49 PILING49-1 GENERAL

49-1.01 GENERAL49-1.01A SummarySection 49-1 includes general specifications for constructing piles.

Earthwork for reinforced concrete extensions must comply with section 19-3.

49-1.01B Definitionscontrol zone: Zone that has the same subsurface profile and engineering properties as a corresponding

support location.

nominal driving resistance: Sum of (1) nominal resistance required to resist the factored axial loads and (2) driving resistance from unsuitable or scourable penetrated soil layers that do not contribute to the design resistance.

nominal resistance: Design capacity required to resist the factored axial loads.

49-1.01C Submittals49-1.01C(1) GeneralBefore handling or installing piles at a location closer than the length of the pile being handled or installed to the edge of a traveled way open to public use, submit a work plan of the measures to be used to provide for the safety of traffic and the public.

Submit a VECP for revisions to specified tip elevations shown or installation methods.

49-1.01C(2) Test BoringsIf test borings are specified in the special provisions, submit the log of test borings and the test boring report upon completion of all test borings. Submit 4 copies of the test boring report and the log of test borings to OSD, Documents Unit. The submittal must comply with the specifications for shop drawings. Notify the Engineer of the submittal. Include in the notification the date and contents of the submittal.

If corrections to the submittal are required, submit 1 copy of the corrected test boring report and the log of test borings to OSD, Documents Unit.

The test boring report must include:

1. Summary of drilling methods, drilling equipment, drill platforms, and drilling difficulties encountered2. Location map of the surveyed position of the test borings relative to the new pile locations in the

California Coordinate System and bridge stationing3. Bore hole surveying notes4. Photographs of rock cores5. Copies of original daily drilling notes

49-1.01D Quality Assurance49-1.01D(1) GeneralPiling must have sufficient length to attain the specified tip elevation shown and extend into the pile cap or footing.

49-1.01D(2) Determination of LengthYou may conduct additional foundation investigation, including installing and axial load testing of additional nonproduction indicator piling and performing test borings. The Engineer must authorize locations of additional foundation testing. Notify the Engineer at least 5 business days before starting additional foundation testing.

Complete additional foundation investigation before requesting revised specified pile tip elevations or revisions to the described installation methods.

The Engineer does not authorize a revision to:

1. Specified installation methods if settlement or lateral loads control the design tip elevation2. Specified pile tip elevation above the design tip elevation shown for settlement or lateral loads3. Specified pile tip elevation if the tip elevation is controlled by liquefaction or scour

The pile structural capacity design is based on the nominal strength as defined in Article 8.1.3 of the Caltrans Bridge Design Specifications or the nominal resistance as defined in Article 1.3.2.1 of the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications.

Indicator compression pile load testing must comply with ASTM D1143/D1143M. The pile must sustain the 1st compression test load applied that is equal to the nominal driving resistance, with no more than 1/2-inch total vertical movement at the top of the pile measured relative to the top of the pile before the start of compression load testing.

Indicator tension pile load testing must comply with ASTM D3689 except do not use the loading apparatus described as "Tensile Load Applied by Hydraulic Jack(s) Acting Upward at One End of Test Beam(s)." The pile must sustain the 1st tension test load applied that is equal to the nominal resistance in tension shown with no more than 1/2-inch total vertical movement at the top of the pile measured relative to the top of the pile before the start of tension load testing.

Remove indicator piling as specified for removing portions of bridges.

49-1.01D(3) Load Test PilesIf load test piles are shown, complete load testing of each load test pile before drilling holes, casting piling, cutting piling to length, driving piling, and fabricating reinforcing steel cages for any piles represented by the load test pile.

Notify the Engineer at least 10 days before drilling or driving piles to be load tested.

Except in cofferdams, the bottom of the footing excavation must be level and dewatered before pile load testing. The excavation must be kept dewatered during load testing.

Install load test piles with the same type of equipment to be used for installation of production piles.

Load test piles must comply with the specifications for piling as described. Locate load test piles such that they may be cut off and become a part of the completed structure.

Remove load test and anchor piles not incorporated in the completed structure as specified for removing portions of bridges.

For load test anchorages in piles used as anchor piles:

1. HS threaded steel rods must comply with ASTM A722/A722M for uncoated, deformed, Type II, HS steel bars, including the supplementary requirements, except the maximum weight requirement does not apply

2. Steel plates must comply with ASTM A709/A709M, Grade 363. Anchor nuts must hold the HS steel rods at a load producing a stress of not less than 95 percent of

the specified ultimate tensile strength of the HS steel rod4. Pipe, couplings, and fittings must be commercially available materials of the types and ratings shown

You may use additional cementitious material in load test and anchor piles.

You may use Type III cement in any load test and anchor pile not used as a part of the completed structure.

Furnish labor, materials, tools, equipment, and incidentals as required to assist the Department in the installation, operation, and removal of Department-furnished steel load test beams, jacks, bearing plates, drills, and other test equipment. This is change order work.

The Department performs testing of load test piles when the concrete in the load test and anchor piles has developed a compressive strength of at least 2,000 psi.

Allow the Department 15 days to perform pile load tests at each test location. Allow an additional 10 days for the Department to revise the specified tip elevations.

49-1.01D(4) Dynamic MonitoringSection 49-1.01D(4) applies if dynamic monitoring of driven piling is specified in the special provisions.

The Department determines which piles from a control zone or support location receive dynamic monitoring.

The Department dynamically monitors driven piles using Department-furnished dynamic pile analyzer monitoring instruments.

Section 49-2.01A(4)(c) does not apply to driven piles if dynamic monitoring is required.

The Department conducts penetration and bearing analysis of dynamically monitored piles and develops bearing acceptance criteria curves for these piles. Penetration and bearing analyses are based on a wave equation analysis.

Except for load test and anchor piles, do not install production piles until the Engineer provides you with the bearing acceptance criteria curves for any piles represented by the dynamically monitored piles.

Piles to be dynamically monitored must be:

1. Available to the Department at least 2 business days before driving.2. Safely supported at least 6 inches off the ground in a horizontal position on at least 2 support blocks.

If requested, rotate the piles on the blocks.3. Positioned such that the Department has safe access to the entire pile length and circumference for

the installation of anchorages and control marks for monitoring.

Prepare and drive piles to be dynamically monitored in the following sequence:

1. Before driving, rotate and align the pile in the driving leads as ordered by the Department.2. Temporarily suspend driving operations for approximately 15 minutes when the pile tip is 25 feet

above the specified tip elevation shown.3. During the 15 minute suspension, bolt the 1-pound instrument package securely to plugs or

expansion anchors previously installed in the pile by the Department. Connect electrical cables to the instrument package as ordered by the Department.

4. Resume driving operations as ordered by the Department. Suspend driving operations approximately 1 foot above the specified tip elevation.

5. Remove the cables and instrument package from the pile and deliver them to the Engineer.6. The following business day, install the instrument package on the pile and attach the cables and

resume driving the pile to the specified tip elevation.7. Remove the cables and instruments from the monitored pile and deliver them to the Engineer.

Replace in kind any cables or instruments that are damaged by your activities.

After the pile has been dynamically monitored:

1. Allow 15 days for the Department to revise the specified tip elevations and to provide bearing acceptance criteria curves

2. If pile load testing is performed in addition to dynamic monitoring, allow 25 days for the Department to revise the specified tip elevations and to provide bearing acceptance criteria curves

49-1.01D(5) Test BoringsSection 49-1.01D(5) applies if test borings are specified in the special provisions.

Notify the Engineer at least 15 days before drilling test borings.

Drill test borings under the job site supervision of, with the log of test borings stamped by, and with the test boring submittal signed by a geologist or civil engineer who is registered in the State and has at least 5 years of geotechnical engineering experience with deep foundations in both soil and rock.

Drill test borings at the center of each pile location shown.

Drill test borings by rotary drill methods to a depth of at least 20 feet below the specified tip elevation shown. Test borings must be at least 3 inches in diameter.

Perform standard penetration tests in all soil types under ASTM D1586 for each test boring at 5-foot maximum intervals until (1) bedrock is encountered, (2) 10 blows with no discernible sampler advancement is observed, or (3) ordered.

Core the bedrock:

1. Continuously with at least 90 percent core recovery. Rock must not be logged from drill cuttings. Rock quality designation must be made at 5-foot maximum intervals.

2. Using an outer and inner core barrel drilling system. The outer core barrel must be fitted with a diamond impregnated or polycrystalline drill bit and have an outside diameter of at least 3 inches. The split inner tube core barrel must have an inside diameter of at least 2 inches.

Photograph the rock cores:

1. Before removal from the split inner tube barrels and placement into core boxes2. After core boxes are filled and before boxes are removed from the drilling platform

Rock core photographs must be in color, 5 by 7 inches, and labeled with the borehole number, sample elevation, scale, and date and time of photograph.

