4.461: building fall term 2004 technology 1 school of ... · 3 19 8 17 16 initial embodied...
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Part I: Sustainable DesignPart II: Case StudyPart III: Architecture
These notes are a test.
Sustainable DesignProfessor John E. Fernandez
FALL TERM 2004SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING: MIT
4.461: Building Technology 1
Sustainable DesignProfessor John E. Fernandez
FALL TERM 2004SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING: MIT
4.461: Building Technology 1
Part I: Sustainable Design
• Context: Space and TimeBoundaries are drawn such that one captures adequate time and space to allow for a net positive effect from the process and product of the built project.
• Priority: Dual BeneficiariesDesign within these time and space boundaries fulfills the needs of both the present and future generations.
Spatial Project AreaProject
TIME
Past
TIME
Future
Period of Direct Influence
COPYRIGHT JOHN E. FERNANDEZ: BUILDING TECHNOLOGY GROUP: MIT
Sustainable Design4.461 CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS Sustainable Design4.461 CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS
Part I: Sustainable DesignContextSpace
Sustainable design requires a reconsideration of the spatial boundaries (and scales) that one addresses in assessing the impact of the work. Consideration is given to the ecology and environment of each:
• Global• Regional• Urban• Building Image courtesy of NASA Image courtesy of MassGIS.
COPYRIGHT JOHN E. FERNANDEZ: BUILDING TECHNOLOGY GROUP: MIT
Sustainable Design4.461 CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS Sustainable Design4.461 CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS
Part I: Sustainable DesignContextTimeSustainable design requires
the reconsideration of the span of time in which one is assessing the impact of the work.
Building Lifetime: 50 years• Life Cycle Assessment
(LCA)
Site Lifetime: eternal COPYRIGHT JOHN E. FERNANDEZ: BUILDING TECHNOLOGY GROUP: MIT
Sustainable Design4.461 CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS Sustainable Design4.461 CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS
Part I: Sustainable Design
Spatial Project AreaProject
TIME
Past
TIME
Future
Period of Direct Influence
Past Generation
Future Generation
Period of Indirect Influence
Sustainable Design4.461 CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS Sustainable Design4.461 CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS
Part II: Case StudyUsing LCA, the following is
a comparison of structural materials for on-site construction of an assembly.
Construction energy and grreenhouse gas emissions were examined in five general categories:
1. Transportation of the construction crew to and from the site.
2. Transportation of materials to the site
3. Transportation of equipment to and from the site.
4. Use of on-site equipment.
5. Supporting processes, such as from-work and temporary heating.
8
Structural Assembly
Construction Energy: Wood Structural AssembliesConst
ruct
ion E
ner
gy
(MJ/
m2)
20
15
10
5
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Ave.
On-site equipment use
Equip. & materials trans.
Worker transportation
3.0
3.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Ave.
Const
ruct
ion E
mis
sions
(Kg/m
2)
Structural Assembly
Construction Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Wood Structural Assemblies
On-site equipment use
Equip. & materials trans.
Worker transportation
Image by MIT OCW.
Image by MIT OCW.
Sustainable Design4.461 CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS Sustainable Design4.461 CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS
Case Study
Const
ruct
ion E
ner
gy
(MJ/
m2)
20
15
10
5
0
16 17 18 19 20 21 22 24 25 26 27 Ave.23
Structural Assembly
Construction Energy: Steel Structural Assemblies
On-site equipment use
Equip. & materials trans.
Worker transportation
Const
ruct
ion E
mis
sions
(Kg/m
2)
3.0
2.5
1.5
2.0
1.0
0.5
0
16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Ave.
Structural Assembly
Construction Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Steel Structural Assemblies
On-site equipment use
Equip. & materials trans.
Worker transportation
Image by MIT OCW.
Image by MIT OCW.
Sustainable Design4.461 CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS Sustainable Design4.461 CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS
Case Study
Const
ruct
ion E
ner
gy
(MJ/
m2)
Structural Assembly
120
100
60
80
40
20
0
28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 Ave.
