4q318

8/3/2019 4Q318

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/4q318 1/31

Q: A JEWISH ZODIAC CALENDAR A QUMRAN?*

Helen R. Jacobus

T gy 4QZodiology and Brontology ar (Q) g y v . Hv, t mt tg tt tvy xp, tt t tp t 6-y tt.2

T pp xp t gy, m, “ ” y t f t “ -t ytm” y E. v, tt , t-my. W tt t kg, mt tt t ty t t J ty. T tpt t gy t tg , v. W t ty t t t kg 4QZodiology and Brontology ar (Q) t C . T p t Qm t tm t pt t y.

I. Description

Q pgpy t y A Y t t y Hp (t t ty BCE t t y t ty CE).5 Hv,

* I m t t my pv, P Gg. J. Bk, p m-mt t D Ctt Hmp k gmt. T pp pt t t’ PD tt.

C. J. C. G M. Sk, “. QZgy Btg ,” Qumran Cave 4. 26: Cryptic exts and Miscellanea Part I (DJD 6; . P. S. Axt .; Ox: C, 2000), 259–27; t pgpy y A Y,259–6, tm pt y Dv Pg, 270–7.

2 T tm p y U Gm t 6-y t D SS, U. Gm, “C t Qm S,” Te Dead Sea Scrolls

Afer Fify Years: A Comprehensive Assessment (. P. W. Ft J. C. VKm;L: B, 999), 2: 2–27.

G Sk, “QZgy Btg ,” 259. E. v, “F,” S. m, J. B Dv, U. Gm, Qumran Cave 4.

16: Calendrical exts (DJD 2; Ox: C, 200), x–x, x.5 A. Y, “Pgpy”, Ax t ., Qumran Cave 4. 26 , 259–26,

260.

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66 helen r. jacobus

t S t Bk Jm, t txt , y, g t t, pg t k y, t t t ty BCE.6

T gy t mt xtt t-m txt, t tg. T y t mt pty Am m g, m mty -mty txt m, y t k, mt, mmt.7 T xtt Am mt m, Svt &< (Q VII, ) A : (Q VIII, ) pt y tJ m t St Mptm C. T g t

ttt t t k Am.9

T txt pt m gmt

tg mt mty tt t m tg t g t tv 0-y mt: 60-y y. A t mt t t, t p vg t t y g; t mt gmt Q, t t t, t p t t y t g.

T tk mt t tv g, y ttt tv g. (Vt t tm pgm pt tgt t y mptv txt). p tQ t tm txt, t y 5 yg t y ppxmty 65¼ y g: ¼ y -g. I t H , t kp t mt t t , vy t t t y, xt mt t t y: v tm tt x t 9-y y t

6 Dpy t “Btg,” S t Bk, Jm, Ap, 200.7 E. v, Scribal Practices and Approaches Reected in the exts Found in the Judean

Desert (SDJ 5; L: B, 200), 22–2 . 265; m, B Dv, G-m, Qumran Cave 4. 16 , 2 gpy 7 . 5; Y, “Pgpy”, Ax t ., Qumran Cave 4. 26 , 26.

M. E. C, Cultic Calendars o the Ancient Near East (Bt MD: Uvty P My, 99), 6. Lt J tt t pt tAm mt-m t t t m t By x gt t k t tm, y.Roš Haš . .56.

9 J. C. G, “T Nm t Z Sg Am H,” Au Carreour des Religions: Mélanges Oerts à Phillipe Gignoux (R Ot 7; .Rk Gy; B--Yvtt: Gp p ’Ét Cvt My-Ot, 995), 95–0; G Sk, “QZgy Btg ,”267–9.

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4q318: a jewish zodiac calendar 67

m pt, tm.0 T - ; t xtmt t tt, t p k y ¼ yvy y, t t py .

W tt g t t vg mt tp t xtt m, t m t t vv m.

T tg g mt t t t pt-p t (Q VIII, 6–); Gm mpt t (Q VIII, 9). I pt y t mp, m-y, t t p g, p t t -

pp, t tg t mt m.I , t t, pt tg t mpt gy tg py t mt tv m,mg tt t txt g mmty t t gy tt pm.

B tt m VIII, gv t m’ y tg t t mt A, t m t tg.

Q VIII, –9: A –A 0 Btg

['/#= //////# //////# ///]// :#= ////# /// :) //# / : [////¬# ///¬#] //¬ ':[ /¬# ¬ 1&:]2 /////////# //////// 2

[:93 /////[///¬ /////]//¬ '1$#/ //////¬[# /////¬]=+[#= ^/ ^

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]+3 =2/ -3:' [:#= -] vacat []:) 6] =1'/# )+/ =:[] ï:%# =1'/+ +/ ï3[#] 7

vacat [0+]) 0+ 0'$$ 0##!+# 06) [ ]':3+# #!+ ]/# ':)1/ ï3:-# !+% -3:ï' '-#= - vacat 9

. A. I 2 A, , 5 [ 6 7Gm]

2. 9 C, [ 0 L], 2 [ ]. V[g], 5 [6 L, ]7 [Sp,]. []9 20, < 2 > Sgtt[, 22 2 Cp]

, [ 2 25]

0 T pp t pgm tty mm W. K Pttt O. Ng, Te Calendars o Athens (Cmg MA: Hv Uvty P, 97), 6. I t H , t xt mt t A: vy t t t y, t A I A II.

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6 helen r. jacobus

5. A, 26 2[7 2] P[ 29 0]6. A. Vacat [I ] t t (t ) msbt gt7. [] t t pv, [ t ]t t

kg t pv,2[. . A t t A [ ], g, ty p

t[ vac]at 9. vacat I Gm t t, (t ) k m

t g m[(Eg tt g t G Sk)

. Background

A M W , t p tt Q tg t g t Gk tg Akk m tt. Pg ggt tt t Akk txt py mm t, tg t t t ty tt t t t 7t t BCE. It m p, pt t t pt mt, t t t m v t pt p.5

Y ggt t tt s ade (G Sk, “QZ-gy Btg ,” 26). F t p mg t -

g ]+3 =2/ . M. O. W, Tunder in Gemini and Other Essays on the History,Languages and Literature o Second emple Palestine (JSPSp 5; Sf: SfAm P, 99), 2–27. G Sk t pt tt samech, . “QZgy Btg ,” 26; U Stt-R ,extes Araméens de la Mer Morte (LACA 5; B: S, 2005), 26–2, . 65,67; K By t t t tt šin t 99 t kap t 200 t, . Die aramäischen exte: Ergänzungsband (Göttg:Vk & Rpt, 99), 2–9; By, Die aramäischen exte vom oten

Meer (Göttg: Vk & Rpt, 200), 2: 67–.2 G Sk g tt ] =1'/# ] =1'/#,

. G Sk, “QZgy Btg ,” 26; W ] t t tpym, Tunder in Gemini, 29–2; , By, Die aramäischenexte, 2: 67–.

G Sk, “QZgy Btg ,” 26. W, Tunder in Gemini, 2–, . 2, 29, , 6–9, 6, 7–50, 57, 5, 6, 66,

67, 69, 70, 7, 75, 77; R. Lt, Astrologumena Judaica: Untersuchungen zur Geschichteder astrologischen Literatur der Juden (üg: M Sk, 2006), –2.

5 D. Pg, “Atm Apt,” Ax t ., Qumran Cave 4. 26 ,270–272. H. Hg, Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings (Stt Av Ay; Hk: Hk Uvty P, 992), . xmp txt : , .–; 2: –5;: –6; : –; 9: 5–9 (I tk D J y t Bt Mm t t).

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. 4Q318: Babylonian Month-names

Am mt-m pp t pt-x k,6 5t ty BCE mt m Ept,7 t-t m P- ppy m W Dy. T StMptm C, t Mt y (v tmt v t y), t Mptm t ty BCE.9

I t t Q, t t txt t By mt-m m Qm Cv Q2 4QHistorical ext D (. 25 BCE) 2 2: &< (Svt)20 Q22 4QHistorical ext H? 2 5: ] 0 ï#<[%:] ï/+ [ ( M[]v).2 Q2 4QHistorical ext D 22– m t y t :

6 E 6:5; N :; 2:; Et 2:6; :7,7,; :9,2; 9:,5,7,9,20; Z :7; 7:.S S. St, “T By C t Ept,” Zeitschrif ür Papyrologie und Epigraphik 0 (2000): 59–7, 59 . ; idem, Calendar and Community: A Historyo the Jewish Calendar Second Century BCE–enth Century CE (Ox: OUP, 200),29 . .

