4252013

1

Introduction to Oceanography Oceanography

The Science or Study of the Oceans

bull Geological Oceanography

bull Physical Oceanography

bull Chemical Oceanography

bull Biological Oceanography

Geological Oceanography

bull Study of earth at edge of ocean

bull Formation processes (seafloor)

bull Sediments

bull Rocks amp minerals

bull Geothermal vents

Physical Oceanography

bull How amp why oceans move

bull Weather

bull Heat transfer

bull Water cycles

bull Waves tides currents

bull Temperature

4252013

2

Chemical Oceanography

bull Composition amp history of seawater

bull Seawater processes amp interactions

bull Salinity

bull Dissolved gases

bull Nutrients

Biological Oceanography

bull Living organisms

bull Organisms relationships with each other and their environment

Marine Sediments (geological)

created by

Living Organisms (biological)

That are influenced by

Nutrients (chemical)

and

Currents amp Temperature (physical)

History of Oceanography

4252013

3

Early Times

bull Paleolithic and Neolithic periods

ndash Hunting and food gathering

ndash Ohlone Indians on Central Coast of California

bull The Egyptians

ndash Offshore fishing

ndash Exploration- reed boats

bull The Phoenicians

ndash Trade

ndash Navy

Early Explorers and Traders

bull Ancient Civilizations (1500 BC ndash 500 AD)

bull Interest in oceans driven by need to food and trading

bull Egyptians - shipbuilding and coastal piloting

bull Phoenicians ndash North Africa excellent sailors explored the Mediterranean traded with Britain

bull May have circumnavigated Africa around 600 BC

bull Arabs explored the Indian Ocean

bull Polynesians ndash explored Pacific Ocean

From the ninth to sixth centuries BC they dominated the Mediterranean Sea establishing

emporiums and colonies from Cyprus in the east to the Aegean Sea Italy North Africa and

Spain in the west

4252013

4

Pharos Lighthouse at Alexandria

One of seven wonders of the ancient world

Recently found by marine archeologists

Ancient Classical Knowledge

bull Greeks an intellectual curiosity about the oceans

bull Aristotle (~350 BC)

bull Treatise on marine organisms

bull observations of water cycle (hydrologic cycle)

bull Library of Alexandria founded in 3rd century BC

bull housed ldquoworldrsquos knowledgerdquo

bull Eratosthenes (~ 200 BC)

bull bull 2nd librarian at Alexandria

bull bull Calculated earthrsquos circumference

bull bull Invented latitude and longitude lines

Eratosthenes

Possible origin of ldquoAtlantisrdquo as volcanic eruption and

tsunamis destroyed Minoan civilization near Crete

Fresco from the Palace of King Minos 1500BC

4252013

5

Polynesian Double-Hulled Canoe

The Polynesians Explorers of the

Pacific Ocean

Polynesian

double hull

canoe

Dual hulled boats

carried 100 people

Skilled navigation

1048707 wave action

1048707 bird flight

1048707 stars

1048707 atmospheric

conditions

Polynesian Sailing Canoes

4252013

6

Polynesian Stick Map

Migration routes of the Polynesians

Goal Water Person Hawaiian Style

Hawaiians invented surfing

4252013

7

Easter Island deforested

Civilization collapses

Middle (Dark) Ages

400s ndash 1400s in

Europe

Extreme superstition

Fear of intellectual

inquiry

Much information

lost

Map of Europe 600 AD

The Middle Ages

bull Vikings ndash Improvements in shipbuilding

ndash Trade and colonization

bull Arabs ndash Description of currents associated with seasonal monsoon

ndash Trade routes to China

ndash Preserved Greek and Roman knowledge

bull China ndash Compass

ndash Trade routes to Persian Gulf

bull Europe ndash Increased knowledge of navigation

ndash Tide tables

bull In 1405 Chinese sent

62 ships to explore the

Indian and Pacific

Oceans

4252013

8

Vikings Age of Exploration 800-1066 AD

Discovered North America 500 years before Columbus

Leif Erickson

Viking Long Boat

Fig 15

4252013

9

Modern day Vikings

Vikings where did they go

Vikings view of their Inuit Neighbors

Ptolemyrsquos Map of the World

150AD

Ptolemyrsquos Map bull Fig 14

Still in use 1500 AD

4252013

10

Age of Exploration 1480-1610

Voyages of Discovery

bull Early Chinese

ndash Exploration of the Pacific and Indian Oceans

bull Europe

ndash Prince Henry the Navigator

bull Naval observatory

ndash Vasco da Gama

ndash Christopher Columbus

ndash Ferdinand Magellan

ndash Sir Martin Frobisher

ndash Francis Drake

Fifteenth century routes of Bartholomew Diaz Vasco da Gama and Christopher Columbus

Columbus Hero or

ldquoGold is most excellent gold constitutes treasure and he who has it does all

he wants in the world and can even lift souls up to Paradiserdquo

ndash Christopher Columbus 1503 letter to the king and queen of Spain

4252013

11

Navigational Chart of northern Europe from Johannes van Keulenrsquos Sea Atlas of

1682-1684

Sixteenth Century circumnavigation routes of Ferdinand Magellan and Sir

Francis Drake

Sir Francis Drake

Great Explorer or Sea Devil

4252013

12

The Importance of Charts and Navigational Information

bull Trade travel and exploration

bull First hydrographic offices

ndashFrance 1720

ndashBritain 1795

bull Relationship between time and longitude

ndash John Harrison first chronometer

The Importance of Charts and Navigational Information

bull Voyages of James Cook

bull Benjamin Franklin

ndashChart of Gulf Stream

bull National and commercial interests

ndashUS Survey of the Coast set up in 1830 (now known as the US Naval Oceanographic Office)

James Cook (1728 ndash 1779) 3 major voyages mapped South

Pacific coasts of New Zealand

Australia and N America

ldquodiscoveredrdquo Hawaiian Islands

Cookrsquos Voyages

4252013

13

Ben Franklinrsquos Gulf Stream Map

Why did Benjamin Franklin make

his map bull First Postmaster General of US he

wanted to speed the mails across the

Atlantic

ldquoDost thou love life

Then do not squander time

for thats the stuff life is made ofrdquo

ldquoYou may delay but time will notrdquo

Benjamin Franklin

Franklinrsquos map and satellite photo of

Gulf Stream

ldquoYou may delay but time will notrdquo

Benjamin Franklin

1860 Gulf Stream Map

1860 Gulf Stream Map

1860 Gulf Stream Map

4252013

2

Chemical Oceanography

bull Composition amp history of seawater

bull Seawater processes amp interactions

bull Salinity

bull Dissolved gases

bull Nutrients

Biological Oceanography

bull Living organisms

bull Organisms relationships with each other and their environment

Marine Sediments (geological)

created by

Living Organisms (biological)

That are influenced by

Nutrients (chemical)

and

Currents amp Temperature (physical)

