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Empowering Stakeholderstowards Practical Water Ethics throughthe Heartware Approach
Prof. Datin Dr. Azizan BaharuddinChair, National Bioethics Council of Malaysia (NBC)Deputy Director-General, Institute of Islamic Understanding Malaysia (IKIM)Professor, Department of Science & Technology Studies, Universiti Malaya (UM)
Introduction
• Significance of topic
• Environmental Ethics and Worldviews
• Water Ethics: Some Fundamental Principles
• Heartware: A Working Concept
• Values in Action
2
Values – The Forgotten Dimension
3
Source: Richard A. Slaughter (1996). Future Concepts and Powerful Ideas
(Link between the Physical (P) and Metaphysical (M)
• Cosmetics in the US US $ 7 billion
• Ice cream for Europe $ 11 billion
• Perfumes in US and Europe $ 12 billion
• Pet foods in US and Europe $ 17 billion• Cigarettes in Europe $ 50 billion• Alcoholic drinks in Europe $105 billion• Narcotic drugs in the world $400 billion• Military spending in the world $780 billion4
• Basic Education US $ 6 billion
• Water and Sanitation $ 9 billion
• Reproductive Health for All Women $ 12 billion
• Basic Health and Nutrition $ 13 billion
SHOULDN’T WE DO SOMETHING???
Environmental Ethics and Worldviews
• Conflicting views over how serious environmental problems are and what we do about them
• Conflicts arise out of differing worldviews• Worldview: how we think the world works what we think our
role should be, what we believe is right or wrong behaviors (ethics)
• Differing worldviews can take people with the same data to different conclusions because they begin with different assumptions
• Many flavors of worldviews, but 2 major types
5
Human-Centered Worldviews
• Prevail in most industrial societies today
• Planetary management worldview in the last 50 years
• Human-centered :man most dominant species, can and should manage planet for man’s benefit
• Other species have instrumental value only whether useful to us or not
(assumptions/ideology not supported by science/reality/facts)
6Azizan Baharuddin, (2013). Changing Our Worldview for a Sustainable Future and the Role of Dialogue. Journal of Oriental Studies. 23: 40-51
Basic Beliefs of Human-Centered Worldviews
• We are planet’s most important species, we live/exist/function apart from and we are, in charge of nature
• There is always more and it’s all for us
• All forms of economic growth is good
• A healthy environment depends on a healthy economy
• Our success depends on how well we can understand, control and manage the planet for our benefit
7Azizan Baharuddin (2013). Changing Our Worldview for a Sustainable Future and the Role of Dialogue. Journal of Oriental Studies. 23: 40-51
Life-Centered worldviews:Working with the Planet
• Man is a part of nature
• Nature exists for all earth’s species
• There’s not always more
• Some forms of economic growth are beneficial, some harmful
• A healthy economy depends on a healthy environment
• Our success depends on learning to cooperate with one another and with the rest of nature
• Cooperation, justice, care are scientific term/facts. They are manifested in behaviors, begin with intention and the goal is sustainability and wellbeing.
8Azizan Baharuddin (2013). Changing Our Worldview for a Sustainable Future and the Role of Dialogue. Journal of Oriental Studies. 23: 40-51
Miller’s Principles of Environmental Ethics
The Earth doesn’t belong to us; we belong to the earth
We should try to understand and work with the rest of nature rather than try to dominate and conquer it
An action is right when it tends to maintain the ecological integrity, sustainability, and diversity of Earth’s life support systems
It is wrong for humans to cause the premature extinction of any wild species and degradation of their habitats.
When we alter nature, we should aim to make such changes at nature’s rates and not disturbing natural processes.
In protecting and sustaining nature, go father than the law requires.
We should leave the earth as good as we found it, if not better9
21 Principles on Worldview and Ethics (some examples):
Miller, G. Taylor (1993). Environmental Science: Sustaining the Earth (4th ed). Wadsworth Publishing: California
Water Ethics: Some Fundamental Principles
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WATER ETHICS
Solidarity
Participation
Human dignity
Inclusiveness and
Empowerment
Stewardship
Common Good
Human equality
Darryl R.J. Macer (ed) (2011). Water Ethics and Water Resource Management. UNESCO Bangkok
Lessons from Water Crystals of Emoto
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Water and Prayer/ Religion
Before a (Buddhist) prayer was offered at Fujiwara dam
After a (Buddhist) prayer was offered at Fujiwara dam
Masaru Emoto Water Crystal | http://www.masaru-emoto.net/english/water-crystal.html
(Link between the Physical & the Metaphysical)
Water and Words
Evil Love and Gratitude Thank you You Disgust Me
Masaru Emoto Water Crystal | http://www.masaru-emoto.net/english/water-crystal.html
Lessons from Water Crystals of Emoto
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(Link between the Physical & the Metaphysical)
• Clues from the *latest* brain science
Zam Zam Water, Saudi Arabia
Masaru Emoto Water Crystal | http://www.masaru-emoto.net/english/water-crystal.html
Lessons from Water Crystals of Emoto
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(Link between the Physical & the Metaphysical)
* Confronting the problem of pluralism
Values of Water from Non-Religious Perspective
Water is Health
Water is Nature
Water isUrbanization
Water is Industry
Water is Energy
Water is Food
Water is Equality
UN World Water Day 2015 | http://www.unwater.org/worldwaterday/
SustainableDevelopment
WATER&
2015
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Values of Water from Religious Perspective
Paula J. Posas (2007). Roles of Religion and Ethics in Addressing Climate Change.. Ethics in Science and Environmental Politics: 31-49
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Ways Religion Support Ethical Actions
Paula J. Posas (2007). Roles of Religion and Ethics in Addressing Climate Change.. Ethics in Science and Environmental Politics: 31-49
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Water: The Essence of Life
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…and We made from water every living thing. Then will they not believe?
