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Lecture Room - I Chemical Engineering, Process Equipment Design & Simulation
5th
Symposium on Engineering Science (SES) Wednesday April 2, 2014
2
Recovery of krypton and xenon from atmosphere1
Dr. Waheed Afzal2
Associate Professor of Chemical Engineering
Institute of Chemical Engineering and Technology
University of the Punjab, Lahore
Dr. John M Prausnitz Professor of Graduate School
Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
University of California, Berkeley
Abstracts
Krypton and xenon are useful rare gases for several applications in buildings, automobile lights
and medical appliances. However, both krypton and xenon are quite expensive. The high prices
of krypton and xenon are in-part due to the energy-intensive cryogenic process for their recovery
from oxygen that is obtained from air. Ionic liquids may provide a cost-effective absorption
process at ambient temperatures for the separation of the rare gases from the oxygen stream of a
liquid-air plant. The polarizabilities of xenon and krypton are higher than that of oxygen;
therefore, xenon and krypton solubility may be significantly higher than that of oxygen in a
suitable ionic liquid. Experimental solubility measurements are needed for solvent selection.
In this talk, we will present our key findings in our project that aimed at discovering new and
perhaps more economical processes that can potentially be used for the recovery of rare gases
using ionic liquids. We will address, some challenges such as high viscosity of solvent and
present possible solutions. Finally, we present our thoughts about a possible process design.
1 Invited Lecture
Chemical Engineering, Process Equipment Design & Simulation
3
Removal of Thiosulfate from Aqueous Solution via Hydrogen Peroxide ( )
Advance Oxidation Process (AOP) with Ferric Oxide ( ) Catalyst
Riazud Din, SaeedGul+
+Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar
P.O. Box, 814, University Campus, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
Abstract
Wastewater that is generated from chemical industries mostly contains thiosulfate substance that
is totally polluted and can cause severe pollution if not discharge with proper treatment
Examples of these wastewater streams in petroleum refineries and gas processing plant include
sour water, sour water stripper bottom and spent caustics. The Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) and various local agencies have placed limits on the allowable levels of these substances
in industrial wastewater effluent streams.
Therefore, wastewater had to be treated first before it is being discharged or reintroduced into the
receiving streams or environment. This project involves the study of the factors effecting the
thiosulfate removal from the aqueous solution by using the advance oxidation technique.
Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) is proposed as the oxidation agent in this study with the presence of
solid Ferric Oxide (Fe2O3) catalyst because it can convert thiosulfate to sulfate efficiently.
Besides, the use of the heterogeneous catalyst could lower the operating cost because the
pollution of the treated water by the catalyst itself can be avoided.
The study concerning the factors that will affect the advance oxidation process also is proposed
which are thiosulfate concentrations in the aqueous solution, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
concentrations, amount of the catalyst and operating temperatures. The expected results for the
research are the value of thiosulfate concentration drop and sulphate formation.
Other parameters which are temperature and pH value are also being recorded to observe their
trends throughout the study. The analysis of the result will be done using UV Visible
Spectrophotometer to determine the effectiveness of the study. At the end of the project, the
kinetic model for the process would be developed.
To whom all the correspondence must be address3
3 Email: [email protected]
5th
Symposium on Engineering Science (SES) Wednesday April 2, 2014
4
Thermochemical Kinetics of Indigenous Resources Coal and Agricultural Residue
Sadiq Hussain
NFC Institute of Engineering and Technology Khanewal Road Multan, Pakistan
Abstracts
Recent energy crises of Pakistan have triggered an interest of researchers in utilization of
indigenously available low grade coal and other renewable resources of energy.
In the present study the coal samples belonging to Salt range mine and agricultural residue such
as bagasse was analysed using thermogravimetricanalyser TGA-701.
Coal samples were crushed and grinded to the sizes 250,355 500, 710 μm and 1 mm. The impact
of size reduction on the % age of ash and sulfur released including the change in heating value
were determined.
It was observed that decreasing the size; increased the % age (w/w) of ash and sulfur released. It
also affected the heating value of coal sample. The overall 66.67 % age conversion of Salt range
coal sample for size 700 µm at a maximum temperature of 950 0C was observed. The broad de-
volatilization curve and high thermal conversion was observed for bagasse. The impacts of size
reduction on activation energy during the three stages of thermal conversion
(de-moisturization, de-volatilization and fixed carbon) were also determined.