7 B. Pt, Archives rom Elephantine (Bky: Uvty C P,96), 2–0, –, p. 9. S. St, “By C;” idem, Calendar and Community, 2–0; B. Pt A Y, ., extbook o Aramaic Documents

rom Ancient Egypt (2 v.; Jm: H Uvty, 99); J. C. VKm,Calendars in the Dead Sea Scrolls: Measuring ime (L: Rtg, 9), ;B. Pt, “T C Am xt m Am Ptm Egypt,”Irano-Judaica 2 (990): –2.

D. M. Gpp, Wadi Daliyeh II: Te Samaria Papyri rom Wadi Daliyeh (DJD2; Ox: C, 200), 5. Ppy t xtt pt-xtt tg m: WDSP . (20t A); 2.2 ([]t); .–2 ( Svt); .; 5.; 6. (0tSvt); 7.9 (5t A); .2–; 9.5–6; 0 t , 2; 2. 0–; .; 5.; 6.;7.–2, –9; .; 9.; 20.; 22.0–; J. Dšk, Les manuscrits araméens duWadi Daliyeh et la Samarie vers 450–332 av. J-C (L: B, 2007).

9 O. Ng, Te Exact Sciences in Antiquity (N Yk: Dv Pt,969), 7; J. Btt C. Wk, “Atmy Atgy Mptm,”

Astronomy Beore the elescope (. C. Wk; N Yk: St Mt’, 996), 2–67, 6; (9 y vt t 25 mt mp 2 y 2mt v y mt).

20 J. Ftmy, “2. QHt xt D,” Ax t ., Qumran Cave 4.26 , 2–26, 2 P. XVII; S. m J. B-Dv, “ Mišhmarot Lt(Q22–2) ‘Ht xt’ (Q22; Q–Q) Qm D-mt,” Birkat Shalom: Studies in the Bible, Ancient Near Eastern Literature, and Postbiblical Judaism Presented to Shalom M. Paul on the Occasion o his SeventiethBirthday (. C. C; W Lk IN: E, 200), 2: 927–92.

2 E. J. C. g, “22. QHt xt H?,” Wadi Daliyeh II: Te Sama-ria Papyri rom Wadi Daliyeh (DJD 2; . M. Gpp t .; Ox: C, 200),25–2, 27 P. XL.

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70 helen r. jacobus

[t] gv m mg t A[]2 [ t ]t St,22 t () [ ]

( ]!$ &<+ !3 ï<[=) [ ] t [t]tt2 t mt [ ]( ] ï<%̄ - ï' ï: ï<[3] #!< ï![) [ ] t t Sm (Sm) m[5 [ ] t t t[ ]6 [ ] Hy [ gt At]7 [ ] t t[ ]

(Q2 2, –7, tpt tt g t JpFtmy)2

T ppt -tg t Am mt-m ( 2) t 6-y tt ( )25 g-gt tt t m t t y t t, t, tt txt.26 T y mty txt t A-m mt-m: Q5D H, py m N H v27 (7–7 BCE, -t, t g-tmt).2

22 J. Ftmy, “QHt xt D,” 2–, P. XVII; m, B Dv, Gm, Qumran Cave 4. 16 , 2–, . S. m, “Wt’ C? CCmty C Ctvy At Jm: T C t ‘Cm-mty t R Cvt,” Te Bible and the Dead Sea Scrolls Vol. 2:

Te Dead Sea Scrolls and the Qumran Community (. J. H. Ct, W X:By Uvty P, 2006), 25–5, 0. m tt tt t By mt-m “y m” pp t D S S.

2 T tt ¤- ï' ï: ï<[3] “t” Ftmy, “QHt xt D,” 2.2 S Ftmy, “QHt xt D,” 2.25 M. G. Agg, “T C t Qm,” Judaism in Late Antiquity, Part

5: Te Judaism o Qumran. A Systemic Reading o Te Dead Sea Scrolls (. A. J.Avy-Pk t .; L: B, 200), : 5–7, p. 5–5; m, B Dv, Gm, Qumran Cave 4. 16 , –, 7–; J. B-Dv, Head o All Years: Studiesin the Qumran Calendars and Astronomy in their Ancient Context (SDJ 7; L:B, 200), , 5–.

26 It txt t By t tt v E ypt. T tt pt tt t t Qm t t tt t t t g mt t gp “mtm” Jm; , xmp, VKm, Calen-dars in the Dead Sea Scrolls, –6; m, “Wt’ C?,” 25–5.

27 H M. Ctt A Y, Aramaic, Hebrew, and Greek Documentaryexts rom Nah al H ever and Other Sites with an Appendix Containing Alleged Qum-ran exts (DJD 27; Ox: C, 997), 292–295, g. 29, P. LVI; . H. E,“Q, Q Q5: T Em Dmt m Qm Cv ?,” JJS 52 (200): 2–5. E g tt t mt m m Qm.

2 A. J. . J t ., “R Dtg S L Fgmt m tJ Dt,” Radiocarbon 7: (995), –9, 2. Q5: +#+ ( E)t, pp v, ; v, 0, Ctt Y, Aramaic,Hebrew, and Greek Documentary exts, 292–.

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At t, kg Q m tt t gy v 6-y y, tt Q t txt.29 Tty t pty y Mtt A, tt ttt “mt py 60-y ttt By Ht tgy,”0 U Gm. G Sk, 995 pp, t t DJD 6, tt t Q gy 60-y - tt “-t tt,” , g,t t gp t Qm t p txt Am 6 y.2

II. he Calendrical Scheme

T t pv tt Q g t mt mpy y M W, t tt g t y 60 y (t 6 y), t m g t . T t (g. ) t g tt mt ptt Q, y t m tk t y ttv g, t y g t xt g, t y t t g. T ptt pt vy mt.

T mt y, mg tt t m mv m -

t t t , t t xt t, m p tt xt t p. W t m mptg t t

29 W, Tunder in Gemini, 7–22; R. Em M. O. W, Te Dead SeaScrolls Uncovered (L: Pg, 99), 25–6.

0 M. A, “Hp t Qm S,” Te Dead Sea Scrolls Afer Fify Years (2 v.; . P. W. Ft J. C. VKm; L: B, 999), 2:279–0, p. 296–0, g. (29–9) 296 . 5; idem, “D Zk Q H-Atm,” MBFJFL 7 (99): –2; idem, Astronomie und Schöpungsglaube: Untersuchungen zum Astronomischen Henochbuch (WMAN 6;Nk-Vy: Nk Vg, 99), –7, 2–9.

U. Gm, “C t Qm S,” Ft VKm, .,Dead Sea Scrolls Afer Fify Years, 2: 2–27, p. 259–260.

2 J. C. G M. Sk, “A Atg xt m Qm (Q) Rt Sm Z Nm,” RevQ 6 (995): 507–25; G- Sk, “QZgy Btg ,” 270. U “Pv -,” G Sk t t t’ 995 pp y, “QZgy Btg ,” 259. A’ k , v, t, t M W’ tty t gy t tg Tunder in Gemini t t t .

W, Tunder in Gemini, 22. A tt Q g t 60-y g t mt, . A, “Hp t QmS,” 29–99; t W’ 6-y tt, ibid ., 297, 00,299 t.

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72 helen r. jacobus

t t, t p tg t t g tt t tv t tgg t mt g t t mt’ . H, t mp tg tt g y mt.

E mt g t t g g t g p t t - mt, xmp, N (M-Ap), t t mt, gt t A, t t g, t. T, t t g tv y t m ,t g t ( g. )— gt t ttmt p W Sk G.5

Wt Q, t p t tt t tt

t t t txt t tt t mt g tt t y t pg g. A, t2t mt, g t Fy t M, p tt g P. A t By , y t mtp t t t t y /5 t m. T m mvg tg t A tppt g t P, Vg. T mt gv t txt t Q VIII, 2–. T, k t t -t t m t pt t m t t t.I t mt y t gv t txt, t t mp tm t, t y g t mt y, tm . p t m vy pm.

A gy ggt y W, t Q g t m’ t t t , t t t .6

T Qm gy t g t m tt mt gv H t mt y. F xmp, Nv-m , 2007 (t t t ptt gv Bmgm),

W, Tunder in Gemini, –2.5 Sk G, “QZgy Btg ,” 26–5, . 9,.