Al-Anbiyaa (The Prophets), Chapter 21: Verse 30
Critical Importance of Water According to Islam
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NO THE USE OF WATERCHAPTER &
VERSES
1As drinking water for humans, animals and growth of plants (source of life)
al-Nahl (16):10;al-Waqi’ah (56): 17-21
2Cleansing agent for the physical, spiritual and religious needs (self, clothes and home)
al-Muddathir (74):4; al-Anfal (9):11
3To nourish the Earth, for greening the landscape and to balance the ecosystem
Al-Nahl (16):65; al-Rum (30):24; al-Hajj (22):63
4Source of rizq (livelihood from God) through economic activities such as agriculture, husbandry and fishery
Al-Baqarah (2):22; al-Jathiyat (45):12;al-Maidah (5):96
5As a medium of communications/local and international travel
Luqman (31):31
6As a means and medium for the expansion of knowledge
al-Mulk (67):30
Mohd Noor Musa (2013). Integrated Watershed Management and Shared Values: Islamic Perspective – Case Study of Mukim Pasangan, Kuala Selangor
(Preservation of water is part of maqasid al-shariah)
“Heartware”: A Working Concept
• Deals with more subjective, human-centered dimension of IWM that taps into the collective willingness of different stakeholders to “cooperate” in solving complex problems related to IWM (Zeeda et al,
2014).
• Marked by humanistic values and devotion to human welfare (Zeeda et
al, 2014).
• Start from a simple feeling initiated by strong emotion or thoughts, and subsequently evolve into a motivation to start corrective actions to cure problem (Nakamura, 2013).
• Heartware (collective willingness to cooperate between stakeholder) -in addition to the ‘hardware’ (science and technology) and ‘software’ (institutions, policies, participation, information and financing) aspects of governance (Nakamura, 2013)
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The Value Assessment Mechanism
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• Ecosystem Services Shared Value Assessment (ESSVA).
• Designed to obtain judgements and perceptions of “on-the-ground” experiences and observations regarding transboundary and non-transboundary (lakes, rivers, groundwater, large marine ecosystem)
• A comprehensive assessment of ecosystem and ecosystem services using aDPSIR-framework
• Drivers - How much resource values do you get?
• Pressures/Stresses (State) – How much Pressure/Stress from Using Resource Uses?
• Impairment – How much Degradation in Ecosystem Services?
• Impact – How much Economic and Health Impacts?
• Restoration – Incremental, Collective and Long-term Approach.
M. Nakamura, RCSE Shiga University, Chairman ILEC Scientific Committee
• Recognition of the importance of all types of ecosystem services (ES) of humans. ES are the benefits people obtain from ecosystems (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005)
• Recognition of the need for balanced relationships between different types of ES to create a sustainable future for human societies.
• Recognition of the linkages between ES and humanity, and between functions of ecosystem and human societies.
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Fundamental Ideologies (Worldviews & Ethics) of ESSVA
M. Nakamura, RCSE Shiga University, Chairman ILEC Scientific Committee
Resource Provision Services (RPS)
Regulating Services (RS)
Cultural Services(CS)
Supporting Services (SS)
Ecosystem Services
We all need this value
We tend to
forget these values
M. Nakamura, RCSE Shiga University, Chairman ILEC Scientific Committee
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Supporting Service (SS)
Regulating Service (RS)
Resource Provision
Service (RPS)
Balance between RPS & RS is a Key Factor for CS
M. Nakamura, RCSE Shiga University, Chairman ILEC Scientific Committee
Cultural Service (CS) 23
(Structure & Contents of DPSIR Questionnaire)
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Ethics in Motion: Empowering Stakeholders
Instruction to Questionnaire Rating
Driver/ Pressure
QS-2 Please indicate the magnitude or Intensity of the “Resource Provisioning Services” (Benefits) Generated in the Upstream River Basin Draining into Your Lake
1-5 Interval Scale
Stress QS-3 Please indicate the magnitude or Intensity of the “Stress” Put on Your Lake by the Upstream or Downstream Activities Identified in QS-2.
Driver/ Pressure
Qs-4 Please identify the status of the “Resource Provisioning Services” (Benefits) Generated In and Around Your Lake
Stress QS-5 Please identify the degree or Intensity of the “Stress” Put on the Lake by the Activities In and Around Your Lake as Identified in QS-4.