Chemical Engineering, Process Equipment Design & Simulation
5
Comparative review of Open Source free Process Simulation Softwares
Muhammad Shoaib, Walter Woukovits++
, Saeed Gul+
+Department of Chemical Engineering University of Engineering & Technology Peshawar, Peshawar Pakistan
++TU WIEN Vienna Austria
Abstract
Process simulation is a symbolic representation of chemical, biological or physical process. The
softwares employed for this purpose are called "process simulation softwares". These softwares
evolved over a period of last twenty years or more, with so (George Stephanopoulos, 2011)
many advanced features for modelling, design, simulation and optimization of any industrial
process. Some of the major commercial chemical engineering process simulation softwares are;
Aspen Plus, ChemCAD, ProSim and HYSYS, etc. Open source free chemical engineering
process simulation softwares is a relatively new concept having a provocative demand in the
chemical process simulation. The reason behind this extensively growing popularity of a newly
introduced form of chemical engineering process simulation softwares is; "the proprietary
(commercial) softwares employed are too expensive" (for academic as well as learning
purposes). Moreover, they lack the availability of source code to the users (Adilson José de
Assis, 2006), with little or no modification capabilities and most importantly are used
illegitimately.
The issues associated with the never-ending requirement and unaffordable prices of commercial
chemical process simulation softwares have been reviewed. Thus, it became a necessity to
evaluate the capabilities of open source free chemical engineering process simulation softwares
in terms of their computation capability, thermodynamic property packages and unit operation
modules (flowsheeting).
The main areas of analysis included the features, working, diversity and applicability of the
selected open source free chemical engineering process simulation software. The simulation
software selected for detailed analysis was "COCO" (Cape-Open to Cape-Open). COCO is Cape-
Open compatible simulation software. Cape-Open provides standards that must be followed to
interface process modeling software components specifically developed for design and operation
of industrial processes (Alejandro O. Domancich, 2010). The preset criterion was on the
comparison of COCO with contemporary commercial software Aspen Plus. The flexible
structure and the user friendly environment of COCO led to its selection among various open
source softwares. The main reason for COCO being chosen for this comparative analysis was its
flowsheeting environment very similar to that of Aspen Plus. This tremendous similarity of
COCO and Aspen Plus also became a basis for comparison of the results generated through two
softwares.
5th
Symposium on Engineering Science (SES) Wednesday April 2, 2014
6
This comparative analysis led to the identification of areas for further development keeping in
view the promotion of usage/ adaption of open source free chemical engineering process
simulation softwares. Two cases have been solved in COCO which involved physical property
package template creation, model selection, flowsheeting in COFE (Cape-Open Flowsheeting
Environment) and its solution, sensitivity analysis, design specifications and heat integration.
The results of these cases have been compared with those of Aspen Plus. The results obtained
have highlighted some of the limitations in Physical Properties database and solver of the COCO
as well as inability for carrying out sensitivity analysis and design specification simulations, but
it also brought into focus, a very positive aspect of COCO. That is its physical property database
can be supplied with a component's physical properties package from outside making use of
source code, its solver is quite accurate in giving results exactly the same as those obtained
through any well developed commercial software and its flowsheeting environment is very
sophisticated as is the case with any commercial software like Aspen Plus.
To whom all Correspondences must be address4
4 Corresponding
Chemical Engineering, Process Equipment Design & Simulation
7
Regeneration of Anionic Exchange Resin used in Hexavalent Chromate Removal
Waqar Ali Khan+5
+NFC Institute of Engineering & Fertilizer Research Jaranwala road Faisalabad
Abstract
Chromium based compounds have extensive use in many industries like chrome tanning and
electrochemical industries. Chromate ions (especially hexavalent; Cr+6
) are toxic pollutants, as
they are carcinogenic in nature and its removal from industrial waste water is important.
Different methods have been employed for the removal of highly toxic chromium from effluents.