History of Oceanography

4252013

3

Early Times

bull Paleolithic and Neolithic periods

ndash Hunting and food gathering

ndash Ohlone Indians on Central Coast of California

bull The Egyptians

ndash Offshore fishing

ndash Exploration- reed boats

bull The Phoenicians

ndash Trade

ndash Navy

Early Explorers and Traders

bull Ancient Civilizations (1500 BC ndash 500 AD)

bull Interest in oceans driven by need to food and trading

bull Egyptians - shipbuilding and coastal piloting

bull Phoenicians ndash North Africa excellent sailors explored the Mediterranean traded with Britain

bull May have circumnavigated Africa around 600 BC

bull Arabs explored the Indian Ocean

bull Polynesians ndash explored Pacific Ocean

From the ninth to sixth centuries BC they dominated the Mediterranean Sea establishing

emporiums and colonies from Cyprus in the east to the Aegean Sea Italy North Africa and

Spain in the west

4252013

4

Pharos Lighthouse at Alexandria

One of seven wonders of the ancient world

Recently found by marine archeologists

Ancient Classical Knowledge

bull Greeks an intellectual curiosity about the oceans

bull Aristotle (~350 BC)

bull Treatise on marine organisms

bull observations of water cycle (hydrologic cycle)

bull Library of Alexandria founded in 3rd century BC

bull housed ldquoworldrsquos knowledgerdquo

bull Eratosthenes (~ 200 BC)

bull bull 2nd librarian at Alexandria

bull bull Calculated earthrsquos circumference

bull bull Invented latitude and longitude lines

Eratosthenes

Possible origin of ldquoAtlantisrdquo as volcanic eruption and

tsunamis destroyed Minoan civilization near Crete

Fresco from the Palace of King Minos 1500BC

4252013

5

Polynesian Double-Hulled Canoe

The Polynesians Explorers of the

Pacific Ocean

Polynesian

double hull

canoe

Dual hulled boats

carried 100 people

Skilled navigation

1048707 wave action

1048707 bird flight

1048707 stars

1048707 atmospheric

conditions

Polynesian Sailing Canoes

4252013

6

Polynesian Stick Map

Migration routes of the Polynesians

Goal Water Person Hawaiian Style

Hawaiians invented surfing

4252013

7

Easter Island deforested

Civilization collapses

Middle (Dark) Ages

400s ndash 1400s in

Europe

Extreme superstition

Fear of intellectual

inquiry

Much information

lost

Map of Europe 600 AD

The Middle Ages

bull Vikings ndash Improvements in shipbuilding

ndash Trade and colonization

bull Arabs ndash Description of currents associated with seasonal monsoon

ndash Trade routes to China

ndash Preserved Greek and Roman knowledge

bull China ndash Compass

ndash Trade routes to Persian Gulf

bull Europe ndash Increased knowledge of navigation

ndash Tide tables

bull In 1405 Chinese sent

62 ships to explore the

Indian and Pacific

Oceans

4252013

8

Vikings Age of Exploration 800-1066 AD

Discovered North America 500 years before Columbus

Leif Erickson

Viking Long Boat

Fig 15

4252013

9

Modern day Vikings

Vikings where did they go

Vikings view of their Inuit Neighbors

Ptolemyrsquos Map of the World

150AD

Ptolemyrsquos Map bull Fig 14

Still in use 1500 AD

4252013

10

Age of Exploration 1480-1610

Voyages of Discovery

bull Early Chinese

ndash Exploration of the Pacific and Indian Oceans

bull Europe

ndash Prince Henry the Navigator

bull Naval observatory

ndash Vasco da Gama

ndash Christopher Columbus

ndash Ferdinand Magellan

ndash Sir Martin Frobisher

ndash Francis Drake

Fifteenth century routes of Bartholomew Diaz Vasco da Gama and Christopher Columbus

Columbus Hero or

ldquoGold is most excellent gold constitutes treasure and he who has it does all

he wants in the world and can even lift souls up to Paradiserdquo

ndash Christopher Columbus 1503 letter to the king and queen of Spain

4252013

11

Navigational Chart of northern Europe from Johannes van Keulenrsquos Sea Atlas of

1682-1684

Sixteenth Century circumnavigation routes of Ferdinand Magellan and Sir

Francis Drake

Sir Francis Drake

Great Explorer or Sea Devil

4252013

12

The Importance of Charts and Navigational Information

bull Trade travel and exploration

bull First hydrographic offices

ndashFrance 1720

ndashBritain 1795

bull Relationship between time and longitude

ndash John Harrison first chronometer

The Importance of Charts and Navigational Information

bull Voyages of James Cook

bull Benjamin Franklin

ndashChart of Gulf Stream

bull National and commercial interests

ndashUS Survey of the Coast set up in 1830 (now known as the US Naval Oceanographic Office)

James Cook (1728 ndash 1779) 3 major voyages mapped South

Pacific coasts of New Zealand

Australia and N America

ldquodiscoveredrdquo Hawaiian Islands

Cookrsquos Voyages

4252013

13

Ben Franklinrsquos Gulf Stream Map

Why did Benjamin Franklin make

his map bull First Postmaster General of US he

wanted to speed the mails across the

Atlantic

ldquoDost thou love life

Then do not squander time

for thats the stuff life is made ofrdquo

ldquoYou may delay but time will notrdquo

Benjamin Franklin

Franklinrsquos map and satellite photo of

Gulf Stream

ldquoYou may delay but time will notrdquo

Benjamin Franklin

1860 Gulf Stream Map

1860 Gulf Stream Map

1860 Gulf Stream Map

4252013

3

Early Times

bull Paleolithic and Neolithic periods

ndash Hunting and food gathering

ndash Ohlone Indians on Central Coast of California

bull The Egyptians

ndash Offshore fishing

ndash Exploration- reed boats

bull The Phoenicians

ndash Trade

ndash Navy

Early Explorers and Traders

bull Ancient Civilizations (1500 BC ndash 500 AD)

bull Interest in oceans driven by need to food and trading

bull Egyptians - shipbuilding and coastal piloting

bull Phoenicians ndash North Africa excellent sailors explored the Mediterranean traded with Britain

bull May have circumnavigated Africa around 600 BC

bull Arabs explored the Indian Ocean

bull Polynesians ndash explored Pacific Ocean

From the ninth to sixth centuries BC they dominated the Mediterranean Sea establishing

emporiums and colonies from Cyprus in the east to the Aegean Sea Italy North Africa and

Spain in the west

4252013

4

Pharos Lighthouse at Alexandria

One of seven wonders of the ancient world

Recently found by marine archeologists

Ancient Classical Knowledge

bull Greeks an intellectual curiosity about the oceans

bull Aristotle (~350 BC)

bull Treatise on marine organisms

bull observations of water cycle (hydrologic cycle)

bull Library of Alexandria founded in 3rd century BC

bull housed ldquoworldrsquos knowledgerdquo

bull Eratosthenes (~ 200 BC)

