PLANT LIFE

4thQ: Unit 1

How important is plant?

Plants make food, oxygen, provide habitats for animals, help to make and preserve soil, provide useful products for people (including food, fibers, medicines, and etc.) and help to beautify our environment.

Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is a process by which green plants turn raw materials like carbon dioxide and water into glucose in the presence of light.

In some aspects, what makes plants better

than animals?

30 words…

10 points writing

THE IMPORTANCE OF WATER IN PLANT

95% of the fresh weight of a plant is water.

Water transports substances such as minerals and vitamins required for plant growth.

Water maintains plant’s turgidity.

Transpiration

During hot weather, water from plants evaporate to the environment through small openings in the leaves called stomata. This process is known as transpiration.

stomata

It’s an organ that regulates the water loss in plant.

Stomata consists of guard cells that controls the opening of the stoma.

Stoma closes at night to reduce the loss of water and opens at daytime to allow exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen for photosynthesis.

The Role of Transpiration

It helps in transporting water and minerals to the plant.

Xylem carries water and dissolved mineral from roots to the stem and the leaves.

Phloem transports glucose from the leaves to all parts of the plant.

Sexual Reproductive System of Flowering Plants

Flowering plants reproduce through sexual reproduction. Sepals – protect flower during bud

stage. Petals – are modified leaves that

attract insects for pollination and protect the stamen and pistil of the flower.

Stamen – male part Anther – has pollen sacs inside it

which are the place for pollen grains formation.

Pistil – female part Stigma – has sticky surface to enable

it to attach with the pollen grain. Style – joins the stigma with the

ovary and allows the pollen tube to grow towards the ovules.

Ovary - protects the ovule which is an ovum (female gamete).

Asexual Reproduction in Non-flowering Plants

Asexual reproduction is a type of reproduction that does not involves reproductive cells. Spore formation:

Ferns, Mosses, Mushrooms Vegetative reproduction

Stems (sugarcane), leaves (aloe vera), suckers (pineapple), and underground stems (onion)

Pollination

It is the transfer of pollen grains from anther to the stigma of a flower.

Agents of pollination are wind, water, animals, and insects to transfer the pollen grains.

Step 1: An insect carries pollen from one flower to another Step 2: The stigma catches the pollen

Step 3: The pollen tube grows down to the ovary

Step 4: The pollen fertilizes the ovule

Step 5: The ovules develop into seeds

Step 6: The ovary develops into a fruit

Pollination to Fertilization

2 Types of Pollination

Self-Pollination: occurs between the same or different flower of the same plant.

Cross-Pollination: occurs between the flowers of different plants.

Wind Vs. Insect Pollinated Flowers

Wind and Insect Pollinated Flowers

The Development of Fruits and Seeds in Plants

After pollination, pollen grains germinate sugary solution causing the pollen tube to emerge, Nucleus tube (contains male gamete) found at the tip of the pollen tube penetrates the style into the ovule. The pollen tube breaks as it reaches the ovule and releases the male gamete in the ovary. Fertilization begins.

Zygote is formed

after fertilization.

Zygote experienced cell division to form

embryo.

The ovule develops into a seed and the

ovary develops into fruit.

Development after Fertilization

Seeds vs. Spores

SEEDS Larger in size and can be

seen and touched easily Multicellular located either in the fruit

or flower of flowering plants

germinates more easily disseminated by animals

that eat the fruit of flowering plants

SPORES Smaller or microscopic

size Unicellular Located underneath the

leaves of non-flowering plants

Spores requires a wet environment to germinate

Simply fall off or spread by the wind to propagate

MONOCOT VS. DICOT

Germination of Seed

During germination, the embryo will develop into a shoot, seedling and roots respectively.

Angio VS. Gymno

1. Angiosperm2. Gymnosperm3. Radicle4. Cotyledon5. Germination6. Autogamy7. No8. Gymnosperm9. Dicot10.Testa

Spelling & Vocabs

Angiosperms Gymnosperms

Definition Seed-producing flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed within an ovary.

Seed-producing non-flowering plants whose seeds are unenclosed or “naked.”

Examples

Seeds Enclosed inside an ovary, usually in a fruit.

Bare, not enclosed; found on scales, leaves or as cones.

Reproduction

Mostly rely on animals. Mostly rely on wind.

Uses Medications , food, clothing, etc...

Paper, Lumber , etc...

Condition for Germination

Suitable Temperature for enzyme reaction, Air for respiration, and Water to soften the testa (or seed coat).

4 COMMON TROPISMS IN PLANTS

1. Phototropism2. Geotropism3. Hydrotropism4. Thigmotropism

Stimuli and Responses to Plants in the Environment

Phototropism

It is he growth of plants in response to light.

Positive Phototropism is when the shoots grow towards light.

Negative Phototropism is when the roots grow away from light.

Geotropism

It is the growth movement shown by plants in response to gravity.

Hydrotropism

It is the growth movement shown by plants in response to water.

Thigmotropism

It is a growth response by plants to touch or contact with a solid structure.

TROPISM & NASTIC MOVEMENT

TROPISM

Are growth responses of plant to external stimuli.

Directional Movement Positive and Negative

Tropism Usually, plants

response for growth

NASTIC MOVEMENT

Are movements made by plants in response to external stimuli that may come from any direction

Usually, plants response to touch for defense

NASTIC MOVEMENT

Seismonastic – a type of nastic movement in response to touch to protect the plants against damage.

Application of Vegetative Reproduction

Technology of vegetative reproduction includes stem cutting and tissue culture.

STEM CUTTING – a method where a piece of twig is cut off from the parent plant and then placed in the soil. After a few days, grows into a new plant. (Sugar Cane)

TISSUE CULTURE – a method of reproduction which produces new plants called clone from the tissue of the parent plant. (Carrot)

TISSUE CULTURE

What is Biotechnology? What are the different types of Biotechnology? What is Agricultural Biotechnology? State one benefit of Agricultural

Biotechnology. How can Biotechnology help the environment? State one advantage of using Biotechnology.

BIOTECHNOLOGY