Chemical process, electrochemical process and ion exchange process are various techniques for
this removal. These methods work under two categories; some of them reduce hexavalent
chromium to trivalent and then separates it and some remove hexavalent chromium as insoluble
chromates or dichromate.
Present work is being undertaken to produce regeneration data for parameters like flow rate,
concentration of the solution passed through resin bed and temperature using an anionic
exchanger (Purolite A-400) after chromate removal. Atomic absorption spectrometer was used
for the measurement of chromium concentration in resin.
5Email: [email protected]
5th
Symposium on Engineering Science (SES) Wednesday April 2, 2014
8
Proximate and Heating Value analysis of selected Indigenous
Agricultural Wastes
Mahmood Saleem, Abid Hussain, Hafiz Asad Masood, Qasim Zia Butt, Mubashir Riaz Khan+6
+Institute of Chemical Engineering & Technology, University of the Punjab, Lahore
Abstract
Pakistan is an agricultural country where substantial amount of agricultural residue is available
for use as an energy source. For characterization of the residues, proximate analysis and calorific
values are two key parameters. The purpose of this work is to obtain an analysis of locally
available biomasses and their higher heating values. So, it would be a building stone for using
biomasses to overcome the energy crisis and minimizing the land wastes. In this paper an
experimental study carried out for the proximate analysis and calorific value of different biomass
samples is presented. The tested samples includes corn, rice husk, banana peels, wood (saw
dust), baggasse, wheat straw, animal dung, leaves (mango) and rice straw. The highest content of
moisture was present in rice straw among the samples. The highest content of volatile matter and
ash was in animal dung. The content of fixed carbon was highest in wheat straw. The highest
calorific values among the samples were of wood (saw dust), bagasse and wheat straw.
6Corresponding Emails
Abid Hussain: [email protected]
Hafiz Asad Masood: [email protected]
Qasim Zia Butt: [email protected]
Mubashir Riaz Khan: [email protected]
Chemical Engineering, Process Equipment Design & Simulation
9
Osmotic Membrane Distillation (OMD) For Fruit Juice Concentration
Sher Ahmad+, Mohammad Younas
7
Department of Chemical Engineering University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan
Abstract
The demand for fruit juices with high quality rather than the whole fruits has been increasing day
by day. However, transportation and storage of fruit juices is uneconomical and unsuitable as it
subjects to rapid spoilage. Concentration of liquid foods in general and fruit juices in particular
to high concentration up to 70-80% removes a significant amount of water. Hence it causes a
significant reduction in transport, packing and storage cost with much greater stability of the
concentrates. Recently, many modern techniques have been used for juice concentration in food
industry. They include evaporative concentration, reverse osmosis and freeze concentration.
However, these techniques suffer several disadvantages and in one way or another do not fully
satisfy the standards set by manufacturers and the customers. Another novel technique, called
Osmotic Membrane Distillation (OMD), has become of increasing interest to many researches
and food scientists as a competitive alternative to other concentration techniques as it give high
quality and concentrated product juice.
The current research work focusses the theoretical investigation of dehydration of clarified fruit
juices through a laboratory scale hollow fiber membrane contactor. OMD works on the transfer
of water molecules from fruit juices from one side of a polymeric membrane to other side of the
membrane where osmotic agent was kept in contact. Aqueous solution of calcium chloride
(CaCl2) was taken as osmotic agent and sucrose solution of 10 – 12 0Brix was treated as model
solution for fruit juices. Activity difference between the two solutions causes a difference in
vapour pressure gradient which consequently causes the evaporation and condensation of water
molecules across the membrane where the model sucrose solution and brine is flowing,
respectively. The membrane used was hydrophobic thus avoided from wetting it. Theoretical
mass transfer model is developed where negligible heat transfer effects are assumed during the
transfer of water molecules across the membrane. Resistance-in-series model is adopted and
water transport flux estimation is developed in hollow fiber membrane contactor. Feed (sucrose
solution) and osmotic agent (CaCl2) flow in either side of membrane. Knudsen flow was
dominated because of the pore size of the membrane. The developed model was then simulated
using MATLAB. The predicted water flux obtained from the simulation results was then
validated with experimental results. Finally, the effect of different parameters on water trans
membrane flux was studied.
7 Corresponding Emails:
Sher Ahmad: [email protected]
M. Younas: [email protected]
5th
Symposium on Engineering Science (SES) Wednesday April 2, 2014
10
Study of Hydrodynamics of Indigenous Biomass-sand mixture in FBC
Shahid Hussain, Mahmood Saleem+8
+Institute of Chemical Engineering & Technology, University of the Punjab, Lahore
Abstract
Biomass- sand mixtures are used in thermochemical conversion processes like pyrolysis and
gasification using circulating fluidized bed reactor or fast fluidized bed reactors. In order to
optimize the performance of the reactor and to improve the quality of product, hydrodynamics of
the process is taken into account. In the present studies the mixture of biomass (maize stalk) and
sand mixture is subjected to fluidization in a cold fluidization column.
The size of biomass and sand used is-30, +60 meshes.The pressure difference across the column
is determined and plotted versus superficial velocity to find the minimum fluidization velocity
and mapping of different regimes observed during fluidization is carried out. Various
hydrodynamic parameters like minimum bubbling, slugging and transport velocities are
determined to find out the best operating conditions of the reactor. The bubble dynamics is also
studied which includes the minimum, mean and maximum bubble sizes, bed expansion
coefficient, slugging frequency and fluidization index are determined. The effect of varying
compositions of biomass on various hydrodynamic parameters is investigated along with the
effect of varying bed height. The biomass ratio studied are 0, 5, 10, 15 percent.
8Email: [email protected]
Chemical Engineering, Process Equipment Design & Simulation
11
Removal of formaldehyde present in Volatile Organic Compounds
(VOC) of pulp and paper industry
Malik Zeeshan, Kaleem Azher, Muhammad Shahbaz, Abdul Hannan,
Muhammad Suleman Tahir
+9
+Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Gujrat
Abstract
Pakistan is emerging country and requirement of paper increasing day by day. About 37 paper
mills are working in country they are producing about 400000 ton per year paper and 90000-
110000 ton per year high quality pulp. In this paper we have gone through the real problem of a
plant. This plant is producing bleached pulp from wood chips up-to 150 Ton per day by Kraft
process, through digestion process volatile organic compounds (VOC) in the form of exhaust gas
obtained. Unfortunately some of compound did not meet the environmental standards and
increasing atmospheric pollution. In VOC Formaldehyde is most important and present in high
quantity. It about 16 % weight of VOC of exhaust gases. 3870 .40 mg/m3 amount of
formaldehyde reduced to 2.5 mg/m3 to meet OSHA standards. Formaldehyde has high solubility
in water so it is used in absorption technique to capture high amount of formaldehyde present in
VOC before discharging in atmosphere
9Corresponding Emails:
M. Shahbaz: [email protected]
Malik Zeeshan: [email protected]
Kaleem Azhar: [email protected]
M. Suleman Tahir: [email protected]
Abdul Hannan: [email protected]
5th
Symposium on Engineering Science (SES) Wednesday April 2, 2014
12
Scale Up of Hollow Fiber Membrane Contactor for
Copper Recovery from Waste Water
Iftikhar Ahmad, Mohammad Younas10+
+Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar
Abstract
Copper is becoming a vital metal due to continuous rise in its demand for circuit boards in
microelectronics industry, electro refining industry, mining waste and fertilizer industry.
Effluents streams of mining and metal processing industries containing heavy metal is
considered to be potential threat for environment. In most part of the world there are large
reserves of copper mines which catch the attention of researchers to think about cost effective
and environment friendly process for the extraction. Therefore it is imperative to develop
efficient techniques for copper (II) extraction industrial scale. It has been found that recovery of
heavy metal in hollow fiber membrane contactor is favourable if organic solvent is diluted in less
toxic and more environmental friendly diluent.
In the current study recovery of copper (II) from aqueous waste streams has been studied
theoretically through hollow fiber membrane contactor. Copper (II) reacted with an organic
extractant at the membrane interface and thus copper complex molecules was transferred from
one side of membrane to other side of membrane. Later one copper (II) was stripped out from
copper-complex solution and thus the extractant was regenerated. Mathematical model
describing mass transfer phenomena, poiseuille flow and design equations were integrated. The
integrated process model algorithm was scripted in MATLAB® 8.1.2.
