412.063-730-005-00 nutrient removal
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TRAINING
Jan Bos Van Hemelrijck – July 2013
Nutrient Removal
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CONTENTS
1. Why aerobic wastewater treatment?
2. Nutrients
3. Nutrient removal
1. Fundamental process steps
2. Extra process steps
4. Biological nitrogen removal
1. Conventional nitrogen removal
2. LUCAS® time controlled nitrogen removal
5. Biological phosphorus removal
6. Combined nutrient removal
7. Trouble shooting
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1. WHY AEROBIC WASTEWATER TREATMENT?
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1. WHY AEROBIC WASTEWATER TREATMENT?
Produces a clear effluent, harmless for the environnement:
Removes organic compounds from the wastewater
(low effluent COD)
Removes NUTRIENTS like N and P (partially) Eutrophication risk!
Economical most feasible way
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2. NUTRIENTS
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2. NUTRIENTS
Nitrogen & phosphorus
Assimilative Removal =
biomass incorporation
Biological removal possible
Minerals: Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, K,…
Trace elements: S, Co, Cu, Zn, Mn, Ni,
Mo, Se, W,..
Biological removal impossible
MACRO-NUTRIENTS MICRO-NUTRIENTS↔
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2. NUTRIENTS
N Kjeldahl-N org. bound-N + NH4+-N
Nitrate-N NO3--N (mg N/l)
Nitrite-N NO2—N (mg N/l)
Ammonium-N NH4+-N (mg N/l)
+Total-N KjN-N + NO3-N + NO2-N
P Total P (mg P/l) = org. bound P + PO43--P
Orthophosphate (mg P/l)
2.1 NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS
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2. NUTRIENTS
2.2 MACRONUTRIENTS
Macronutrients are essential nutrients for healthy growth of biomass. N & P required depends on loading of WWTP
Anaerobic pathway: COD/N/P-ratio: 400/5/1
Aerobic pathway: COD/N/P-ratio: 100/2,5/0,3 – 100/5/1
Too little nutrients nutrients added Too much nutrients nutrients removed
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3. NUTRIENT REMOVAL
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3. NUTRIENT REMOVAL
To prevent eutrophication (algae blooms) in surface water Excessive growth of algae can cause:
Oxygen shortages (fish mortality) Toxine production (fish mortality) Problems with drinking water facilities (quality and treatability) Aesthetical nuisance (tourists, inhabitants,..) Odour problems
Why nutrient removal?
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3. NUTRIENT REMOVAL
Algea blooms occur in combined presence of: light energy CO2 macronutrients (Nitrogen and Phosphorus) micronutrients (Cobalt, Iron, Molybdene, Manganese)
The absence of one of the first 3 factors will limit growth For this reason european and world-wide discharge limits are
N < 10 mg N/l P < 1 or 2 mg P/l
Occurrence of eutrophication
Bering sea
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3. NUTRIENT REMOVAL
3.1 FUNDAMENTAL PROCESS STEPS
Feeding + Aeration Accumulation-Regeneration Reduce Filaments Active Volume
Settling + Discharge Passive Volume
Effluent
Sludge wasting
wastewaterfeeding
aeration sedimentation discharge
Effluent
Sludge wasting
wastewaterfeeding
aeration sedimentation discharge
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3. NUTRIENT REMOVAL
3.2 EXTRA PROCESS STEPS
NITROGEN REMOVAL
Nitrification (aerated)
Denitrification (mixed + fed of fresh COD) in anoxic step
Nitrate recycle from aerobic to anoxic compartment
PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL
Alternation between aerobic and anaerobic steps
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4. BIOLOGICAL NITROGEN REMOVAL
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4. BIOLOGICAL NITROGEN REMOVAL
Nitrogen removal due to sludge growth Removal ratio is low: BOD/N 100/5 Incorporation of N in cell mass
Nitrogen removal due to dissimilative metabolism Removal ratio up to: BOD/N 100/35 Nitrogen is biologically transferred via nitrification and denitrification to
inert N2 and released into the atmosphere
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4. BIOLOGICAL NITROGEN REMOVAL
Nitrification NH4
+ + 2 O2 NO3— + H2O + 2 H+
Nitrosomonas & Nitrobacter: autotrophic bacteria
Aeration
Denitrification
NO3- + 5 e- + 6 H+ ½ N2 + 3 H2O
CH2O + H2O CO2 + 4 e- + 4 H+
No O2 = No Aeration!!!=> NO3- !!!
