4.drilling equipment

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Instituto Superior Técnico Universidade de Lisboa Masters in Petroleum Engineering 2014-2015 Drilling Engineering Course José Pedro Santos Baptista Mining and Geological Engineering Msc. Petroleum Engineering Msc.

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Page 1: 4.Drilling Equipment

Instituto Superior TécnicoUniversidade de Lisboa

Masters in Petroleum Engineering 2014-2015

Drilling Engineering Course

José Pedro Santos Baptista

Mining and Geological Engineering Msc.Petroleum Engineering Msc.

Page 2: 4.Drilling Equipment

Drilling Engineering Course

2

4. Drilling Equipment

Casing

Tubulars, Mud, and Cement

Drill Bit

Characteristics and Types

Drill String

Components, BHA Design

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Page 3: 4.Drilling Equipment

4. Drilling Equipment

3

Mechanics (Steel)

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Stress and Strength

Stress = Load divided by the cross-sectional area where the load is applied

Strain and Stretch

Strain = Stretch divided by original Length

Young Modulus

E = Stress divided by Strain

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4. Drilling Equipment

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Mechanics (Steel)

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Elastic limit

Limit beyond which, when stress is removed, the steel will have acquired a permanent stretchMinimum Yield Stress

The stress which gives a strain of 0.5%. When stress is removed, the steel will have acquired 0.2%of permanent deformationUltimate Tensile Stress

The maximum stress on the curve, very close to the stress which will cause steel failure

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Steel Properties

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Yield Strength

The level at which the material changes from predominantly elastic to predominantly plasticstrain behaviour (psi)

Tensile Strength

The highest stress level a material achieves before it fails (breaks) (Lbs)

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4. Drilling Equipment

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Casing

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Functions of Casing

Provide structural integrity to the well

Control troublesome zones (over-pressured, weak and fractured formations,unconsolidated, etc…)Prevent cave-ins

Isolate porous formations (different fluid pressure regimes) allowing drilling and production

Allow selective communication between the formations and the well

Cover up problems in existing casing

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Casing

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Functions of Casing (Cont.)

Serve as a high-strength flow conduit from reservoir to surface both for drilling and productionfluids

Prevent near surface fresh water zones from contamination (reservoir fluids and drilling fluids)

Provide connection and support of the wellhead equipment and blow out preventers

Provide exact dimensions for running testing, completions and production subsurface equipment

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Casing

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Functions of Casing (Cont.)

All Casing shall be designed to withstand all loads that can be imposed on them during installation and the lifetime of the well

No well construction program should be put forward without an approved casing design

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Casing

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Casing Types

Cassion Pipe

(not mandatory)

(Offshore) Driven into the sea bed

Tied Back to the conductor or surface casing and does not carryany load

Prevents washouts of near surface unconsolidated formations

Ensures the stability of the ground upon which the rig is seated

Serves as a flow conduit for the drilling mud to the surface

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4. Drilling Equipment

10

Casing

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Casing Types

Conductor Pipe

Conductors can be driven, jetted in or drilled and cemented in place

Outermost casing string

Between 40-500ft in length onshore and up to 1000ftoffshore

Isolates weak formations

Prevents erosion of the ground below the rig

Provides a mud return path

Supports the weight of the subsequent casing stringsand the wellhead equipment

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Casing

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Casing Types

Surface Casing

Depths vary from 300 to 5000ft

Setting depth is often determined by regulators orcompany policy rather than technical reasoning

Provides a base (means to nipple up) for the BOP

Provides a casing seat strong enough to safely shut-inthe well

Provides protection for shallow aquifers

Provides wellbore stabilisation

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4. Drilling Equipment

12

Casing

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Casing Types

Intermediate Casing

This casing type should be set within more competent formations than thesurface casing, thus allowing higher blow out protection for drilling deeper

Purely technical casing (a.k.a. protective casing)

Length varies from 7000 to 15000ft

Provides isolation of potentially troublesome zones

(abnormal pressures, unstable shales, lost circulationzones, salt sections, etc.)