bull bull 2nd librarian at Alexandria

bull bull Calculated earthrsquos circumference

bull bull Invented latitude and longitude lines

Eratosthenes

Possible origin of ldquoAtlantisrdquo as volcanic eruption and

tsunamis destroyed Minoan civilization near Crete

Fresco from the Palace of King Minos 1500BC

4252013

5

Polynesian Double-Hulled Canoe

The Polynesians Explorers of the

Pacific Ocean

Polynesian

double hull

canoe

Dual hulled boats

carried 100 people

Skilled navigation

1048707 wave action

1048707 bird flight

1048707 stars

1048707 atmospheric

conditions

Polynesian Sailing Canoes

4252013

6

Polynesian Stick Map

Migration routes of the Polynesians

Goal Water Person Hawaiian Style

Hawaiians invented surfing

4252013

7

Easter Island deforested

Civilization collapses

Middle (Dark) Ages

400s ndash 1400s in

Europe

Extreme superstition

Fear of intellectual

inquiry

Much information

lost

Map of Europe 600 AD

The Middle Ages

bull Vikings ndash Improvements in shipbuilding

ndash Trade and colonization

bull Arabs ndash Description of currents associated with seasonal monsoon

ndash Trade routes to China

ndash Preserved Greek and Roman knowledge

bull China ndash Compass

ndash Trade routes to Persian Gulf

bull Europe ndash Increased knowledge of navigation

ndash Tide tables

bull In 1405 Chinese sent

62 ships to explore the

Indian and Pacific

Oceans

4252013

8

Vikings Age of Exploration 800-1066 AD

Discovered North America 500 years before Columbus

Leif Erickson

Viking Long Boat

Fig 15

4252013

9

Modern day Vikings

Vikings where did they go

Vikings view of their Inuit Neighbors

Ptolemyrsquos Map of the World

150AD

Ptolemyrsquos Map bull Fig 14

Still in use 1500 AD

4252013

10

Age of Exploration 1480-1610

Voyages of Discovery

bull Early Chinese

ndash Exploration of the Pacific and Indian Oceans

bull Europe

ndash Prince Henry the Navigator

bull Naval observatory

ndash Vasco da Gama

ndash Christopher Columbus

ndash Ferdinand Magellan

ndash Sir Martin Frobisher

ndash Francis Drake

Fifteenth century routes of Bartholomew Diaz Vasco da Gama and Christopher Columbus

Columbus Hero or

ldquoGold is most excellent gold constitutes treasure and he who has it does all

he wants in the world and can even lift souls up to Paradiserdquo

ndash Christopher Columbus 1503 letter to the king and queen of Spain

4252013

11

Navigational Chart of northern Europe from Johannes van Keulenrsquos Sea Atlas of

1682-1684

Sixteenth Century circumnavigation routes of Ferdinand Magellan and Sir

Francis Drake

Sir Francis Drake

Great Explorer or Sea Devil

4252013

12

The Importance of Charts and Navigational Information

bull Trade travel and exploration

bull First hydrographic offices

ndashFrance 1720

ndashBritain 1795

bull Relationship between time and longitude

ndash John Harrison first chronometer

The Importance of Charts and Navigational Information

bull Voyages of James Cook

bull Benjamin Franklin

ndashChart of Gulf Stream

bull National and commercial interests

ndashUS Survey of the Coast set up in 1830 (now known as the US Naval Oceanographic Office)

James Cook (1728 ndash 1779) 3 major voyages mapped South

Pacific coasts of New Zealand

Australia and N America

ldquodiscoveredrdquo Hawaiian Islands

Cookrsquos Voyages

4252013

13

Ben Franklinrsquos Gulf Stream Map

Why did Benjamin Franklin make

his map bull First Postmaster General of US he

wanted to speed the mails across the

Atlantic

ldquoDost thou love life

Then do not squander time

for thats the stuff life is made ofrdquo

ldquoYou may delay but time will notrdquo

Benjamin Franklin

Franklinrsquos map and satellite photo of

Gulf Stream

ldquoYou may delay but time will notrdquo

Benjamin Franklin

1860 Gulf Stream Map

1860 Gulf Stream Map

1860 Gulf Stream Map

4252013

4

Pharos Lighthouse at Alexandria

One of seven wonders of the ancient world

Recently found by marine archeologists

Ancient Classical Knowledge

bull Greeks an intellectual curiosity about the oceans

bull Aristotle (~350 BC)

bull Treatise on marine organisms

bull observations of water cycle (hydrologic cycle)

bull Library of Alexandria founded in 3rd century BC

bull housed ldquoworldrsquos knowledgerdquo

bull Eratosthenes (~ 200 BC)

bull bull 2nd librarian at Alexandria

bull bull Calculated earthrsquos circumference

bull bull Invented latitude and longitude lines

Eratosthenes

Possible origin of ldquoAtlantisrdquo as volcanic eruption and

tsunamis destroyed Minoan civilization near Crete

Fresco from the Palace of King Minos 1500BC

4252013

5

Polynesian Double-Hulled Canoe

The Polynesians Explorers of the

Pacific Ocean

Polynesian

double hull

canoe

Dual hulled boats

carried 100 people

Skilled navigation

1048707 wave action

1048707 bird flight

1048707 stars

1048707 atmospheric

conditions

Polynesian Sailing Canoes

4252013

6

Polynesian Stick Map

Migration routes of the Polynesians

Goal Water Person Hawaiian Style

Hawaiians invented surfing

4252013

7

Easter Island deforested

Civilization collapses

Middle (Dark) Ages

400s ndash 1400s in

Europe

Extreme superstition

Fear of intellectual

inquiry

Much information

lost

Map of Europe 600 AD

The Middle Ages

bull Vikings ndash Improvements in shipbuilding

ndash Trade and colonization

bull Arabs ndash Description of currents associated with seasonal monsoon

ndash Trade routes to China

ndash Preserved Greek and Roman knowledge

bull China ndash Compass

ndash Trade routes to Persian Gulf

bull Europe ndash Increased knowledge of navigation

ndash Tide tables

bull In 1405 Chinese sent

62 ships to explore the

Indian and Pacific

Oceans

4252013

8

Vikings Age of Exploration 800-1066 AD

Discovered North America 500 years before Columbus

Leif Erickson

Viking Long Boat

Fig 15

4252013

9

Modern day Vikings

Vikings where did they go

Vikings view of their Inuit Neighbors

Ptolemyrsquos Map of the World

150AD

Ptolemyrsquos Map bull Fig 14

Still in use 1500 AD

4252013

10

Age of Exploration 1480-1610

Voyages of Discovery

bull Early Chinese

ndash Exploration of the Pacific and Indian Oceans

bull Europe

ndash Prince Henry the Navigator

bull Naval observatory

ndash Vasco da Gama

ndash Christopher Columbus

ndash Ferdinand Magellan

ndash Sir Martin Frobisher

ndash Francis Drake

Fifteenth century routes of Bartholomew Diaz Vasco da Gama and Christopher Columbus

Columbus Hero or

ldquoGold is most excellent gold constitutes treasure and he who has it does all

he wants in the world and can even lift souls up to Paradiserdquo

ndash Christopher Columbus 1503 letter to the king and queen of Spain

4252013

11

Navigational Chart of northern Europe from Johannes van Keulenrsquos Sea Atlas of

1682-1684

Sixteenth Century circumnavigation routes of Ferdinand Magellan and Sir

Francis Drake

Sir Francis Drake

Great Explorer or Sea Devil

4252013

12

The Importance of Charts and Navigational Information

bull Trade travel and exploration

bull First hydrographic offices

ndashFrance 1720

ndashBritain 1795

bull Relationship between time and longitude

ndash John Harrison first chronometer

The Importance of Charts and Navigational Information

bull Voyages of James Cook

bull Benjamin Franklin

ndashChart of Gulf Stream

bull National and commercial interests

ndashUS Survey of the Coast set up in 1830 (now known as the US Naval Oceanographic Office)

