, f 2. f, ba 3. va, pa, k 4. pa, Pa, Na 5. f, Pa, pa 6. Pa, pa, f

VOCABULARY : bak (stork), kNa (particle), paNa (vow) .

3.3 Letters : ta ta, na na, ga ga, ma ma, Ba bha (Shown with White Colour on the Back Cover)

t ta n na g ga m ma B Bat # ta n # na g # ga m # ma bh # bha

tanu (body) nara (man) gaja (elephant) m&na (fish) bha@rata (India) EXERCISE 4 : Only on what we have learned so far. Write the following in Sanskrit : (A) 1. ma, bha 2. bha, ga 3. ma, na 4. ka, ta, ga 5. va, s<a 6. pa, na (B) 1. ta, na, Ba 2. ma, Ba, na, ta 3. ga, ta, k, ba 4. tama (darkness), nata (bowed), naga

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LESSON 9

INTRODUCTION TO SANDHI

9.1

COMPOUNDING OF VOWELS svara-sandheh< paric{ayah< svarsanZae: paircaya:_

RATNAKAR’S FLOW CHART FOR VOWEL SANDHI RULES

When two vowels come together, they are mathematically added into a single long vowel.

First vowel + Second vowel = Result, a long vowel 1 A, Aa + A, Aa = Aa

+ }, }| = ]

+ q, Q = Aae

+ /, ¿ = Ar

+ ], ]e = ]e

+ Aae, AaE = AaE

2 }, }| + A, Aa, q, Q, ], ]e, Aae, AaE = ya, yaa, yau, yaU, yae, yaE, yaae. yaaE

+ }, }| = }|, }|

3 q, Q + A, Aa, }, }|, ], ]e, Aae, AaE = va, vaa, iva, vaI, vae, vaE, vaae, vaaE

4 / + A, Aa, }, }|, q, Q, ], ]e, Aae, AaE = Ar + A, Aa, }, }|, q, Q, ], ]e, Aae, AaE

5 ] + A, Aa, }, }|, q, Q, ], ]e, Aae, AaE = Aya + A, Aa, }, }|, q, Q, ], ]e, Aae, AaE

]e + A, Aa, }, }|, q, Q, ], ]e, Aae, AaE = Aaya + A, Aa, }, }|, q, Q, ], ]e, Aae, AaE

6 Aae + A, Aa, }, }|, q, Q, ], ]e, Aae, AaE = Ava + A, Aa, }, }|, q, Q, ], ]e, Aae, AaE

AaE + A, Aa, }, }|, q, Q, ], ]e, Aae, AaE = Aava + A, Aa, }, }|, q, Q, ], ]e, Aae, AaE

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SANSKRIT VOWEL SANDHI CHART

A A a } }| q Q ] ]e A ae A aE /

A a A a ] ] A ae A ae ]e ]e A aE A aE A r`

ya yaa }| } | yau yaU yae yaE yaae yaaE yaur`

va vaa iva vaI Q Q vae vaE vaae vaaE vaur`

A ya Ayaa A iya A yaI Aya u A ya U A ya e A ya E A yaae A yaaE A ya ur `

A r A ra A ir A rI Aw AW Are A rE A rae A raE ¿

A A a } }| q Q /

A } q

A } q Na` La\ k‘/

A a

}

}|

q

Q

]

/

}

q

Œ

A

A

A a

}

}|

q

Q

/

A

]e

A a e

A a E

A a A a ] ] A ae A ae ]e ]e A aE A aE A r`

ya yaa }| } | yau yaU yae yaE yaae yaaE yaur`

va vaa iva vaI Q Q vae vaE vaae vaaE vaur`

A aya A ayaa A aiya A ayaI A ayau A ayaU A ayae A ayaE A ayaa e A ayaa E A ayaur`

A va Avaa A iva A vaI A va u A va U A va e A va E A vaae A vaaE A va ur`

A ava A avaa A aiva A avaI A avau A avaU A avae A avaE A avaa e A avaa E A avaur `

#

^^

#

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9.2

COMPOUNDING A CONSONANT WITH THE FOLLOWING

VOWEL

svara-vyan~janayoh< sandhih< svarvyaØjanayaae: sainZa:_

(For details on the Class Consonants, see lesson 3.2)

(1) Rule of 3rd consonant : If a consonant from any of the five classes (k, c{, t>, t, p, k‘, ca, @, ta, pa), other than the nasal

consonants, is followed by a vowel, this class consonant is replaced with the third consonant from that class. (This third consonant then conjugates with the vowel that comes after it). eg\ k‘ + q = ga + q = gau û samyak‘ + qBayaae: = samyagauBayaae: (G&ta@ 5.4)

ta + A = d + A = d û tata + Asmaakma = tadsmaakma (G&ta@1.10)

ta + / = d + / = ± û ]tata + /tama = ]ta±tama (G&ta@ 10.14)

ta + Œ = d + Œ = daema û tasmaata + Aaema = tasmaadaema (G&ta@ 1.22)

(2) Conjugation of the word ending in n (na) -

When a word ending in n (na) is preceeded by any short vowel and is followed by any vowel, the

ending n (na) is doubled and becomes nn (²) eg\

AinacCna + Aipa = AinacC²ipa (G&ta@ 3.36)

paoyana + Aatmaina = paoya²atmaina_ (G&ta@ 6.20)

ivaPaIdna + }dma = ivaPaIdi²dma (G&ta@ 1.27)

ga\Çna + qinmaPana = ga\DzuinmaPana_ (G&ta@ 5.9)

yauØjana + ]vama = yauØja²evama_ (G&ta@ 6.15)

9.3

COMPOUNDING A CONSONANT WITH THE FOLLOWING

CONSONANT vyan~janayoh< sandhih< vyaØjanayaae: sainZa:_

(For details on the Class Consonants, see Lesson 5.2)

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DECLENSION OF THE

SANSKRIT NUMERALS

]k (one) is always singular, iV (two) is always dual and three, four, five i%a, cataur, paØca ...etc.

are always plural. The declensions of the numerals in the Nominative (1st) case, in all three genders, are given below (For all other cases of numerals, see the ‘Declensions of Cases’ in the Appendix). SANSKRIT NUMERALS : (1 to 10) 1 one ek ]k 2 two dvi iV

3 three tri i%a 4 four c{atur cataur

5 five pan~c{an paØcana 6 six sas< PaPa

7 seven satpan saptana 8 eight ast>an AP@na

9 nine navan navana 10 ten das{an doana

Nominative case : m\ n\ f\ 1 ƒ eka ]k ekah< ]k: ekam ]kma eka@ ]ka

2 „ dvi iV dvau VaE dve Ve dve Ve

3 … tri i%a trayah< %aya: tr&n<i %aIiNa tisrah< itaÄ:

4 † c{atur cataur c{atva@rah< catvaar: c{atva@ri catvaair c{atasrah< cataÄ:

Numbers from 5 to 10 have same case declensions in all three genders m\ n\ f\ Nominative case : m\ n\ f\ 5 ‡ pan~c{a pa>ca, paØca m\ n\ f\

6 ˆ s<at> or s<ad< Pa@, PaD m\ n\ f\

7 ‰ sapta sapta m\ n\ f\

8 Š as<t>a AP@ m\ n\ f\

9 ‹ nava nava m\ n\ f\

10 ƒ0 das{a doa m\ n\ f\

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LESSON 11

MAKING YOUR OWN SENTENCES i. In Sanskrit, the action words (verbs, kriya@padam iÛyaapadma) agree with NUMBER (vac{anam vacanama)

and PERSON (purus<ah< pauwPa:) of the subject (karta@ ktaa|).

ii. A single object takes verb in SINGULAR number. Two subjects connected by ‘and,’ take a verb in the DUAL number and a group of more than two subjects takes a verb in PLURAL number.

NOTES : (1) Gender has no effect on the verb, but the verb changes with Person (1st, 2nd, 3rd). (2) and = c{a ca, is = asti Aista, are = santi sainta_ Two or more nouns are connected by word c{a ca_ eg\ Ra@ma S&ta@ and Ra@dha@ (i) Ra@mah< S&ta@ Ra@dha@ c{a

rama: saItaa raZaa ca_ or (ii) Ra@mah< c{a S&ta@ c{a Ra@dha@ c{a rama: ca saItaa ca raZaa ca_ rama: Aista saItaa Aista

raZaa Aista_ rama: saItaa raZaa ca sainta_

I am Ahma` Aisma aham asmi We are vaya> sma: vayam[ smah< You are Bavaana`öBavataI Aista (m\) bhava@n (f\) bhavat& asti

Heösheöthat is sa:, saa, tata`` Aista sah<, sa@, tat asti They all are tae, taa:, taaina sainta te, ta@h<, ta@ni santi

EXERCISE 19 : Study the following examples 1. R&ta@ is, R&ta@ asti. rItaa Aista_ N&ra@ is, N&ra@ asti. naIra Aista_ He is, sah< asti. sa: Aista_ They are, (m\)

te santi or (f\) ta@h< santi tae sainta or taa: sainta_

2. Rekha@ is. Rekha@ asti. reSaa Aista_ The book is there. pustakam asti. paustakma` Aista_

3. I am Ahma` Aisma aham asmi. I am Brahma Ah> baRM Aisma (Ah> baRMaisma) aham brahma@smi. Thou art

that tata` tvama` Aisa tat tvam asi. Everything is that. tata` sava|ma` tat sarvam. (sarva sava| = all)

In Sanskrit, (1) One person or thing is SINGULAR NUMBER (2) Two persons or things are DUAL NUMBER, and (3) More than two persons or things are PLURAL NUMBER

Gender Singular Dual Plural Masculine noun baaLak: ba@lakah< (boy) baaLakaE ba@lakau baaLaka: ba@laka@h< (boys)

Feminine noun baaLaa ba@la@ (girl) baaLae ba@le baaLaa: ba@la@h< (girls)

Neuter noun paustakma` pustakam (book) paustak’ pustake paustakaina pustaka@ni (books)

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VOCABULARY OF COMMON SANSKRIT NOUNS

INDEX

11.1 ANIMALS, Domestic / Farm gaRamyapaRaiNana: gra@myapra@n<inah<

11.2 ANIMALS, Wild vanyapaoava: vanya-pashavah<

11.3 INSECTS ×maya: kr<mayah<

11.4 BIRDS paixaNa: paks<in<ah<

11.5 THE BODY PARTS oarIra>gaaina s{ar&ra@n[ga@ni

11.6 AILMENTS and BODY CONDITIONS ivakara: vika@ra@h<

11.7 CLOTHING, DRESS etc. pairZaanaaina paridha@na@ni

11.8 RELATIONS sambanZaa: sambandha@h<

11.9 HOUSEHOLD THINGS ga\Hvastauina gr<hyavastuni

11.10 TOOLS qpakrNaaina upakaran<a@ni

11.11 FLOWERS pauPpaiNa pus<pa@n<i

11.12 FRUITS fLaaina phalani

11.23 VEGETABLES oaakaina s{a@ka@ni

11.14 PLANTS vanaspataya: vanaspatayah<

11.15 FOOD STUFF Saa^paeyaaina kha@dyapeya@ni

11.16 SPICES qpaskrNaaina upaskaran<a@ni

11.17 MINERALS, METALS and JEWELS SanaIjaaina khan&ja@ni

11.18 MUSIC saGÐIta> sangeetam

11.19 PROFESSIONS vyavasaayaa: vyavasa@ya@h<

11.20 BUSINESS vyaapaar: vya@pa@rah<

11.21 WARFARE yau&> yuddham

11.22 TIME samaya: samayah<

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11.1 ANIMALS, Domastic / Farm gaRamyapaRaiNana: gra@myapra@n<inah<< Camel qP@¼:, ÛmaeLak:, maya:; ÅIå qP@¼I, m\ us<t<rah<, kramelakah<, mayah<, f\ us<t<r& Cat maajaa|r:, ibaDaLa:, (ÅIå) maajaa|rI, m\ ma@rja@rah<, bid<a@lah<, f\ ma@rja@r& Cow Ajau|naI, qÄa, gaaE:, Zaenau:, raeihNaI, oa\>igaNaI, saaErmaeyaI

f\ arjun&, usra@, gauh<, dhenuh<, s{r<n[gin<&, sauramey& Dog kÖKkÖr:, BaPak:, ovana`, oaunak:, saarmaeya:

m\ kukkurah<, bhas{akah<, s{van, s{unakah<, sa@rameyah< Donkey Sar:, gad|Ba:, rasaBa: m\ kharah<, gardabhah<, ra@sabhah< Goat Aja:, CgaLak:, Caga:, basta:, (ÅIå) Ajaa, CagaI

m\ ajah<, c{hagalakah<, c{a@gah<, bastah<, f\ Aja@, c{ha@g& Hare oaoa:, oaoak: m\ s{as{ah<, s{as{akah< Horse Avaa|, Aajaanaeya:, kk–:, ikyaah:, ganZava|:, zaae@k:, taurga:, taurGÐ:, hya:, taurGÐma:,