Place the rock cores in rock core boxes labeled as specified in the Soil and Rock Logging, Classification, and Presentation Manual. Include the support or pile location. Store rock core boxes on or near the job site at an authorized location. Preserve and secure the rock core samples in a weather-protected facility until notified by the Engineer. Dispose of rock cores or transport them to Geotechnical Services, as ordered.

The log of test borings and classifying and describing soils and rock must comply with the Soil and Rock Logging, Classification, and Presentation Manual available at the Geotechnical Services website. Use the same version of the Soil and Rock Logging, Classification, and Presentation Manual shown. If no version is shown, use the most current version of the manual.

After the test boring report and the log of test borings have been authorized, allow 20 days for the Engineer to notify you of confirmation of or revisions to the specified pile tip elevations. Do not fabricate or manufacture to length steel pipe piling, permanent steel casing, micropiling, and filled and unfilled steel casing until you have been notified.

49-1.02 MATERIALSNot Used

49-1.03 CONSTRUCTIONIf the Contract allows the use of more than 1 pile type, use the same type of pile for all piles within each individual footing.

Dispose of drill cuttings under section 19-2.03B.

Reinforced concrete extensions must comply with section 51.

49-1.04 PAYMENTLoad test piles and adjacent anchor piles are paid for as the type or class of piling shown in the Bid Item List. The payment quantity is the length used in the load testing.

Reinforced concrete extensions are paid for as furnish piling or CIDH concrete piling of the type of piling on which it is constructed. The payment quantity is the length measured from the plane of pile cutoff to the top of the extension.

49-2 DRIVEN PILING49-2.01 GENERAL49-2.01A General49-2.01A(1) SummarySection 49-2.01 includes general specifications for installing driven piles.

Epoxy-coated bar reinforcing steel used for pile anchors must comply with section 52-2.02.

Furnish piling includes:

1. Furnishing piles to the job site2. Splicing piles3. Furnishing and installing pile anchors and lugs

Driving piles includes:

1. Driving and cutting the piles off at the elevations shown2. Furnishing special driving tips or heavier sections of steel piles3. Drilling holes or predrilling holes through embankments4. Disposing of material resulting from drilling holes or predrilling holes

49-2.01A(2) DefinitionsReserved

49-2.01A(3) Submittals49-2.01A(3)(a) GeneralFor pile driving hammers with no way of visually observing the ram stroke, submit a printed readout as an informational submittal showing hammer energy during driving operations.

49-2.01A(3)(b) Driving System SubmittalSection 49-2.01A(3)(b) applies if a driving system submittal is specified in the special provisions.

The driving system submittal must be sealed and signed by an engineer who is registered as a civil engineer in the State.

Allow 15 days for the Department's review. Allow an additional 15 days for the review of any resubmittals.

Submit a revised driving system submittal if the hammers change from those shown in the submittal.

For the driving system submittal, perform driveability studies as follows:

1. Model the proposed driving system including hammers, cap blocks, and pile cushions based on a wave equation analysis.

2. Use an authorized computer program.3. If the driveability analysis hammers indicate that open-ended pipe pile and steel shell penetration

rates are less than 1 foot per 200 blows and the driving stresses exceed 80 percent of the yield strength of the pipe and steel shell, include assumptions for drilling through the center of the piles and shells.

4. If a follower is used, include (1) an analysis of the driving system with the follower and (2) an analysis of the driving system without the follower.

Include in the driving system submittal:

1. Results of the driveability analysis showing that the proposed driving systems will install piles to the specified tip elevation and nominal driving resistance shown. Driving systems must generate sufficient energy to drive the piles with compressive and tensile stresses not more than 90 percent of the yield strength of the pile as driven. Results must include:1.1. Pile compressive stress versus blows per foot.1.2. Pile tensile stress versus blows per foot.1.3. Nominal driving resistance versus blows per foot.

2. Complete description of:

2.1. Soil parameters used, including soil quake and damping coefficients, skin friction distribution, and ratio of shaft resistance to total resistance.

2.2. Assumptions made regarding the formation of soil plugs, drilling through the center of open-ended steel shells, and the use of closure plates, shoes, and other tip treatment.

3. List of the hammer operation parameters assumed in the analysis, including fuel settings, stroke limitations, and hammer efficiency.

4. Copies of the test results from any previous pile load tests, dynamic monitoring, and all driving records used in the analyses.

5. Completed Pile and Driving Data form.

49-2.01A(4) Quality Assurance49-2.01A(4)(a) GeneralReserved

49-2.01A(4)(b) Quality ControlReserved

49-2.01A(4)(c) Department AcceptanceFor pile acceptance, the required number of hammer blows in the last foot of driving is determined using the following formula:

Ru = (1.83 x (Er)1/2 x log10 (0.83 x N)) - 124

where:Ru = nominal driving resistance, kipsEr = manufacturer's rating for foot-pounds of energy developed by the hammer at the observed field

drop heightN = number of hammer blows in the last foot, (maximum value allowed for N is 96)

49-2.01B MaterialsNot Used

49-2.01C Construction49-2.01C(1) GeneralIf the Engineer revises the pile tip elevation for driven piles, the work involved in furnishing, splicing, and driving the additional length of pile is change order work.

If the Engineer orders additional lugs be placed on steel piles, furnishing and placing these lugs is change order work.

49-2.01C(2) Driving EquipmentInstall driven piles using an authorized impact hammer. The impact hammer must be:

1. Steam, hydraulic, air, or diesel2. Able to develop sufficient energy to drive the pile at a penetration rate of not less than 1/8 inch per

blow at the nominal driving resistance shown

Do not use vibratory hammers, oscillators, or rotators to install driven piles.

Hammers with an external combustion engine that are not single action must have a transducer that records ram velocity.

Double acting diesel hammers with internal combustion engines must have a transducer that records bounce chamber pressure.

Steam or air hammers must have boiler or air capacity of at least that specified by the manufacturer. The boiler or air compressor must be equipped with an accurate pressure gauge.

Maintain the valve mechanism and other parts of steam, air, or diesel hammers such that the length of stroke and number of blows per minute for which the hammer is designed is attained. Do not use inefficient steam, air, or diesel hammers.

You may use followers or underwater hammers for driving piles if authorized. If using a follower or underwater hammer, verify its efficiency by furnishing the 1st pile in each bent or footing sufficiently long and drive the pile without the use of a follower or underwater hammer.

49-2.01C(3) DrillingIf necessary to attain the specified tip elevation shown and if authorized, you may drill holes with a diameter not greater than the least dimension of the pile to the specified depth before driving the piles.

49-2.01C(4) Predrilled HolesFor piles to be driven through embankments constructed under the Contract, drive piles through predrilled holes where the depth of the new embankment at the pile location is in excess of 5 feet.

The hole diameter must be at least 6 inches larger than the greatest dimension of the pile cross section. After driving the pile, fill the space around the pile to the ground surface with dry sand or pea gravel.

49-2.01C(5) DrivingUse driving heads or driving blocks that hold the pile in position directly under the hammer when driving.

Protect the heads of driven piles from direct impact of the hammer with a cushion driving block. Maintain the cushion in good condition during the entire driving operation. Arrange the cushion driving block such that any reinforcing bars projecting above the pile are not displaced or damaged during driving.

Provide special driving tips or heavier pile sections or take other authorized measures to prevent damage to steel piles, steel shells, or steel casings during installation.

If you encounter obstructions to driving, provide special driving tips or heavier pile sections, or subexcavate below the bottom of footing, or take other measures to prevent damage to the pile during driving. This is change order work.

Drive piles to the position and line shown. The Engineer rejects piles materially out of line. Dispose of rejected piles that interfere with the work. You must remove or cut off and abandon in place any rejected piles that do not interfere with the work.

Except for piles to be load tested and sheet piles, drive piles to at least the nominal driving resistance and the specified tip elevation shown.

Drive piles to be load tested and sheet piles to the specified tip elevation shown.

If the pile nominal driving resistance is not shown, drive the pile to the nominal resistance shown.

49-2.01C(6) Pile CutoffCut off driven piles at the elevations shown and anchor them to the structure. Do not damage the pile below cutoff.

Dispose of the cutoff lengths of piles.

49-2.01D PaymentDriven piling is paid for as furnish piling and drive pile of the class, type, size, or alternative shown in the Bid Item List.

If the Engineer orders additional lugs be placed on steel piles, the Department does not pay for the additional work involved in driving piles due to these additional lugs.

The payment quantity for furnish piling is the length measured along the longest side of the pile from the specified tip elevation shown to the plane of pile cutoff.

49-2.02 STEEL PIPE PILING49-2.02A General49-2.02A(1) SummarySection 49-2.02 includes specifications for installing steel pipe piles.

49-2.02A(2) Definitionsshop welding: Welding performed at a plant on the Department's Authorized Facility Audit List.

field welding: Welding not performed at a plant on the Department's Authorized Facility Audit List.