James Cook (1728 ndash 1779) 3 major voyages mapped South

Pacific coasts of New Zealand

Australia and N America

ldquodiscoveredrdquo Hawaiian Islands

Cookrsquos Voyages

4252013

13

Ben Franklinrsquos Gulf Stream Map

Why did Benjamin Franklin make

his map bull First Postmaster General of US he

wanted to speed the mails across the

Atlantic

ldquoDost thou love life

Then do not squander time

for thats the stuff life is made ofrdquo

ldquoYou may delay but time will notrdquo

Benjamin Franklin

Franklinrsquos map and satellite photo of

Gulf Stream

ldquoYou may delay but time will notrdquo

Benjamin Franklin

1860 Gulf Stream Map

1860 Gulf Stream Map

1860 Gulf Stream Map

4252013

5

Polynesian Double-Hulled Canoe

The Polynesians Explorers of the

Pacific Ocean

Polynesian

double hull

canoe

Dual hulled boats

carried 100 people

Skilled navigation

1048707 wave action

1048707 bird flight

1048707 stars

1048707 atmospheric

conditions

Polynesian Sailing Canoes

4252013

6

Polynesian Stick Map

Migration routes of the Polynesians

Goal Water Person Hawaiian Style

Hawaiians invented surfing

4252013

7

Easter Island deforested

Civilization collapses

Middle (Dark) Ages

400s ndash 1400s in

Europe

Extreme superstition

Fear of intellectual

inquiry

Much information

lost

Map of Europe 600 AD

The Middle Ages

bull Vikings ndash Improvements in shipbuilding

ndash Trade and colonization

bull Arabs ndash Description of currents associated with seasonal monsoon

ndash Trade routes to China

ndash Preserved Greek and Roman knowledge

bull China ndash Compass

ndash Trade routes to Persian Gulf

bull Europe ndash Increased knowledge of navigation

ndash Tide tables

bull In 1405 Chinese sent

62 ships to explore the

Indian and Pacific

Oceans

4252013

8

Vikings Age of Exploration 800-1066 AD

Discovered North America 500 years before Columbus

Leif Erickson

Viking Long Boat

Fig 15

4252013

9

Modern day Vikings

Vikings where did they go

Vikings view of their Inuit Neighbors

Ptolemyrsquos Map of the World

150AD

Ptolemyrsquos Map bull Fig 14

Still in use 1500 AD

4252013

10

Age of Exploration 1480-1610

Voyages of Discovery

bull Early Chinese

ndash Exploration of the Pacific and Indian Oceans

bull Europe

ndash Prince Henry the Navigator

bull Naval observatory

ndash Vasco da Gama

ndash Christopher Columbus

ndash Ferdinand Magellan

ndash Sir Martin Frobisher

ndash Francis Drake

Fifteenth century routes of Bartholomew Diaz Vasco da Gama and Christopher Columbus

Columbus Hero or

ldquoGold is most excellent gold constitutes treasure and he who has it does all

he wants in the world and can even lift souls up to Paradiserdquo

ndash Christopher Columbus 1503 letter to the king and queen of Spain

4252013

11

Navigational Chart of northern Europe from Johannes van Keulenrsquos Sea Atlas of

1682-1684

Sixteenth Century circumnavigation routes of Ferdinand Magellan and Sir

Francis Drake

Sir Francis Drake

Great Explorer or Sea Devil

4252013

12

The Importance of Charts and Navigational Information

bull Trade travel and exploration

bull First hydrographic offices

ndashFrance 1720

ndashBritain 1795

bull Relationship between time and longitude

ndash John Harrison first chronometer

The Importance of Charts and Navigational Information

bull Voyages of James Cook

bull Benjamin Franklin

ndashChart of Gulf Stream

bull National and commercial interests

ndashUS Survey of the Coast set up in 1830 (now known as the US Naval Oceanographic Office)

James Cook (1728 ndash 1779) 3 major voyages mapped South

Pacific coasts of New Zealand

Australia and N America

ldquodiscoveredrdquo Hawaiian Islands

Cookrsquos Voyages

4252013

13

Ben Franklinrsquos Gulf Stream Map

Why did Benjamin Franklin make

his map bull First Postmaster General of US he

wanted to speed the mails across the

Atlantic

ldquoDost thou love life

Then do not squander time

for thats the stuff life is made ofrdquo

ldquoYou may delay but time will notrdquo

Benjamin Franklin

Franklinrsquos map and satellite photo of

Gulf Stream

ldquoYou may delay but time will notrdquo

Benjamin Franklin

1860 Gulf Stream Map

1860 Gulf Stream Map

1860 Gulf Stream Map

4252013

6

Polynesian Stick Map

Migration routes of the Polynesians

Goal Water Person Hawaiian Style

Hawaiians invented surfing

4252013

7

Easter Island deforested

Civilization collapses

Middle (Dark) Ages

400s ndash 1400s in

Europe

Extreme superstition

Fear of intellectual

inquiry

Much information

lost

Map of Europe 600 AD

The Middle Ages

bull Vikings ndash Improvements in shipbuilding

ndash Trade and colonization

bull Arabs ndash Description of currents associated with seasonal monsoon

ndash Trade routes to China

ndash Preserved Greek and Roman knowledge

bull China ndash Compass

ndash Trade routes to Persian Gulf

bull Europe ndash Increased knowledge of navigation

ndash Tide tables

bull In 1405 Chinese sent

62 ships to explore the

Indian and Pacific

Oceans

4252013

8

Vikings Age of Exploration 800-1066 AD

Discovered North America 500 years before Columbus

Leif Erickson

Viking Long Boat

Fig 15

4252013

9

Modern day Vikings

Vikings where did they go

Vikings view of their Inuit Neighbors

Ptolemyrsquos Map of the World

150AD

Ptolemyrsquos Map bull Fig 14

Still in use 1500 AD

4252013

10

Age of Exploration 1480-1610

Voyages of Discovery

bull Early Chinese

ndash Exploration of the Pacific and Indian Oceans

bull Europe

ndash Prince Henry the Navigator

bull Naval observatory

ndash Vasco da Gama

ndash Christopher Columbus

ndash Ferdinand Magellan

ndash Sir Martin Frobisher

ndash Francis Drake

Fifteenth century routes of Bartholomew Diaz Vasco da Gama and Christopher Columbus

Columbus Hero or

ldquoGold is most excellent gold constitutes treasure and he who has it does all

he wants in the world and can even lift souls up to Paradiserdquo

ndash Christopher Columbus 1503 letter to the king and queen of Spain

4252013

11

Navigational Chart of northern Europe from Johannes van Keulenrsquos Sea Atlas of

1682-1684

Sixteenth Century circumnavigation routes of Ferdinand Magellan and Sir

Francis Drake

Sir Francis Drake

Great Explorer or Sea Devil

4252013

12

The Importance of Charts and Navigational Information

bull Trade travel and exploration

bull First hydrographic offices

ndashFrance 1720

ndashBritain 1795

bull Relationship between time and longitude

ndash John Harrison first chronometer

The Importance of Charts and Navigational Information

bull Voyages of James Cook

bull Benjamin Franklin

ndashChart of Gulf Stream

bull National and commercial interests

ndashUS Survey of the Coast set up in 1830 (now known as the US Naval Oceanographic Office)