Provides integrity to withstand the high mud weightsto reach TD or the next casing string

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4. Drilling Equipment

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Casing

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Casing Types

Production Casing

This type of casing is often not cemented to surface

Set through the productive zone(s)

Designed to hold the maximum shut-in pressure

Designed to withstand the stimulating pressuresduring completions and workover operations

Provides zonal isolation (prevents fluid migration)

Confines production to wellbore

Provides the possibility to install subsurfacecompletion equipment

Provides protection in case of tubing failure

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4. Drilling Equipment

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Casing

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Casing Types – Liners

Casing strings that don’t run all the way to the surface, beinghung in the previous casing shoe or even overlapping theprevious casing

Drilling Liner

Production Liner

Scab Liner

Scab Tie-Back Liner

Mainly run for economic reasons but also mechanical,technical and safety (avoid having an annulus up to surface)

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Casing

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Casing Classification

API Standardisation is the most commonly used method of classifying casing

Outside Diameter (OD)

Inside Diameter (ID)

Length (range)

Weight

Type of Connection

Grade

API: 5C3, 5CT, 5L, 5B

Size

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Casing

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Casing Size

(OD-ID)/2 = Wall Thickness

Manufacturers often produce casing slightlylarger than specified, nonetheless, there isan approved OD tolerance: -0.5% to +1%

ID is specified in terms of wall thickness anddrift diameter (size of a drift mandrel)

Minimum wall thickness is 87.5% of thenominal wall thickness

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Casing

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Casing Length – Range

API 5CT

Casing Weight

Determined by nominal pipe body wall thickness expressed as weight per unit length

Nominal Weight, Plain-end Weight or Threaded and Coupled Weight (Average)

Tolerance: -12.5% to 0%

Range Length (ft) Average Length (ft)

1 16-25 22

2 25-34 31

3 Over 34 42

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Casing

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Type of Connection

Mechanical device used to join pipe together (>90% of string failures occur in the connection)

Should be as strong as the pipe it connects and have similar geometry

Structural elements (properties)

Threads

Shoulders

Seal

Body

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Casing

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Grade

The steel grade of the casing relates to the tensile strength of the steel

The steel grade is expressed as a code number which consist of a letter and a number

Letter Arbitrarily selected to provide a unique designation for each grade of casing

Number Designates the minimal yield strength of the steel (in thousand psi)

Example: K-55 Yield Strength of 55000psi

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Casing

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Mechanical Properties

Casing is subjected to different loads during running, landing, cementing, drilling andproduction operations

Tensile LoadsBurstCollapseWear (erosion)

Combination of several loads combined (Von Misses equivalent, VME)

VibrationShock (pounding)Gun perforatingCorrosion

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Casing

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Mechanical Properties

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Casing

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

How do we select it?

It usually depends on four considerations

1) Physical Strength (tension, burst, collapse, torsion, compression or combined tri-axial loads

2) Chemical Properties (resistance to H2S, CO2, water, etc…)

3) Availability

4) Cost

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Casing

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

How do we select it? – Physical Strength

Pressure – Burst

Pressure – Collapse

Axial – Tension

Triaxial (VME) Combination of pressures and tensions/stresses

Maximum Load Case Condition for Burst

Calculate resulting loads (Load Line)

Multiply Load Line by Design factor (Design

Line)

Select Casing String with load capacity

equal or bigger than Design Line

Maximum Load Case Condition for Collapse

Calculate resulting loads (Load Line)

Multiply Load Line by Design factor (Design

Line)

For casing selected in burst design, check that load capacity

equal or bigger then Design line

Maximum Load Case Condition for Tension

Calculate resulting loads (Load Line)

Multiply Load Line by Design factor (Design

Line)

For casing selected in Collapse design, check

that load capacity equal or bigger then

Design line

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Casing

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Casing Grade is selected! How long is each string and how many strings?