BaUimarxak:, vaajaI, vaah:, vaIita:, saipta:, saaZauvaahI, isanZauvaar:, saEnZava:, Aova:

m\ arva@, a@ja@neyah<, karkah<, kiya@hah<, gandharvah<, ghot<akah<, turagah<, turan[gah<, hayah<, turan[gamah<, bhu@miraks<akah<, va@j&, va@hah<, v&tih<, saptih<, sa@dhuva@h&, sindhuva@rah<, saindhavah<, as{vah<. (f\ See Mare^) Kitten maajaa|roaava: m\ ma@rja@ras{a@vah< Lamb maeoaoaava: m\ mes{as{a@vah< Lizard Sar@:, (ÅIå) gaaeiZaka m\ kharat<ah<; f\ godhika@ Mare Aovaa, taurgaI, vaDvaa, vaaijanaI, vaamaI f\ as{va@, turag&, vad<ava@, va@jin&, va@m& Mouse AaSau:, Qndw:, Sanak:, maUPak: m\ a@khuh<, undaruh<, khanakah<, mu@s{akah< Ox AnaDuta`, BadR: m\ anad<ut, bhadrah< (see bullock) Pig varah:, oaUkr: m\ vara@hah<, s{u@karah Rabbit oaoa:, oaoak: m\ s{as{ah<, s{as{akah<

11.2 ANIMALS, Wild vanyapaoava: vanya-pashavah< Alligator gaRah:, naÛ: m\ gra@h<, nakrah<

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LESSON 14

MODES OF SPEAKING

14.1 PARASMAIPADˆ AND ‡TMANEPADˆ VERBS

Unique of the Sanskr<t language, the a@tmanepadam and parasmaipadam denote To whom the fruit of an action accrues? or who is the intended victim of the action?

(1) a@tmanepada of a verb indicates that the fruit of an action accrues to the doer (a@tma Aatma) of action,

and thus the action is a@tmanepad&, eg\ nir&ks<e (G&ta@ 1.22) 1st\ sing\, ‘I observe for myself,’ (nir&ks<e; inarIxae, qTamapauwPa: ]kvacana> La@ Bvaaid: AatmanaepadI ÿinarþ}|xa).

(2) parasmaipada of a verb indicates that the fruit of an action accrues to someone other (para par) than

the doer of that action. eg\ brav&mi G&ta@ 1.7, 1st\ sing\, ‘I am telling you,’ (brav&mi; baRvaIima, qTamapauwPa: ]kvacana> La@ Adaid: parsmaEpadI ÿþbaRU).

This distinction, however, appears to be not observed strictly in practice. And, therefore, we have verbs

which indicate accrual of the fruit of an action to the doer (i.e. a@tmanepadi{) but is sometimes optionally used in the parasmaipad& form, as if the action is offered to oneself, as a third person. eg\

(i) Sah< naiva kin~c{it karoti (G&ta@ 4.20) ‘he does not do anything.’ sa: na ]va iki¡ata kraeita_ (kraeita 3rd person,

singular La@ tanaaid: parsmaEpadI ÿþ˜).

(ii) Sah< yat prama@n<am[ kurute (G&ta@ 3.21) ‘the standard he sets.’ sa: yata paRmaaNa> kÖwtae_ (k•wtae, 3rd person

singular La@ tanaaid: AatmanaepadI ÿþ˜).

Of course, in Sanskrit language, when there are dual verb roots, that stand for both the doer as well as the object (ubhayapad&, qBayapadI), this distinction of Parasmaipad& and ‡tmanepad& can not always

be observed meticulously. BE CAREFUL : In order to avoid the common errors, care must be taken not to mix up the distinction between Parasmaipad& and ‡tmanepad& characterics of the verbs with : (1) the passive (karman<i kma|iNa) and active (kartari kta|ir) usage of the voices (prayoga@h< paRyaaegaa:) (2) with the intransitive (akarmakam Akma|kma) and transitive (sakarmakam sakma|kma) attributes of the

verbs (iÛyaapadaina)

(3) Many times ‡tmanepad& is confused and translated as Middle Voice, but ‡tmanepad& is not a voice.

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LESSON 15

THE CASES ivaBaFya:_

15.1 Use of the Substantives as subject (in active voice) The nouns, pronouns and adjectives (in active voice) are expressed in the 1st case (Nominative case paRYamaa ivaBaiF:). eg. Thers is a boy (boy = ba@laka baaLak). ba@lakah< asti. baaLak: Aista_ The most common 25

forms of the 1st case (Nominative case paRYamaa ivaBaiF:) are :

NOMINATIVE CASE (paRYamaa ivaBaiF:) Word ending Gender Word Singular Dual Plural

(1) A m\ rama rama: ramaaE ramaa:

(2) A n\ vana vanama vanae vanaaina

(3) Aa f\ maaLaa maaLaa maaLae maaLaa:

(4) } m\ kiva kiva: kvaI kvaya:

(5) } n\ vaair vaair vaairNaI vaarIiNa

(6) } f\ maita maita: mataI mataya:

(7) }| f\ nadI nadI na^aE na^:

(8) q m\ gauw gauw: gauW gaurva:

(9) q n\ maZau maZau maZaunaI maZaUina

(10) q f\ Zaenau Zaenau: ZaenaU Zaenava:

(11) Q f\ vaZaU vaZaU vaZvaaE vaZva:

(12) / m\ ipata\ ipataa ipataraE ipatar:

(13) / n\ Zaata\ Zaata\ Zaata\NaI Zaata¾iNa

(14) / f\ maata\ maataa maataraE maatar:

(15) ca f\ vaaca vaak‘ vaacaaE vaaca:

(16) ja m\ raja ra@ rajaaE raja:

(17) ta m\ mawta mawta mawtaaE mawta:

(18) ta n\ jagata jagata jagataI jagainta

(19) d m\ sauÊd sauÊd sauÊdaE sauÊd:

(20) }na m\ oaioana oaoaI oaioanaaE oaioana:

(21) na m\ Aatmana Aatmaa AatmaanaaE Aatmaana:

(22) na n\ kma|na kma| kma|NaI kmaa|iNa

(23) oa f\ idoa idk‘ idoaaE idoa:

(24) sa m\ candRmasa candRmaa: candRmasaaE ca>dRmasa:

(25) sa n\ payasa paya: payasaI payaa>isa

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15.2 Use of the Relational Expressions

what (the object)? to where? below, above, between, along, after, towards, in front of, near, around, without.

In the use of the conjunctions : what (he object)? to where? below, above, between, along, after, towards, in front of, near, around, without ...etc., 2nd case (Accusative case iVtaIyaa ivaBaiF:) is used

for the object and its adjective. (see the Appendix 2 for the charts of cases) (a) Ra@ma eats rice. Ra@mah< odanam[ kha@dati. rama: Aaednama Saadita_ Ra@ma does the action of eating, so Ra@ma

is the subject, thus Ra@mah< rama: is the Nominative (1st) case. To eat is a transitive verb. Ra@ma eats

‘what?’ The answer is ‘rice.’ Rice is the object. Therefore, rice Aaednama is in the Accusative (2nd) Case.