James Cook (1728 ndash 1779) 3 major voyages mapped South

Pacific coasts of New Zealand

Australia and N America

ldquodiscoveredrdquo Hawaiian Islands

Cookrsquos Voyages

4252013

13

Ben Franklinrsquos Gulf Stream Map

Why did Benjamin Franklin make

his map bull First Postmaster General of US he

wanted to speed the mails across the

Atlantic

ldquoDost thou love life

Then do not squander time

for thats the stuff life is made ofrdquo

ldquoYou may delay but time will notrdquo

Benjamin Franklin

Franklinrsquos map and satellite photo of

Gulf Stream

ldquoYou may delay but time will notrdquo

Benjamin Franklin

1860 Gulf Stream Map

1860 Gulf Stream Map

1860 Gulf Stream Map

4252013

7

Easter Island deforested

Civilization collapses

Middle (Dark) Ages

400s ndash 1400s in

Europe

Extreme superstition

Fear of intellectual

inquiry

Much information

lost

Map of Europe 600 AD

The Middle Ages

bull Vikings ndash Improvements in shipbuilding

ndash Trade and colonization

bull Arabs ndash Description of currents associated with seasonal monsoon

ndash Trade routes to China

ndash Preserved Greek and Roman knowledge

bull China ndash Compass

ndash Trade routes to Persian Gulf

bull Europe ndash Increased knowledge of navigation

ndash Tide tables

bull In 1405 Chinese sent

62 ships to explore the

Indian and Pacific

Oceans

4252013

8

Vikings Age of Exploration 800-1066 AD

Discovered North America 500 years before Columbus

Leif Erickson

Viking Long Boat

Fig 15

4252013

9

Modern day Vikings

Vikings where did they go

Vikings view of their Inuit Neighbors

Ptolemyrsquos Map of the World

150AD

Ptolemyrsquos Map bull Fig 14

Still in use 1500 AD

4252013

10

Age of Exploration 1480-1610

Voyages of Discovery

bull Early Chinese

ndash Exploration of the Pacific and Indian Oceans

bull Europe

ndash Prince Henry the Navigator

bull Naval observatory

ndash Vasco da Gama

ndash Christopher Columbus

ndash Ferdinand Magellan

ndash Sir Martin Frobisher

ndash Francis Drake

Fifteenth century routes of Bartholomew Diaz Vasco da Gama and Christopher Columbus

Columbus Hero or

ldquoGold is most excellent gold constitutes treasure and he who has it does all

he wants in the world and can even lift souls up to Paradiserdquo

ndash Christopher Columbus 1503 letter to the king and queen of Spain

4252013

11

Navigational Chart of northern Europe from Johannes van Keulenrsquos Sea Atlas of

1682-1684

Sixteenth Century circumnavigation routes of Ferdinand Magellan and Sir

Francis Drake

Sir Francis Drake

Great Explorer or Sea Devil

4252013

12

The Importance of Charts and Navigational Information

bull Trade travel and exploration

bull First hydrographic offices

ndashFrance 1720

ndashBritain 1795

bull Relationship between time and longitude

ndash John Harrison first chronometer

The Importance of Charts and Navigational Information

bull Voyages of James Cook

bull Benjamin Franklin

ndashChart of Gulf Stream

bull National and commercial interests

ndashUS Survey of the Coast set up in 1830 (now known as the US Naval Oceanographic Office)

James Cook (1728 ndash 1779) 3 major voyages mapped South

Pacific coasts of New Zealand

Australia and N America

ldquodiscoveredrdquo Hawaiian Islands

Cookrsquos Voyages

4252013

13

Ben Franklinrsquos Gulf Stream Map

Why did Benjamin Franklin make

his map bull First Postmaster General of US he

wanted to speed the mails across the

Atlantic

ldquoDost thou love life

Then do not squander time

for thats the stuff life is made ofrdquo

ldquoYou may delay but time will notrdquo

Benjamin Franklin

Franklinrsquos map and satellite photo of

Gulf Stream

ldquoYou may delay but time will notrdquo

Benjamin Franklin

1860 Gulf Stream Map

1860 Gulf Stream Map

1860 Gulf Stream Map

4252013

8

Vikings Age of Exploration 800-1066 AD

Discovered North America 500 years before Columbus

Leif Erickson

Viking Long Boat

Fig 15

4252013

9

Modern day Vikings

Vikings where did they go

Vikings view of their Inuit Neighbors

Ptolemyrsquos Map of the World

150AD

Ptolemyrsquos Map bull Fig 14

Still in use 1500 AD

4252013

10

Age of Exploration 1480-1610

Voyages of Discovery

bull Early Chinese

ndash Exploration of the Pacific and Indian Oceans

bull Europe

ndash Prince Henry the Navigator

bull Naval observatory

ndash Vasco da Gama

ndash Christopher Columbus

ndash Ferdinand Magellan

ndash Sir Martin Frobisher

ndash Francis Drake

Fifteenth century routes of Bartholomew Diaz Vasco da Gama and Christopher Columbus

Columbus Hero or

ldquoGold is most excellent gold constitutes treasure and he who has it does all

he wants in the world and can even lift souls up to Paradiserdquo

ndash Christopher Columbus 1503 letter to the king and queen of Spain

4252013

11

Navigational Chart of northern Europe from Johannes van Keulenrsquos Sea Atlas of

1682-1684

Sixteenth Century circumnavigation routes of Ferdinand Magellan and Sir

Francis Drake

Sir Francis Drake

Great Explorer or Sea Devil

4252013

12

The Importance of Charts and Navigational Information

bull Trade travel and exploration

bull First hydrographic offices

ndashFrance 1720

ndashBritain 1795

bull Relationship between time and longitude

ndash John Harrison first chronometer

The Importance of Charts and Navigational Information

bull Voyages of James Cook

bull Benjamin Franklin

ndashChart of Gulf Stream

bull National and commercial interests

ndashUS Survey of the Coast set up in 1830 (now known as the US Naval Oceanographic Office)

James Cook (1728 ndash 1779) 3 major voyages mapped South

Pacific coasts of New Zealand

Australia and N America

ldquodiscoveredrdquo Hawaiian Islands

Cookrsquos Voyages

4252013

13

Ben Franklinrsquos Gulf Stream Map

Why did Benjamin Franklin make

his map bull First Postmaster General of US he

wanted to speed the mails across the

Atlantic

ldquoDost thou love life

Then do not squander time

for thats the stuff life is made ofrdquo

ldquoYou may delay but time will notrdquo

Benjamin Franklin

Franklinrsquos map and satellite photo of

Gulf Stream

ldquoYou may delay but time will notrdquo

Benjamin Franklin

1860 Gulf Stream Map

1860 Gulf Stream Map

1860 Gulf Stream Map

4252013

9

Modern day Vikings

Vikings where did they go

Vikings view of their Inuit Neighbors

Ptolemyrsquos Map of the World

150AD

Ptolemyrsquos Map bull Fig 14

Still in use 1500 AD

4252013

10

Age of Exploration 1480-1610

Voyages of Discovery

bull Early Chinese

ndash Exploration of the Pacific and Indian Oceans

bull Europe

ndash Prince Henry the Navigator

bull Naval observatory

ndash Vasco da Gama

ndash Christopher Columbus

ndash Ferdinand Magellan

ndash Sir Martin Frobisher

ndash Francis Drake

Fifteenth century routes of Bartholomew Diaz Vasco da Gama and Christopher Columbus