49-2.02A(3) Submittals49-2.02A(3)(a) GeneralReserved

49-2.02A(3)(b) Shop DrawingsSubmit shop drawings for attaching handling devices to steel pipe piles. Shop drawings must include the locations, handling and fitting device details, and connection details. Allow 7 days for review of the shop drawings.

49-2.02A(3)(c) Inspection Request FormSubmit an inspection request form at least 10 days before performing any welding of Class N steel pipe piles.

49-2.02A(3)(d) Certificate of ComplianceSubmit a certificate of compliance for steel pipe piles. The certificate of compliance must be signed by the plant's QC representative. The QC representative must be on record with the Department's Office of Structural Materials. Include with the certificate of compliance:

1. Statement that the materials and workmanship comply with the Contract and the required tests and inspections have been performed as described.

2. Certified mill test reports for each heat number of steel used in pipe piles being furnished.3. Test reports for tensile, chemical, and any specified NDT. Test reports must be based on test

samples taken from the base metal, steel, coil or from the manufactured or fabricated piles.4. Calculated carbon equivalent. The carbon equivalent may be shown on the mill test report.

49-2.02A(4) Quality Assurance49-2.02A(4)(a) GeneralReserved

49-2.02A(4)(b) Quality Control49-2.02A(4)(b)(i) GeneralReserved

49-2.02A(4)(b)(ii) Plant AuditFabricate steel pipe piles at a plant on the Department's Authorized Facility Audit List.

49-2.02A(4)(b)(iii) Nondestructive Testing49-2.02A(4)(b)(iii)(A) GeneralSection 49-2.02A(4)(b)(iii) applies to NDT of Class N steel pipe piles.

Except for welding performed under API 5L, the acceptance criteria for RT and UT must comply with AWS D1.1 for cyclically loaded nontubular connections for welds subject to tensile stress.

Perform NDT on backing ring welds using RT or UT for a material thickness of 5/16 inch or greater or using RT for a material thickness less than 5/16 inch.

49-2.02A(4)(b)(iii)(B) Shop WeldsSection 49-2.02A(4)(b)(iii)(B) applies to NDT of shop welds.

For welding performed under API 5L:

1. Submit a DVD or VHS videocassette recording of the actual material testing if radiological testing is used or the actual radiographic film if film radiography is used. Submit the recording before shipping the material from the plant.

2. If film radiography is used to inspect pipe ends or repairs, the transmitted film density must be from 2.0 to 4.0 in the area of interest, weld, base metal, and image quality indicators.

3. Reinspect repaired defects using the NDT method that originally detected the defect except you may use film radiography for the inspection of repairs if the defect was originally detected using radiological testing.

For welding performed under AWS D1.1:

1. Perform NDT on 25 percent of each longitudinal, circumferential, or spiral weld using RT or UT.2. If repairs are required in a portion of the tested weld:

2.1. Perform NDT on the repaired portion.2.2. Perform additional NDT on untested areas on each side of the repaired portion. The length of

additional NDT on each side of the repaired portion must equal 10 percent of the pipe's outside circumference.

2.3. After this additional 20 percent of NDT is performed, and if additional repairs are required, determine and record the total cumulative repair lengths from all NDT. If the cumulative weld repair length is equal to or more than 10 percent of the pipe's outside circumference, then perform NDT on the entire weld.

49-2.02A(4)(b)(iii)(C) Field WeldsSection 49-2.02A(4)(b)(iii)(C) applies to NDT of field welds.

Perform NDT on 25 percent of each field weld by RT or UT at locations selected by the Engineer. The Engineer may select several locations on a given splice. The cover pass must be ground smooth at locations to be tested.

Personnel performing UT for field welds must have their qualifications verified before performing NDT, by both written and practical exams. For UT qualification procedures, go to the METS website.

If repairs are required in a portion of the tested weld:

1. Perform NDT on the repaired portion.2. Perform additional NDT on untested areas on each side of the repaired portion. The length of

additional NDT on each side of the repaired portion must equal 10 percent of the pipe's outside circumference.

3. After this additional 20 percent of NDT is performed, and if additional repairs are required, determine and record the total cumulative repair lengths from all NDT. If the cumulative weld repair length is equal to or more than 10 percent of the pipe's outside circumference, then perform NDT on the entire weld.

49-2.02A(4)(c) Department AcceptanceReserved

49-2.02B Materials49-2.02B(1) General49-2.02B(1)(a) GeneralPiles not specified as Class N in the special provisions must comply with the specifications for Class R.

The carbon equivalent of steel in steel pipe piles must not exceed 0.47 percent. Use the following formula to calculate the carbon equivalent:

CE = C + (Mn + Si)/6 + (Cr + Mo + V)/5 + (Ni + Cu)/15

where:CE = carbon equivalent, percent

Sulfur content of steel in steel pipe piles must not exceed 0.05 percent.

Seams in steel pipe piles must be CJP welds.

For welding and prequalifying base metal under Table 3.1 of AWS D1.1, treat steel pipe piles complying with ASTM A252 as either ASTM A572/572M, Grade 50, or ASTM A709/709M, Grade 50.

Section 11-2 does not apply to shop welds in steel pipe piles fabricated at a facility on the Department's Authorized Facility Audit List.

For groove welds using submerged arc welding from both sides without backgouging, qualify the WPS under Table 4.5 of AWS D1.1.

Butt welded seams subsequently formed, including skelp end welds, must be 100 percent ultrasonically tested in the final formed and welded condition. The acceptance criteria for UT must comply with one of the following:

1. API 5L for API-licensed facilities2. AWS D1.1 for cyclically loaded nontubular connections for welds subject to tensile stress.

Except for tack welding, do not use gas metal arc welding for welding of steel pipe piles. If gas metal arc welding is used for tack welding, do not deposit filler metal by short circuiting transfer.

49-2.02B(1)(b) Circumferential WeldsWelds must comply with AWS D1.1. Circumferential welds must be CJP welds.

Locate circumferential welds at least 12 inches away from a skelp end weld.

Backing rings must comply with the following:

1. Minimum thickness of the backing ring must be 1/4 inch and the backing ring must be continuous.2. Splices in the backing ring must be made by CJP welds. These welds must be completed and

inspected, including performing any required NDT, before final insertion into a pipe end.3. Attach backing rings to pipe ends using the minimum size and spacing of tack welds that will securely

hold the backing ring in place. Tack weld in the root area of the weld splice. Remove and replace cracked tack welds before subsequent weld passes.

4. Gap between the backing ring and the steel pipe wall must not be greater than 5/64 inch. You may offset 1 localized portion of the backing ring fit-up by a gap equal to or less than 1/4 inch if the localized portion is (1) equal to or less than 20 percent of the outside circumference of the pipe, (2) first seal welded using shielded metal arc E7016 or E7018 electrodes, and (3) marked such that it can be referenced during any required NDT.

5. Backing rings must have enough width such that the backing ring does not interfere with the interpretation of the NDT.

For steel pipe piles with an outside diameter greater than 42 inches and a wall thickness greater than 1 inch, you may increase the root opening tolerances to a maximum of 3/16 inch.

If splicing steel pipe piles using a circumferential weld, the piles must comply with the fit-up requirements of clause 5.22.3.1 of AWS D1.1.

49-2.02B(1)(c) TolerancesDimensional tolerances of steel pipe piles must comply with the following:

1. Outside diameter: ±0.75 percent of the outside diameter shown2. Wall thickness: -5 to +10 percent of the nominal wall thickness shown3. Straightness: ±1.0 percent over the length of the pipe

49-2.02B(1)(d) MarkingsExcept for steel pipe piles marked with the API monogram, mark each length of the steel pipe pile as follows:

1. Name and location of the piling manufacturer2. State Contract number, for Class N only3. Heat number4. Welding process5. Outer diameter, nominal wall thickness, minimum wall thickness, and length6. Year piling was produced7. Marked as specified for each class of steel pipe piling

Only Department authorized audited facilities are authorized to mark piling for use on a Contract.

49-2.02B(1)(e) SubstitutionsReserved

49-2.02B(2) Class N Steel Pipe PilingSection 49-2.02B(2) applies to steel pipe piles specified as Class N in the special provisions.

Class N steel pipe piles must comply with one of the following:

1. API 5L, minimum Grade X52, PSL1, and must be:1.1. Manufactured, welded, tested, and inspected at a plant licensed to apply the API monogram1.2. Marked with the API monogram on each length of steel pipe

2. ASTM A252, Grade 3, and the following:2.1. Welding must comply with AWS D1.1.2.2. Groove welds using submerged arc welding from both sides without backgouging require a

procedure qualification record witnessed by the Engineer.2.3. At the start of fabrication and for each thickness of the piling, furnish 3 macroetch cross-section

test specimens prepared under clause 4.9.4 of AWS D1.1. Remove specimens at locations selected by the Engineer and in the presence of the Engineer. Test specimens must indicate that the weld is free of cracks and has thorough fusion between adjacent layers of weld metal and between weld metal and base metal. Undercut must not exceed 1/32 inch.