(b) In intransitive actions, the object indicated by ‘to where’ is in Accusative (2nd) case. To go is an intransitive verb. Ra@ma goes ‘to’ town, Ra@mah< nagaram[ gac{c{hati (rama: nagar> gacCita).

EXAMPLES : 1. I am going to Now York. aham[ new-yorkam[ gac{c{ha@mi Ah> nyaU-yaak–> gacCaima_

2. Vines are on both sides of the house. gr<ham ubhayatah< lata@h< santi. ga\hma qBayata: Lataa: sainta_ 3. Ra@ma is drinking milk. Ra@mah< dugdham[ pibati rama: dugZa> ipabaita_ 4. S&ta@ wrote a letter. S&ta@ patram alikhat. saItaa pa%ama AiLaSata_

5. He sees a zebra. sah< ra@sabham[ pas{yati. sa: rasaBa> paoyaita_ 6. You will give money. bhava@n dhanam[ da@syati. Bavaana Zana> dasyaita_ 7. G&ta@ will go to Ka@npur. g&ta@ Ka@npuram[ gamis<yati. gaItaa kanapaur> gaimaPyaita_

8. Ba@la@ saw a turtle. Ba@la@ kac{hhapam[ gr<s<t>ava@n. baaLaa kcCpa> ±P@vaana_

9. She brings a bucket. sa@ dron<&m a@nayati. saa dRaeNaI> Aanayaita_

15.3 Use of the Relational Expressions : with, by, through, because

In the use of the Relational Prepositions : with, by, because of, through ...etc., the 3rd case (Instrumental case ta\taIyaa ivaBaiF:) is used for the object that is used as an instrument.

EXAMPLES : 1. Ra@ma eats rice with a spoon. Ra@mah< c{amasena odanam[ kha@dati. rama: camasaena Aaedna> Saadita_

Rice is eaten with (-]na) spoon. The spoon is used as an instrument to eat the rice (the object),

therefore, with a spoon camasaena is the Instrumental (3rd) case.

2. Rola@ goes to London by airplane. Rola@ landanam[ va@yu-ya@nena gac{c{hati. rama: La>dna> vaayauyaanaena gacCita_

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LESSON 16

16.1 ADJECTIVES AGREEMENT OF ADJECTIVES WITH NOUNS

(1) In Sanskrit, an adjective (ivaoaePaNama) does not have its own gender, number or case. It follows the

gender, number and case of the noun (ivaoaePyama) to which it is attached (to which it qualifies).

(2) If a pronoun (sava|naama) acts as an adjective, it is called a pronominal adjective (saava|naaimak-ivaoaePaNama).

MASCULINE GENDER NOUNS Singular Plural Ah> oaaeBana: baaLak: aham[ s{obhanah< ba@lakah< vaya> oaaeBanaa: baaLaka: vayam[ s{obhana@h< ba@laka@h< tva> oaaeBana: baaLak: tvam[ s{obhanah< ba@lakah< yaUya> oaaeBanaa: baaLaka: yu@yam[ s{obhana@h< ba@laka@h< sa: oaaeBana: baaLak: sah< s{obhanah< ba@lakah< tae oaaeBanaa: baaLaka: te s{obhana@h< ba@laka@h<

FEMININE GENDER NOUNS 1. Ah> oaaeBanaa baaiLaka aham[ s{obhana@ ba@lika@ vaya> oaaeBanaa: baaiLaka: vayam[ s{obhana@h< ba@lika@h< 2. tva> oaaeBanaa baaiLaka tvam[ s{obhana@ ba@lika@ yaUya> oaaeBanaa: baaiLaka: yu@yam[ s{obhana@h< ba@lika@h< 3. saa oaaeBanaa baaiLaka sa@ s{obhana@ ba@lika@ taa: oaaeBanaa: baaiLaka: ta@h< s{obhana@h< ba@lika@h<

NEUTER GENDER NOUNS tata` oaaeBana> ga\hma` tat s{obhanam[ gr<ham taaina oaaeBanaaina ga\haiNa ta@ni s{obhana@ni gr<ha@n<i EXAMPLES : USE of ADJECTIVES (A) Masculine gender : (Singular, dual, plural) 1. One good boy. s{obhanah< ba@lakah<.oaaeBana: baaLak:_ Two good boys. s{obhanau ba@lakau. oaaeBanaaE baaLakaE_

2. A white horse. svetah< as{vah<. ovaeta: Aova:_ Two white horses. s{vetau as{vau. ovaetaaE AovaaE_ The white

horses. s{veta@h< as{va@h<. ovaetaa: Aovaa:_

3. An old man. vr<ddhah< narah<. va\&: nar:_ Two old men. vr<ddhau narau. va\&aE naraE_ Old men. vr<ddha@h< nara@h<. va\&a: nara:_

4. A big mountain. vis{a@lah< parvatah<. ivaoaaLa: pava|ta:_ Big mountains. vis{a@la@h< parvata@h<. ivaoaaLaa: pava|taa:_ (B) Feminine gender : (Singular, dual, plural)

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16.15 THE EXPRESSIONS

sah, ivanaa_ ‘WITH, WITHOUT’

1. Are you coming with me? bhava@n maya@ saha a@gac{c{hati va@? Bavaana` mayaa sah AagacCita vaa?

2. Who was with you? bhavatah<öbhavatya@h< saha kah< a@s&t? Bavata:öBavatyaa: sah k: AasaIta`?

3. Ra@ma had battled (with) Ra@van<a. Ra@van<ena saha Ra@mah< yuddham[ kr<tava@n a@s&t. ravaNaena sah rama: yau&> ×tavaana` AasaIta`_

4. Laks<man<a had gone to the forest with Ra@ma. Ra@men<a saha Laks<man<ah< vanam[ gatava@n a@s&t. ramaeNa sah LaxmaNa: vana> gatavaana` AasaIta`_

5. Life is difficult without money. dhanena vina@ j&vanam[ kat>hinam. Zanaena ivanaa jaIvana> ki#nama`_

6. Car does not run without gas. s{ila@tailena vina@ ka@ra-ya@nam[ na c{alati. ioaLaataELaena ivanaa karyaana> na caLaita_

7. I am alone without you. bhavatah< vina@ aham eka@k&. Bavata: ivanaa Ahma` ]kakI_

8. Without pen how will you write? lekhanya@ vina@ katham[ lekhis<yati. LaeSanyaa ivanaa kYa> LaeiSaPyaita Bavaana`?

16.16 THE EXPRESSIONS

}ita, Aipa, ]va_ ‘SO, ALSO, ONLY’