Ty ttt t t t t t tt t MUL.APIN, y A, “D Zk,” 27–2. S , M. J. G, “N Dmt m tD S: By S Am,” Boundaries o the Ancient Near EasternWorld: A ribute to Cyrus H. Gordon (JSOSp 27; . M. Ltk t .; Sf:Sf Am P, 99), 22–229. Dv Pg’ tm xpt t, “Atm Apt,” Ax t ., Qumran Cave 4. 26 , 27 (t y ).

6 W, Tunder in Gemini, –2. W ty m t t t t t t E Hypt, ibid ., 2.

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F i g u r e 1 : 4 Q 3 1 8 Z o d i a c C a l e n d a r R e c o n s t r u c t e d ( e x t a n t f r a g s . c o l s . I V , 5 – 9 ; V I I , 1 – 9 ; V I I I , 1 – 6 )

N i s a n

( A r i e s )

M a r c h –

A p r i l

I y y a

r

( T a u

r u s )

A p r i l – M a y

S i v a n

( G e m i n i )

M a y –

J u n e

T a m m u z

( C a n c e r )

J u n e –

J u l y

A v ( L e o )

J u l y – A u g

E l u l

( V i r g o )

A u g –

S e p t

T i s h r i

( L i b r a )

S e p t – O c t

H e s h v a n

( S c o r p i o )

O c t –

N o v

K i s l e v

( S a g i t t )

N o v – D e c

T e v e t

( C a p r i c )

D e c –

J a n

S h e v a t

( A q u a r )

J a n –

F e b

A d a r

( P i s c e s )

F e b –

M a r

1

T a u r u s

G e m

i n i

C a n c e r

L e o

V i r g o

L i b r a

S c o r p i o

S a g i t t

C a p r i c

A q u a r

P i s c e s

A r i e s

2

T a u r u s

G e m

i n i

C a n c e r

L e o

V i r g o

L i b r a

S c o r p i o

S a g i t t

C a p r i c

A q u a r

P i s c e s

A r i e s

3

G e m i n i

C a n

c e r

L e o

V i r g o

L i b r a

S c o r p i o

S a g i t t

C a p r i c

A q u a r

P i s c e s

A r i e s

T a u r u s

4

G e m i n i

C a n

c e r

L e o

V i r g o

L i b r a

S c o r p i o

S a g i t t

C a p r i c

A q u a r

P i s c e s

A r i e s

T a u r u s

5

C a n c e r

L e o

V i r g o

L i b r a

S c o r p i o

S a g i t t

C a p r i c

A q u a r

P i s c e s

A r i e s

T a u r u s

G e m i n i

6

C a n c e r

L e o

V i r g o

L i b r a

S c o r p i o

S a g i t t

C a p r i c

A q u a r

P i s c e s

A r i e s

T a u r u s

G e m i n i

7

C a n c e r

L e o

V i r g o

L i b r a

S c o r p i o

S a g i t t

C a p r i c

A q u a r

P i s c e s

A r i e s

T a u r u s

G e m i n i

8

L e o

V i r g

o

L i b r a

S c o r p i o

S a g i t t

C a p r i c

A q u a r

P i s c e s

A r i e s

T a u r u s

G e m i n i

C a n c e r

9

L e o

V i r g

o

L i b r a

S c o r p i o

S a g i t t

C a p r i c

A q u a r

P i s c e s

A r i e s

T a u r u s

G e m i n i

C a n c e r

1 0

V i r g o

L i b r

a

S c o r p i o

S a g i t t

C a p r i c

A q u a r

P i s c e s

A r i e s

T a u r u s

G e m i n i

C a n c e r

L e o

1 1

V i r g o

L i b r

a

S c o r p i o

S a g i t t

C a p r i c

A q u a r

P i s c e s

A r i e s

T a u r u s

G e m i n i

C a n c e r

L e o

1 2

L i b r a

S c o r p i o

S a g i t t

C a p r i c

A q u a r

P i s c e s

A r i e s

T a u r u s

G e m i n i

C a n c e r

L e o

V i r g o

1 3

L i b r a

S c o r p i o

S a g i t t

C a p r i c

A q u a r

P i s c e s

A r i e s

T a u r u s

G e m i n i

C a n c e r

L e o

V i r g o

1 4

L i b r a

S c o r p i o

S a g i t t

C a p r i c

A q u a r

P i s c e s

A r i e s

T a u r u s

G e m i n i

C a n c e r

L e o

V i r g o

1 5

S c o r p i o

S a g i

t t

C a p r i c

A q u a r

P i s c e s

A r i e s

T a u r u s

G e m i n i

C a n c e r

L e o

V i r g o

L i b r a

1 6

S c o r p i o

S a g i

t t

C a p r i c

A q u a r

P i s c e s

A r i e s

T a u r u s

G e m i n i

C a n c e r

L e o

V i r g o

L i b r a

1 7

S a g i t t

C a p r i c

A q u a r

P i s c e s

A r i e s

T a u r u s

G e m i n i

C a n c e r

L e o

V i r g o

L i b r a

S c o r p i o

1 8

S a g i t t

C a p r i c

A q u a r

P i s c e s

A r i e s

T a u r u s

G e m i n i

C a n c e r

L e o

V i r g o

L i b r a

S c o r p i o

1 9

C a p r i c

A q u

a r

P i s c e s

A r i e s

T a u r u s

G e m i n i

C a n c e r

L e o

V i r g o

L i b r a

S c o r p i o

S a g i t t

2 0

C a p r i c

A q u

a r

P i s c e s

A r i e s

T a u r u s

G e m i n i

C a n c e r

L e o

V i r g o

L i b r a

S c o r p i o

S a g i t t

2 1

C a p r i c

A q u

a r

P i s c e s

A r i e s

T a u r u s

G e m i n i

C a n c e r

L e o

V i r g o

L i b r a

S c o r p i o

S a g i t t

2 2

A q u a r

P i s c

e s

A r i e s

T a u r u s

G e m i n i

C a n c e r

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2 3

A q u a r

P i s c

e s

A r i e s

T a u r u s

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2 4

P i s c e s

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s

T a u r u s

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2 5

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s

T a u r u s

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S a g i t t

C a p r i c

A q u a r

2 6

A r i e s

T a u r u s

G e m i n i

C a n c e r

L e o

V i r g o

L i b r a

S c o r p i o

S a g i t t

C a p r i c

A q u a r

P i s c e s

2 7

A r i e s

T a u r u s

G e m i n i

C a n c e r

L e o

V i r g o

L i b r a

S c o r p i o

S a g i t t

C a p r i c

A q u a r

P i s c e s

2 8

A r i e s

T a u r u s

G e m i n i

C a n c e r

L e o

V i r g o

L i b r a

S c o r p i o

S a g i t t

C a p r i c

A q u a r

P i s c e s

2 9

T a u r u s

G e m

i n i

C a n c e r

L e o

V i r g o

L i b r a

S c o r p i o

S a g i t t

C a p r i c

A q u a r

P i s c e s

A r i e s

3 0

T a u r u s

G e m

i n i

C a n c e r

L e o

V i r g o

L i b r a

S c o r p i o

S a g i t t

C a p r i c

A q u a r

P i s c e s

A r i e s

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7 helen r. jacobus

p t Mv 20, ty y t J. Ag t Q, t m’ pt t Mv (Hv) 9, 20 2, L ( g. ). I mpm, t x y Ptmy mt2,000 y g, ( t tk p t t), tm t L Nvm , 2007.7

F Q t t, ggt tt m m ty’- H my v t t t t tt t m t t 60-y y9 t - gmt t txt. T Q ty

tgt t y: t , t m, t t (t )t g, ppt .

W t y pt t t t 6-y ym g t m,0 t t m, tt vty,2 g t k t m, t60-y Q g t t t v.

III. Evidence or Zodiac Calendars in Antiquity

S m t tt m tt:

. t m tk mt tty y t tv tg t g (t ) m t t t t xt mt’ tt, t y t tv g

7 N. F. M R. Pttg, Te American Ephemeris or the 21st Century2000–2050 at Noon (xp 2 .; S Dg: ACS, 996).

Extv mp ttg t Q t H - t t t’ PD . (Uvty Mt, tmg).Rt tg t ty y.