2.4. Weighing of individual pipe is not required as specified in ASTM A252.2.5. Each length of pipe must be marked Caltrans Class N - A252.

49-2.02B(3) Class R Steel Pipe PilingSection 49-2.02B(3) applies to Class R steel pipe piles.

Class R steel pipe piles must comply with one of the following:

1. API 5L, minimum Grade X52, PSL1, and must be:1.1. Manufactured, welded, tested, and inspected at a plant licensed to apply the API monogram,

except hydrostatic testing, flattening tests, and the API monogram are not required1.2. Marked Caltrans Class R - API on each length of steel pipe

2. ASTM A252, Grade 3, and the following:2.1. Arc welding processes must comply with AWS D1.12.2. Groove welds using submerged arc welding from both sides without backgouging require a

procedure qualification record witnessed by the Engineer2.3. Underfill is not allowed2.4. For electric resistance welded pipe, remove the outer diameter flash to a maximum of 1/32 inch2.5. Weld reinforcement must not exceed 1/8 inch2.6. Weighing of individual pipe is not required as specified in ASTM A2522.7. Each length of pipe must be marked Caltrans Class R - A 252

49-2.02C Construction49-2.02C(1) GeneralYou may retap steel pipe piles to prevent pile set-up if the field welded splice remains at least 3 feet above the work platform until the Engineer authorizes the splice.

When attaching handling devices to steel pipe piles, align the welds parallel to the axis of the pile. Welds must comply with the specifications for attaching backing rings in section 49-2.02B(1)(b). Permanent bolted connections must be corrosion resistant.

49-2.02C(2) Field WeldsField welds must comply with section 49-2.02B(1)(b).

Field welds made in the horizontal position where the longitudinal pipe axis is vertical must be single-bevel groove welds.

Do not water quench field welds. Allow welds to cool unassisted to ambient temperature.

Remove ends of steel pipe piles to be spliced that have been damaged during driving to a sound and uniform section. Pipe ends must comply with the tolerances for diameter, edge alignment, and roundness in section 49-2.02B. Pipe ends must be field cut using automated guided cutting equipment. Do not use manual flame cutting.

49-2.02D PaymentNot Used

49-2.03 STRUCTURAL SHAPE STEEL PILING49-2.03A General49-2.03A(1) SummarySection 49-2.03 includes specifications for installing structural shape steel piling.

49-2.03A(2) DefinitionsReserved

49-2.03A(3) SubmittalsSubmit a certified material test report and a certificate of compliance that includes a statement that the materials and workmanship comply with the Contract and the required tests and inspections have been performed as described.

49-2.03A(4) Quality AssuranceReserved

49-2.03B MaterialsStructural shape steel piles must comply with ASTM A36/A36M, ASTM A572/A572M, ASTM A709/A709M, or ASTM A992/A992M.

Splices must be CJP groove welds complying with AWS D1.1.

49-2.03C ConstructionField splices must be CJP groove welds complying with AWS D1.1.

49-2.03D PaymentNot Used

49-2.04 PRECAST PRESTRESSED CONCRETE PILING49-2.04A General49-2.04A(1) SummarySection 49-2.04 includes specifications for constructing PC PS concrete piles.

PC PS concrete piles must comply with sections 50, 51, and 52.

49-2.04A(2) DefinitionsReserved

49-2.04A(3) SubmittalsIf requested, submit 2 copies of shop drawings for PC PS concrete piles for use during construction. Include the following details in the shop drawings:

1. Pile dimensions2. Material type

3. Prestressing methods4. Tendon arrangement and working stresses5. Any addition or rearrangement of reinforcement from that shown

Section 50-1.01C(3) does not apply to prestressing systems used for PC PS concrete piles.

Authorization of the shop drawings is not required.

49-2.04A(4) Quality AssuranceThe Department inspects PC PS concrete piles at the fabrication site. Notify the Department at least 10 days before fabricating any piles. Materials to be used must be available to the Department for testing.

49-2.04B Materials49-2.04B(1) GeneralThreaded inserts and other fittings must comply with section 75-3.

49-2.04B(2) FabricationPlace concrete for PC PS concrete piles in smooth, mortar-tight forms. Support the forms to prevent appreciable deformation or settlement during placing or curing.

Finish unformed surfaces to a smooth surface.

Piles in a corrosive environment must be steam or water cured under section 90-4.03.

If piles in a corrosive environment are steam cured, do one of the following:

1. Keep the piles continuously wet for at least 3 days. The 3 days includes the holding and steam curing periods.

2. Apply curing compound under section 90-1.03B(3) immediately after steam curing.

If piles to be placed in a corrosive environment are water cured, the piles must be kept continuously wet by the application of water as specified in section 90-1.03B(2).

When removed from the form, the pile must:

1. Have true, smooth, even surfaces, free from honeycombs and voids2. Be straight such that a line stretched from butt to tip on any pile face is not more than 1 inch from the

face of the pile at any point

Except for PC PS concrete piles to be placed in a corrosive environment, remove lifting anchors and fill holes under section 51-1.03F(2).

For PC PS concrete piles to be placed in a corrosive environment, remove lifting anchors to a depth of at least 1 inch below the concrete surface. Fill holes with epoxy adhesive before delivering piles to the job site. The epoxy adhesive must comply with section 95-1.02C.

If using pile anchor dowels, anchor the dowels in cast or drilled holes in the concrete pile with neat cement paste. The diameter of the holes must be the minimum consistent with placing the neat cement paste and dowel.

Use methods for drilling holes that do not damage the concrete, reinforcement, or prestressing steel.

The drilled hole must be free of dust and other deleterious material when placing the neat cement paste. Neat cement paste and dowel must completely fill the drilled hole. The dowels must be left undisturbed until the paste has hardened.

49-2.04B(3) SubstitutionsReserved

49-2.04C Construction49-2.04C(1) GeneralPC PS concrete piles must not be driven until at least 14 days after casting.

49-2.04C(2) HandlingWhen handling or transporting PC PS concrete piles, provide slings or other equipment to avoid bending the pile or cracking the concrete. Replace piles materially damaged in handling or during driving.

49-2.04C(3) Splicing Precast Prestressed Concrete PilesReserved

49-2.04D PaymentNot Used

49-2.05 STEEL SHEET PILING49-2.05A GeneralSection 49-2.05 includes specifications for installing permanent steel sheet piles.

49-2.05B MaterialsSteel sheet piles must be interlocking steel sheet complying with ASTM A328/A328M.

The minimum section modulus per linear foot of wall must be the section modulus shown.

You may install used sheet piles if the piles are in good condition and no alterations have been made to reduce the section modulus. Interlocks must be straight, true, and have no gouges or kinks.

Furnish piles in lengths measured from the specified tip elevation shown to the cutoff elevation. Splices in steel sheet piles must be CJP welds complying with AWS D1.1.

49-2.05C ConstructionDrive steel sheet piles to the specified tip elevation shown. Remove and redrive or replace piles that are materially out of line.

49-2.05D PaymentNot Used

49-3 CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE PILING49-3.01 GENERAL49-3.01A GeneralSection 49-3.01 includes general specifications for constructing CIP concrete piles.

CIP concrete piles include:

1. CIDH concrete piles2. CIDH concrete pile rock sockets3. Driven steel shells filled with concrete and reinforcement

Concrete must comply with section 51.

Bar reinforcing steel must comply with section 52.

49-3.01B Materials49-3.01B(1) GeneralUnless otherwise shown, concrete must have a minimum 28-day compressive strength of 3,600 psi.

Prequalify the concrete under section 90-1.01D(5)(b).

The combined aggregate gradation must comply with the 1-inch maximum gradation, the 1/2-inch maximum gradation, or the 3/8-inch maximum gradation specified in section 90-1.02C(4).

49-3.01B(2) Mass ConcreteSection 49-3.01B(2) applies to CIP concrete piles with a diameter greater than 8 feet.

The quantity of cementitious material must comply with the values shown in the following table:

Pile diameter (D)(feet)

Maximum quantity of cementitious material

(lb/cu yd)8 < D ≤ 10 750

10 < D ≤ 14 720

Cementitious material must comply with section 90-1.02B(3), except at least 25 percent of the total cementitious material must be fly ash.

For piles with a diameter greater than 14 feet, concrete must comply with the specifications for mass concrete in section 51-6.

49-3.01C ConstructionExcept for CIDH concrete piles constructed under slurry, construct CIP concrete piles such that the excavation methods and the concrete placement procedures provide for placing the concrete against undisturbed material in a dry or dewatered hole.

Place and secure reinforcement symmetrically about the axis of the pile. Securely block the reinforcement to provide the minimum clearance shown between the reinforcing steel cage and the sides of the drilled hole or steel shell.

Steel shells and dewatered drilled holes must be clean and free of water and debris before reinforcement and concrete are placed.

Provide a suitable light to the Engineer for inspecting the entire length of the steel shell or dewatered hole before placing reinforcement and concrete.