1. “I will not go,” so he said. aham[ na gamis<ya@mi iti sah< uktava@n. Ah> na gaimaPyaaima }ita sa: qFvaana_

2. I do not know (that) if she is coming or not. sa@ a@gamis<yati va@ na va@ iti aham[ na ja@na@mi. saa AagaimaPyaita vaa na vaa }ita Ah> na jaanaaima_

3. Ra@ma also said he will come. Ra@mah< api a@gamis<ya@mi iti uktava@n. rama: Aipa AagaimaPyaaima }ita qFvaana`_

4. Today there are only five students in the class. adya kaks<a@ya@m[ pan~c{a c{ha@tra@h< eva santi. A^

kxaayaa> paØca Ca%aa: ]va sainta_

6. I also have a new car. mama api nu@tanam[ ka@raya@nam asti. mama Aipa naUtana> karyaana> Aista_

7. They are also sick. te api (te]pi) rugn<a@h< santi. tae Aipa (tae~ipa) wgNaa: sainta_

16.17 THE EXPRESSIONS

A^tana, ovastana, Hstana_

TODAY’S TOMORROW’S YESTERDAY’S

1. Where is today’s newspaper? adyatanava@rta@patram[ kutra asti? A^tanavaataa|pa%a> kÖ%a Aista?

2. This is yesterday’s paper. etat hyastanasya patram asti. ]tata` Hstanasya pa%ama` Aista_

3. Is it Sunday tomorrow? s{vastanasya dinah< raviva@sarah< asti va@? ovastanasya idna: rivavaasar: Aista vaa?

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LESSON 17

ADVERBS AND CONJUNCTIONS

kriya@vis{es<an<a@ni yaugics{abda@h< c{a iÛyaaivaoaePaNaaina yaaEigakoabda: ca_

17.1 ADVERBS kriya@vis{es<an<a@ni iÛyaaivaoaePaNaaina_

An Adverb does not take any gender, number, person, tense or case. It does not change with the verb or the adjective it qualifies, thus, it is an INDECLINABLE word (avyayam Avyayama)

NOTE : Adverbs are not the only indeclinable words, there are many other words that are indeclinables

and are used adverbially, such as : (1) There are nouns of which one conjugation or the Nominative case declension is used as an

indeclinable word. eg\ Astama (astam setting, decline), Aista (asti existence), naaista (na@sti non-

existence), nama: (namah< salutation), Bauvar (bhuvar sky), sa>vata (sam~vat a year), svar (svar heaven),

svaista (svasti greeting), sauSama (sukham happily, easily), du:Sama (dukham sadly, painfully), etc.

(2) There are adjectives of which the Accusative Neuter is indeclinable. eg\ inatyama (nityam regularly),

bahu (bahu vaer), BaUya: (bhu@yah< again), satyama (satyam truly), sauSama (sukham happily), du:Sama

(dukham sadly), etc. (3) There are Pronouns of which Accusative Neuter is indeclinable. eg\ ikma (kim what), tata (tat that),

yaavata (ya@vat as long), taavata (ta@vat so long), etc.

(4) There are other substantives of which the Accusative neuter is indeclinable. eg\ svayama (svayam

oneself), etc. (5) There are nouns and adjectives of which Instrumental case is indeclinable, AoaePaeNa (as{es<en<a fully),

qccaE: (uc{c{aih< loudly), icareNa (c{iren<a quickly), taena (tena thus), paura (pura@ anciently, formerly), etc.

(6) There are words of which the Dative form is indeclinable. eg\ ApaRdaya (aprada@ya without sharing),

AasYaaya (a@stha@ya for staying), ivaXaaya (vijn~a@ya for knowing), etc.

(7) There are nouns and pronouns of which the Ablative form is indeclinable. eg\ tasmaata (tasma@t therefore), baLaata (bala@t forcibly), samantaata (samanta@t around), etc.

(8) There are words of which the Locative form is indeclinable. eg\ AgaRe (agre at first), Antare (antare inside), /tae (r<te without), sYaanae (stha@ne justly), etc.

(9) There are words of which a derivative is indeclinable : eg\

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LESSON 18 trim~s{ah< abhya@sah< i%a>oa: AByaasa:_

THE PREPOSITIONS

aupasargika-s{abda@h< AaEpasaiga|koabda:_

The preposition (qpasaga|: upasargah<) is an indeclinable word (avyayam Avyayama), having an independent

meaning, prefixed to a verb (kriya@padam iÛyaapadma) or its derivative (sa@dhita-s{abdah< saaiZata-oabd:). It can be seen that the 22 prepositional prefixes listed by Pa@n<ini and Varada@c{a@rya do intensify, modify,

alter, change or make no change in the sense of the root verb.

(1) ati (Aita) over, beyond. (i) Ûma: a step, pace # AitaÛma: aransgression. (ii) irF empty # AitairF

remaining; supreme. (2) adhi (AiZa) power, right. (i) kar: causer # AiZakar: the right, power. (ii) ixapa: casting away # AiZaxaepa:

censure. (3) anu (Anau) along, after, behind; each, every. (i) kmpa: shaking, a tremor # Anaukmpaa compassion. (ii) |˜

to do # Anau˜ita: imitation.

(4) antar (Antar`) with interval, within, inner. (i) yaama: restraint, control # Antayaa|ma: inner control. (ii)

Zaanama` a seat # AntaZaa|nama` disappearance.

(5) apa (Apa) away, away from. (i) oakÖnama` a good omen # ApaoakÖnama` a bad omen. (ii) kar: doer, causer

# Apakar: Harm.

(6) api (Aipa) also; over, near, near to; indeed, also. (i) Ayanama` entrance # Apyayanama` junction, union. (ii)

ihtama` benefit # Aipaihtama` openly, visibly.

(7) abhi (AiBa) towards, near. (i) mauSama` mouth, face # AiBamauSama` In front of. (ii) maana: pride # AiBamaana:

ego, self-pride. (8) ava (Ava) away, off, down. (i) þsYaa to stay # AvasYaa condition, state. (ii) gauNa: quality, character #

AvagauNa: a bad quality

(9) a@ (Aa) up to, towards, from, around; a little. (i) gamanama` going # Aagamanama` coming. (ii) janma birth #

Aajanma from the birth.

(10) prefixes ut, ud (qta`, qd`) over, superior, higher; facing. (i) þsYaa to stay # qtYaanama` Getting up, rising.

(ii) Bava: Existence # q®va: Birth.

(11) upa (qpa) secondary; towards, near to, by the side of. (i) þivaoa` to enter # qpaivaoa to sit. (ii) þsYaa to

stay # qpasYama` the middle part.

