4.510 digital design fabrication fall 2008 for …...– cad was invented to run cnc machines •...
TRANSCRIPT
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MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu
4.510 Digital Design Fabrication Fall 2008
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Lecture 2
Background on Design and Digital Manufacturing Prof. Larry Sass
Department of Architecture
Computer modeling = Description
– Geometry
– Application of Geometry to a Design problem
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Terminology
• CAD Computer Aided Design
• CAM Computer Aided Manufacturing
• CAE Computer Aided Engineering
• CNC (NC) Computer Numerically Controlled Machines
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Origins of CAD/CAM
1952 • Numerical Control machines are
widely used to operate a toolpositioning through computercommands. MIT’s Servo Mechanisms Laboratory demonstrated anumerically controlled 3 axis milling machine.
1959 • Control digital computer. The first
application of a control using a digitalcomputer occurred at a Texaco refinery located in Port Author Texas where a catalytic cracking unit wasoptimized using a linear programmingalgorithm
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Origins of CAD/CAM
1960 Robotic Implementation – The precursor to widespread use of robots in manufacturing processes
1970 Computer Numerical Control – The advent of the mini computer where tools could have there own memory.
1980 Flexible Manufacturing System – The idea of sets of machines to make a relatively wide variety of products with automatic movement of products through any sequence of machines this lead to Computer integrated Manufacturing
2000
Variety of Machine Sizes and Types
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CBA Fab Labs cba.fab.mit.edu
India
South Africa
Ghana
Norway
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Basic Components of an NC Machine
[1] [2] [3] Program Machine Control Processing Equipment
Unit
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1952 – MIT Servo Lab –Numerically Controlled Machines
– Began with the US Air Force
– The work Started at the Parsons Lab in the 1940s
– Developed the idea of Positional Data on Punch Cards
– 1949 MIT Servomechanism Laboratory to develop a prototype
– The first NC machines was presented in 1952 – 3 Axis milling machine
– Work led to the development of the APT (Automatically Programmed Tooling)
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Basic Components of an NC Machine
[1] [2] [3] Program Machine Control Processing Equipment
Unit
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[PROGRAM]
Origins of CAD
1963MIT
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1963 – Sketch Pad A Man Made Graphical Communication System
Parametric Modeler for Engineers
- Small changes to existing drawings
- Great for the creation of small scientific operations that can only be understood graphically
- For highly repetitive drawings
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Design Descriptions
Lines Surface Solid NURB Parametric Models Modeling Surface Modeling
Modeling
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Design Description
Discovery 1960s 1970s 1980s 1960s-80s 80s
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Descriptions for Fabrication
Principles of Making
1 - Measure
2 - Cut or Build
3 - Assembly
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Descriptions for Fabrication
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Design Description
1960s 1970s 1980s 1960s-80s 1980 2000
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Analogue
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Digital
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Production SystemsSymbolic System
1973 Carnegie Mellon
•A production system is a •Symbolic Production System – Artificial schema for specifying an Intelligence – Text based outcomes (the information processing system. web)
– Q. Do you know which restaurant you want to go to?
– A. No – Q. Is there any kind of food you would
particularly like? – A. No – Q. Do you like spicy food? – A. No
• A→B
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Production Systems Shape Production System
1975 UCLA & Open University
• A Shape Grammar is a Visual Production System
Shape Rule
Application or Derivation
Result
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A Physical Production System
• Physical Design Grammar – A physical design grammar is a
production system withdescriptions as object opposed tolayers
• Benefits: – Cross scale production – Working Models - Reflect the
behavior of a building not itsimage
• Challenges: – Compliant subdivision of an initial
shape
– How to manage construction behaviors
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Summary
• Background
– CAD was invented to run CNC machines • Drawings are after effects • Parametric modeling was invented by Ivan Sutherland in 1963
– Design Description = CAD document (Compliant) • CAD Programs were used to generate information for machines –
1960’s • CAD Programs were used to generate information for visualization
1980-2000 • CAD programs will be used to generate information for fabrication
– Production Systems • Text • Shape • Object
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future
• Procedural Processes
– Algorithms for Production
– Jove – Medical
– Grammars for Components