9 L Bk-B, “T 60-Dy Y Mptm,” Calendars and Years: Astronomy and ime in the Ancient Near East (. J. St; Ox: Ox Bk,

2007), –00, p. 9–96, 9.0 M. G. Agg J., “D Ay Ry K Wt m It I: A R-Exmt Q50 Lgt Q7,” Te Provo International Conerence on the Dead SeaScrolls: echnological Innovations, New exts and Reormulated Issues (. D. W. Py E. U; L: B, 999), 96–06.

m, B Dv, Gm, Qumran Cave 4. 16 , .2 J. B-Dv W. Ht, “T By L T C S

m Qm,” ZA 95 (2005): 0–20. M. O. W, “S Tgt 9#, t Qm Syt C-

,” Pursuing the ext (JSOSp ; . J. C. Rv J. Kmp; Sf:Sf Am P, 99), 9–20; W, Tunder in Gemini, 20–2.

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2. tt t tk y t tv tg t mtt tv g g (t ).

Z xt t G-Rm G-By m t t t ty BCE t t t t t ty BCE. T g t vy t t t t tm t tty. I p y vg H-t J ty , Ht mty ,Ht pgp pt txt, Ht pgptt, Mptm .

. Philo

P (. 20 BCE–50 CE) pv t xpt t k. T mp tm t( k m) t pp Jp’ m (G7: 9–), Dreams 2.2–:

W, t tt t pp t tt t Z, t g-t t v ( μ . . .), m t tt t tv g (), zodia () “t,” m t tk t m. T m ( ), ty y, v vv g

t () [zodia] p tg t g, tgt t t mv t t m p, t t t m m: t tkg tty y (μ ), tm t t (μ) tt tm, tt , t y (μ μ). H, t, tt v-t v, mt tt t v t m m , t gm t t (), t mpt t t ( μ ).

P t t (Spec. Laws 2.2) xp-t t t t t N M tvnoumenia ( μ), t t, (Spec. Laws2.2–2):

. . . t m tv t t x p t y tvy y. (. . . μ ). F t mp tt vt t p g mt, t, t t t, tm t t t ttg pt t t g. . . . 5

P, Dreams 2.2– (t. C Wtk, LCL).5 P, Spec. Laws 2.2 (t. C Wtk, LCL).

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76 helen r. jacobus

T pp m tt t pt t t vy t tt tm. P t t xp-g t t Ex 2:2, tt t y g t tpg x t A (QE .):

F ty t Rm, t t ( . . . ), t t pp t p t v x.6 (.Jp. Ant . 2, ).

H t t tm t x Creation .6:

T , t, t gt t y, gg t t x y, pg tm, t pg x t tt t Rm () tm x tt t S () . . .7

T pp g t m t xpt y Gm tt tt Gk - t y mt k- y t m t y k y t t. T pt t t t x (t tequot ), , t mt, , ggt P’ ttmt mgy.

I Moses 2.29 t gty pg tg t gmt t Hg Pt t t m ( Moses 2.22–26), P t

tt t tv gm t pty tpt pt t g t , g t p t t t y.

. . . t [tv] t ( ) t t t, m , tt t t, t ty gy t t ( )? F tt , v t pt, ttt y t g () t t y—pg, mm, tm, t—t, t tt ( , ) tm y t g ( ), m k t y t

6 P, QE , Qt (t. M, LCL).7 P, Creation 6 (t. C Wtk, LCL). J. Ev J. Lt Bgg, Geminos’s Introduction to the Phenomena: A

ranslation and Study o a Hellenistic Survey o Astronomy (Pt: Pt U- vty P, 2006), 76–7 (VIII. 5).

9 P, On Abraham. On Joseph. On Moses (t. C, LCL).

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vt t ( ) . . .50 (. Jp, Ant . .6,).

I m v, P t t t t ,tt mtg mt, t t t M t mp(Ex 25: –0),5 QE 2, Qt, 76, 77:

(Qt 76) [Ex 25: H.]: At t y t mpt (t ) tg t g ()52 H “mxg ”. . . . F xmp t pg (t ) A,, Gm; g, t mm, C, L, Vg; t tm, L, Sp, Sgtt; t t, Cp,

A, P. A H k t m t t gt t t . . .5 (. Jp, Ant . .2; J .W . 5.27, ).5

(Q. 77) [Ex 25: –6 H.]: E ttt t y tg t g (),55 [Q.76, v], t mpt pt t t y, .56

A tgg t g t t P’ Creation 60; P’ mmty G :–7, - t t t, t , t m tmg g,, y, mt y (Creation 55–6) ppt tt tt t y 60 y, v m 2 mt 0 y,

. Creation 60:T vy t t m tm: t y g vt , m t t , tt y mt y ttt . . . F t y m“,” t t, “t,” t t, “t,” t mt “tty”( μ ), t y ( ) t mvt t t y m p tv mt ( μ) . . .57

50 P, On Moses, 2.2 (t. C, LCL); . t tt y Yg, t x t, C. D. Yg, Te Works o Philo (Py MA:Hk, 200), 50.

5 P, QE 2, Qt 7– 22–, p.52 P, QE 2 (t. M, LCL). Qt 76, 25 . c.5 P, QE 2 (t. M, LCL). Qt 76, 25.5 P, QE 2 (t. M, LCL); R. M, “T Am t

P’ Qt Gm t Exm,” JBL 9. (90): 6–6.55 P, QE 2 (M, LCL), 27 . e.56 P, QE 2 (t. M, LCL). Qt 77, 27.57 P, Creation .60 (t. C Wtk, LCL).

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7 helen r. jacobus

E, P vty, t-y t t t.

(QE , Qt.) [Ex 2: 2]: Bt t (pp) tt t mt y k, t m y m t. Sm k y t , t y t m. A t, t tt tv tv v xp vgt v t t gg t y . . . W (Spt) , “T mt ( ) ty t gg,” . . .5

It mt pt t P y tgt tt t Ex 2:2 ppy t pp,59 g t

pm tg pt y t gp J.

I m, P ty m t t t ; my v k 60-y y, t t tv mty y t m, , ty y t .

. Josephus

I t J tt, t t g t t t t P Jp.60 A tv, mt Jp’ t t t

m t t P. Atg Jp (7–.00 CE) k P, t py t tg, tm .

Jp t t t t J, -, t tt N, t t mt t y, -p t t M mt Xt/Xk:6

5 P, QE (t. M, LCL), –5.59 C. P, QE (M, LCL), 5 . b.60 J. K, Purity, Sacrice, and the emple: Symbolism and Supersessionism in

the Study o Ancient Judaism (Ox: OUP, 2006), 25–2. C. Ex 2 LXX; S5: 6–; Letter o Aristeas, 96–99 N. Fá M, “Rtt B Imtt? T Vtmt t Hg Pt,” Studies in the Hebrew Bible, Qumranand the Septuagint Presented to Eugene Ulrich (VSp 0; . P. W. Ft, E. v J. C. VKm; L: B, 2006), 2–6.

6 A. E. Sm, Greek and Roman Chronology: Calendars and Years in Classical Antiquity (HA I,7; Mü: C. H. Bk, 972), 9–5. T M g - t t ty CE; St ggt tt Jp g v t t J mt ty, Calendar and Com-munity, 7–.

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μ , ’ μ , — . . .

I t mt Xt, t N gt y, t tt y y kg, t g t A, . . .62

Lk P, Jp mpy t t txt tt-tg mg ymm t t t pty vt-mt; v, Ant. .6, Jp t t gm t pt t () mt y6 t tv g t :

μ , μ , , . . .

A t tv t, t p t tm tmt t tt k m, t Gk t t . . .6

Bt Jp P t t tv v t t t (Lv 2:6). Ag t Jp t v vty pt t t mg m t pttxt. I J.W. 5.27, t g t t t y Ant . .2 t v t t t mt (. P,Heir 75–6):

J.W. 5.27: . . . t v t t, tv m, t t Z t y ( ’ ).65

Ant . .2: Ag, y pg p t t t tv v, g- tt t y v t my [] mt (μ) . . .66

T t pt t v pg tt t P: g t J.W. 5.27 t v pt g t t v t M (. P’ QE 2,Qt 75 7); my, Ant . .2 t t

62 Jp, Ant . .2 (t. Tky, LCL).6 E, Jp mp tt t J : Ant . 2.;

.20; .2; .7; ., St, Calendar and Community, 22 . 97, 5.6 Jp, Ant . .6 (t. Tky, LCL).65 Jp, J.W . 5.27 (Tky, LCL).66 Jp, Ant . .2 (Tky, LCL), Bk –, 0, . a; ibid., 0 . c

§ 5.

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0 helen r. jacobus

M (. P QE 2, Qt 75–79) t mtp-y xpty tg.