(12) dur, dus, (dur`, dusa`) hard to do, difficult. (i) þLaBa` to get, obtain # duLa|Bama` difficult to attain. (ii) baui&:

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ABae^ma` AajaIvanama` Aih>saa samaacarta` AnauBava: paRitajaanaaima paRitagacCita qpasaGÐmya paRapsyaisa Avaapsyaisa ivarmaita ivasarita

pairhar: Anauvata|tae qpapadma` ivasma\ita:_

ANSWERS : sau, paR, sama, iva, Aa, qd, Aa, Apa, sama, paR, Anau, para, paR, paR, dusa, iva, qta, AiBa, qta, qta, A, A, iva, A,

paRita, qpa, Aita, Aita, Aa, dur, dur, dur, dusa, pair, pair, iva, iva, iva, iva, Aa, A, Aa, A, sama, Anau, paRita, paRita, qpa, paR, Ava,

iva, iva, pair, Anau, qpa, iva_

WHAT WE LEARNED SO FAR

EXERCISE 48 : Following sentences are in various tenses, moods and cases. Translate the English sentences

into Sanskrit. The |Root Verbs are shown in brackets. For your help, the Answers are given in italized transliteration and in Devana@gar& (devanaagarI) Sanskrit.

(1) Ra@ma writes letters. Ra@mh< patra@n<i likhati (|likh). rama: pa%aaiNa iLaSaita_ Ra@ma wrote

letters. Ra@mh< patra@n<i alikhatölikhitava@n. rama: pa%aaiNa AiLaSata`öiLaiSatavaana`_

(2) The ants are walking. pip&lika@h< c{alanti (|c{al). ipapaIiLaka: caLainta (caLantya: sainta)_

(3) She will eat apples. sa@ a@ta@phala@niöseva@ni kha@dis<yati (|kha@). saa AataafLaainaösaevaaina SaaidPyaita_

(4) They worshiped Krishna. te kris>n>am a@rc{anöarc{itavantah<. (|arc{). tae ×PNama` Aaca|na`öAica|tavanta:_

(5) R&ta@ was throwing a ball. R&ta@ kandukam[ ks<ipati sma (|ks<ip). rItaa kndukä ixapaita sma_

(6) The cart is brought by Vis{a@l. Vis{a@lena ya@nam a@n&tam[ (a@|n&). ivaoaaLaena yaanama` AanaItama`_

(7) Yes, Ra@n& will cut the beans. a@m! Ran& simba@h< kartis<yati. Aama`! ranaI isambaa: kita|Pyaita_

(8) The bears run freely in the forest. bhalla@h<öbhalluka@h< vane svairam[ dha@vanti (|dha@v). BaLLaa:öBaLLauka: vanae svaEr> Zaavainta_ (svaErma` = freely)

(9) They must not kill the dog. taih< kukkurah<öbhas<akah<ös{unakah<ös{va@nah< na hantavyah< (|han). taE: kÖKkÖr:öBaPak:öoaunak:öovaana: na hntavya:_

(10) He may steal the money. kada@c{it sah< mudra@h>ödhanam[ c{orayet (|c{ur). kdaicata` sa:

maudRa:öZana> caaeryaeta`_

(11) The black bird flew to the nest. kr>s>n<ah< khagah<öc{at>akah<öpaks<&övihan[gah< n&d<am ad<ayata (|d<&). ×PNa: Saga:öca@k:öpaxaIöivahGÐ: naIDma` ADyata_

(12) The barber works in his shop. na@pitah< tasya a@pan<eökartana@laye ka@ryam[ karoti (karma|kr<). naaipata: tasya AapaNaeökta|naaLayae kaya|> kraeita_

(13) Gopa@l will come here to wash his hands. Gopa@lah< tasya hastau ks<a@layitum atra a@gamis<yati (|ks<al). gaaepaaLa: tasya hstaaE xaaLaiyatauma` A%a AagaimaPyaita_

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LESSON 19

CONVERSATIONS va@rta@la@pa@h< vaataa|Laapaa:_

1. Hello! namastae! namaskar:! svaista! jayarama! saItaarama! saa}|rama! hir Aaema! namaste! namaska@rah<! jayara@ma! s&ta@ra@m! sa@&ra@m! hari om!

2. Good monring. saupaRBaatama_ suprabha@tam! 3. Good night oauBarai%a: s{ubha-ra@trih<! 4. How are you? Bavaana kYama Aista? tva> kYamaisa? bhava@n katham asti? tvam[ kathamasi? 5. Is everything ok? sava|> kÖoaLa> vaa? sarvam[ kus{alam[ va@? Yes. a@m Aama_

6. Sir! How are you? Aaya|! Bavaana kYamaista? a@rya! bha@va@n kathamasti?

7. Madam! How are you? Aayae|! BavataI kYamaista? a@rye bhavat& kathamasti?

8. Are you well (m\)? kus{al& va@? (f\) kus{alin& va@ kÖoaLaI vaa? kÖoaiLanaI vaa?

9. Welcome. sva@gatam svaagatama_

10. You are welcome svaagata> taeöBavata:öBavatyaa:_ sva@gatam[ (m\f\) te ö (m\) bhavath< ö (f\) bhavatya@h<. 11, Please come in. ˜payaa AByantarma AagacCtau_ Anta: Aasyataama_

kr<paya@ abhyantaram a@gac{c{hatu. antah< a@syata@m. 12. Have a seat. qpaivaoatau_ upavis{atu. 13. Where should I sit? kÖ%a qpaivaoaaina? kutra upavis{a@ni?

14. Sit wherever you wish. ya%a Bavaana }cCita ta%a qpaivaoatau_ yatra bhava@n ic{c{hati tatra upavis{atu. 15. Who is he (this person)? ]Pa: k:? es{ah< kah<? A%aBavaana k:? atrabhava@n kah<?

16. Who is she (this lady)? ]Paa ka? es{a@ ka@? A%aBavataI ka? atrabhavat& ka@?

17. What is the news? k: samaacaar:? ka vaataa|? ikä va\Tama? kah< sama@c{a@rah<? ka@ va@tra@? kim[ vr<ttam?

18. I hope you are well. (m\f\) Aipa naama BavaanaöBavataI kÖoaLaIökÖoaiLanaI Aista_ api na@ma bhava@nöbhavat& kus{al&ökus{alin& asti.

19. Is everything ok at home? ga\he sava|> kÖoaLa> vaa_ gr<he sarvam[ kus{alam[ va@?

20. Are you not well? (m\f\) Aipa BavaanaöBavataI na svasYa:ösvasYaa? api bhava@nöbhavat& na svasthah<ösvastha@?

21. Yes. I am alright. Aama_ Ah> kÖoaLaIökÖoaiLanaI_ mama sava|> samyak‘ Aista_ a@m. aham[ kus{al&ökus{alin&. mama sarvam[ samyak asti.