The methods used to place the concrete must prevent segregation.

Concrete must not be allowed to fall from a height greater than 8 feet without the use of adjustable length pipes or tubes unless the flow of concrete is directed into the center of the hole and the concrete is not allowed to strike the reinforcement, reinforcement bracing, and other objects in the hole.

Vibrate concrete in the upper 15 feet of CIP concrete piles.

After placing concrete, cure the temporarily exposed surfaces of the CIP concrete piles under section 51-1.03H.

49-3.01D PaymentBar reinforcing steel is not included in the payment for CIP concrete piling unless the CIP concrete piling is less than 24 inches in diameter or for overhead sign structures, standards, and poles.

49-3.02 CAST-IN-DRILLED-HOLE CONCRETE PILING49-3.02A General49-3.02A(1) SummarySection 49-3.02 includes specifications for constructing CIDH concrete piles and CIDH concrete pile rock sockets.

49-3.02A(2) Definitionsdry hole:

1. Except for CIDH concrete piles specified as end bearing, a drilled hole that:1.1. Accumulates no more than 12 inches of water in the bottom of the drilled hole during a period

of 1 hour without any pumping from the hole during the hour.1.2. Has no more than 3 inches of water in the bottom of the drilled hole immediately before placing

concrete.2. For CIDH concrete piles specified as end bearing, a drilled hole free of water without the use of

pumps.

49-3.02A(3) Submittals49-3.02A(3)(a) GeneralReserved

49-3.02A(3)(b) Pile Installation PlanSubmit a pile installation plan. Include complete descriptions, details, and supporting calculations for:

1. Concrete mix design, certified test data, and trial batch reports2. Drilling or coring methods and equipment3. Proposed method for casing installation and removal, if necessary4. Methods for placing, positioning, and supporting bar reinforcement5. Methods and equipment for determining:

5.1. Depth of concrete5.2. Theoretical volume of concrete to be placed, including the effects on volume if casings are

withdrawn5.3. Actual volume of concrete placed

6. Methods and equipment for verifying the bottom of the drilled hole is clean before placing concrete7. Methods and equipment for preventing upward movement of reinforcement, including the means of

detecting and measuring upward movement during concrete placement operations8. Drilling sequence and concrete placement plan

For concrete placed under slurry, include complete descriptions, details, and supporting calculations in the pile installation plan for:

1. Concrete batching, delivery, and placing systems, including time schedules and capacities. Time schedules must include the time required for each concrete placing operation at each pile.

2. Concrete placing rate calculations. If requested, base calculations on the initial pump pressures or static head on the concrete and losses throughout the placing system, including anticipated head of slurry and concrete to be displaced.

3. Suppliers’ test reports on the physical and chemical properties of the slurry and any proposed slurry chemical additives, including MSDSs.

4. Slurry testing equipment and procedures.5. Methods of removal and disposal of excavation, slurry, and contaminated concrete, including removal

rates.6. Methods and equipment for slurry agitating, recirculating, and cleaning.

49-3.02A(3)(c) Inspection Pipe Coupler LogIf inspection pipes are required, submit a log of the locations of inspection pipe couplers as an informational submittal upon completion of concrete placement in the hole.

49-3.02A(3)(d) Concrete Placement LogSubmit the concrete placement log as an informational submittal within 1 business day of completion of concrete placement in the hole.

49-3.02A(3)(e) Coring Logs and Concrete CoresIf coring is performed under section 49-3.02C(5), submit coring logs and concrete cores.

49-3.02A(3)(f) Testing ReportIf you perform testing on a rejected pile, submit this additional information in a report. The report must be sealed and signed by an engineer who is registered as a civil engineer in the State. Allow the Department 10 days for review and analysis of this report.

49-3.02A(3)(g) Mitigation PlansFor each rejected pile, submit a mitigation plan for repair, supplementation, or replacement. The mitigation plan must:

1. Comply with the specifications for shop drawings.2. Be sealed and signed by an engineer who is registered as a civil engineer in the State. This

requirement is waived for either of the following conditions:

2.1. Proposed mitigation will be performed under the current Department-published version of ADSC Standard Mitigation Plan 'A' - Basic Repair without exception or modification.

2.2. Engineer determines that the rejected pile does not require mitigation due to structural, geotechnical, or corrosion concerns, and you elect to repair the pile using the current Department-published version of ADSC Standard Mitigation Plan 'B' - Grouting Repair without exception or modification.

The most recent version of the ADSC Standard Mitigation Plan is available at the following website:

http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/esc/geotech/ft/adscmitplan.htm

Pile mitigation plans must include:

1. Designation and location of the rejected pile.2. Review of the structural, geotechnical, and corrosion design requirements of the rejected pile.3. Step by step description of the mitigation work to be performed, including drawings if necessary.4. Assessment of how the proposed mitigation work addresses the structural, geotechnical, and

corrosion design requirements of the rejected pile.5. Methods for preservation or restoration of existing earthen materials.6. List of any affected facilities. Include methods and equipment to be used for the protection of these

facilities during mitigation.7. Your name and the names of any subcontractors on each sheet.8. List of materials with quantity estimates for the mitigation work and a list of personnel with their

qualifications who will be performing the mitigation work.

For rejected piles to be repaired, include the following in the pile mitigation plan:

1. Assessment of the nature and size of the anomalies in the rejected pile2. Provisions for access for additional pile testing, if requested

For rejected piles to be replaced or supplemented, include the following in the pile mitigation plan:

1. Proposed location and size of additional piles2. Structural details and calculations for any modification to the structure to accommodate the

replacement or supplemental piles

Replacement piles must comply with the Contract for CIDH concrete piles.

49-3.02A(3)(h) Mitigation ReportIf repairs are performed, submit a mitigation report as an informational submittal within 10 days of completion of the repair. The report must state exactly what repair work was performed and quantify the success of the repairs relative to the submitted mitigation plan. The mitigation report must be sealed and signed by an engineer who is registered as a civil engineer in the State. The mitigation report must include your name and the names of any subcontractors on each sheet.

49-3.02A(3)(i) Plastic Spacer Manufacturer's Data and SampleIf plastic spacers are proposed for use, submit the manufacturer's data and a sample of the plastic spacer. Allow 10 days for review.

49-3.02A(4) Quality Assurance49-3.02A(4)(a) GeneralReserved

49-3.02A(4)(b) Preconstruction MeetingSchedule and hold a preconstruction meeting for CIDH concrete pile construction (1) at least 5 business days after submitting the pile installation plan and (2) at least 10 days before the start of CIDH concrete pile construction. You must provide a meeting facility.

The meeting must include the Engineer, your representatives, and any subcontractors involved in CIDH concrete pile construction.

The purpose of this meeting is to:

1. Establish contacts and communication protocol between you and your representatives, any subcontractors, and the Engineer

2. Review the construction process, acceptance testing, and anomaly mitigation of CIDH concrete piles

The Engineer conducts the meeting. Be prepared to discuss:

1. Pile placement plan, dry and wet2. Acceptance testing, including gamma-gamma logging, cross-hole sonic logging, and coring3. Pile Design Data Form4. Mitigation process5. Timeline and critical path activities6. Structural, geotechnical, and corrosion design requirements7. Future meetings, if necessary, for pile mitigation and pile mitigation plan review8. Safety requirements, including Cal/OSHA and Tunnel Safety Orders

49-3.02A(4)(c) Quality ControlSection 49-3.02A(4)(c) applies if concrete is placed under slurry.

Before placing concrete under slurry, produce a concrete test batch and transport it to the job site under the same conditions and in the same time frame anticipated during the placement of concrete in the piles.

At the job site, place the test batch concrete in an excavated hole or suitable container to allow for testing. Placing concrete under slurry is not required. The test batch must demonstrate that the proposed mix design will achieve the minimum required slump after the specified set period.

Do not vibrate or agitate the concrete during the set period.

The Engineer tests the concrete for slump under California Test 556. In addition to meeting the specified nominal slump, the slump of the concrete must comply with the requirements shown in the following table:

Slump RequirementsTime required to place

concretea, T (hours)Minimum set period before

testingb (hours)Slump, after set period (inches)

T ≤ 2 2T ≥ 7T > 2 T + 2 ≥ 7

aAs described in the pile installation planbThe set period starts at the start of concrete placement.

After testing, dispose of the concrete test batch.

49-3.02A(4)(d) Department Acceptance49-3.02A(4)(d)(i) GeneralSection 49-3.02A(4)(d) applies to CIDH concrete piles except for piles (1) less than 24 inches in diameter or (2) constructed in dry holes or holes dewatered without the use of temporary casing to control ground water.

The Department performs acceptance testing using gamma-gamma logging to test the concrete density of the pile for homogeneity.

After notification by the Engineer of pile acceptance, dewater the inspection pipes and cored holes and fill them with grout. Grout must comply with section 50-1.02C. Fill inspection pipes and holes using grout tubes that extend to the bottom of the pipe or hole or into the grout already placed.