. Ovid

Bt t mt Ov’ Fasti. Ov(. BCE) mpt t ty Rm m, m tgy pt Rm, tg t J C (Fasti, . 99–66).H tt t pt Rm 0 mt.67 T, pp t v k tt t tk 2 mtt tv t tt t m v t m t mt.

W t t . . . tt t () g t t tv- tg g y, t t t tv gmt? T t t mk tgt ty; yt vyy g tt ty g.6

It tty tt t J (t g Ov’ -tm 6–5 BCE) .69 Yt, Ov t t t t pgm k t t tm. Vt-v, t Rm t, tt g, xp t On Architecture, pt t Agt t m-20 BCE, t tm . H ,

I t , tt t t m tt tm tv mt, t m t y t m m mt.70

67 T y tt t vy y Rm 0 y, -tg 0 mt: Ap, J, Sxt, Sptm, Nvm Dm 0 y, M, My, Qt Ot, y (Sm, Greek and RomanChronology, 67–70; R. H, Greek and Roman Calendars: Constructions o imein the Classical World [L: Dkt, 2005], 9–00). T Lt mt-mm Qt t Dm t mt’ m pt t - y gg M (Fasti : 9–5).

6 Ov , Fasti .05–2 (F, LCL). F t tt Ov g t “Ap D, t m, t g t .” 2 . c.

69 B Bk L. H-Stv, Te Oxord Companion to the Year (Ox: OUP, 999), 67.

70 t m Vtv, On Architecture 9..6, . Vitruvius: en Books on Architecture (t. I. D. R; ., I. D. R . N. H; Cmg:CUP, 999), 0.

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4q318: a jewish zodiac calendar

. Era Dionysios

A , E Dy, ttt gt t t Ptmy’ Almagest (m-2 ty CE).7 T , py gt Ax,72 v 5-y p t t ty BCE. It g t mm t, t mt t g y t -gy Ptmy I St Pp Ptmy II, 25 BCE. T t t 2 BCE, g t g Ptmy III Egt (26–222BCE). It, t, p t gt kg.7

Ptmy t m t t Dy , mpg t E y m, y mt t y t -pg g.7 I v t t t py t t g.

W t py t t t t m gt t , t y’ g.

J t t ttmt y t t tt t t tg t ’ pt t mt t (t v ), tg pt tt Ptmy m my v t t Dy t y.75 J -

7 G. J. m, Ptolemy’s Almagest (L: Dkt, 9), –, 50, 5,52, 6, 6, 502, 505 . 67, 522 ( Almagest 9.7, 9.0, 0.9, .).72 A 9t–0t ty t Almagest , tt y A. J “A Py

Amgt S,” Centaurus 5 (200): 69–7, 70–7, tt: “Dy, m Ax, m pt mg t mt m t m t ptt g, tt Hy t m M g tt Ax , t t A (Hy); tm t mg mt.” (S t Almagest 9.7, txt ).(T pt ppg mt t pg g ttt m txt t m p, ).

7 A. J, “Ptmy’ At Pty Ovt,” Annals o Sciences 6(2006): 2–290, 25 . 7. T -gy py t Dm , 25 BCE; Ptmy I 22 BCE, N C, Te Library o

Alexandria and the Bible in Greek (L: B, 2000), 2–2.7 S A. J, “O Gk St Z Dt-Rkg,” St,

., Calendars and Years, 9–67, p. 50, 62–6; B. L. v W, “Gk Atm C III: T C Dy,” Archive or the History o Exact Sciences 29:2 (9): 25–0. V W tt tt t gt t mm t, t C (J 26–2 = 25 BCE) 5 6 pgm- y t t Gm ( t t y, xt y my v vy t y t mpt t 65-y Egypt t t y t t t y). O. Ng, A Historyo Ancient Mathematical Astronomy, Part 3 ( v; SHMPS ; B: Spg, 975),066–7; Sm, Greek and Roman Chronology, 50– . 6.

75 J, “Py,” 7.

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2 helen r. jacobus

t t y t t, t - :

Dy m t tv mt, tty y, y t- m t tv g, k (m) t ym t g t t ppxmty m mt . . .(S t Almagest .; txt 2).76

I J’ v, t Dy v x pgm- y t t t y77 tt mg tmt m m t t v t ppgmt (), t pt. I t , t mt vy m 29 t 2 y, t t g mt t m-m, mp 65-y y.7

Ev J t, t pp t Dy(ty, t y t t) t t ,gy, t t p t t g t t, my v m, v t Q t t t t g t m pt y.

. Parapegmata

Ag t Ev Bgg ppgm “(t )tt pmt t k t tm y y t vt tt.”79 t v m t t.0 D-t ppgmt vy. T pty my t typ ppgmt xt tty (.g. mty txt, tt, t t pmt- pg g tp t t). Ppgmt my py t ’ ppx-mt pt t ; t gt t , tgt y gt, t g ttg tt t.

76 J, “Py,” 7; “Gk St Z Dt Rkg,” 60,6.

77 J, “Ptmy’ At Pty Ovt,” 29, t v.7 J, “Gk St Z Dt Rkg,” 6; “Py,” 27–9.79 Ev Bgg, Geminos’s Introduction, 2.0 L , Ancient Meteorology (L: Rtg, 200), 5–2, 7–. I t tmy, t gt ygt t t

tt g v t t t gv tm tt;t t t t tm, t mpt p, J. Ev,

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4q318: a jewish zodiac calendar

Ty t tv, v t gtt, mtm t t m t (mty ).2

Lx t t xtt ppgmt ppty tg -t t ty t ytm tt y t , t -ty BCE Gk tm, Ex, Etm, Mt, Cpp. T tm ty t tt ppgmt. I tt t J, Lx tt tppgmt t t ytm. T

y t t t p t ; v, tg ppgmt t mpt pt t k-g t Q, pty ty k t v m- t tg, .

. Parapegma with a Lost Brontologion

T t ty Oxord Parapegma (C. B , . 2–2 v) t tg m t tt ttt y Q.5 Tt txt pp t t mt y, .. F-y, t A.6 T y t mt t

Te History and Practice o Astronomy (Ox: OUP, 99), 95–99, 09–25; F- Rg, “A By Rg m Sm N- Atmxt,” Studies in the History o the Exact Sciences in Honour o David Pingree (.C. Btt t .; L: B, 99), 56–9; eadem, Te Heavenly Writing: Divination,Horoscopy, and Astronomy in Mesopotamian Culture (Cmg: CUP, 200), 2.

2 Dy Lx, Astronomy, Weather and Calendars in the Ancient World:Parapegmata and Related exts in Classical and Near-Eastern Societies (Cmg:CUP, 2007).

Lx, Astronomy, 72–7; 97. A. Rm, “D Ppgm Ektm,” Griechische Kalender II (Stgt Hg Akm W- pp-t K ; . F. B; Hg, 9), 2–; B. L. v W, “Gk Atm C I: T Ppgm Etm,” Archive or the History o Exact Sciences 29:2 (9): 0–; A. B B. R.Gt, “Mt At Atmy t F Cty BCE,” A Scien-tic Humanist: Studies in Memory o Abraham Sachs (O Pt tSm N Km F 9; . E. Lty t .; Pp: Uvty Py- v Mm, 9), 5–6; A. J, “Ptmy’ At Pty Ovt,”27; idem, “Z Dt Rkg,” 56–62, 6.

Lx, Astronomy, 77–9, –.5 T mpt t y N. G. W t 250–20, . “A Byt M-

y: MS B ,” Jahrbuch der Österreichischen Byzantinistik 27(97): 57–79. My tk t C H D B Bk-B t B- Ly, Ox, t t.

6 Lx, Astronomy, 6, 92–99 (tg, 92, tt, 96).

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helen r. jacobus

g t t J y-m Agt,7 t txt tm ( tg), t-p t tt p t t t g txt.

T g xtt m t ppgm, J t, t t tg:

Rg ttg t x t.Fy: g t t Gk, Pt. Ag t t Egypt,M . . .26. T t t k , t ty .

A t pp. (T mt [Fy]) tt t

tt A. T gt , t y .T mt, t m A: t t, t g- t t, mg m, g t p, t tt m . Ag tEx, my tm. Wt g. Dtt t. I t tk, t g t.

Wtk Lx t t g ppgm t 5 CE t txt’ -t t Egypt N Y t Agt 20 tJ .9 T ppgm t t ty Agt Sptm 2, t tm x; Wtk t t txt A M t ty Agt fy t.90 Hv, Agt CE t ty

m t m y, t my tt t ppgm tt v t y t t.

