4.01 Remember the structures of the urinary

system

What are the structures of the urinary system?

4.01 Remember the structures of the urinary system

3

Essential Questions

What are the functions of the urinary system?

What are some disorders of the urinary system?

How are disorders of the urinary system treated?

How do you relate the body’s hormone control to

the urinary system?

4.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the urinary system4

Kidneys Ureters Bladder Urethra Urinary meatus

4.01 Remember the structures of the urinary system5

Kidneys (p. 567)Kidneys (p. 567)External structures Renal capsule Renal hilum

Internal structures Renal cortex Renal medulla Renal pelvis

4.01 Remember the structures of the urinary system6

External kidneyExternal kidney• Renal fasciaRenal fascia

Fibrous layer of connective tissue

• Renal hilumRenal hilum Indentation that gives

the kidney its bean-shaped appearance

4.01 Remember the structures of the urinary system7

Internal kidney Internal kidney (p. 567)(p. 567)

• Renal cortexRenal cortex Outer layer

• Renal medullaRenal medulla Middle layer

• Renal pelvisRenal pelvis Innermost layer

4.01 Remember the structures of the urinary system8

Renal cortexRenal cortex• Composed of millions of

microscopic functional units called nephrons

4.01 Remember the structures of the urinary system9

NephronNephronFunctional unit of kidney

• Renal corpuscle Renal corpuscle Bowman’s capsule Glomerulus

• Renal tubuleRenal tubule Proximal convoluted

tubule Loop of Henle Distal convoluted

tubule Collecting tubules

4.01 Remember the structures of the urinary system10

Each kidney contains about 1.3 MILLION nephrons!

Renal Renal medullamedullaInner, striated layerRENAL PYRAMIDS RENAL PYRAMIDS are the striated cones.Base of each pyramid faces cortex, while apex empties into cuplike cavities called CALYCESCALYCESRenal columnsRenal columns

Located between the pyramids

Cortical tissue4.01 Remember the structures of the urinary system

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Renal pelvisRenal pelvis• Funnel shaped

structure at the beginning of the ureter

4.01 Remember the structures of the urinary system12

Ureters (p. Ureters (p. 588)588)

• Muscular tube extending from each kidney to the urinary bladder

• Lined by a mucous membrane

• 10-12” long4.01 Remember the structures of the urinary system

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UretersUreters

Urinary bladderUrinary bladder• Hollow muscular organ• Located in pelvic cavity• Made of elastic fibers

and involuntary muscles

4.01 Remember the structures of the urinary system14

Urethra (p. 589)Urethra (p. 589)• Connects the

bladder to the outside of the body Female 1-2” long Male 4-6” long

Urinary meatusUrinary meatus• Opening to the

outside of the body

4.01 Remember the structures of the urinary system15

Female

Male

Functions:

Excretion

Formation of urine

Fluid and electrolyte balance

Elimination of urine

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Excretion (p.566)What is excretion?

Why does the body have excretory

functions?

What is the composition of wastes excreted

by the urinary system?

How is it relevant to health?

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4.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the urinary system18

4.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the urinary system

• Blood from renal artery enters glomerulus

• High pressure in glomerulus forces fluid into Bowman’s capsule, where it is filtered

• (p.566, 577)19

BOWMAN’S CAPSULEBOWMAN’S CAPSULE

Bowman’s capsule filters out 125cc of fluid/min. …how many cc’s per hour is this?As the filtrate continues through nephron, 90% of water is reabsorbed—what would happen if reabsorption here failed?

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4.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the urinary system21

4.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the urinary system

What is secretion?

Describe how this process is the opposite of reabsorption….

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What substances are secreted into the collecting tubules?

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Fluid and electrolyte balanceFluid and electrolyte balanceElectrolytes are selectively secreted to maintain body’s acid-base balance.

• What are electrolytes?

• What do they do?

• What is the relevance to health?

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Fluid and electrolyte balanceFluid and electrolyte balance

Chemical control (p. 583)Chemical control (p. 583)• ADH• Aldosterone

Nervous controlNervous control

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Fluid and electrolyte balanceFluid and electrolyte balance

Chemical controlChemical control• ADH – Antidiuretic hormone

• Aldosterone

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Fluid and electrolyte balanceFluid and electrolyte balance

Chemical controlChemical controlADHADH is released by the posterior pituitary glandWhat is the function of ADH (antidiuretic hormone)?

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Fluid and electrolyte balanceFluid and electrolyte balanceChemical controlChemical controlThe amount of ADHADH produced is related to the level of body hydrationWhat factors regulate the release of ADHADH?