Columbus Hero or

ldquoGold is most excellent gold constitutes treasure and he who has it does all

he wants in the world and can even lift souls up to Paradiserdquo

ndash Christopher Columbus 1503 letter to the king and queen of Spain

4252013

11

Navigational Chart of northern Europe from Johannes van Keulenrsquos Sea Atlas of

1682-1684

Sixteenth Century circumnavigation routes of Ferdinand Magellan and Sir

Francis Drake

Sir Francis Drake

Great Explorer or Sea Devil

4252013

12

The Importance of Charts and Navigational Information

bull Trade travel and exploration

bull First hydrographic offices

ndashFrance 1720

ndashBritain 1795

bull Relationship between time and longitude

ndash John Harrison first chronometer

The Importance of Charts and Navigational Information

bull Voyages of James Cook

bull Benjamin Franklin

ndashChart of Gulf Stream

bull National and commercial interests

ndashUS Survey of the Coast set up in 1830 (now known as the US Naval Oceanographic Office)

James Cook (1728 ndash 1779) 3 major voyages mapped South

Pacific coasts of New Zealand

Australia and N America

ldquodiscoveredrdquo Hawaiian Islands

Cookrsquos Voyages

4252013

13

Ben Franklinrsquos Gulf Stream Map

Why did Benjamin Franklin make

his map bull First Postmaster General of US he

wanted to speed the mails across the

Atlantic

ldquoDost thou love life

Then do not squander time

for thats the stuff life is made ofrdquo

ldquoYou may delay but time will notrdquo

Benjamin Franklin

Franklinrsquos map and satellite photo of

Gulf Stream

ldquoYou may delay but time will notrdquo

Benjamin Franklin

1860 Gulf Stream Map

1860 Gulf Stream Map

1860 Gulf Stream Map

4252013

10

Age of Exploration 1480-1610

Voyages of Discovery

bull Early Chinese

ndash Exploration of the Pacific and Indian Oceans

bull Europe

ndash Prince Henry the Navigator

bull Naval observatory

ndash Vasco da Gama

ndash Christopher Columbus

ndash Ferdinand Magellan

ndash Sir Martin Frobisher

ndash Francis Drake

Fifteenth century routes of Bartholomew Diaz Vasco da Gama and Christopher Columbus

Columbus Hero or

ldquoGold is most excellent gold constitutes treasure and he who has it does all

he wants in the world and can even lift souls up to Paradiserdquo

ndash Christopher Columbus 1503 letter to the king and queen of Spain

4252013

11

Navigational Chart of northern Europe from Johannes van Keulenrsquos Sea Atlas of

1682-1684

Sixteenth Century circumnavigation routes of Ferdinand Magellan and Sir

Francis Drake

Sir Francis Drake

Great Explorer or Sea Devil

4252013

12

The Importance of Charts and Navigational Information

bull Trade travel and exploration

bull First hydrographic offices

ndashFrance 1720

ndashBritain 1795

bull Relationship between time and longitude

ndash John Harrison first chronometer

The Importance of Charts and Navigational Information

bull Voyages of James Cook

bull Benjamin Franklin

ndashChart of Gulf Stream

bull National and commercial interests

ndashUS Survey of the Coast set up in 1830 (now known as the US Naval Oceanographic Office)

James Cook (1728 ndash 1779) 3 major voyages mapped South

Pacific coasts of New Zealand

Australia and N America

ldquodiscoveredrdquo Hawaiian Islands

Cookrsquos Voyages

4252013

13

Ben Franklinrsquos Gulf Stream Map

Why did Benjamin Franklin make

his map bull First Postmaster General of US he

wanted to speed the mails across the

Atlantic

ldquoDost thou love life

Then do not squander time

for thats the stuff life is made ofrdquo

ldquoYou may delay but time will notrdquo

Benjamin Franklin

Franklinrsquos map and satellite photo of

Gulf Stream

ldquoYou may delay but time will notrdquo

Benjamin Franklin

1860 Gulf Stream Map

1860 Gulf Stream Map

1860 Gulf Stream Map

4252013

11

Navigational Chart of northern Europe from Johannes van Keulenrsquos Sea Atlas of

1682-1684

Sixteenth Century circumnavigation routes of Ferdinand Magellan and Sir

Francis Drake

Sir Francis Drake

Great Explorer or Sea Devil

4252013

12

The Importance of Charts and Navigational Information

bull Trade travel and exploration

bull First hydrographic offices

ndashFrance 1720

ndashBritain 1795

bull Relationship between time and longitude

ndash John Harrison first chronometer

The Importance of Charts and Navigational Information

bull Voyages of James Cook

bull Benjamin Franklin

ndashChart of Gulf Stream

bull National and commercial interests

ndashUS Survey of the Coast set up in 1830 (now known as the US Naval Oceanographic Office)

James Cook (1728 ndash 1779) 3 major voyages mapped South

Pacific coasts of New Zealand

Australia and N America

ldquodiscoveredrdquo Hawaiian Islands

Cookrsquos Voyages

4252013

13

Ben Franklinrsquos Gulf Stream Map

Why did Benjamin Franklin make

his map bull First Postmaster General of US he

wanted to speed the mails across the

Atlantic

ldquoDost thou love life

Then do not squander time

for thats the stuff life is made ofrdquo

ldquoYou may delay but time will notrdquo

Benjamin Franklin

Franklinrsquos map and satellite photo of

Gulf Stream

ldquoYou may delay but time will notrdquo

Benjamin Franklin

1860 Gulf Stream Map

1860 Gulf Stream Map

1860 Gulf Stream Map

4252013

12

The Importance of Charts and Navigational Information

bull Trade travel and exploration

bull First hydrographic offices

ndashFrance 1720

ndashBritain 1795

bull Relationship between time and longitude

ndash John Harrison first chronometer

The Importance of Charts and Navigational Information

bull Voyages of James Cook

bull Benjamin Franklin

ndashChart of Gulf Stream

bull National and commercial interests

ndashUS Survey of the Coast set up in 1830 (now known as the US Naval Oceanographic Office)

James Cook (1728 ndash 1779) 3 major voyages mapped South

Pacific coasts of New Zealand

Australia and N America

ldquodiscoveredrdquo Hawaiian Islands

Cookrsquos Voyages

4252013

13

Ben Franklinrsquos Gulf Stream Map

Why did Benjamin Franklin make

his map bull First Postmaster General of US he

wanted to speed the mails across the

Atlantic

ldquoDost thou love life

Then do not squander time

for thats the stuff life is made ofrdquo

ldquoYou may delay but time will notrdquo

Benjamin Franklin

Franklinrsquos map and satellite photo of

Gulf Stream

ldquoYou may delay but time will notrdquo

Benjamin Franklin

1860 Gulf Stream Map

1860 Gulf Stream Map

1860 Gulf Stream Map

4252013

13

Ben Franklinrsquos Gulf Stream Map

Why did Benjamin Franklin make

his map bull First Postmaster General of US he

wanted to speed the mails across the

Atlantic

ldquoDost thou love life

Then do not squander time

for thats the stuff life is made ofrdquo

ldquoYou may delay but time will notrdquo

Benjamin Franklin

Franklinrsquos map and satellite photo of

Gulf Stream

ldquoYou may delay but time will notrdquo

Benjamin Franklin

1860 Gulf Stream Map

1860 Gulf Stream Map

1860 Gulf Stream Map

4252013

14

Whatrsquos at the bottom of the Sea Ocean Science Begins

bull Botanists and naturalists ndash Collect describe and classify organisms

ndash Theory of atoll formation (Charles Darwin)

ndash Investigations of microscopic drifting plants and animals (plankton)

bull Scientific interest based on practical reasons ndash Navigation tide prediction and safety

bull Importance of government support ndash Laying of transatlantic telegraph cables