T Ox tg mt t 2v Spp. G. 9, 6t ty mpt m t Btè Nt, P, t t t Q y G Sk, Dv P-g M W.9 Ag t G Sk tP gy tg “ v g m

7 Bk H-Stv, Te Oxord Companion to the Year , 67. Lx, Astronomy, 6, 92–99.9 Lx, Astronomy, 9 . 20; S. Wtk, “A N Gk C F-

tv t S,” JRS (9): 7–2, p. 9–0. T Egypt N Y t-m y t g S (St) tk ,60 y t t t t tt t y, Tt , Jy 9 t J . A t k tt St y mpt 9 CE, t p t k t Jy t ppgm m t t tt Tt t txt.

90 Wtk, “N Gk C,” 9–0.9 G Sk, “QZgy Btg ,” 270 . 0; Pg,

“Atm Apt,” Ax t ., Qumran Cave 4. 26 , 27–2, 27 . 5;W, Tunder in Gemini, 5. T Gk mpt t y P. Bx,Catalogus Codicum Astrologorum Graecorum . (B: Lmt, 92), 9–7.

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tt” t Q,92 W t t “tt t tt Qm txt.”9

Pg g tt t Am tg gy Q mgt t t.9 H pt pg -g tt m ttt t t mty t Q t P mpt tg t gy.

T P t Ox tg t mt Ex ; (t P tg t m t Egypt[], By [] C [] tt [] t pt).

T Ox tg pp t txt ppgmmtg t ’ pt pg tt, t P MS ( t Q), t tg m, t .95

P t t pt Lx’ k t mpt Oxppgm (t t tg) vty k, tt-m pp mv m t ppgm t p 952.96 Atg t txt’ tt t D S S, Lx pty t Wtk’ - t x t tg, :

It t tt t mt m t xpt

tg () t t t xpt ‘p’ppgm. Nvt, ppgmt x tg, t tt t mt y g t t t - t txt y pyt. F m g t txt, t pyt mp y txt m tt. T tEx pty tty. Utty, y v t typ ty t mt Fy.97

W v tv t t Qm tg tgm t y t ty CE pvg t ppt t Y’

92 G Sk, “QZgy Btg ,” 270 . 0 (-tty, ty t p t tt y A. Wt).

9 W, Tunder in Gemini, 5.9 Pg, “Atm Apt,” Ax t ., Qumran Cave 4. 26 , 27.95 Pg, “Atm Apt,” Ax t ., Qumran Cave 4. 26 , 27.96 T ppgm t y S. Wtk, Catalogus Codicum Astrologorum

Graecorum 9. (B: Lmt, 952), 2–7; Wtk t mt ttg t, “N Gk C,” 7–2. (Iy, W t tt Tunder in Gemini, 0 . 90). Lx, Astronomy, 92– . 95.

97 Lx, Astronomy, 92–, . 95.

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6 helen r. jacobus

pp t Q. T y p mpt Oxppgm m tt t t Ht tt t tg t pg txt. Q, t, pt tt tt.

g. Other Parapegmata

T t ppgm, t G-Egypt ppy P.Hibeh 27 9 t t . 00 BCE; t t t g t t Egypt - t v g,99 t g ttg, t mtmt t t y gt gt, t t y.

A t tmpy t t Dy t ggttt t tt vpg m tt m t tm Ptmy I St (05–22 BCE) .

Miletus I t y xtt pt ppgm t t.00 Ogtg m G, t mptvy t t, 0–09 BCE. T pmt pg, t ptt t g ttg, , t t t t g.

T ty BCE Gk ppy m Egypt P.Rylands. 5890 xtmy ttg t t t k 25-y Egypt

t t ’ pt t , ppt m, t pg - y (g ty mt), t (29 0-y) mt.

Ng t t t . t mm 0 BCE, t t g y (t t v-y ) Ptmy VIPmt. It tm —t pt t t t x— t t 00 BCE.

9 B. P. G A. S. Ht, Te Hibeh Papyri, Part 1 (L: Egypt Exp-t Sty, 906), –57, p. 0; Lx, Astronomy, 5–, 27–22; Ev,History and Practice o Ancient Astronomy, 20–. P.H 27 IV–XIV.

99 J, “Ptmy’ At Pty Ovt,” 27.00 Lx, Astronomy, 0–, 7–0. Mt I v. 56 B; idem, “T Mt

Ppgm Fgmt,” ZPE 52 (2005): 25–0; H. D A. Rm, “Ppg-mgmt Mt,” Sitzungsberichte der königlich preussischen Akademie der Wissenschafen, philosophisch-historische Klasse 2 (90): 92–; H. D, “Z M Kgmt,” ibid., 266–.

0 E. G. O. Ng, “Gymm Dt F M,” Bulletino the John Rylands Library 2 (99): 0–96. Fmy P.Ry 666. (T ppy t t t ). Lx, Astronomy, 79–0, 7–77. P.Ry. 59,IX, g ; X, g ; X, g 5; XI, g 5; XI, g 6; XII, g 6.

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Cmmtg t t t mt t t g Ng v tt t mpt t mt y ( t tg t Egypt 65 y y y ppxmty y vy y):

T v t pt t t tt t t t t g y t tt v pt tt-v t.02

Ng’ vt t Q: t t , t m, t v m.

. Hellenistic Epigraphic Artiact

T ’ t-k g mm, Te Antikythera Mecha-nism, t Gk “ mpt” y Dk J. S P, t t t t m ty t.0 H t t mm, t my tm -t t tgt t t t Egypt ,0 t. 0 BCE.

P’ gy p y m v tgy t t k M. . Wgt (t tt A. G. Bmy)05 t k t tt Atkyt

Mm Pt tm; t tt v ty p t p-my g.06

T m, v y ppt m t v m y g t p Hpp(90–26 BCE), -t t 50–00 BCE t tpgp ty t gv Gk ttg.07 T gt t

02 Ng, “Gymm Dt,” –.0 D. J. S P, Gears rom the Greeks: Te Antikythera Mechanism—A Cal-

endar Computer rom ca. 80 BC (APS 6:7; Pp: APS, 97), –70 (p. y S Hty Pt, N Yk, 975); idem, “A At Gk Cmpt,”Scientic American 200: 6 (J 959): 60–67.

0 T Egypt tm pp y t Gk, O.Ng, Te Exact Sciences in Antiquity, 95.

05 M. . Wgt, “T Atkyt Mm R,” InterdisciplinaryScience Review 2: (2007): 27–.

06 . Ft t ., “Dg t At Gk Atm Ct K t Atkyt Mm,” Nature (Nv 2006): 57–59; N. Ktm,“Dg t Atkyt Mm,” Astronomy Now 2: (2007): 2–.

07 Ag t Cm Kt, Dt Emt t EpgpMm, At, Ft t ., “Dg,” k t Sppmty Nt 2

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helen r. jacobus

py t t . T , x, t Gk t 60 v: XHAI (Cē), L, vt t k y t t tt []NO[N] Pt(Vg) vy ty, t t mgg, KOPIO (Sp) .0 T t g, g t mv, gv t t Egypt mt-m Gk tt t pg y, gp 0.

Ag t Wgt, t py mgt v t mpt Egypt t t, .09 T ttg t gt t y txt t

D S S. I Wgt t, t v t mm Qm ggt p ppt t pt t tm, -t m, t -t v ytm pvt t g. I y vt, t At-kyt Mm ttt t ytm m G.

. Evidence rom Mesopotamia

T tp t vpmt tmy t G,Egypt Mptm m t t t t t BCEt t t y xpt. T v tt t t tm m Mptm t G

t t t t y .0

(gyp pt). ttp://.t.m/t//v/79/pp/t0557.tm

0 Ktm, “Dg,” 0; P, Gears, 7–.09 M. . Wgt, “Ctg Mt Y: T Upp Bk D t

Atkyt Mm,” Bulletin o the Scientic Instrument Society 7 (Dm2005): –. Idem, “Utg t Atkyt Mm,” Proceedings o the2nd International Conerence on Ancient Greek echnology, Athens, 17–21 October,2005 (At: Mty Mm, 2006), 9–60.

0 A. S, “By Hp” JCS 6 (952): 7–7; O. Ng A. S, “T ‘Dktm’ By Atgy,” AO 6 (952–5): 65–66;J. St, “Gk I By Atmy?” Mediterranean Archaeol-ogy and Archeometry Sp I 6. (2006): 5–60; F Rg, TeHeavenly Writing , –6, 5–20, 2–2; A. J, “Ev By At-mt Sm Gk Atmy,” Die Rolle der Astronomie in den Kulturen

Mesopotamiens (GMS ; . H D. Gt; G: m-Dk & VggmH, 99), 77–9; G. J. m, “Hpp By Atmy,” AScientic Humanist: Studies in Memory o Abraham Sachs (O Pt t Sm N Km F 9; . E. Lty t .; Pp: Uvty Mm, 9), 5–62.