49-3.02A(4)(d)(ii) Gamma-Gamma LoggingThe Department performs gamma-gamma logging under California Test 233.

Separate reinforcing steel as necessary to allow the Department access to the inspection pipes.

After requesting testing and providing access to the piles, allow 15 days for the Department to perform the testing and to prepare and provide the pile acceptance test report.

During testing, do not perform construction activities within 25 feet of any gamma-gamma logging operation.

If the Department determines a pile is anomalous under California Test 233, part 5C, the pile is rejected.

49-3.02A(4)(d)(iii) Rejected PilesIf a pile is rejected:

1. Suspend concrete placement in the remaining piles2. Submit a revised pile installation plan3. Do not resume concrete placement until the revised pile installation plan is authorized

Allow 30 days for the Department to determine whether the rejected pile requires mitigation and to provide this information to you. Day 1 of the 30 days is the 1st day after access has been provided to the Department to perform acceptance testing.

The Department may perform additional tests to further evaluate a rejected pile. These tests may include crosshole sonic logging and other means of inspection selected by the Department. The pile acceptance test report will indicate if the Department intends to perform any additional testing and when the testing will be performed. Allow the Department 20 additional days for a total of 50 days to perform these tests and to provide supplemental results.

You may perform testing on the rejected pile.

The Department determines whether the rejected pile requires mitigation due to structural, geotechnical, or corrosion concerns. The Department considers the estimated size and location of the anomaly and potential effects on the design. The Department provides you with the conclusions of this analysis for developing the mitigation plan.

If a rejected pile does not require mitigation, you may repair the pile under an authorized mitigation plan or the amount shown in the table will be deducted for each anomaly up to the maximum total deduction:

Anomaly locationAnomaly deduction ($)

D < 4 feet 4 ≤ D < 6 D ≥ 6Entirely or partially within the upper 2/3 of the pile length

1,000 2,000 4,000

Entirely within the lower 1/3 of the pile length

500 1,000 2,000

Maximum total deduction 2,000 4,000 8,000Note:D = Nominal pile diameter

If a rejected pile requires mitigation or you elect to repair a rejected pile that does not require mitigation, submit a mitigation plan for the repair, supplementation, or replacement of the rejected pile.

If the Engineer determines it is not feasible to repair the rejected pile, submit a mitigation plan for replacement or supplementation of the rejected pile.

If the Engineer determines it is not feasible to use one of ADSC's standard mitigation plans to mitigate the pile, schedule a meeting and meet with the Engineer before submitting a nonstandard mitigation plan.

The meeting attendees must include your representatives and the Engineer's representatives involved in the pile mitigation. The purpose of the meeting is to discuss the type of pile mitigation acceptable to the Department.

Provide the meeting facility. The Engineer conducts the meeting.

49-3.02B Materials49-3.02B(1) GeneralReserved

49-3.02B(2) ConcreteConcrete placed under slurry must:

1. Have a nominal slump equal to or greater than 7 inches. The nominal and maximum slump and penetration specifications in section 90-1.02G(6) do not apply to concrete placed under slurry.

2. Contain at least 675 pounds of cementitious material per cubic yard and be proportioned to prevent excessive bleed water and segregation.

In a freeze-thaw area, the formed portion of CIDH concrete piles must contain at least 675 pounds of cementitious material per cubic yard.

49-3.02B(3) Aggregate GradationFor concrete placed under slurry, the combined aggregate gradation must comply with the 1/2-inch maximum gradation or the 3/8-inch maximum gradation specified in section 90-1.02C(4).

49-3.02B(4) Permanent Steel CasingsPermanent steel casings must comply with section 49-2.02.

49-3.02B(5) GroutGrout must consist of cementitious material and water, and may contain an admixture if authorized. Do not exceed 5 gallons of water per 94 lb of cement.

Cementitious material must comply with section 90-1.02B, except SCMs are not required.

Water must comply with section 90-1.02D. If municipally supplied potable water is used, the testing specified in section 90-1.02D is waived.

Admixtures must comply with section 90, except admixtures must not contain chloride ions in excess of 0.25 percent by weight.

Grout used to backfill casings must comply with the following:

1. Aggregate must be used to extend the grout.2. Aggregate must consist of at least 70 percent fine aggregate and approximately 30 percent pea

gravel, by weight.3. Fine aggregate must comply with section 90-1.02C(3).4. Size of pea gravel must be such that 100 percent passes the 1/2-inch sieve, at least 85 percent

passes the 3/8-inch sieve, and not more than 5 percent passes the no. 8 sieve.5. Grout must contain at least 845 pounds of cementitious material per cubic yard.

Mix the grout as follows:

1. Add water to the mixer followed by cementitious material, aggregates, and any admixtures.2. Mix the grout with mechanical mixing equipment that produces a uniform and thoroughly mixed grout.3. Agitate the grout continuously until the grout is pumped.4. Do not add water after initial mixing.

49-3.02B(6) Slurry49-3.02B(6)(a) GeneralReserved

49-3.02B(6)(b) Mineral SlurryMineral slurry must be mixed and thoroughly hydrated in slurry tanks. Sample and test slurry from the slurry tanks before placement in the drilled hole.

Recirculate or continuously agitate slurry in the drilled hole.

For recirculated slurry:

1. Remove drill cuttings from the slurry before discharging the slurry back into the drilled hole.2. Sample and test slurry at least every 2 hours after starting its use until tests show that the samples

taken from the slurry tank and from near the bottom of the hole have consistent specified properties. Once consistent properties have been achieved, sample slurry at least twice per shift as long as the specified properties remain consistent.

For nonrecirculated slurry:

1. Sample and test slurry from the drilled hole at least every 2 hours after starting its use. Sample the slurry at mid-height and near the bottom of the hole.

2. Recirculate slurry if tests show samples taken from mid-height and near the bottom of the hole do not have consistent specified properties.

Sample and test slurry before final cleaning of the bottom of the hole and again just before placing concrete. Sample the slurry at mid-height and near the bottom of the hole. Do not start cleaning the bottom of the hole or placing the concrete until tests show that the samples have consistent specified properties.

Mineral slurry must comply with the requirements shown in the following table:

Mineral Slurry Requirementsa

Quality characteristic Test method RequirementDensity

Mud weight (density),API RP 13B-1

section 4

Before placement in the drilled hole and during drilling (pcf)

64.3–69.1b

Before final cleaning and immediately before placing concrete (pcf)

64.3–75.0b

ViscosityMarsh funnel and cup.

API RP 13B-1, section 6.2Bentonite (sec/qt) 28–50

Attapulgite (sec/qt) 28–40pH Glass electrode pH meter

or pH paper8–10.5

Sand content Sand,API RP 13B-1, section 9Before final cleaning and immediately

before placing concrete (%)≤ 4.0

aSlurry temperature must be at least 40 degrees F when tested.bIf authorized, you may use slurry in salt water. The allowable density of slurry in salt water may be increased up to 2 pcf.

Remove any caked slurry on the sides or bottom of hole before placing reinforcement.

If concrete is not placed immediately after placing reinforcement, the reinforcement must be removed and cleaned of slurry, the sides of the drilled hole must be cleaned of caked slurry, and the reinforcement again placed in the hole for concrete placement.

49-3.02B(6)(c) Synthetic SlurrySynthetic slurry material and quality characteristic requirements are specified in the special provisions.

Do not use synthetic slurries in holes drilled in primarily soft or very soft cohesive soils as determined by the Engineer.

A manufacturer's representative must:

1. Provide technical assistance for the use of their material 2. Be at the job site before introduction of the synthetic slurry into the drilled hole3. Remain at the job site until released by the Engineer

Sample and test synthetic slurries:

1. When the slurry temperature is at least 40 degrees F.2. At mid-height and near the bottom of the hole.3. During drilling to verify the slurry properties.4. When drilling is complete but before final cleaning of the bottom of the hole. When samples comply

with the requirements shown in the tables for the slurry material selected, clean the bottom of the hole of any loose or settled material.

5. After final cleaning and before placing concrete.

49-3.02B(6)(d) Water SlurryReserved

49-3.02B(7) Reserved49-3.02B(8) SpacersSpacers must comply with section 52-1.03D, except you may use plastic spacers.

Plastic spacers must:

1. Comply with sections 3.4 and 3.5 of the Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute's Manual of Standard Practice

2. Have at least 25 percent of their gross plane area perforated to compensate for the difference in the coefficient of thermal expansion between the plastic and concrete

3. Be of commercial quality

49-3.02B(9)–49-3.02B(10) Reserved49-3.02C Construction49-3.02C(1) GeneralExcept for CIDH concrete piles for sound walls and retaining walls, you may propose to increase the diameter and revise the pile tip elevation of CIDH concrete piles with a diameter less than 2 feet.

For CIDH concrete piles for sound walls and retaining walls, you may propose to increase the diameter of CIDH concrete piles with a diameter less than 2 feet, except pile tip elevations must not be revised.