ImpairmentQS-6 Please indicate the status of “Cultural Services” In and Around Your
Lake.
QS-7 Please indicate the status and Trends of Impairment of “Regulating Services” (Ecosystem Functions) of Your Lake Over Past Decades.
Impacts QS-8 Please indicate the status and Trends of Impacts (Economic Damage, Public Health Hazard, Loss of Environmental Values/Benefits, etc.) of Your Lake Over Past Decades.
Restoration QS-9
QS-10
Policies and Monitoring Activities Regarding Your Lake SpecificComments
Possible Improvements Regarding Your Lakes
M. Nakamura, RCSE Shiga University, Chairman ILEC Scientific Committee
Illustration of the ES-SVA Framework
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Cultural Services (Q 6)
Resource Provision Services (Q 2) &
Stresses (Q3) from Downstream
M. Nakamura, RCSE Shiga University, Chairman ILEC Scientific Committee
Resource Provision Services (Q2) &
Stresses (Q3) from Upstream
Around the Lake Region
Downstream Region
Upstream Region
Resource Provision Services (Q4) & Stresses (Question 5) In
and Around the Lake
Impairments (Q7) & Impacts (Q8) to Lake Regulating Services
M. Nakamura, RCSE Shiga University, Chairman ILEC Scientific Committee
ILBM = Integrated Lake Basin Management
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M. Nakamura, RCSE Shiga University, Chairman ILEC Scientific Committee
When ideologies
clash…
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Existing Pillars?
M. Nakamura, RCSE Shiga University, Chairman ILEC Scientific Committee
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Do What We Can!
(Ibadah, dharma,
charity, etc)
M. Nakamura, RCSE Shiga University, Chairman ILEC Scientific Committee
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M. Nakamura, RCSE Shiga University, Chairman ILEC Scientific Committee
Hardware Software
Heartware
Religion/faith
(ethics) in
Motion
30
M. Nakamura, RCSE Shiga University, Chairman ILEC Scientific Committee
ILBM (of indigenous ethics)
help stakeholders live happily
and sustainably
Hardware Software
Heartware
M. Nakamura, RCSE Shiga University, Chairman ILEC Scientific Committee
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32
33“FRIENDS OF ENVIRONMENT” WORKSHOP WITH MOSQUE COMMUNITY
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HEARTWARE IN ACTION
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YOUTH EMPOWERMENT THROUGH CITIZEN SCIENCE PROGRAMME
YOUTH ENVIRONMENT CLUB: KELAB ALAMI KAWA
36“WATER MONITORING” PRACTICAL WITH MOSQUE COMMUNITY
DISCUSSION & LECTURE WITH
MOSQUE COMMUNITY
(Left) Imam of Kampung Kuantan Mosque (30 Aug 2012)
Interview session with the Imam and the management of Kg Kuantan Mosque, Kuala Selangor (30 Aug 2012)
Researcher participated in giving lectures on the importance of water in
Islam (30 Aug 2012)
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Summary
• We looked at what is environmental ethics and how it is linked to practical situations such as water ethic/ watershed management.
• Water ethics is connected to worldviews which are connected to beliefs and assumptions (culture and religious ethics/values)
• Empowerment of the stakeholders towards the water ethics, is the vital goal of environmental education vis-à-vis watershed governance and environmental justice.
• Need for discoursing science and religion when talking about environmental justice.
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What is needed
• Exposing the stakeholders involved in Integrated Watershed Management (IWM) to environmental education, water ethics and justice – developing environmental/water literacy.
• Inserting examples into teaching and training materials at all levels
• “We can only be ethical and therefore just in relation to something we can see, feel, understand, love or have faith in. Experiencing the earth with our senses and heart” –HEARTWARE.
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References
• Azizan Baharuddin (2013). Changing Our Worldview for a Sustainable Future and the Role of Dialogue. Journal of Oriental Studies. 23: 40-51.
• Darryl R.J. Macer (ed) (2011). Water Ethics and Water Resource Management. UNESCO Bangkok.
• Masahisa Nakamura (2014) Typological Assessment of Lake Basin Management through IL2BM. RCSE Shiga University, Chairman ILEC Scientific Committee.
• Masaru Emoto Water Crystal | http://www.masaru-emoto.net/english/water-crystal.html
• Miller, G. Taylor (1993). Environmental Science: Sustaining the Earth (4th ed). Wadsworth Publishing: Belmont.
• Mohd Noor Musa (2013). Integrated Watershed Management and Shared Values: Islamic Perspective – Case Study of Mukim Pasangan, Kuala Selangor .
• Paula J. Posas (2007). Roles of Religion and Ethics in Addressing Climate Change. Ethics in Science and Environmental Politics: 31-49.
• Richard A. Slaughter (1996). Future Concepts and Powerful Ideas.
• UN World Water Day 2015 | http://www.unwater.org/worldwaterday/• Zeeda Fatimah Mohamad, Affan Nasaruddin, Mohd Noor Musa, Siti Norasiah Kadir and
Nobumitsu Sakai (2014). ‘Shared values’ in driving local community participation in Integrated Watershed Management: The Heartware Approach. 40