22. Thank you very much. bahuoa: Zanyavaada:_ bahus{ah< dhanyava@da@h<. 23. Best wishes for the New Year. navavaPa|sya oauBaecCa:_ nava-vars<asya s{ubhec{c{ha@h<. 24. See! I brought something special for you. paoya! mayaa tvadYa|>öBavatae ikmaipa ivaoaePama AanaItama_ Ah> tae

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LESSON 20

GENERAL KNOWLEDGE

20.1 NAMES OF THE DAYS OF THE WEEK The names of the seven days of the week are : (1) Sunday Raviva@rah< Raviva@sarah< rivavaar: rivavaasar:

(2) Monday Somava@rah< Somava@sarah< saaemavaar: saaemavaasar:

(3) Tuesday Man[galva@rah< Man[galva@sarah< ma>gaLavaar: ma>gaLavaasar:

(4) Wednesday Budhava@rah< Budhava@sarah< bauZavaar: bauZavaasar:

(5) Thursday Guruva@rah< Guruva@sarah< gauwvaar: gauwvaasar:

(6) Friday S}ukrava@rah< S}ukrava@sarah< oauÛvaar: oauÛvaasar:

(7) Saturday S}aniva@rah< S}aniva@sarah< oainavaar: oainavaasar:

There are 30 days in a month. maasae i%a>oata idnaaina sainta_ There are two bi-weekly periods in each month,

namely Kr<s<n<a-paks<ah< and S}ukla-paks<ah<. paRitamaasae VaE paxaaE Bavata: naamanaI ˜PNapaxa: oauKLapaxa: ca_ In each

biweekly period there are 15 days. paRitapaxae paØcadoa itaYaya: Bavainta_

Their names : (1) paRitapada (2) iVtaIyaa (3) ta\taIyaa (4) catauYaI| (5) paØcamaI (6) PaP#I (7) saptamaI (8) AP@maI (9) navamaI

(10) doamaI (11) ]kadoaI (12) VadoaI (13) %ayaaedoaI (14) cataud|oaI (15) Amaavasyaa AYavaa paaEiNa|maa_

20.2 NAMES OF THE MONTHS OF THE YEAR The names of the twelve months are: (1) March-April C}aitrah< caE%a: (2) April-May Vais{a@khah< vaEoaaSa:

(3) May-June Jyes<t>hah< jyaeP#: (4) June-July ‡s<a@d<hah< AaPaa$:

(5) July-August S}ra@van<ah< ÃavaNa: (6) Aug.-Sept. Bha@drapadah< BaadRpad:

(7) Sept.- Oct. ‡s{vinah< Aaiovana: (8) Oct.-Nov. Ka@rtikah< kaita|k:

(9) Nov.-Dec. Ma@rgas{&rs<ah< maaga|oaIPa| (10) Dec.-Jan. Paus<ah< paaEPa:

(11) Jan.-Feb. Ma@ghah< maaza: (12) Feb.-March Pha@lgunah< faLgauna:

THE SIX SEASONS : (1) Spring Vasantah< vasanta: (2) Summer Gr&s<mah< gaRIPma:

(3) Rainy-season Vars<a@ vaPaa| (4) Autumn Sharad oard

(5) Winter (Nov-Jan) Hemantah< hemanta: (6) Winter(Jan-Mar) S}is{irah< ioaioar:

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1. THE TEN CONJUGATIONAL CLASSES OF VERBS Roots of the verbs (dha@tavah< Zaatava:), having aims of self service (a@tmanepad& AatmanaepadI), service to

others (parasmaipad& parsmaEpadI) or dual service (ubhayapad& qBayapadI), are arranged under a group of

Ten classes of Conjugations of Verbs (gan<a@h< gaNaa:), namely : *1st Bvaaid *bhva@di þBaU-Aaid |bhu@ (to be) Bavaaima, Bavaisa, Bavaita

2nd Adaid ada@di þAd-Aaid |ad (to eat) Ai¯, Aitsa, AiTa

3rd Ìaid juhva@di þhu-Aaid |hu (to offer) jauhaeima, jauhaeiPa, jauhaeita

*4th idvaaid *diva@di þidva-Aaid |div (to shine) dIvyaaima, dIvyaisa, dIvyaita

5th svaaid sva@di þsau-Aaid |su (to bathe) saunaaeima, saunaaeiPa, saunaaeita

*6th taudaid *tuda@di þtaud-Aaid |tud (to hurt) taudaima, taudisa, taudita

7th wZaaid rudha@di þwZa-Aaid |rudh (to inhibit) wNaiZma, wNaitsa, wNai&

8th tanaaid tana@di þtana-Aaid |tan (to spread) tanaaeima, tanaaeiPa, tanaaeita

9th Û‘yaaid kraya@di þÛI-Aaid |kr& (to buy) ÛINaaima, ÛINaaisa, ÛINaaita

*10th cauraid *c{ura@di þcaur-Aaid |c{ur (to steal) caaeryaaima, caaeryaisa, caaeryaita

NOTES : Some people prefer using the numerical system (1st gan<a, 2nd gan<a etc.) for identifying the gan<a/, while others prefer their nominclature (Bvaaid, Adaid etc.)

(i) The popular 10 classes of conjugations are divided in two GROUPS. (ii) roots of 1st, 4th, 6th and 10th class marked with * fall under the FIRST GROUP and (iii) the remaining roots of the 2nd, 3rd, 5th, 7th, 8th and 9th class fall under SECOND GROUP. (iv) Amost all roots are monosyllables, some of them are even uniletters (eg\ |i, |&, |u, |r<, |r<{), most of

them end in a consonant. Only just over a dozen are ploysyllabelic. eg\ |apa@s, |a@ndol, |bhis<aj, |c{aka@s, |c{ulump, |daridra@, |gaves{a, |hillol, |kuma@r, |kut>umb, |luma@l, |oland, |palyul, |pampas, |prenkhol, |sabhaj, |sangra@m, |vid<amb.

THE PROCESS OF CONGUGATION (i) The process of attaching a tense terminations (Lakar:) to an original basic verb root stems, to form a

single worded verb, is called congugation. The original basic form of the verb is called the Verbal-root or Root-verb (dha@tuh< Zaatau:) eg\ |bhu@ (|BaU) to become.