49-3.02C(2) Drilled HolesThe axis of the drilled hole must not deviate from plumb more than 1-1/2 inches per 10 feet of length.

For CIDH concrete piles with a pile cap, the horizontal tolerance at the center of each pile at pile cut-off is the larger of 1/24 of the pile diameter or 3 inches. The horizontal tolerance for the center-to-center spacing of 2 adjacent piles is the larger of 1/24 of the pile diameter or 3 inches.

During excavation, do not disturb the foundation material surrounding the pile. Equipment or methods used for excavating holes must not cause quick soil conditions or cause scouring or caving of the hole.

For rock sockets, equipment and drill methods must not result in softened materials on the borehole walls.

If drilling slurry is used during excavation, maintain the slurry level at least 10 feet above the piezometric head.

After excavation has started, construct the pile expeditiously to prevent deterioration of the surrounding foundation material from air slaking or from the presence of water. Remove and dispose of deteriorated foundation material, including material that has softened, swollen, or degraded, from the sides and the bottom of the hole.

Just before placing reinforcement or concrete, clean the bottom of the hole to remove any loose sand, gravel, dirt, and drill cuttings.

After placing reinforcement and before placing concrete in the hole, if caving occurs or deteriorated foundation material accumulates on the bottom of the hole, clean the bottom of the hole. You must verify that the bottom of the hole is clean.

Remove water that has infiltrated the hole before placing concrete. Do not allow fluvial or drainage water to enter the hole.

To control caving, you may enlarge portions of the hole, backfill the hole with slurry cement backfill, concrete, or other material, and redrill the hole to the diameter shown. Backfill material at enlarged piles must be chemically compatible with concrete and steel, be drillable, and have the necessary strength required for the conditions.

Dispose of material resulting from placing concrete.

49-3.02C(3) Temporary Steel CasingsFurnish temporary steel casings where shown and where necessary to control water or to prevent quick soil conditions or caving of the hole. Place temporary casings tight in the hole.

Section 11 does not apply to temporary steel casings.

Temporary casings must be:

1. Watertight and of sufficient strength to withstand the loads from installation, removal, lateral concrete pressures, and earth pressures

2. Noncorrugated with smooth surfaces3. Clean and free of hardened concrete

Remove the temporary casing during concrete placement. In a dewatered hole, maintain the concrete in the casing (1) at a level of at least 5 feet above the bottom of the casing or (2) at a level above the bottom of the casing adequate to prevent displacement of the concrete by material from outside the casing, whichever is greater.

If slurry is not used, do not withdraw the temporary casing until the concrete head in the casing is greater than the groundwater head outside of the casing. Maintain this positive concrete head during withdrawal of the casing.

You may vibrate or hammer the temporary casing to (1) assist in removal of the casing from the hole, (2) prevent lifting of the reinforcement, and (3) prevent concrete contamination.

The withdrawal of casings must not leave voids or cause contamination of the concrete with soil or other materials.

49-3.02C(4) ReinforcementReinforcement for CIDH concrete piles with increased diameters and revised tip elevations must comply with the following:

1. Size and number of the reinforcing bars and hoops, the percentage of bars required to extend to the pile tip, and the size and pitch of spiral reinforcement must be the same as shown for the original piles.

2. Required length of the spiral reinforcement and of any reinforcing bars that do not extend to the pile tip must be at least the length that would have been required for the original specified or ordered tip elevation.

3. Diameter of the spiral or hoop reinforcement must remain the same as required for the original pile or may be increased to provide not less than the concrete cover required for the original pile. Provide positive means to ensure that the reinforcement is centered in the pile.

Unless otherwise shown, the bar reinforcing steel cage must have at least 3 inches of clear cover measured from the outside of the cage to the sides of the hole or casing.

Place spacers at least 5 inches clear from any inspection tubes.

Place plastic spacers around the circumference of the cage and at intervals along the length of the cage under the manufacturer's instructions.

For a single CIDH concrete pile supporting a column:

1. If the pile and the column share the same reinforcing cage diameter, this cage must be accurately placed as shown

2. If the pile reinforcing cage is larger than the column cage and the concrete is placed under dry conditions, maintain a clear horizontal distance of at least 3.5 inches between the two cages

3. If the pile reinforcing cage is larger than the column cage and the concrete is placed under slurry, maintain a clear horizontal distance of at least 5 inches between the two cages

49-3.02C(5) Vertical Inspection PipesIf the drilled hole is dry or dewatered without the use of temporary casing to control ground water, installation of inspection pipes is not required.

Install vertical inspection pipes for acceptance testing as follows:

1. Inspection pipes must be schedule 40 PVC pipe complying with ASTM D1785 with a nominal pipe size of 2 inches. Watertight PVC couplers complying with ASTM D2466 are allowed to facilitate pipe lengths in excess of those commercially available. Log the location of the inspection pipe couplers with respect to the plane of pile cutoff.

2. Cap each inspection pipe at the bottom. Extend the pipe from 3 feet above the pile cutoff to the bottom of the reinforcing cage. Provide a temporary top cap or similar means to keep the pipes clean before testing. If pile cutoff is below the ground surface or working platform, extend inspection pipes to 3 feet above the ground surface or working platform.

3. If any changes are made to the pile tip, extend the inspection pipes to the bottom of the reinforcing cage.

4. Install inspection pipes in a straight alignment, parallel to the main reinforcement, and securely fastened in place to prevent misalignment during installation of the reinforcement and placing of concrete in the hole. Construct CIDH concrete piles such that the relative distance of inspection pipes to vertical steel reinforcement remains constant.

5. Fill inspection pipes with water upon completion of the concrete placement to prevent debonding of the pipe.

6. Inspection pipes must be completely clean, dry, and unobstructed when testing, providing a 2-inch diameter clear opening.

7. Provide safe access to the tops of the tubes.

After placing concrete and before requesting acceptance testing, test each inspection pipe in the Engineer's presence by passing a 1-1/4-inch-diameter by 4.5-foot-long rigid cylinder through the length of pipe.

If an inspection pipe fails to pass the rigid cylinder:

1. Immediately fill the inspection pipes in the pile with water2. Core a nominal 2-inch diameter hole through the concrete for the entire length of the pile for each

inspection pipe that does not pass the rigid cylinder3. Locate cored holes as close as possible to the inspection pipes they are replacing and no more than

5 inches clear from the reinforcement

Coring must not damage the pile reinforcement. Core holes using a double wall core barrel system with a split tube type inner barrel. Coring with a solid type inner barrel is not allowed. Coring methods and equipment must provide intact cores for the entire length of the pile. Preserve cores and identify them with the exact location the core was recovered from the pile.

The coring operation must be logged by an engineering geologist or civil engineer licensed in the State and experienced in core logging. Coring logs must comply with the Department's Soil and Rock Logging, Classification, and Presentation Manual. Coring logs must include core recovery, rock quality designation, locations of breaks, and complete descriptions of inclusions and voids encountered during coring.

The Department evaluates the portion of the pile represented by the cored hole based on the submitted core logs. If the Department determines a pile is anomalous based on the coring logs, the pile is rejected.

49-3.02C(6) Permanent Steel Casing InstallationSection 49-2.01A(4)(c) and the 6th through 8th paragraphs of section 49-2.01C(5) do not apply to permanent steel casings.

For permanent steel casings placed in a drilled hole:

1. Casings must be watertight and of sufficient strength to prevent damage and to withstand the loads from installation, drilling and tooling equipment, lateral concrete pressures, and earth pressures.

2. Use spacers to center the casing inside the drilled hole. You may weld spacers to the outside of the casing.

3. Fill voids in the annular space between the casing and the soil with grout.4. Place grout from the bottom of the casing using grout tubes. Place grout continuously until all voids

have been filled and the grout reaches the top of the casing. Free fall of the grout from the top to the bottom of the casing is not allowed.

5. Pump grout into the annular space such that the grout head is maintained uniformly around the casing and no visible evidence of water or air is ejected at the top of the grout.

6. Place grout tubes along the circumference of the casing with a minimum of 4 grout tubes per casing. The spacing of the grout tubes must not exceed 4 feet.

7. Extend grout tubes to within 1 foot of the bottom of the casing.

If the Engineer lowers the permanent steel casing tip elevation:

1. CIDH concrete pile, including bar reinforcing steel and inspection pipes, must extend to that same elevation

2. Tip elevation of the rock socket must extend to maintain the length of the rock socket into rock as shown

The additional work involved in lowering the permanent steel casing tip elevation is change order work.

49-3.02C(7) Construction JointSection 49-3.02C(7) applies to CIDH concrete piles if a construction joint is shown.

If a permanent steel casing is not shown, you must furnish and install a permanent casing. The permanent casing must:

1. Be watertight and of sufficient strength to prevent damage and to withstand the loads from installation procedures, drilling and tooling equipment, lateral concrete pressures, and earth pressures.