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T pp t tp t t Q -gy gp By txt, my p Uk By t t y tty BCE. T t t micro-zodiac, ttv g t v g t 2 g.

Am S mg t t t ty t m-tg m t yt tt tm. T m- tkv m m t v m pp: tg,tm . S’ txt, CL 6 . (AO 6)2 k t t t t mpt p Uk g

t S , By t S A .

T tt g t pt t m xg -

g p t m’ t mt: Lt Qt, Dk M, Ft Qt, F M, Dk M (Ov –). T t tg m ( 7–2). T t -v A t m- pt A; t -v t t t g t , g t P (–9). E -v t g p t t y t 0-y mt mt ( 0).

T pt pt g t t m- my t t t p t’ t t v ty t v (Ov 22–25). Wt t ty t tg t m- A g t t-g m ( 2–9), S mmt:

Sp t m- S, “By Hp;”Ng S, “Dktm;” F Rg-Ht, “Emt t By Ctt t Ht Atgy,” JAOS 0: (9): 57–60;E R, Astral Magic in Mesopotamia (Pp: APS, 995), –7; U.K-Wt, Mesopotamian Astrology: An Introduction to Babylonian and

Assyrian Celestial Divination (Cpg: Mm m, 995), 65–70;H. Hg D. Pg, Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia (L: B, 999), 29;L Bk-B J. St, “By Mtmg: Mtmt At-m-Atg xt,” Btt t ., ., Studies in the History o the Exact Sciences, 95–2; F Rg, “A By Rg m Sm” B-tt t ., ., Studies in the History o the Exact Sciences, 56–9; H. Hg, “H tMk t G Spk: A Lt By t Rt t t M,” AS 27(2007): –5; E. F. W, “Gt-Dtg y t,”Sitzungsberichte der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaf, philosophisch-histo-rische Klasse 25: 2 (967): –5: p. , 5, 6, 9, 0 (VA 77 + AO 6) B. L. v W, “D Z xt (VA 75 76),” ibid ., 50–52.

2 S, “By Hp,” 65–75. S, “By Hp,” 72 . 5.

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90 helen r. jacobus

O pty—, v, t vy ky— tt -g t ty tg m t mt pt tm pm, my, t mt t m tgt . Spy, t txt mgt yg tt tt t t m t t gg A, t m p tg t t g 0 y, mg g t 2½ y, t ty A t p 0 y.

S’ tptt my v ppt m t Ht txt v. H mmt m tt tt ttt t Q . A tt

t Qm m- g t t- t-y mt gmt (t t y).Ftm, xpty pg vv Q y pt t gy xt.

. Mesopotamian Zodiac Calendars

Aygt v v t m- txt t t y t m gp: t Dodekatemoria t Kalendertexte (- txt). Ittgy, t txt tt k , p. I tt m t By tg tm txt t mt-m t m t mt t t g.5

I t Kalendertexte t mt-m pt t mt-m t g, xmp: I = N, A; II = Iyy, . T m tt t g t t g. I t Dodekatemoria mt-m pt t -pg g, xmp Av = L.6

Rgt t . ggt tt t “ t t t p-m t t v t 60-y y t tv 0-y mt t t v 60° t tv 0° g,

S, “By Hp,” 7.5 Hg Pg, Astral Sciences, 7; Bk-B St , “By

Mtmg,” 95–2.6 Bk-B St , “By Mtmg,” 0, 02; L Bk-

B H. Hg, “T By Z: Spt t Ivt Sg,” Centaurus (999): 20–29, 2; L Bk-B, “T Pt t M, t Rg Pt t S, t O Gt C t CtSp,” Centaurus 5 (200): 6–, 25; R, Astral Magic, –6.

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t g t By .”7 V W g tt g, t t t 5t ty, mt t -p t mt, t t tt t .

I t Kalendertexte t m’ tg t p-t mtmt ptt, py t mk t t m t-tg.9 I t txt, t m’ pt pt y 277° pt;20 t Dodekatemoria gp, t tvy ° t xt.2

W t Kalendertext p v, mt -

tv 0-y mt 60-y y mg: “ t t mt p ty t pt t.”22

Bk-B St xg t m t Kalendertexte t t t m t Dodekatemoria txt p t ty Dodekatemoria scheme tg ty . Tm gv t pt t m t 60–y y.2

I vt t t Dodekatemoria scheme k gt mt-m g, t t gy mt t Q gy (. g 2). O t tt, kCL 6 . (AO 6) v, t Dodekatemoria scheme

7 N. A. Rgt, J. M. St, C. B. F. Wk, “A Lt By N-m Ziqpu St xt,” Archive or the History o the Exact Sciences 5 (200):57–572, p. 55–552; Bk-B, “T Pt t M,” 7, 2–26; R-g, Te Heavenly Writing , 29–0; Gm, “C t Qm S,”259–260; A, “Hp t Qm S,” 00 . 6; G Sk, “QZgy Btg ,” 26.

B. L. v W, “Hty t Z,” AO 6 (952): 26–20, 22.9 Bk-B St, “By Mtmg,” 2. t Kalen-

dertexte, p t t tm, m m p t -t 5t ty BCE tt. T t t k Kalendertexte, t t t t t, t y 2 ty BCE (95, 05).

20 Bk-B St, “By Mtmg,” 9, 02, 2; Bk-B- Hg, “T By Z,” 2; R, Astral Magic, –5; St“Gk I?,” . Hg Pg, Astral Sciences, 29–0; W, “Gt-Dtg,” 50–52.

2 Bk-B St , “By Mtmg,” 02; Ng S, “Dktm,” 52–.

22 Bk-B St , “By Mtmg,” 02, 05.2 Bk-B St , “By Mtmg,” 06–9, py 5

.

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92 helen r. jacobus

g A t Qm txt g g .2

Uk CL 6 . (AO 6), t m t tv t 2 g t y t Dodekatemoria scheme.Rt, k Q, t mv tg t g t t y tv. Hv, t t t y gmt ttt tDodekatemoria scheme m tt Q.25

At mptt tt t Dodekatemoria scheme t g t t m t t g tt y. T t g t

Qm txt.T Dodekatemoria scheme g t ° A, y °

t y, t m mt t m.T ggt tt t txt g t 2 - t, ° gt t m m t , tt t t v.26

T mp tt t t k m 0° A t gg t . T ttg pt 0° A tgg, t ggt tt By g t tp ( t pg x p t 0° A), ytm ttt t Hpp (. . 50–20 BCE).27 H k-g By tmy -ttt, tg t p tm k.2

2 I tk D. Jt B-Dv t ky .25 T t t t-y ptt t dodekatemoria scheme 2–2–

2––2–2––2–2––2–2–, Bk-B St, “By Mtmg,” 9;. Q: 2–2––2–2––2–2––2–2––2–2.

26 I m gt t P F Rg vt tmtt.

27 Ev, History and Practice o Ancient Astronomy, 2–2; Rgt t . tt m- txt pp t tt t v x t 0° A, “ALt By Nm Ziqpu St xt,” 52 . 2. (R: t AtkytMm, P t tm x t 0°–° L, Gears, –9, . ).

2 G. J. m, “Hpp By Atmy,” 5–62; Ev, His-tory and Practice o Ancient Astronomy, 2. B. R. Gt A. C. B, “AN V Ey Gk Atmy,” Isis 7: (Sptm 9): 0–0, 9–0;A. J, “Ev By Atmt Sm Gk Atmy,”6–9. Ng, History o Ancient Mathematical Astronomy, 6–6.