HMS Beagle 1831-1836

Voyage of the Beagle 1831-1836

4252013

15

1847 Maury

1847 US Navy Lieutenant Matthew F Maury

produced first bathymetric wind and current chart

of the North Atlantic

First ldquotruerdquo oceanographer

4252013

16

The Challenger Expedition

bull Comprehensive scientific expedition

bull Naval corvette refitted with laboratories winches and sounding scope ndash Circumnavigation

ndash 361 sounding stations

ndash Collected deep-sea water samples

ndash Investigated deep-water motion

ndash Temperature measurements at all depths

ndash Thousands of biological and sea-bottom samples

Fig 115

bull Analysis and compilation of data continued for 20 years

bull Began oceanography as a modern science

bull Prestige stimulated expeditions by other nations

Challenger Expedition

Voyage of the Challenger 1872-1876

4252013

17

Challenger Expedition Exploratory Science

bull Fridtjof Nansen ndash Voyage of the Fram

ndash Nansen bottle

bull International scientific cooperation ndash Motivated by

fluctuations in commercial fish

bull Antarctic exploration bull Amundsen Scott

Shackleton bull Arctic exploration bull Admiral Peary

Nansen

Early Oceanographers

Harsh conditions and slow work compared to today

4252013

18

Oceanography in the Twentieth Century

bull Support by wealthy individuals

bull Scripps Institution of Oceanography

bull Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

bull Rapid advances during World War II

bull Office of Naval Research (ONR) and National Science Foundation (NSF) funding

bull International Geophysical Year (IGY) cooperation

bull Satellites

bull Deep Sea Drilling Program

bull National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)

Bathyscaphe Trieste

bull httpwwwpbsorgwnetsavageseasmultime

diatriestehtml

False color images of plankton

concentrations on Tasmania Australia

Yellow and red high concentrations

Green and blue low concentrations

Dark blue and purple very low concentrations

4252013

15

1847 Maury

1847 US Navy Lieutenant Matthew F Maury

produced first bathymetric wind and current chart

of the North Atlantic

First ldquotruerdquo oceanographer

4252013

16

The Challenger Expedition

bull Comprehensive scientific expedition

bull Naval corvette refitted with laboratories winches and sounding scope ndash Circumnavigation

ndash 361 sounding stations

ndash Collected deep-sea water samples

ndash Investigated deep-water motion

ndash Temperature measurements at all depths

ndash Thousands of biological and sea-bottom samples

Fig 115

bull Analysis and compilation of data continued for 20 years

bull Began oceanography as a modern science

bull Prestige stimulated expeditions by other nations

Challenger Expedition

Voyage of the Challenger 1872-1876

4252013

17

Challenger Expedition Exploratory Science

bull Fridtjof Nansen ndash Voyage of the Fram

ndash Nansen bottle

bull International scientific cooperation ndash Motivated by

fluctuations in commercial fish

bull Antarctic exploration bull Amundsen Scott

Shackleton bull Arctic exploration bull Admiral Peary

Nansen

Early Oceanographers

Harsh conditions and slow work compared to today

4252013

18

Oceanography in the Twentieth Century

bull Support by wealthy individuals

bull Scripps Institution of Oceanography

bull Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

bull Rapid advances during World War II

bull Office of Naval Research (ONR) and National Science Foundation (NSF) funding

bull International Geophysical Year (IGY) cooperation

bull Satellites

bull Deep Sea Drilling Program

bull National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)

Bathyscaphe Trieste

bull httpwwwpbsorgwnetsavageseasmultime

diatriestehtml

False color images of plankton

concentrations on Tasmania Australia

Yellow and red high concentrations

Green and blue low concentrations

Dark blue and purple very low concentrations

4252013

16

The Challenger Expedition

bull Comprehensive scientific expedition

bull Naval corvette refitted with laboratories winches and sounding scope ndash Circumnavigation

ndash 361 sounding stations

ndash Collected deep-sea water samples

ndash Investigated deep-water motion

ndash Temperature measurements at all depths

ndash Thousands of biological and sea-bottom samples

Fig 115

bull Analysis and compilation of data continued for 20 years

bull Began oceanography as a modern science

bull Prestige stimulated expeditions by other nations

Challenger Expedition

Voyage of the Challenger 1872-1876

4252013

17

Challenger Expedition Exploratory Science

bull Fridtjof Nansen ndash Voyage of the Fram

ndash Nansen bottle

bull International scientific cooperation ndash Motivated by

fluctuations in commercial fish

bull Antarctic exploration bull Amundsen Scott

Shackleton bull Arctic exploration bull Admiral Peary

Nansen

Early Oceanographers

Harsh conditions and slow work compared to today

4252013

18

Oceanography in the Twentieth Century

bull Support by wealthy individuals

bull Scripps Institution of Oceanography

bull Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

bull Rapid advances during World War II

bull Office of Naval Research (ONR) and National Science Foundation (NSF) funding

bull International Geophysical Year (IGY) cooperation

bull Satellites

bull Deep Sea Drilling Program

bull National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)

Bathyscaphe Trieste

bull httpwwwpbsorgwnetsavageseasmultime

diatriestehtml

False color images of plankton

concentrations on Tasmania Australia

Yellow and red high concentrations

Green and blue low concentrations

Dark blue and purple very low concentrations

4252013

17

Challenger Expedition Exploratory Science

bull Fridtjof Nansen ndash Voyage of the Fram

ndash Nansen bottle

bull International scientific cooperation ndash Motivated by

fluctuations in commercial fish

bull Antarctic exploration bull Amundsen Scott

Shackleton bull Arctic exploration bull Admiral Peary

Nansen

Early Oceanographers

Harsh conditions and slow work compared to today

4252013

18

Oceanography in the Twentieth Century

bull Support by wealthy individuals

bull Scripps Institution of Oceanography

bull Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

bull Rapid advances during World War II

bull Office of Naval Research (ONR) and National Science Foundation (NSF) funding

bull International Geophysical Year (IGY) cooperation

bull Satellites

bull Deep Sea Drilling Program

bull National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)

Bathyscaphe Trieste

bull httpwwwpbsorgwnetsavageseasmultime

diatriestehtml

False color images of plankton

concentrations on Tasmania Australia

Yellow and red high concentrations

Green and blue low concentrations

Dark blue and purple very low concentrations

4252013

18

Oceanography in the Twentieth Century

bull Support by wealthy individuals

bull Scripps Institution of Oceanography

bull Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

bull Rapid advances during World War II

bull Office of Naval Research (ONR) and National Science Foundation (NSF) funding

bull International Geophysical Year (IGY) cooperation

bull Satellites

bull Deep Sea Drilling Program

bull National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)