Easy biodegradable COD: Feeding + Mixing
atmosphere
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4. BIOLOGICAL NITROGEN REMOVAL
Activated sludge can be adapted for biologic nitrogen removal by continuous alternation between aerobic and anoxic conditions
Conventional systems: sludge recycle from the aerated tank to the anoxic (mixed) tank
Cyclic operating systems: alternation in time between aeration and mixing in the same tank
Or combinations
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4. BIOLOGICAL NITROGEN REMOVAL
4.1 CONVENTIONAL BIOLOGICAL N-REMOVAL
Effluent
denitrification
Influent
nitrification +
carbon oxidation
sludge recirculation waste sludge
Recycle of nitrate rich sludge
A B C
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4. BIOLOGICAL NITROGEN REMOVAL
4.1 CONVENTIONAL BIOLOGICAL N-REMOVAL
Effluent
Anoxische faze
faze 1 – denitrificatie (anoxie)
Inf luent
supernatant
bezonken slib
Effluent
Anoxische faze
faze 1 – denitrificatie (anoxie)
Inf luent
supernatant
bezonken slib
Effluent
supernatantAerobe faze
Influent
faze 2 – nitrificatie + koolstofoxidatieSpuislib
bezonken slibEffluent
supernatantAerobe faze
Influent
faze 2 – nitrifica tie + koolstofoxidatieSpuislib
bezonken slib
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4. BIOLOGICAL NITROGEN REMOVAL
4.2 LUCAS® TIME-CONTROLLED N-REMOVAL
LUCAS®-3:intermediate phase 1
LUCAS®-3:Main phase 1
Accumulation Regeneration Discharge
1 2 3
Influent
Final effluent
InfluentDischargeAccumulationSettling
1 2 3
Effluent
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4. BIOLOGICAL NITROGEN REMOVAL
4.2 LUCAS® TIME-CONTROLLED N-REMOVAL
LUCAS®-3:intermediate phase 2
LUCAS®-3:Main phase 2
Discharge Regeneration Accumulation
1 2 3
EffluentInfluent
Influent DischargeAccumulationSettling
1 2 3
Effluent
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5. BIOLOGICAL PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL
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5. BIOLOGICAL PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL
Biological: Alternation anaerobic phases/zones aerobic phases/zones
Anaerobic: P release, VFA-uptake Aerobic: P surplus uptake
Physical-chemical by addition of FeCl3, Ca(OH)2, Al3+, ... Pre-precipitation: before aeration tank Simultaneous: in aeration tank Post-treatment: after aeration tank
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5. BIOLOGICAL PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL
P-removal due to sludge growth (assimilation): Removal ratio is low : BOD/P = 100/1 Incorporation of P in cell mass
P-removal due to bioP metabolism: Removal ratio is still rather low : BOD/P = 100/5 Incorporation of P in internally stored
polyphosphate granules (up to 25% of cell mass)
Often combined with physico chemical P-removal
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5. BIOLOGICAL PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL
Anaerobic phase (mixed/stirred phase):
Poly-P (internal) PO4-P (external) + energy
VFA (external) + energy PHB-polyhydroxybutyric acid (internal) + aerobic bioP mo
Aerobic phase (aerated phase):
PHB (stored) + O2 CO2 + H2O + Energy
PO4-P (external) + Energy Poly-P (internally stored) + aerobic bioP mo
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5. BIOLOGICAL PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL
Bio-P removal by continuous anaerobic-aerobic alternation:
Anaerobic conditions: polyphosphate is hydrolysed (energy production) ortho-phosphates are released from cells acetate and VFA are taken-up, stored as C-source
Aerobic conditions: stored C-source is rapidly
used (growth advantage) large PO4-P uptake large Poly-P storage net PO4-P uptake
P-granules inside
Sludge flock
Acinetobacter species
Advantage:
Acinetobacter in aerobic phase/zone
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5. BIOLOGICAL PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL
Biological P-removal by Acinetobacter species
Phosphate release
+ C-uptake
Phosphate uptake +
C-metabolism
Net P-uptake
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5. BIOLOGICAL PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL
Effluent
phosphorus release,
anaerobic state
Influent
supernatant
sedimentated-sludge
phosphorus uptake and carbon oxidation,
aerobic state
sludge recycle 1
waste sludge
Recycle of polyphosphate rich sludge
A B C
Sludge recycle from the aerated tank to the anaerobic tank
Acidification: BODVFAVFA-uptake
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5. BIOLOGICAL PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL
LUCAS® : TIME CONTROLLED BIO-P REMOVAL
Effluent
ExcessBio solids
A B C
aerobicanaerobic
Influent
Influent
Effluent
ExcessBio solids
A B C
aerobic anaerobicEffluent
ExcessBio solids
A B C
anaerobic aerobic
Inf luent
PHASE 2
PHASE 1
PHASE 3
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6. COMBINED NUTRIENT REMOVAL
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6. COMBINED NUTRIENT REMOVAL
Effluent
phosphorus release,
anaerobic state
Influent
supernatant
sedimentated-sludge
phosphorus uptake and carbon oxidation,
aerobic state
sludge recycle waste sludge
A C Ddenitrification
B
sludge recycle sludge recycle
Sludge recycle from aerated tank to anoxic tankSludge recycle from anoxic tank to anaerobic tank
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6. COMBINED NUTRIENT REMOVAL
SBR: A: Anoxic/anaerobic/aerobic
Influent
Effluent
A
A A
Anoxic phaseMLSS is mixed
A
Anaerobic phaseMLSS is mixed
Decantation phase Aerobic phase
MLSS is aerated
Waste sludge
Influent
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6. COMBINED NUTRIENT REMOVAL
NOTE: For better N-removal efficiencies the aerated main phase can be subdivised into several Aerobic-Anoxic subphases
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7. TROUBLESHOOTING
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7. TROUBLESHOOTING
N-removal Recirculation Aerobic-Anoxic comp. big enough? Aeration: NO3
- in effluent? DO: 1-3 mg O2/l pH: Optimum 7-8 Temperature:
Optimum 30-35°C Minimum 10-15°C
Toxic compounds? Sludge age (nitrifyers: slow growing!): 6 days if >20°C (more
at lower temperature) Sb (sludge load): < 0,2 – 0,4 kgCOD/kg MLSS.day Nitrite concentration? Aerobic-Anoxic subphases
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7. TROUBLESHOOTING
P-removal pH: Optimum 6,5-8 Temperature: > 10-15°C Availability of VFA in anaerobic phase/zone DO in aerobic phase + alternation between
aerobic-anaerobic Sludge loading hich enough: higher Sb more
sludge production more P accumulated! Length aerobic phase: > 0,5 – 1 hour