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F i g u r e 2 : D o d e k a t e m o r i a S c h e m e w i t h N u m b e r s C o n v e r t e d B a c k t o M o n t h - N a m e s a n d Z o d i a c S i g n s

N i s a n

( A r i e s )

M a r c h –

A p r i l

I y y a r

( T a u r u s )

A p r i l – M

a y S i v a n

( G e m i n i )

M a y –

J u n e

T a m m u z

( C a n c e r )

J u n e –

J u l y

A v ( L e o )

J u l y – A u g

E l u

l

( V i r g o )

A u

g – S e p t

T i s h r i

( L i b r a )

S e p t – O c t

H e s h v a n

( S c o r p i o )

O c t –

N o v

K i s l e v

( S a g i t t )

N o v –

D e c

T e v e t

( C a p r i c )

D e c –

J a n

S h e v a t

( A q u a r )

J a n –

F e b

A d a r

( P i s c e s )

F e b –

M a r

°

1

A r i e s

T a u r u s

G e m i n i

C a n c e r

L e o

V i r g o

L i b r a

S c o r p i o

S a g i t t

C a p r i c

A q u a r

P i s c e s

1 3

2

A r i e s

T a u r u s

G e m i n i

C a n c e r

L e o

V i r g o

L i b r a

S c o r p i o

S a g i t t

C a p r i c

A q u a r

P i s c e s

2 6

3

T a u r u s

G e m i n i

C a n c e r

L e o

V i r g o

L i b

r a

V i r g o

S a g i t t

C a p r i c

A q u a r

P i s c e s

A r i e s

9

4

T a u r u s

G e m i n i

C a n c e r

L e o

V i r g o

L i b

r a

V i r g o

S a g i t t

C a p r i c

A q u a r

P i s c e s

A r i e s

2 2

5

G e m i n i

C a n c e r

L e o

V i r g o

L i b r a

S c o r p

L i b r a

C a p r i c

A q u a r

P i s c e s

A r i e s

T a u r u s

5

6

G e m i n i

C a n c e r

L e o

V i r g o

L i b r a

S c o r p

L i b r a

C a p r i c

A q u a r

P i s c e s

A r i e s

T a u r u s

1 8

7

C a n c e r

L e o

V i r g o

L i b r a

S c o r p

S a g i t t

C a p r i c

A q u a r

P i s c e s

A r i e s

T a u r u s

G e m

1

8

C a n c e r

L e o

V i r g o

L i b r a

S c o r p

S a g i t t

C a p r i c

A q u a r

P i s c e s

A r i e s

T a u r u s

G e m

1 4

9

C a n c e r

L e o

V i r g o

L i b r a

S c o r p

S a g i t t

C a p r i c

A q u a r

P i s c e s

A r i e s

T a u r u s

G e m

2 7

1 0

L e o

V i r g o

L i b r a

S c o r p i o

S a g i t t

C a

p r i c

A q u a r

P i s c e s

A r i e s

T a u r u s

G e m i n i

C a n c

1 0

1 1

L e o

V i r g o

L i b r a

S c o r p i o

S a g i t t

C a

p r i c

A q u a r

P i s c e s

A r i e s

T a u r u s

G e m i n i

C a n c

2 3

1 2

V i r g o

L i b r a

S c o r p

S a g i t t

C a p r i c

A q

u a r

P i s c e s

A r i e s

T a u r u s

G e m i n i

C a n c

L e o

6

1 3

V i r g o

L i b r a

S c o r p

S a g i t t

C a p r i c

A q

u a r

P i s c e s

A r i e s

T a u r u s

G e m i n i

C a n c

L e o

1 9

1 4

L i b r a

S c o r p i o

S a g i t t

C a p r i c

A q u a r

P i s

c e s

A r i e s

T a u r u s

G e m i n i

C a n c e r

L e o

V i r g o

2

1 5

L i b r a

S c o r p i o

S a g i t t

C a p r i c

A q u a r

P i s

c e s

A r i e s

T a u r u s

G e m i n i

C a n c e r

L e o

V i r g o

1 5

1 6

L i b r a

S c o r p i o

S a g i t t

C a p r i c

A q u a r

P i s

c e s

A r i e s

T a u r u s

G e m i n i

C a n c e r

L e o

V i r g o

2 8

1 7

S c o r p

S a g i t t

C a p r i c

A q u a r

P i s c e s

A r

i e s

T a u r u s

G e m i n i

C a n c

L e o

V i r g o

L i b r a

1 1

1 8

S c o r p

S a g i t t

C a p r i c

A q u a r

P i s c e s

A r

i e s

T a u r u s

G e m i n i

C a n c

L e o

V i r g o

L i b r a

2 4

1 9

S a g i t t

C a p r i c

A q u a r

P i s c e s

A r i e s

T a u r u s

G e m

C a n c e r

L e o

V i r g o

L i b r a

S c o r p

7

2 0

S a g i t t

C a p r i c

A q u a r

P i s c e s

A r i e s

T a u r u s

G e m

C a n c e r

L e o

V i r g o

L i b r a

S c o r p

2 0

2 1

C a p r i c

A q u a r

P i s c e s

A r i e s

T a u r u s

G e

m

C a n c e r

L e o

V i r g o

L i b r a

S c o r p i o

S a g i t t

3

2 2

C a p r i c

A q u a r

P i s c e s

A r i e s

T a u r u s

G e

m

C a n c e r

L e o

V i r g o

L i b r a

S c o r p i o

S a g i t t

1 6

2 3

C a p r i c

A q u a r

P i s c e s

A r i e s

T a u r u s

G e

m

C a n c e r

L e o

V i r g o

L i b r a

S c o r p i o

S a g i t t

2 9

2 4

A q u a r

P i s c e s

A r i e s

T a u r u s

G e m i n i

C a

n c e r

L e o

V i r g o

L i b r a

S c o r p i o

S a g i t t

C a p r i c

1 2

2 5

A q u a r

P i s c e s

A r i e s

T a u r u s

G e m i n i

C a

n c e r

L e o

V i r g o

L i b r a

S c o r p i o

S a g i t t

C a p r i c

2 5

2 6

P i s c e s

A r i e s

T a u r u s

G e m i n i

C a n c e r

L e o

V i r g o

L i b r a

S c o r p i o

S a g i t t

C a p r i c

A q u a r

8

2 7

P i s c e s

A r i e s

T a u r u s

G e m i n i

C a n c e r

L e o

V i r g o

L i b r a

S c o r p i o

S a g i t t

C a p r i c

A q u a r

2 1

2 8

A r i e s

T a u r u s

G e m i n i

C a n c e r

L e o

V i r g o

L i b r a

S c o r p i o

S a g i t t

C a p r i c

A q u a r

P i s c e s

4

2 9

A r i e s

T a u r u s

G e m i n i

C a n c e r

L e o

V i r g o

L i b r a

S c o r p i o

S a g i t t

C a p r i c

A q u a r

P i s c e s

1 7

3 0

A r i e s

T a u r u s

G e m i n i

C a n c e r

L e o

V i r g o

L i b r a

S c o r p i o

S a g i t t

C a p r i c

A q u a r

P i s c e s

2 0

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9 helen r. jacobus

Hv, g t t v, By t t tp gg t 0° A.29 T, t m ttt t t m- txt mpy tt tm-tgkg m S Mptm0 t —ppty,t—vpmt t Ht .

T tmy Q, t g t0º A, , t, m ty G-By, t t Mptm, v y mpx,-t . O m Qm ppt t m t txt.2

IV. Conclusion

T y g tt t Q gy tg, mt tt t t J ty.T Qm y t t xtt G-By p m txt. It tt tt ytm vp PtmEgypt G t g ppt.

T tt t tt, t t g t -t t v, t y v tt t Q gy

t (vy y-pkg) Mptm Httmy t.

T Q tg m t g t t H-t tt mptg t tg, t t y t ty CE txt. Q t t t tt Am.

29 Ng tt, “A k, t m [0° A] ttt By tmy,” History o Ancient Mathematical Astronomy, 600.

0 O, py t t t t txt t, Bk-B St, Babylonian Mathemagics, 05 (v).

A Pg t, “Atm Apt,” Ax t ., Qumran Cave4. 26 , 27.

2 W t pt t m t t H m-p t t m’ pt t pg t t Dodekatemoria mt t -ty y, . tt t t ty y Q (t t t’ t).

F xmp, A. Lg, “P-M Ltt m t Qm Ly t H B,” DSD : (2006): 277–05; G Sk, “QZ-gy Btg ,” 270.

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T ttt t tg P Jp, Ov, g g- t J t’ k. A g v t ty t ty t J , t -, tmy tgy,5 t Qm tmt t t pty Smp Jm. By xg t m t t D S S t y J gp tty, gg t txt g Q vy v t-tmy t t.

T p t pt t J t t ty CE t xp t pp.

5 My tk t D M Ppvć g m py mgp Q6 Q56, Reading the Human Body: Physiognomics and Astrology in theDead Sea Scrolls and Hellenistic-Early Roman Period Judaism (SDJ 67; L: B,2007).