2. Extend at least 5 feet below the construction joint. If placing casing into rock, the casing must extend at least 2 feet below the construction joint.

3. Not extend above the top of the drilled hole or final grade, whichever is lower.4. Not increase the diameter of the CIDH concrete pile more than 2 feet.5. Be installed by impact or vibratory hammers, oscillators, rotators, or by placing in a drilled hole.

Casings placed in a drilled hole must comply with section 49-3.02C(6).

Section 49-2.01A(4)(c) and the 6th through 8th paragraphs of section 49-2.01C(5) do not apply to permanent casings specified in section 49-3.02C(7).

49-3.02C(8) Placing ConcreteSection 51-1.03D(3) does not apply to CIDH concrete piles.

You may construct CIDH concrete piles 24 inches in diameter or larger by excavating and depositing concrete under slurry.

Form, finish, and cure portions of CIDH concrete piles shown to be formed under section 51.

49-3.02C(9) Placing Concrete Under SlurrySection 49-3.02C(9) applies if placing concrete under slurry.

After placing reinforcement and before placing concrete in the drilled hole, if drill cuttings settle out of the slurry, clean the bottom of the drilled hole. Verify that the bottom of the drilled hole is clean.

Carefully place concrete in a compact, monolithic mass, using a method that prevents washing of the concrete. Vibrating of concrete is not required.

Placing concrete must be a continuous operation lasting no longer than the time specified for each concrete placing operation at each pile in your pile installation plan.

The delivery tube system must consist of one of the following:

1. Tremie tube or tubes, each of which is at least 10 inches in diameter, fed by 1 or more concrete pumps

2. 1 or more concrete pump discharge tubes, each fed by a single concrete pump

The delivery tube system must consist of watertight tubes with sufficient rigidity to keep the tube ends always in the mass of concrete placed. If only 1 delivery tube is used to place the concrete, place the tube near the center of the hole. Multiple tubes must be uniformly spaced in the hole.

Internal bracing for the steel reinforcing cage must accommodate the delivery tube system. Do not use tremies for piles without space for a 10-inch-diameter tube.

During concrete placement, provide a fully operational standby concrete pump at the job site that is adequate to complete the work in the time specified in the pile installation plan.

Do not allow concrete to fall into the slurry during concrete placing operations. Cap the delivery tube with a watertight cap, or plug the tube above the slurry level with a good quality, tight fitting, moving plug that expels the slurry from the tube as the tube is charged with concrete. The cap or plug must be designed to release as the tube is charged.

Extend the pump discharge or tremie tube to the bottom of the hole before charging the tube with concrete. After charging the tube with concrete, induce the flow of concrete through the tube by slightly raising the discharge end.

During concrete placement:

1. Embed the tip of the delivery tube within 6 inches of the bottom of the hole until 10 feet of concrete has been placed. Maintain the embedment of the tip at least 10 feet below the top surface of the concrete.

2. Do not rapidly raise or lower the delivery tube.3. Maintain the slurry level at least 10 feet above the piezometric head.

If the seal is lost or the delivery tube becomes plugged and must be removed:

1. Withdraw and clean the tube2. Cap the tip of the tube to prevent slurry from entering3. Restart the operation by pushing the capped tube 10 feet into the concrete and then reinitiating the

flow of concrete

Maintain a log of concrete placement for each drilled hole. The log must:

1. Show the pile location, tip elevation, dates of excavation and concrete placement, total quantity of concrete placed, length and tip elevation of any casing, and details of any hole stabilization method and materials used.

2. Include an 8-1/2 by 11 inch graph of concrete placed versus depth of hole filled as follows:2.1. Label the graph with the pile location, tip elevation, cutoff elevation, and the dates of

excavation and concrete placement.2.2. Plot the graph continuously throughout concrete placement. Plot the depth of drilled hole filled

vertically with the pile tip at the bottom and the quantity of concrete placed horizontally.2.3. Take readings at each 5 feet of pile depth, and indicate the time of the reading on the graph.

If a temporary casing is used, maintain concrete placed under slurry at a level at least 5 feet above the bottom of the casing. The withdrawal of the casing must not cause contamination of the concrete with slurry.

The equivalent hydrostatic pressure inside the casing must be greater than the hydrostatic pressure on the outside of the casing.

Dispose of material resulting from using slurry.

49-3.02D PaymentNot Used

49-3.03 DRIVEN STEEL SHELLS FILLED WITH CONCRETE AND REINFORCEMENT49-3.03A General49-3.03A(1) SummarySection 49-3.03 includes specifications for constructing CIP concrete piles consisting of driven steel shells filled with concrete and reinforcement.

Furnish piling includes:

1. Furnishing steel shells at the job site2. Furnishing concrete3. Furnishing reinforcement for piles with a diameter of less than 24 inches4. Splicing steel shells

Driving piles includes:

1. Driving and cutting off the steel shells at the elevations shown2. Furnishing special driving tips or heavier sections of steel shells3. Drilling holes or predrilling holes through embankments4. Cleaning out and disposing of material from open-ended steel shells5. Placing seal course concrete in open-ended steel shells6. Dewatering open-ended steel shells7. Placing reinforcement and concrete8. Disposing of material resulting from drilling holes, predrilling holes, or cleaning out open-ended steel

shells

49-3.03A(2) DefinitionsReserved

49-3.03A(3) SubmittalsSubmit a cleanout method for open-ended steel shells as an informational submittal.

49-3.03A(4) Quality AssuranceAfter the steel shell is driven and before placing reinforcement and concrete, the Engineer examines the steel shell for collapse or a reduced diameter at any point. The Engineer rejects any steel shell that is improperly driven, broken, or shows partial collapse to an extent as to materially decrease its nominal resistance.

49-3.03B MaterialsSteel shells must comply with the specifications for steel pipe piles in section 49-2.02.

Steel shells must be sufficiently watertight to exclude water during concrete placement.

49-3.03C Construction49-3.03C(1) GeneralDrive steel shells under section 49-2.

Remove and replace rejected steel shells, or drive a new shell adjacent to the rejected shell. Fill rejected shells that cannot be removed with concrete. If a new shell is driven to replace a rejected shell, enlarge the footing.

If the Engineer revises the pile tip elevation, the work involved in furnishing, splicing, and driving the additional length of pile is change order work.

49-3.03C(2) Open-Ended Steel ShellsSection 49-3.03C(2) applies to open-ended steel shells.

Internal plates must not be used.

After driving, clean out the steel shell as follows:

1. Do not disturb the foundation material surrounding the pile when cleaning out the steel shell.2. Equipment or methods used must not cause quick soil conditions or cause scouring or caving around

or below the pile.3. Steel shells must be free of soil, rock, or other material deleterious to the bond between concrete and

steel before placing reinforcement and concrete.4. Bottom 8 feet of the pile must not be cleaned out.

After the steel shell has been cleaned out, construct the pile expeditiously to prevent deterioration of the surrounding foundation material from the presence of water. Remove deteriorated foundation materials from the bottom of the steel shell, including materials that have softened, swollen, or degraded.

Dispose of material resulting from cleaning out the steel shells.

If conditions render it impossible or inadvisable in the Engineer's opinion to dewater the steel shells before placing reinforcement and concrete, seal the bottom of the steel shell under section 51-1.03D(3). After sealing, dewater and clean out the steel shell.

49-3.03C(3) Close-Ended Steel ShellsReserved.

49-3.03D PaymentDriven steel shells filled with concrete and reinforcement are paid for as furnish piling and drive pile.

49-4 STEEL SOLDIER PILING49-4.01 GENERALSection 49-4 includes specifications for drilling holes and installing steel soldier piles in the holes.

Steel soldier piles must comply with section 49-2.03.

49-4.02 MATERIALSConcrete anchors must comply with the specifications for studs in clause 7 of AWS D1.1.

49-4.03 CONSTRUCTION49-4.03A GeneralClean and prepare piles in heat affected areas before splicing steel piles or welding concrete anchors.

49-4.03B Drilled HolesDrill holes for steel soldier piles into natural foundation material. Drilled holes must be accurately located, straight, and true.

Plumb and align the pile before placing concrete backfill and lean concrete backfill. The pile must be at least 1 inch clear of the sides of the hole for the full length of the hole to be filled with concrete backfill and lean concrete backfill. Ream or enlarge holes that do not provide the clearance around steel piles.

Furnish and place temporary casings or tremie seals where necessary to control water or to prevent caving of the hole.

Before placing the steel soldier pile, remove loose materials existing at the bottom of the hole after drilling operations have been completed.

Do not allow surface water to enter the hole. Remove all water in the hole before placing concrete.

If temporary casings are used, they must comply with section 49-3.02C(3).

Maintain alignment of the pile in the hole while placing backfill material.

49-4.04 PAYMENTNot Used

49-5 MICROPILINGReserved

49-6 ALTERNATIVE PILINGReserved

49-7–49-10 RESERVED