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Forming more dilute urine:Define “dilute urine”What are diuretics? What effect do they have on the production of urine? Give examples of substances that have diuretic effects.

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Fluid and electrolyte balanceFluid and electrolyte balanceChemical controlChemical controlAldosteroneAldosteroneWhere does it come from?What does it do?Aldosterone release is the result of the renin-angiotensin system. What does this mean?

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Fluid and electrolyte balanceFluid and electrolyte balance

4.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the urinary system

What effect does this cycle have on your blood pressure?What effect does this cycle have on your blood pressure?

31

Fluid and electrolyte Fluid and electrolyte balancebalance

Nervous controlNervous controlHow does the nervous system control urinary secretions?What other systems are involved in the production and excretion of urine?

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4.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the urinary system

Review urine formation, electrolyte exchange, and some factors that effect urine volume.

33

What do you predict will happen to blood pressure when the blood volume increases?

What if blood volume decreases?

4.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the urinary system

reviewreview

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If more water is reabsorbed back into the body---what will happen to urine concentration?

(more or less concentrated?)

If more water is reabsorbed back into the body---what will happen to urine concentration?

(more or less concentrated?)

4.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the urinary system

reviewreview

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Elimination of urineElimination of urineWhat causes the bladder to empty?What causes the bladder to empty?Is this a voluntary or involuntary action?Is this a voluntary or involuntary action?What can prevent urination? How is urinary retention treated?

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Elimination of urineElimination of urineUrinary outputUrinary output

4.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the urinary system

Average urinary output = 1500 ml per dayAverage urinary output = 1500 ml per day *How many ounces is this?

What effects the color of your urine?

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An examination of urineAn examination of urine

What does normal urine look like?What constitutes an abnormal urinalysis?

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4.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the urinary system

What could the

presence of

blood in urine

indicate?

What is the medical term

for this condition?

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4.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the urinary system

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CystitisCystitis

What is cystitis (cyst= medical term for ____ +itis =___ )

Most common cause: E. Coli

What are the major symptoms of cystitis?

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CystitisCystitisMore common in females—Why ??

4.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the urinary system

Rx=

antibiotics

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GlomerulonephritisGlomerulonephritis

4.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the urinary system

Disease which injures the glomerulus.

What will happen as a result of damaged glomeruli?

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GlomerulonephritisGlomerulonephritisTwo types:

• Acute• Chronic

Define these terms.

How do these terms relate to glomerulonephritis symptoms?

What is the prognosis for each?

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Renal calculiRenal calculiAlso known as Also known as nephrolithiasisnephrolithiasis nephro lith iasisnephro lith iasis

What are renal calculi made of?What are renal calculi made of?What are the symptoms?What are the symptoms?

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Renal calculiRenal calculi

What will happen if What will happen if the ureters are the ureters are blocked?blocked?

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Renal calculiRenal calculi

How is it treated?

4.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the urinary system49

Renal calculiRenal calculiHow does lithotripsy work?Is it a cure?

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Renal failure Renal failure AcuteAcute

•What causes it?What causes it?

•What are the symptoms?What are the symptoms?

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Renal failureRenal failurechronicchronicMay be none in early stages, urinalysis may reveal proteinuria

Why would protein be present in the urine?

Why is this not normal?4.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the urinary system

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Renal FailureRenal FailureChronic kidney disease leads to a buildup of fluid and waste products in the body.

How are these systems affected by renal failure?

4.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the urinary system53

Renal FailureRenal Failure

How is it treated?• PeritonealPeritoneal dialysisdialysis

• What is the process involved in this treatment?

4.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the urinary system54

Renal FailureRenal Failure

How is it treated?• HemodialysisHemodialysis• What is What is

hemodialysis?hemodialysis?• What determines What determines

the patient’s the patient’s treatment treatment schedule?schedule?

4.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the urinary system55

Renal FailureRenal FailureCompare the treatment of acute and chronic renal failure.

4.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the urinary system56

How does hemodialysis mimic glomerular function?

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Renal transplant Renal transplant What is involved in this treatment option? When does a patient get a transplant?

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Renal transplant Renal transplant

4.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the urinary system

What is the What is the majormajor complication complication of renal of renal transplantatiotransplantation?n?

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Essential Questions

What are the functions of the urinary system?

What are some disorders of the urinary system?

How are disorders of the urinary system treated?

How do you relate the body’s hormone control to

the urinary system?

4.02 Understand the functions and disorders of the urinary system60