(ii) A |verb undergoes modification before it takes a conjugational suffix (Lakar:). The form of the

|verb before it takes a suffix, is called Verbal Base (an[gam AGÐma)

(iii) The initial vowel of the root verb is called the Radical Vowel (maulik-svarah< maaEiLaksvar:). eg\ }| of

|}|; A of |Ad

(iv) The end vowel of the |verb is Final Vowel (antya-svarah< Antyasvar:) eg\ Q of |BaU

(v) The vowel between two consonants of a |verb is Medial Vowel madhya-svarah< maZyasvar:

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2. CHARTS of CASES

(1) MASCULINE NOUN ENDING IN (a) A (rama) Ra@ma (G&ta@ 10.31)

CASE-ivaBaiF Singular Dual Plural

(1st) Nominative - rama: ramaaE ramaa:

(2nd) Accusative (to, what?) ramama ramaaE ramaana

(3rd) Instrumental (with, by) ramaeNa ramaaByaama ramaE:

(4th) Dative (for, to) ramaaya ramaaByaama ramaeBya:

(5th) Ablative (from. than) ramaata ramaaByaama ramaeBya:

(6th) Possessive (of) ramasya ramayaae: ramaaNaama

(7th) Locative (in, on) ramae ramayaae: ramaePau

Vocative (address) rama ramaaE ramaa:

(2) NEUTER NOUN ENDING IN (a) A (vana) forest

(1st) Nominative - vanama vanae vanaaina

(2nd) Accusative (to, what?) vanama vanae vanaaina

(3rd) Instrumental (with, by) vanaena vanaaByaama vanaE:

(4th) Dative (for, to) vanaaya vanaaByaama vanaeBya:

(5th) Ablative (from. than) vanaata vanaaByaama vanaeBya:

(6th) Possessive (of) vanasya vanayaae: vanaanaama

(7th) Locative (in, on) vanae vanayaae: vanaePau

Vocative (address) vana vanae vanaaina

(3) FEMININE NOUN ENDING IN (a@) Aa (maaLaa) necklace

CASE-ivaBaiF Singular Dual Plural

(1st) Nominative - maaLaa maaLae maaLaa:

(2nd) Accusative (to, what?) maaLaama maaLae maaLaa:

(3rd) Instrumental (with, by) maaLayaa maaLaaByaama maaLaaiBa:

(4th) Dative (for, to) maaLaayaE maaLaaByaama maaLaaBya:

(5th) Ablative (from. than) maaLaayaa: maaLaaByaama maaLaaBya:

(6th) Possessive (of) maaLaayaa: maaLayaae: maaLaanaama

(7th) Locative (in, on) maaLaayaama maaLayaae: maaLaasau

Vocative (address) maaLae maaLae maaLaa:

(4) MASCULINE NOUN ENDING IN (i) } (kiva) poet (G&ta@ 10.39)

(1st) Nominative - kiva: kvaI kvaya:

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5. RATNAKAR’S CHART OF PARTICIPLES

ADJECTIVES AND INDECLINABLES

(1) ADJECTIVE PARTICIPLES Participle Suffix Example - root verbs þ˜ þLaBa`

1. Past Passive Participle ta (F) ˜ta (done, has been done)

2. Past Active Participle tavata` (Fvatau) ˜tavata` (has done)

3. Present Active Participle Ata` (oata\) kÖva|ta` (doing, while doing, doer)

4. Present Active Participle Aana (oaanaca`) kÖvaa|Na (doing)

5. Present Active Participle maana (oaanaca`) LaBamaana (getting)

6. Present Passive Participle yamaana (oaanaca`) iÛyamaaNa (being done)

7. Potential Passive Participle tavya (tavyata`) kta|vya (ought, fit to be done)

AnaIya (AnaIyar`) krNaIya (ought, fit to be done)

ya (yata`) kaya| (ought, fit to be done)

(2) INDECLINABLE PARTICIPLES

Participle Suffix Example - root verbs þ˜ þLaBa`

8. Indeclinable Past Participle tvaa (Ktvaa) ˜tvaa (having done)

(without a prefix, Gerund) 9. Indeclinable Past Participle ya (Lyapa` ) Anau˜tya (having done accordingly)

(with a prefix) 10. Infinitive of Purpose tauma` (taumauna`) ktau|ma` (for doing)

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6. TENSES AND MOODS OF COMMON VERBS itaGntapaRkrNama`_

2p |as (|Asa) to be

Present Tense (La@) Aisma sva: sma: Aisa sYa: sYa Aista sta: sainta

Past Tense (LaG) Aasama Aasva Aasma AasaI: Aastama Aasta AasaIta Aastaama Aasana

Future Tense (La\@) BaivaPyaaima BaivaPyaava: BaivaPyaama: BaivaPyaisa BaivaPyaYa: BaivaPyaYa BaivaPyaita BaivaPyata: BaivaPyainta

Imperative mood (Laae@) Asaaina Asaava Asaama ]iZa stama sta Astau staama santau

Potential mood (ivaiZaiLaG) syaama syaava syaama syaa: syaatama syaata syaata syaataama syau:

6p|is< (|}Pa) to desire

Present Tense (La@) }cCaima }cCava: }cCama: }cCisa }cCYa: }cCYa }cCita }cCta: }cCinta

Past Tense (LaG) ]ecCma ]ecCava ]ecCama ]ecC: ]ecCtama ]ecCta ]ecCta ]ecCtaama ]ecCna

Future Tense (La\@) ]iPaPyaaima ]iPaPyaava: ]iPaPyaama: ]iPaPyaisa ]iPaPyaYa: ]iPaPyaYa

]iPaPyaita ]iPaPyata: ]iPaPyainta

Imperative mood (Laae@) }cCaina }cCava }cCama }cC }cCtama }cCta }cCtau }cCtaama }cCntau

Potential mood (ivaiZaiLaG) }cCeyama }cCeva }cCema }cCe: }cCetama }cCeta }cCeta }cCetaama }cCeyau:

10p |kath (|kYa) to tell

Present Tense (La@) kYayaaima kYayaava: kYayaama: kYayaisa kYayaYa: kYayaYa kYayaita kYayata: kYayainta

Past Tense (LaG) AkYayama AkYayaava AkYayaama AkYaya: AkYayatama AkYayata AkYayata AkYayataama AkYayana

Future Tense (La\@) kYaiyaPyaaima kYaiyaPyaava: kYaiyaPyaama: kYaiyaPyaisa kYaiyaPyaYa: kYaiyaPyaYa kYaiyaPyaita kYaiyaPyata: kYaiyaPyainta

Imperative mood (Laae@) kYayaaina kYayaava kYayaama kYaya kYayatama kYayata kYayatau kYayataama kYayantau

Potential mood (ivaiZaiLaG) kYayaeyama kYayaeva kYayaema kYayae: kYayaetama kYayaeta kYayaeta kYayaetaama kYayaeyau:

1p |kr&d< (|ÛID) to play

Present Tense (La@)

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