Construction Energy: Concrete Structural Assemblies
On-site equipment use
Equip. & materials trans.
Worker transportation
Const
ruct
ion E
mis
sions
(Kg/m
2) 25
20
10
15
5
0
28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 Ave.
Structural Assembly
Construction Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Concrete Structural Assemblies
On-site equipment use
Equip. & materials trans.
Worker transportation
Image by MIT OCW.
Image by MIT OCW.
Sustainable Design4.461 CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS Sustainable Design4.461 CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS
Case Study
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
34
67
26
2425
21
23
27
28
38
3233
35
29
36 30
3731
39
20
1514
7
69
8
5
1
4
1213
23
Construction Energy (MJ/m2)
Worker Transportation/Construction Energy
Work
er
Tra
nsp
ort
ation E
nerg
y (
%)
Concrete
Wood
Steel
1918
1110
22
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Work
er
Tra
nsp
ort
ation G
reenhouse
G
ase
s (%
)
38
39
34
24
27
26
17
2521
20
18
2829
35
32
33
3630
3731
15
1312
4
21
5 Concrete
Wood
Steel
14
Construction Energy (Kg/m2)
Worker Transportation/Construction Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Image by MIT OCW.
Image by MIT OCW.
Sustainable Design4.461 CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS Sustainable Design4.461 CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS
Case Study
5
10
15
20
25
30
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
3632
31
35
34
28
191817
33
376
8
1
3
Initial Embodied Energy (MJ/m2)
Const
ruct
ion E
nerg
y (
%)
16
211
10
Concrete
Steel
Wood
Construction/Embodied Energy (excluding Worker Transportation)
36
37
35
2834
32
31
33
5
10
15
20
25
30
0
0 50 100 150 200 250
Const
ruct
ion E
mis
sions
(%)
Concrete
Steel
Wood
11
10
8
2
1
6
3 1918
1617
Initial Embodied Greenhouse Gases (Kg/m2)
Construction/Embodied Greenhouse Gas Emissions (excluding Worker Transportation)
Image by MIT OCW.
Image by MIT OCW.
Sustainable Design4.461 CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS Sustainable Design4.461 CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS
Case Study
5
10
15
20
25
30
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Initial Embodied Energy (MJ/m2)
Const
ruct
ion E
nerg
y (
%)
Concrete
Steel
Wood
32
35
32
28
36
31
33
37116
1
2
8
310
17
1619 18
Construction/Embodied Energy (including Worker Transportation)
Initial Embodied Greenhouse Gases (Kg/m2)
5
10
15
20
25
30
0
0 50 250200150100
Const
ruct
ion E
mis
sions
(%)
Concrete
Steel
Wood
36
28
8
1
3
6
2
32
35
34
33
31
37
11
10
17
1619
18
Construction/Embodied Greenhouse Gas Emissions (including Worker Transportation)
Image by MIT OCW.
Image by MIT OCW.
Sustainable Design4.461 CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS Sustainable Design4.461 CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS
Case Study
Transportation - of workers and equipment - to and from the site represents the largest proportion of construction energy use for every material.
10
20
30
40
50
60
80
70
0
Const
ruct
ion E
nerg
y (
MJ/
m2)
Average Construction Energy for Wood, Steel, and Concrete Assemblies
On-site equipment use
Equip. & materials trans.
Worker transportation
Wood
Steel
Concrete
Average Construction Greenhouse Gas Emissions for Wood, Steel, and Concrete Assemblies
2
4
6
8
10
14
12
0
Const
ruct
ion G
reenhouse
Gase
s (K
g/m
2)
On-site equipment use
Equip. & materials trans.
Worker transportation
WoodSteel
Concrete
Image by MIT OCW.
Image by MIT OCW.
Sustainable Design4.461 CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS Sustainable Design4.461 CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS