5. antimycobacterials

8/13/2019 5. ANTIMYCOBACTERIALS

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ANTIMYCOBACTERIALS

BY

SAMINATHAN KAYAROHANAM

M.PHARM.(PhD), M.B.A .(PhD)

Allianze University College of Medical Sciences

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NUM CONTENT SLIDE 1 INTRODUCTION TO MYCOBACTERIUM 32 MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS COMPLEX 4

3 INTRODUCTION TO TUBERCULOSIS 54 TUBERCULOSIS-PREVALENCE(WHO-2009) 6

5 SYMPTOMS OF TUBERCULOSIS 76 CHEMOTHERAPY FOR TUBERCULOSIS 8

7 INTRODUCTION TO LEPROSY 98 LEPROSY-PREVALENCE(WHO-2004) 109 CHEMOTHERAPY FOR LEPROSY 11

10 CLASSIFICATION OF ANTIMYCOBACTERIALS 12,1311 MECHANISM OF ANTIMYCOBACTERIALS 14

12 MECHANISM OF ISONIAZID 1513 MECHANISM OF RIFAMYCINS 1614 SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF FIRST-LINE DRUGS

USED IN TREATING TUBERCULOSIS17


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1. INTRODUCTION TO MYCOBACTERIUM

SAMINATHAN KAYAROHANAM M.Pharm ( PhD) , M.B.A. ( PhD)Allianze university college of medical sciences

Mycobacter ium is a genus of Actinobacteria , given itsown family, the Mycobacteriaceae.To cause seriousdiseases in mammals.

1. Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium Tuberculosis )

2. Leprosy

(Mycobacterium Leprae , Mycobacterium lepromatosis )

Mycobacteria are aerobic and nonmotile bacteria(except for the species mycobacterium marinum )

That are characteristically acid-alcohol-fast .

Usually considered gram-positive .
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinobacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_tuberculosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leprosyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_lepraehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_lepromatosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobic_organismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_marinumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid-fasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram-positivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram-positivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram-positivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram-positivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid-fasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid-fasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid-fasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid-fasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid-fasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_marinumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobic_organismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_lepromatosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_lepromatosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_lepromatosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_lepromatosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_lepraehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_lepraehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_lepraehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leprosyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_tuberculosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_tuberculosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_tuberculosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinobacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus


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4SAMINATHAN KAYAROHANAM M.Pharm ( PhD) , M.B.A. ( PhD)Allianze university college of medical sciences

Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex refers to a groupof Mycobacterium species that can cause tuberculosis inhumans.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Mycobacterium africanum

Mycobacterium bovis

Mycobacterium microti

Mycobacterium canettii

Mycobacterium caprae

Mycobacterium pinnipedii

Mycobacterium mungi

2.MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS COMPLEX
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacteriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_tuberculosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_africanumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_bovishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_microtihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mycobacterium_canettii&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_capraehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_pinnipediihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mycobacterium_mungi&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mycobacterium_mungi&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_pinnipediihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_capraehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mycobacterium_canettii&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_microtihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_bovishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_africanumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_tuberculosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium


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3.INTRODUCTION TO TUBERCULOSIS

Tuberculosis, or TB, is an infectious bacterial diseasecaused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which mostcommonly affects the lungs.

It is transmitted from person to person via droplets

from the throat and lungs of people with the activerespiratory disease.

Today, these new and dangerous forms of thedisease -- resistant to some of the commonly useddrug treatments -- have created a public health crisisin many large cities worldwide


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4.TUBERCULOSIS-PREVALENCE(WHO-2009)


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5.SYMPTOMS OF TUBERCULOSIS


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Mycobacterium tuberculosis, one of a number of mycobacteria,can lead to serious infections of the lungs, genitourinary tract,skeleton, and meninges.

Treating tuberculosis as well as other mycobacterial infectionspresents therapeutic problems.

The organism grows slowly; thus, the disease may have to be

treated for 6 months to 2 years. Resistant organisms readilyemerge, particularly in patients who have had prior therapy orwho fail to adhere to the treatment protocol.

It is currently estimated that about one-third of the world's

population is infected with M. tuberculosis, with 30 millionpeople having active disease. Worldwide, 8 million new casesoccur, and approximately 2 million people die of the diseaseeach year.

6.CHEMOTHERAPY FOR TUBERCULOSIS


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Leprosy , also known as Hansen's disease (HD), isa chronic infection caused by the bacterium Mycobacteriumleprae and Mycobacterium lepromatosis .

Leprosy takes its name from the Latin word Lepra , whichmeans "scaly", while the term "Hansen's disease" is namedafter the physician Gerhard Armauer Hansen . It is primarilya granulomatous disease of the peripheralnerves and mucosa of the upper respiratory tract ; skin lesionsare the primary external sign.

Left untreated, leprosy can be progressive, causing permanentdamage to the skin, nerves, limbs and eyes. Contrary to

folklore, leprosy does not cause body parts to fall off, althoughthey can become numb or diseased as a result of secondaryinfections; these occur as a result of the body's defenses beingcompromised by the primary disease.

7.INTRODUCTION TO LEPROSY

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_(medicine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_lepraehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_lepraehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_lepromatosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Armauer_Hansenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granulomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_nervous_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_nervous_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucous_membranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_respiratory_tracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_respiratory_tracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_respiratory_tracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_respiratory_tracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_respiratory_tracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_respiratory_tracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucous_membranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_nervous_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_nervous_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_nervous_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granulomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Armauer_Hansenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Armauer_Hansenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Armauer_Hansenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Armauer_Hansenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Armauer_Hansenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_lepromatosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_lepromatosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_lepromatosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_lepraehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_lepraehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_lepraehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_(medicine)


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8. LEPROSY-PREVALENCE(WHO-2004)



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Leprosy (or, as it is specified by the U.S. Public HealthService, Hansen's disease) is rare in the United States,

but a small number of cases, both imported anddomestically acquired, are reported each year.

Worldwide, it is a much larger problem. Approximately70 percent of all cases in the world are located in India.Bacilli from skin lesions or nasal discharges of infectedpatients enter susceptible individuals via abraded skin orthe respiratory tract.

The World Health Organization recommends the triple-drug regimen of dapsone, clofazimine, and rifampin for

6 to 24 months. Figure 34.13 shows the effects of multi-drug therapy.

Leprosy patient. A. Before therapy. B. After 6 months of multidrugtherapy

9.CHEMOTHERAPY FOR LEPROSY


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10. CLASSIFICATION OF ANTIMYCOBACTERIALS

SAMINATHAN KAYAROHANAM M.Pharm ( PhD) , M.B.A. ( PhD)Allianze university college of medical sciences Con


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10CLASSIFICATION OF ANTIMYCOBACTERIALS

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11. MECHANISM OF ANTIMYCOBACTERIALS

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Isoniazid, the hydrazide of isonicotinic acid, is a synthetic analogof pyridoxine.

Isoniazid, often referred to as INH, is a prodrug that is activatedby a mycobacterial catalase-peroxidase (KatG).

Genetic and biochemical evidence has implicated at least two

different target enzymes for isoniazid within the unique Type IIfatty acid synthase system involved in the production of mycolicacids.

The targeted enzymes are enoyl acyl carrier protein reductase

(InhA) and a ketoacyl-ACP synthase (KasA). The activated drugcovalently binds to and inhibits these enzymes, which areessential for the synthesis of mycolic acid.

12.MECHANISM OF ISONIAZID


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Rifampin, rifabutin, and rifapentine are all considered to berifamycins, a group of structurally similar macrocyclic

antibiotics, which are first-line drugs for tuberculosis. Any ofthese rifamycins must always be used in conjunction with atleast one other antituberculosis drug to which the isolate issusceptible.

Rifampin blocks transcription by interacting with the subunit ofbacterial but not human DNA-dependent RNA polymerase.

[Note: The drug is thus specific for prokaryotes.] Rifampininhibits mRNA synthesis by suppressing the initiation step.

13. MECHANISM OF RIFAMYCINS


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14. SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF FIRST-LINE DRUGSUSED IN TREATING TUBERCULOSIS

5. antimycobacterials

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