Casing Shoe/Seat Placement

Initial selection of casing setting depth is based on the pore and fracture pressure gradients forthe well

Lithological Column (problem zones, salt zones, fractured formations, etc…)

Minimum Hole Size in the reservoir

Temperature Profile

Fluids encountered (Water,oil, gas, H2S and CO2)

Well objectives (exploration – cost is secondary; or development – minimise cost)

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Casing

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Casing Grade is selected! How long is each string and how many strings?

Casing Shoe/Seat Placement

Should Be designed from bottom upwards

After the preliminary shoe depth selection, hole sizes and mud weights has been done a study of kick tolerance should be carried out at each shoe

The hole section shouldn’t be drilled deeper than is possible to safely circulate out a kick!

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Casing

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Casing Shoe/Seat Placement – Pore & Frac

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Drilling Fluids – Mud

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Functions of Mud

Remove cuttings from the well

Control formation pressure

Suspend and release cuttings

Seal permeable formations (mud cake)

Maintain wellbore stability

Minimise reservoir damage

Cool, lubricate and support the bit and drilling assembly

Transmit hydraulic energy to the tools and bit

Ensure adequate formation evaluation

Control corrosion

Facilitate cementing and completion

Minimize impact on environment

Prevent gas hydrate formation

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Drilling Fluids – Mud

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Functions of Mud – Remove cuttings from the well

Function of

Mud Loggers determine the depth where the cuttings originated and analyse at their properties at the well site

Mud properties are critical are the primary cause of non productive time in drilling

operations

Strongly influence bit performance

Cutting size, shape and density

ROP

RPM

Flow rate and profile (annular velocity)

Wellbore orientation (inclination)

Mud Properties (density and viscosity)

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Drilling Fluids – Mud

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Functions of Mud – Control Formation Pressure

Avoid losses, kicks and formation instability

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Drilling Fluids – Mud

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Functions of Mud – Formation Damage (Skin)

The drilling muds selected in the drilling program need to minimise the formation damage,especially in the reservoir

Formation damage

Specially designed fluids are used for workover and completions

Reduction of the natural

porosity/permeability/

Wettability

Mud or drilling solids invade the formation matrix

Swelling of formation clays within the reservoir

Solids precipitation with the fluid mix (insoluble salts)

Mud filtrate and formation fluid form an emulsion

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Drilling Fluids – Mud

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Types of Mud

Water Based Mud

Water base with clays (bentonite) and other chemicalsLowest Cost but can react with some formations

Oil Based Mud

Base petroleum product (e.g. diesel); ToxicVery good drilling/formation propertiesMid Cost; use might be restricted

Synthetic Based Mud

Base synthetic oil (less toxic)Very good drilling/formation propertiesHighest cost

Thin and free flowing while pumped

Thick when pumping stops (gelling)

Non damaging to the reservoir (low reactivity)

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Drilling Fluids – Mud

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Mud Additives

Alkalinity and PH Control

Bactericides

Calcium Reducers

Corrosion inhibitors

Defoamers

Emulsifiers

Filtrate reducers

Flocculants

Lime, caustic soda and bicarbonate of soda

Paraformaldehyde caustic soda, lime and starch preservatives

Caustic soda, soda ash, bicarbonate of soda, some polyphosphates. Prevent contamination effects

Hydrated lime and amine salts. Prevent effects of oxygen and hydrogen sulphide (OBMs excellent anti-corrosion)

Reduce surface tension. Reduce foaming action in salt/saltwater mud based systems

Create an homogeneous mixture of two liquids. Fatty acids, amine derivatives and modified lignosulfonates

Reduce the amount of water lost to the formations. Bentonite clays, CMC and pre-gelatinized starch

Salt, hydrated lime, gypsum and sodium tetraphosphates

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Drilling Fluids – Mud

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Mud Additives

Foaming Agents

Lost Circulation Materials

Lubricants

Pipe-Freeing Agents

Shale-Control Inhibitors

Surfactants

Weighting agents

Used in air drilling. Create foam in the presence of water

Plug large openings preventing loss of whole drilling fluid. Nut shells (nut plug) and mica flakes

Used to reduce torque at the bit by reducing friction. Soaps, and some oils

Spotting fluids in areas of stuck pipe, reduce friction increase lubricity and inhibit formation hydration. Soaps, detergents, oils, surfactants

Control hydration, caving and disintegration of shale/clay formations. Gypsum, sodium silicate and calcium lignosulfonates

Reduce the interfacial tension between fluids (oil/water, water/solids, water/air, etc..)

Provide weight to the mud beyond its specific gravity. Barite, hematite, calcium carbonate and galena

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Drilling Fluids – Mud

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Drilling Fluid System

Delivers hydraulic horse power (HHP) to the bit

Cleans the bottom of the hole enabling the bit to reach new formation

Cools the downhole tools

Carries cuttings to surface

Design is a compromise between:

Bit Power

Hole Cleaning

Losses

Hole washouts

Equipment pressure (flow rate limits)

Pump Reliability

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Drilling Fluids – Mud

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Drilling Fluid System

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Drilling Fluids – Mud

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Drilling Fluid System

Tanks (pit) and mixers

Shale Shakers

De-gasser

Cyclone De-sander

De-silter

Mud Cleaner

Centrifuge

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Drilling Fluids – Mud

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Drilling Fluid System

Tanks (pit) and mixers

Shale Shakers

De-gasser

Cyclone De-sander

De-silter

Mud Cleaner

Centrifuge

Page 38: 4.Drilling Equipment

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Drilling Fluids – Mud

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Drilling Fluid System

Tanks (pit) and mixers

Shale Shakers

De-gasser

Cyclone De-sander

De-silter

Mud Cleaner

Centrifuge

Page 39: 4.Drilling Equipment

4. Drilling Equipment

39

Drilling Fluids – Mud

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Drilling Fluid System

Tanks (pit) and mixers

Shale Shakers

De-gasser

Cyclone De-sander

De-silter

Mud Cleaner

Centrifuge

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Drilling Fluids – Cement

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Purpose of Cement

The introduction of cementacious material into the annulus between casing and the open holeprovides:

Zonal Isolation

Support for the axial load of subsequent casing strings (shear bond)

Casing support and protection

Support the borehole

Oilfield cement is manufactured according to the API specification 10A (classes: A to H)

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Drilling Fluids – Cement

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Purpose of Cement

Cements may be modified with “additives” to deliver required properties according to thecement job:

Accelerators

Retarders

Slurry density reducers/enhancers

Temperature Resistance

Compressive Strength

Flow properties

Elasticity

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Drilling Fluids – Cement

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Purpose of Cement

Cementation is the final, and crucial, operation in securing a well section!

This operation must achieve:

High quality uncontaminated cement that bonds the casing with the formationHigh compressive strength

Well control during the operationFloat equipment (prevent flow inside casing, AKA U-tubbing)

Prevent channelling (flow outside casing)Isolation of water/hydrocarbon zones

Protection from corrosive fluids

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Drilling Fluids – Cement

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Downhole Cementing Equipment

Float Equipment

Prevent back-flow when cement is pumped in place

Provide landing shoulder for wiper plugs (collar)

Provide guide for casing (shoe)

Enable pressure test of casing after displacement cement (collar)

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Drilling Fluids – Cement

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Downhole Cementing Equipment

Wiper Plugs

Remove drilling fluid residue from casing (bottom plug)

Separate drilling fluid/spacers from cement

Wipe Cement residue from casing

Enable pressure test of casing after displacement;

landing on float collar (top plug)

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Drilling Fluids – Cement

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Surface Cementing Equipment

Cement Head

Enable sequential release of cement plugs

Provide circulation path for drilling fluid,spacers and cement

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Drilling Fluids – Cement

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Accessories: Cementing Equipment

Centralisers

Provide casing centralisation (stand-off from the bore hole)

Minimising cement channelling, enable cement uniform distribution

Scratchers and Wipers

Scrape the “wall cake” from the borehole enabling cement bonding

More on Cementing operations in the next lecture

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Casing & Cementing Example

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

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Drill String

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

“The combination of the drillpipe, the bottom hole assemblyand any other tools used to make the drill bit turn at thebottom of the wellbore.”

- Schlumberger

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Drill String - Bits

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Steel-toothed piece of equipment attached to the end of thedrill string designed to crush, scrape and grind rock

Roller CuttersSteel ToothTungsten Carbide Inserts

Fixed Cutters (Drag Bits)DiamondPolycrystalline Diamond Compact (PDC)

Hybrid

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Drill String - Bits

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

During the planning stage, the drilling engineer mustreview all the offset well data (bit performance record)and correctly select the drilling bits required to drill thewell

Expected lithological column w/description of each formation

Drilling fluids details

Well Profile

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Drill String - Bits

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Roller Cutters

Two or more cones containing the cutting elements

The cones rotate around the their axis, they rotatedue to string rotation and not due to any internaldriving force

Structural Materials

Bearing-seal-lubricating design

Cutting Structure and hydraulic arrangements

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Drill String - Bits

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Roller Cutters

Tungsten carbide insert (TCI)

Inserts pressed into the cone

Milled Tooth (MT)

Steel Tooth pre-milled and covered withhardfacing

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Drill String - Bits

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Roller Cutters – External Anatomy

1 API Pin (American Petroleum Institute)

2 Leg

3 Shirttail

4 Nozzle Boss

5 Nozzle

6 Cone

1

2

3

4

5

6

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Drill String - Bits

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Roller Cutters – Internal Anatomy

1 Secondary (inner) Bearing

2 Primary (outer) Bearing

3 Primary Seal

4 Secondary Seal

1

2

34

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Drill String - Bits

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Roller Cutters – Internal Anatomy

1 Grease Reservoir

2 Grease Long Tube Hole

3 Ball Hole

4 Seals

5 Ball Bearings (cone retention)

1

2

345

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Drill String - Bits

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Roller Cutters

TCI Cone

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Drill String - Bits

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Roller Cutters

Milled Tooth Cone

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Drill String - Bits

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Roller Cutters – Structural Materials

Appropriate yield strength

Impact resistant

High machinability

Subjected to heat treatment

Cones are usually heat treatedNiMo-Steel alloy

Teeth are heat treatedNiCrMo-Steel alloy

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Drill String - Bits

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Roller Cutters – Bearing-Seal-lubricating Design

Function as a unit

Must Withstand

Types of Bearings

Large Impact LoadsHarsh Chemicals of the drilling fluidsHigh temperatures

Standard Open BearingsSealed Bearings (Grease Lubricant)

Journal Bearings (Solid Lubricant)

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Drill String - Bits

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Roller Cutters – Cuttings Structure Arrangements

1 Indentation and Fracture Weight On Bit (WOB)2 Tooth Displacement Rotations Per Minute (RPM)

Soft Formations – Gouging and Scraping

Most Aggressive Cutting actionHigh Rate of Penetration (ROP) Applications

Hard Formations – Chipping and Crushing

Most Durable Cutting ActionLow ROP Applications

1

2

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Drill String - Bits

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Roller Cutters – Cuttings Structure Arrangements

Offset is the horizontal distance between the axis ofthe bit and a vertical plane of the journal

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Drill String - Bits

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Roller Cutters – Cuttings Structure Arrangements

Journal angle is the angle formed by the axis of thejournal and a plane perpendicular to the bit axis

Soft-Medium formations

Low Journal Angle (30°- 33°)

Medium-Hard formations

High Journal Angle (34° - 39°)

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Drill String - Bits

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Roller Cutters – Cuttings Structure Arrangements

The Cone may have different tooth shapes

Long Designed to drill soft formations, with lowcompressive strength (easily penetrated,more yielding)

Short Designed to drill hard formations, with high compressive strength (by fracturing)

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Drill String - Bits

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Fixed Cutters (Drag Bits)

Fixed cutter blades that are integral with the body of the bit, rotating as a unit with the drill string

Cutting elements

Design Parameters

Steel CuttersDiamond CuttersPolycrystalline Diamond Compact (PDC)

Bit ProfileBlade ConfigurationCutter LayoutCutter OrientationNozzle PlacementGauge Pad Considerations

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Drill String - Bits

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Fixed Cutters (Drag Bits) – Bit Profile

Apex Geometrical centre of the bit

ConeShallow Cone (~150°)Medium Cone (~115°)Deep Cone (~90°)

SteerabilityBit CleaningAggressiveness (ROP)

StabilityDiamond Volume in the centre

Bit StabilityDiamond Volume in the centre

SteerabilityCleaning EfficiencyBit aggressiveness (ROP)

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Drill String - Bits

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Fixed Cutters (Drag Bits) – Bit Profile

Nose

Large RadiusHard transitional formationHigher surface area (better load distribution)

Small/Sharp RadiusSoft homogeneous formationLower surface area (higher point loading/Increase penetration)

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Drill String - Bits

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Fixed Cutters (Drag Bits) – Blade Configuration

Number of blades From 3-20 blades

Blade Symmetry

Blade Geometry

Cutter Size >Larger Diameter > more aggressive (in mm)

Cutter Structure

SymmetricAsymmetric

Straight Spiral

Single SetMulti Set

RandomForwardReverse

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Drill String - Bits

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Roller Cutters Vs Fixed Cutters (Drag Bits)

Less Torque

More Vibration

Non Homogeneous formations

Moving Parts

Older > Optimised Design

Cheaper

More Torque

Less Vibration

Homogeneous Formations

Solid and Stronger

Newer

More Expensive

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Drill String - Bits

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Bit Classification – Drag Bits

International Association of Drilling ContractorsIdentify similar Bit types made by different manufacturers

Each type of bit has a four digit code

1st Digit Defines the type of cutter and body material (letter: D;M;S;T;O)2nd Digit Defines bit profile (number, 1-9 and G= gauge height or C= cone height)3rd Digit Defines the hydraulic design (number, 1-9)4th Digit Defines the cutter size and density (number, 0-9)

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Drill String - Bits

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Bit Classification – Roller Bit

International Association of Drilling ContractorsIdentify similar Bit types made by different manufacturers

Each type of bit has a four digit code

1st Digit Defines if MT or TCI and formation hardness (number, 1-8)2nd Digit Defines sub classification of formation hardness (number, 1-4)3rd Digit Defines type of bearing and presence of gage protection (number, 1-7)4th Digit Defines general bit information (letter, A-Z)

135MSoft Formation milled tooth bitRoller bearings w/ gauge protectionMotor Application

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Drill String – Hole Openers/Gauge maintenance

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

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Drill String – Hole Openers/Gauge maintenance

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

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Drill String – Drill Pipe

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Serves as a conduit/conductor for drilling fluid and transmits rotation from surface tothe bit

A pierced, seamless tube of forged steel or extruded aluminium tool joints attached toeach end of a seamless tube

The tool joints provide drill string connectivity and are separate pieces of metal weldedto the tube, thick enough to have a pin or box cut into them

Classified with: Size, Length (range), Grade, Weight and class

Example: 5’’, Range 2, G-105, 19.5 ppf, New

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Drill String – Drill Pipe

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

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Drill String – Drill Collar

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Heavy walled metal tubes with threaded ends (box and pin)

Provide weight on bit and keep the string from buckling

Spiral collars are used where there is a change of getting stuck in the hole

Square collars are used in crooked holes

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Drill String – Drill Collar

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Protect the drill string from bendingControl direction and inclination of wells

Drill straighter holes or vertical holesProvide Pendulum effect

Reduce dolegs, key seats and ledgesImprove the probabilities of running casing in the hole

Increase bit performanceReduce bouncing and sticking of the string

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Drill String – Heavy Weight Drill Pipe