Bathyscaphe Trieste

bull httpwwwpbsorgwnetsavageseasmultime

diatriestehtml

False color images of plankton

concentrations on Tasmania Australia

Yellow and red high concentrations

Green and blue low concentrations

Dark blue and purple very low concentrations

4252013

19

Glomar Challenger

Deep Sea Drilling Project Ship

(1968 to 1983)

Howard Hughesrsquo ship

JOIDES Resolution

(1985 to present)

Ocean Drilling Program drill ship

Offshore Drilling Platform

MBARI Scripps

Moss Landing San Diego

4252013

20

Most famous oceanographer today

Robert Ballard

Found Titanic Lusitania Bismarck PT 109 Black Sea Flood

Play movie

Marcia McNutt MBARI

Jacques Cousteau

(1910-1997)

invented SCUBA during

World War II

Jacques Cousteau

(1910-1997)

Most famous oceanographer of the

20th century

bull If we go on the way we have the fault is our greed if we are not willing [to change] we will disappear from the face of the globe to be replaced by the insect ~ Jacques Cousteau

bull

4252013

21

Doc Ricketts The Recent Past the Present

and the Future of Oceanography

bull Earth is a complex of systems and subsystems

bull Cross disciplinary research

bull Integrated approach

bull Large scale oceanographic programs ndash Climate WOCE JGOFS GOALS

ndash Structure and history of the Earth ODP RIDGE

ndash Satellites TOPEXPoseidon Jason-1

ndash Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS)

ndash Project NEPTUNE

The future ROVs and satellites

4252013

22

This image of the Pacific Ocean was produced using sea-surface height measurements taken by the US-French Jason

satellite The image is based on the average of 10 days of data centered on Feb 12 2007 compared to the long-term average

of observations from 1993 through 2005 In this image places where the Pacific sea surface height is higher (warmer) than

normal are yellow and red and places where the sea surface is lower (cooler) than normal are blue and purple Green shows

where conditions are near normal Sea-surface height is an indicator of the heat content of the upper ocean

ROV has an unexpected visitor

a Sperm Whale

Nuclear Missile Submarine

Naval Postgraduate School

Monterey California Our little Blue Marble

4252013

23

Summary

bull Oceanography a multidisciplinary field ndash Geology geophysics chemistry physics

meteorology biology

bull Early explorers and traders

bull National and commercial interests

bull Beginning of ocean science (19th century)

bull 20th century ndash Role of private institutions

ndash Role of large-scale government funding and international cooperation

Summary

Sunset

4252013

20

Most famous oceanographer today

Robert Ballard

Found Titanic Lusitania Bismarck PT 109 Black Sea Flood

Play movie

Marcia McNutt MBARI

Jacques Cousteau

(1910-1997)

invented SCUBA during

World War II

Jacques Cousteau

(1910-1997)

Most famous oceanographer of the

20th century

bull If we go on the way we have the fault is our greed if we are not willing [to change] we will disappear from the face of the globe to be replaced by the insect ~ Jacques Cousteau

bull

4252013

21

Doc Ricketts The Recent Past the Present

and the Future of Oceanography

bull Earth is a complex of systems and subsystems

bull Cross disciplinary research

bull Integrated approach

bull Large scale oceanographic programs ndash Climate WOCE JGOFS GOALS

ndash Structure and history of the Earth ODP RIDGE

ndash Satellites TOPEXPoseidon Jason-1

ndash Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS)

ndash Project NEPTUNE

The future ROVs and satellites

4252013

22

This image of the Pacific Ocean was produced using sea-surface height measurements taken by the US-French Jason

satellite The image is based on the average of 10 days of data centered on Feb 12 2007 compared to the long-term average

of observations from 1993 through 2005 In this image places where the Pacific sea surface height is higher (warmer) than

normal are yellow and red and places where the sea surface is lower (cooler) than normal are blue and purple Green shows

where conditions are near normal Sea-surface height is an indicator of the heat content of the upper ocean

ROV has an unexpected visitor

a Sperm Whale

Nuclear Missile Submarine

Naval Postgraduate School

Monterey California Our little Blue Marble

4252013

23

Summary

bull Oceanography a multidisciplinary field ndash Geology geophysics chemistry physics

meteorology biology

bull Early explorers and traders

bull National and commercial interests

bull Beginning of ocean science (19th century)

bull 20th century ndash Role of private institutions

ndash Role of large-scale government funding and international cooperation

Summary

Sunset

4252013

21

Doc Ricketts The Recent Past the Present

and the Future of Oceanography

bull Earth is a complex of systems and subsystems

bull Cross disciplinary research

bull Integrated approach

bull Large scale oceanographic programs ndash Climate WOCE JGOFS GOALS

ndash Structure and history of the Earth ODP RIDGE

ndash Satellites TOPEXPoseidon Jason-1

ndash Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS)

ndash Project NEPTUNE

The future ROVs and satellites

4252013

22

This image of the Pacific Ocean was produced using sea-surface height measurements taken by the US-French Jason

satellite The image is based on the average of 10 days of data centered on Feb 12 2007 compared to the long-term average

of observations from 1993 through 2005 In this image places where the Pacific sea surface height is higher (warmer) than

normal are yellow and red and places where the sea surface is lower (cooler) than normal are blue and purple Green shows

where conditions are near normal Sea-surface height is an indicator of the heat content of the upper ocean

ROV has an unexpected visitor

a Sperm Whale

Nuclear Missile Submarine

Naval Postgraduate School

Monterey California Our little Blue Marble

4252013

23

Summary

bull Oceanography a multidisciplinary field ndash Geology geophysics chemistry physics

meteorology biology

bull Early explorers and traders

bull National and commercial interests

bull Beginning of ocean science (19th century)

bull 20th century ndash Role of private institutions

ndash Role of large-scale government funding and international cooperation

Summary

Sunset

4252013

22

This image of the Pacific Ocean was produced using sea-surface height measurements taken by the US-French Jason

satellite The image is based on the average of 10 days of data centered on Feb 12 2007 compared to the long-term average

of observations from 1993 through 2005 In this image places where the Pacific sea surface height is higher (warmer) than

normal are yellow and red and places where the sea surface is lower (cooler) than normal are blue and purple Green shows

where conditions are near normal Sea-surface height is an indicator of the heat content of the upper ocean

ROV has an unexpected visitor

a Sperm Whale

Nuclear Missile Submarine

Naval Postgraduate School

Monterey California Our little Blue Marble

4252013

23

Summary

bull Oceanography a multidisciplinary field ndash Geology geophysics chemistry physics

meteorology biology

bull Early explorers and traders

bull National and commercial interests

bull Beginning of ocean science (19th century)

bull 20th century ndash Role of private institutions

ndash Role of large-scale government funding and international cooperation

Summary

Sunset

4252013

23

Summary

bull Oceanography a multidisciplinary field ndash Geology geophysics chemistry physics

meteorology biology

bull Early explorers and traders

bull National and commercial interests

bull Beginning of ocean science (19th century)

bull 20th century ndash Role of private institutions

ndash Role of large-scale government funding and international cooperation

Summary

Sunset