5 1 2018-naps-01 a new concept for perforating that ... · a composite solid propellant cap for the...
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2018-NAPS-01AUTHORS:LarryAlbert,NadirNery*,HemaPrapoo,Allied-HorizontalWirelineServices;DennisKwok,GraceJiang,ARECOTechnology;PengDai,BoQu,RuitongEnetechInternational
*- Presentingauthor
ANewConceptForPerforatingThatIntegratesPropellant andShapedCharges
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Casing
CementFormation
CrushedZone
FormationPenetration
TotalPenetration
Gun
EntranceHole
Standoff
ShapedCharge
Perforating– TheProblemCompactionandReducedPermeability
Theindustryhasbeenworkingtosolvetunnelcompactionandimproveperforationpermeabilityfordecades.
2018-NAPS-01 /ANewConceptForPerforatingThatIntegratesPropellantandShapedCharges
Thesesolutionsweredesignedprimarilyforverticalwells,notforhorizontalplugandperforating.
SeveralSolutionshavebeendevelopedtoattempttosolvetheproblem.Theseinclude:
• UnderbalancedPerforating• OverbalancedPerforating• DynamicUnderbalancedPerforating• SolidPropellant(sticks ofpropellantpost-perforating)• CompositePerforating(combinationofsolidpropellant
andperforating)• OverGunBodySolidPropellantSleeves• InternalGunBodySolidPropellantDiscs
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Linkbetweenpe
rforatin
gandhydraulicfrac
Perforating– SolidPropellantWorksSolidpropellanthasproventobeaneffectivemethodtobreak-uptunnelcompactionandimprovereservoirpermeability.Pressurebuildupisthekey:
Propellant
Perforating
HydraulicFracturing
• Perforatingwithhighenergyexplosivesreleasesenergyveryquickly(microseconds)crushingtheformation
• Solidpropellantreleasesenergy1,000timesslower(milliseconds),thepressurepulsefracturescompactedzoneandformation
• Hydraulicfracturingreleasesenergyoverseconds/minutescreatingfracturesintheformation
2018-NAPS-01 /ANewConceptForPerforatingThatIntegratesPropellantandShapedCharges
Propellant
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• Typicalunconventionalreservoirshaveverylowpermeability
• Wellsarehorizontalandperforatinggunsaredeployedbypumpingthemdown
• Perforationtunnelcompactionfurtherreducesreservoirpermeability
• Perforationtunnelcompactionresultsinhigherfracbreak-downpressuresandrestrictedsanddeployment
• Aclean,highlypermeableperforationtunnelhelpsfractureinitiationandenablesbettersandplacement
• Overandunderbalanceperforatingarenotgoodsolutionsforpump-downoperations
• Ifsolidpropellantsareutilized,solutionmustbecomposite(perforationandpropellantinonedeployment)
• Overgunbodysolidpropellantsleevesarenotcompatiblewithpump-downcompletions
• Currentsolidpropellantsolutionsdeflagratepropellantwithincasing(sleeves)orgunbody(discs)
significantlyreducingenergydeliveredtotheperforatingtunnel
Anewproductwasneededtoallowsolidpropellanttodeploytotheperforationtunnelbeforedeflagration;therefore,deliveringmaximumenergytoremovecompactionandimprovereservoirpermeability.
Perforating– HorizontalistheNewNormalWhydoweneedanewsolutionforUnconventionalHorizontalCompletions?Thelistislong.
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LoadedChargeHolderTube
Perforating– CompositeChargeistheKeyAcompositesolidpropellantcapfortheperforatingshapedchargeisthekeytodeflagrationintheperforationtunnel.
PropellantCase
Outer Casing
Explosives
Conical liner
SolidPropellant(13.5g)
TheCompositeperforatingchargeconsistsof...
2018-NAPS-01 /ANewConceptForPerforatingThatIntegratesPropellantandShapedCharges
Propellant
Case
1.89in.
1.89.1.0in.
PropellantCase
CompositeCharge
Stan
dardSha
pedCh
arge
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Perforating– CompositeChargeistheKeyAcompositesolidpropellantcapfortheperforatingshapedchargeisthekeytodeflagrationintheperforationtunnel.
• Theshapedchargedetonatesandinitiatestheperforation.
• Astheperforationjetisformed,superhighpressure(morethan145,000psi)isproducedwithinthegunbody.
• Underthissuperhighpressure,propellantwon’texplode.
• Asthejetisformed,pressureintheperforationtunnelislowcomparedtopressureinsidethegunbody.
• Thepropellantmaterialinthecaseontheshapedchargefaceispushedintotheperforationtunnelfollowingthejet.
• Thepropellantdeflagrateswithintheformationasthejetenergyextendsthetunnel.
• Thedeflagrationofthepropellantreleasesenergydirectlytotheformation,generatingmultiplefracturesandbreakingthroughthetunnelcompactedzone.
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Perforating– PropellantDeflagratesinPerforationTunnel
Akeyobjectiveforthecompositechargewasthedeflagrationofthepropellantinsidetheperforationtunnel.Toprovethisconceptatestwassetupwithahighspeedcameratocapturethedeflagrationprocess.
2018-NAPS-01 /ANewConceptForPerforatingThatIntegratesPropellantandShapedCharges
WaterFilledGlassContainer
CompositeChargeinGun/CasingTestJig
Test SetupGlass
container300mmhigh,filledwithwater
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Perforating– PropellantDeflagratesinPerforationTunnel
Ahighspeedcamera(50,000framespersecond)wasusedtocapturethedeflagrationprocessinatestjig.
Nothing captured, charge is ignited
Jet penetrates steel into water. Propellant
starts burning
20μs
More propellant burns. Jet reaches bottom of
containerPropellant deflagration
continues
Deflagration continues towards bottom of container
Deflagration ending; however, the bottom
shows ongoing burning.
40μs 340μs100μs 160μs0μs
• High-speedcameracapturedimagesofperforationandpropellantdeflagrationin3millisecondsrealtime.
• High-speedphotosindicatethepropellantdeflagratedinsidetargetandwithintunnel.
2018-NAPS-01 /ANewConceptForPerforatingThatIntegratesPropellantandShapedCharges
CapturedbyHighSpeedCamera
Observations
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ShapedChargedetonates
Propellantdeflagrates
PressureTestChamber
Perforating– PerforationTunnelPressureTestAtestchamberwassetuptomeasuretheperforationtunnelpressuresduringtheperforatingevent.Thepressureparameterswereobservedonthep-tcurvefortheCompositeCharge.
2018-NAPS-01 /ANewConceptForPerforatingThatIntegratesPropellantandShapedCharges
Afterashockwavepressureformedbyshapedchargemainexplosive,thesecondarypressurepeakproducedbypropellantdeflagrationis5500psi(38Mpa);thepropellantpressurepeaklasts20msatpressure>2900psi(20Mpa).
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Perforating– SurfaceTestingofCompositeCharge
Atestwasconductedtocompareaconventionalshapedchargeandthecompositechargeindifferentmaterialtargets.
• Experimentobjective:Compareperforationholesizeandtargetfracturingforcompositechargeandconventionalperforatorinasimulated,confined(stressed)spaceinsteelandsandstonetargets
• Shapedchargesameforbothtests
• EnvironmentalConditions:Roomtemperature,standardatmosphericpressure
SandstoneTargets
2018-NAPS-01 /ANewConceptForPerforatingThatIntegratesPropellantandShapedCharges
Design of experimental device
Composite Conventional
Casing
GunBody
ShapedCharge
Propellant
ShapedCharge
Sandstone Sandstone
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Perforating– SurfaceTestingofCompositeCharge
Testresultsshowcompositechargeenlargedtheperforationtunnelandfracturedthesandstonetarget.
Aluminum molds of perforations
CoFracConventional
Conventional Shaped Charge Composite Perforating System
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Perforating– ProvenFieldResultsThenewcompositeperforatingsystemhasbeendeployedinover5,000wellsinChina.TheseChinesereservoirshaveverylownaturalpermeability,similartoUSAunconventionalreservoirs.
CoFracPerforating
ConventionalPerforatingResults:Composite perforation system had higher initial production. Avg. 65.7 bbls/day for first 7 days. Conventional 35 bbls/day avg. over 7 days.
Composite 30.7bbls/day higher, 88% increase
Composite perforating system had slower decline rate. Day 8 to 25 avg. 36.4 bbls/day. Conventional only 25.7 bbls/day.
Composite 10.7 bbls/day higher, 42% increase
After day 25, avg. Composite 35/day; Conventional 15 bbls/day.Composite 20 bbls/day higher, 133% increase
7 New Wells Performance Evaluation4 wells – Composite Perforating System3 wells – Conventional Perforating* Fracturing equipment and procedures same for both groups.
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Perforating– ProvenFieldResultsThenewcompositeperforatingsystemhasbeendeployedinover5,000wellsinChina.TheseChinesereservoirshaveverylownaturalpermeability,similartoUSAunconventionalreservoirs.
Results:Composite perforating system had higher initial production. Avg. 23 bbls/day for first 7 days. Conventional avg. 16.8 bbls/day over 7 days.
Composite 6.2 bbls/day higher, 37% increase
Composite perforating system had slower decline rate. Day 8 to 25 avg. 9.6 bbls/day. Conventional 7.5 bbls/day.
Composite 2.1 bbls/day higher, 28% increase
After day 25, avg. Composite 8.9 bbls/day, Conventional 6.1 bbls/day.
Composite 2.8 bbls/day higher, > 46% increase
12 Well Refrac Performance Evaluation:7 wells – Composite Perforating System5 wells - Conventional Perforating * Fracturing equipment and procedures same for both groups.CoFracPerforating
ConventionalPerforating
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Perforating– ProvenFieldResultsThenewcompositeperforatingsystemhasbeendeployedinover5,000wellsinChina.TheseChinesereservoirshaveverylownaturalpermeability,similartoUSAunconventionalreservoirs.
From2009to2012,GanguyiOilfieldselected6wellsinsameformationandareaandconductedacomparisontest.
Undersamewellconditions,oilproductionwasmonitoredfor34monthsfor3wellscompletedwithCompositeperforatorand3wellswithConventionalperforator.
Compositeperforatingsystemwellshadhigherinitialoilproductionandslowerdeclinerates.For34monthsperiodtotalproductionwas31,191bblsforCompositewells,and9,424bblsforConventionalwells,anincreaseof21,767bbls(+231%).
CoFracPerforatingConventionalPerforating
Extended Test over 34 months
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THANKYOUQUESTIONS?
2018-NAPS-01AUTHORS:LarryAlbert,NadirNery*,HemaPrapoo,Allied-HorizontalWirelineServices;DennisKwok,GraceJiang,ArecoTechnology;PengDai,BoQu,RuitongInternational
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