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

HWDP has higher weight and longer tool joins than normal DP

Used in transition zones between the DCs and DPs avoiding the DP from buckling(theoretically may be used in compression) and to provide a smooth transitionbetween different sections of the drill string components

Shouldn’t be used to obtain WOB in vertical wells (may also buckle)

Same OD as DP but with much smaller ID

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Drill String – Pipe

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

All drill string components, especially pipe (DP, HWDP and DC) should have amechanical thorough study regarding (mechanical) loads

Tension

Torsional Strength

Burst

Collapse

Biaxial (Tension & Torsion and Tension and Collapse)

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Drill String – Stabilisers

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Stabilizer tools are an important part of the BHA that allow the DD to control

Control Hole DeviationDogleg Severity

Prevent Differential stickingConcentrate the weight of the DC on the bit

Stiffness of the DS (reducing torque and bending stresses)

Centralise the DS without digging into the borehole wall!

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Drill String – Stabilisers

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Directional Assemblies using Stabilizers – Pendulum Principle

Removing the stabilizer above the bit and adding additional DC making the BHA more flexible

The upper stabilizers, properly placed, hold the bottom DC away from the low side of the hole

Gravitational forces act on the bottom collar and bit causing the hole to drop (decrease inclination)

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Drill String – Stabilisers

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Directional Assemblies using Stabilizers – Fulcrum Principle

Installing a stabilizer just above the bit, when it is rotating, enough weight is applied bowing thebottom collars

The bow causes the bit to push against the top side of the hole, resulting in a build up (increaseinclination)

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Drill String – Stabilisers

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Directional Assemblies using Stabilizers – Stabilization Principle

Installing stabilizers at specified points in the BHA to increase stiffness, preventing the string tobend or bow forcing the bit to drill a straight hole

Packed Assemblies are designed to maintain borehole angle

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Drill String – Motors

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Turbine Multistage blade-type rotor and stator sections (vary from25-50), a thrustbearing section and a drive shaftRotor blades connected to the drive shaft and powered by the circulating mud

PDM (Positive Displacement Motor)

Rotor and Stator (power section), by-pass valve, universal jointand a bearing assembly

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Drill String – Motors

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

PDM (Positive Displacement Motor)

Power Section

Helical Steel rotor fitted inside a spirally-shaped elastomer moulder stator

Mud fills the cavities between the rotor and stator displacing the rotor causingrotation (elliptical movement) which is then converted into circular rotation by theuniversal joint assembly

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Drill String – Stabilisers + RSS/Motor

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Directional Assemblies using Stabilizers

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Drill String – Float Valve

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Check valve that has a spring-loaded plate (or flapper valve)

May be pumped through, generally in the downhole direction, but closesif the fluid attempts to flow back through the drill string to the surface.

Reverse flow might be encountered due to

U-tube effect when the bulk density of the mud in the annulus is higherthan that inside the drillpipeWell control event

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Drill String – MWD

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Measurement While Drilling

Real time well site evaluation tool (data) basic trajectory parameters

Inclination DirectionTool-face

Consists of a sensor package (accelerometers and magnetometers), Electronics package and aTransmission system

Powered through lithium batteries or with a downhole turbine (generator)

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Drill String – MWD

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Measurement While Drilling

Sensor package

Accelerometers gravitational measurement

Magnetometers magnetic field measurement

Electronics package

Transmission Mud PulseEM signalsWired pipe

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Drill String – MWD

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

Measurement While Drilling

Transmission Mud Pulse

Signal used for directional data

Opens (positive surge) and closes(negative surge, drop) a valve

Range of 10-15 psi decoded by a transducer in the standpipe

No depth limitations but rely on proper drilling fluid

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Drill String – Other equipment

Drilling Engineering Course 2014-2015 Masters in Petroleum Engineering

LWDXover

Bent SubsWhipstocks

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End of Drilling Equipment

Next Chapter: 5. Drilling Operations

Questions?