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4. The Science of Chocolate

Q""a in1. Answer the following questions:. ls a meal celebrating a special occasion complete without dessert? Why(not)?. An Ancient proverb says "lf you've got melted chocolate all over your hands,you're eating it too slowly." Why is it that we like chocolate so much?

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2. Where does chocolate come from? You are going to read a text about themaking of chocolate. What do you know about this process? Fill in the firsttwo columns of the chart below with details that you already know and thingsyou would like to find out on this topic.

what I know what I want to know what I learned

3. Read the text quickly. What is the main topic of each paragraph? Labelthe paragraphs with these headings: Chocolate liquor, Love for chocolate,Uncover the beans!, Chocolate addicts, Different tasfes, A bar is born!,The cacao tree, Conching and tempering.28

1.Did you know that Americans eat about 10 pounds of chocolate a year!Chocolate cake, chocolate candy, chocolate milk, chocolate pudding, andchocolate ice cream -Yum! lf only chocolate grew on trees... Hey! Wait a

minute! lt does!2.The Cacao tree (Theobroma cacao) grows in warm, temperate countries of

the world like Indonesia, South and CentralAmerica and Africa. When the treematures, it produces a fruit about the size of a small pineapple. Inside thesefruits are the seeds called cocoa beans. The chocolate comes from inside thecocoa beans.

3.When the ripe fruits are harvested they are left to ferment for about a weekbefore the beans are removed and dried in the sun. After they're dried, theouter husks of the beans are removed and then the small, brown, wrinkled

cocoa beans are roasted to bring out their flavour.4.All seeds contain some fat but cocoa beans are made up of 50% fat (cocoabutter) so when the roasted seeds are ground they form a thick liquid called

chocolate liquor. At this stage the chocolate is still very bitter. Try tasting a smallamount of unsweetened "cooking" chocolate and you'll see what I mean.

5.To make a delicious chocolate bar, lots of sugar has to be added along with

other ingredients and flavours, like vanilla. Often milk or cream is added, too.Milk chocolate has more sugar and fat in it than bitter cooking chocolate.

6.This mixture is then put through a process called conching where a special

machine blends the mixture to help smooth out the texture. Finally the chocolateis tempered. Tempering is accomplished by slowly heating, then slowly coolingthe chocolate. This is necessary to prevent the cocoa butter from settling outof the chocolate.

7.What is it about chocolate that makes us feel so happy about eating it?Phenylethylamine is the chemical responsible for our love of this fragrant,smooth, delicious treat. This hormone occurs naturally in the human body and

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is often called the "love chemical" because it gives people feelings of happiness,friendliness and contentment. Scientists have found that high levels ofphenylethylamine are found in chocolate. Maybe that's why we give chocolateto those we love on Valentine's Day and not say.... Brussels sprouts!

LTry several different brands of chocolate. Try chocolate that comes from

different countries. Can you taste the differences in the bars? Why would theynot all taste the same? Are their textures different? Which is your favourite?(www. scie n cewith me. co m )4. Read the text carefully and fill in the third column in the chart at exercise 2.Which is the piece of information you appreciate most having discovered?

$.rt,. w orx5. Chocolafe appears together with different words in the text. Here is a listof adjectives; tick the ones that go with chocolate and then fill in the gaps inthe sentences below with the appropriate structures.fl bitter ! dark ! hard ! hot ! juicy ! meltedn white tr plain rich ! roasta) Could I have a cup of

tr strange n thickwith whipped cream?

b) The cake, which had topping, melted in the hot sun.cheesecake is a desert abounding in flavours.)

d) This baked pudding hasput your spoon in.

inside that flows out as youe) I prefer sweet desserts so I don't like6. The second and third paragraphs contain words related to farming/cultivat-ing plants. Find their synonym among the following:to fully grow =core =cropped =dehydrated =covering =aroma =30

7. The text contains examples of prepositional verbs - verbs which forma meaning together with a preposition. Match the prepositional verbs withtheir appropriate meaning and then fill in the sentences with the suitableprepositional verb.1. bring out2. put through3. be responsible for4. prevent from5. believe in6. talk about1. A crisis2. Do you3. There is nothing to gorng.4. What are they5. He me a lot of trouble.6. Smoking is many cases of lung cancer.

a) stop; avoidb) have faith in the existence ofc) discussd) cause to undergo or enduree) being the causef) expose; reveal

the best in her.ghosts?

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Grarnmar hactice8. The text is full of verbs in the passive. Refer to the Grammar Sectionon passive at the back of the book to find out why the person who carriesout the action is not mentioned. Underline any uses of the agent which areunnecessary in the following sentences.e.g. The office has been painted recently by someone.a) Have the criminals been arrested by the police?b) Milk is delivered to the restaurant by the milkman.c) The ceiling of the Sistine Chapel was painted by Michelangelo.d) Our car was parked outside the house by us.e) The article will be printed by The Daily News on Monday.f) Where are these CD recorders made by them?g) The agreement will also be signed by Spain.h) Post is not delivered on Sunday by postmen.

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9. Choose the sentence closest in meaning to the sentence given.1. Somebody will see him. 2. Something hit me.a. lt will be seen by him. a. Something was hit by me.b. He has seen. b. I was hit by something.c. He'll be seen. c. I hit something.3. They have repaired the road. 4. He gave it to me.a. lt has repaired. a. I was given.b. The road has been repaired. b. lt's given to me.c. The road's repaired. c. lt was given to me.5. Someone saw you. 6. They ought to change the law.a. You were seen. a. The law ought to been changed.b. You have seen someone. b. The law ought to change.c. Someone was seen. c. The law ought to be changed.7. Somebody opened the door. 8. Somebody is watering the garden.a. The door opened. a. The watering is done.b. The door is open. b. The garden is being watered. \c. The door was opened. c. The garden is watered.9. Something broke it. 10. Haven't they painted the building yet?a. lt was broken. a. Hasn't the building been painted yet?b. lt is broken. b. Hadn't the building been painted yet?c. Something was broken. c. lsn't the building painted yet?10. Rewrite each sentence so that it does not contain the words underlined,using a passive form.e.g. Someone left the light on all night.The light was left on all night.a) The thief has stolen my bike.b) The farmers harvest the fields in autumn.c) Peoole asked me for directions three times.d) You have to hand in the paper.e) The authorities have banned the cars from the city centre.f) They don't know the solution to the problem.g) The builders renovated the house in a few weeks.h) Lots of people have parked their cars illegally.32

Sritinr-1. Your good friend has just opened a chocolate shop and wants to attractmore customers. Write an advertisement in order to help your friend advertisehis/her shop. (70 words)Basic elements of a good advertisement:' Catchy headline - a strong statement featuring the major selling point (e.g.cheaper, faster), of real interest to the reader' The main text - which persuades the reader to buy your product or requestyour services' The tag-line - summing up the product or the company's philosophy (e.g.'Just do it'). The call to action - telling the reader what to do next'The company details - name, address, phone and fax numbers, email andweb addresses