Simulations have been performed for a wide range of different operating, process conditions and
membrane/module structural characteristics in order to determine the optimum set of variables
for a particular operation. The model results were found to be in good agreement with the
experimental work available in literature. It was found from simulation that the model predicted
the data reasonably well, proving the model to be a useful tool for evaluating the potential
applications of the technology at large scale.
10Email: [email protected]
Chemical Engineering, Process Equipment Design & Simulation
13
Investigation of Temperature distribution in Secondary Reformer
Burner using ANSYS-CFD simulator
Maryam Shakur11
, Dr. Mahmood Saleem Institute of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of the Punjab, Lahore
Abstract
Secondary reforming is an essential process for hydrogen production in ammonia plant.
Two processes occur simultaneously in secondary reformer, combustion of hydrogen
followed by conversion of methane to carbon dioxide and hydrogen. Combustion process
provides heat for the endothermic methane conversion reaction. Therefore optimum
performance of combustion section and especially the secondary reformer burner is
important. This paper aims to model hydrogen combustion process, temperature and gas
flow patterns in combustion section of secondary reformer by modifying the configuration
of the typical industrial burner using CFD software. Simulation results are compared with
local industry data as well. It is concluded that to obtain optimum burner performance
number of holes of the burner should be increased and by entering air at an angel mixing in
combustion zone enhances.
11Email: [email protected]
5th
Symposium on Engineering Science (SES) Wednesday April 2, 2014
14
Effect of sparingly-soluble gases on the density of some industrially-important
liquids
Madiha Rashid, Zona Rauf, Muhammad Sarfraz Akram, Muhammad Rashid Usman,
Waheed Afzal12
Institute of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
Abstracts
Densities of liquids play an important role in designing various process equipment. However,
effect of sparingly-soluble gases such as nitrogen, oxygen and air is generally considered
negligible on the density of liquids. Degassing and defoaming of liquids is a critical step towards
obtaining reliable density data.
In this work, we used some industrial-important liquids saturated with nitrogen and oxygen and
measured there densities using a state-of-the-art vibrating–tube density meter. We report new
density data and find that the influence of sparingly-soluble gases on the densities of liquids not
negligible.
12
Corresponding Author Email: [email protected]
Chemical Engineering, Process Equipment Design & Simulation
15
Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation of Hollow Fiber Membrane
Contactor for Liquid-Liquid Extraction
Amir Muhammad+13
, Mohammad Younas +Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Gujrat
Abstract
Hollow fiber membrane contactors (HFMCs) have been found as a novel technique for
separation science for the last few decades. It is due to their dispersion free contact, higher mass
transfer interfacial area and compactness of the unit that overcome the drawbacks of
conventional extractors. HFMCs allow two phases to come into a direct contact without
dispersion of one phase into another inside pores of membrane. Numerical modeling and
simulation of mass transport analysis of HFMCs has been remained a focus of interest for several
researchers in recent years.
In the present study a 2-Dimensional axial-radial numerical model was developed to study the
transport of copper (II) solute through a single hypothesised “flow-cell”, adapted from the
previous study for the baffle less HFMC contactor module for liquid-liquid extraction. The flow-
cell consists of three sections i-e tube side, inside membrane and shell side. Aqueous feed that
contains the solute flows in tube side while organic solvent flows in shell.
The aim of this work is to study the distribution of copper(II) in three sections of flow-cell
through mathematical modelling and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. The solute
transfer in shell side i-e “flow-cell” side and inside fiber occurs through diffusion and convection
and is described by steady-state continuity equation. The transfer of solute through the
hydrophobic membrane occurs through diffusion only. Similarly the velocity distribution inside
fiber and shell is studied using Navier-Stokes equation.
The model equations with associated boundary equations are solved with CFD techniques. For
this purpose COMSOL MultiphysicsTM
software is used. COMSOL Multiphysics employs finite
element method (FEM) for numerical solution of model equations. The finite element analysis is
combined with adaptive meshing and error control using numerical solver of UMFPACK. A
scale factor of 200 was applied in axial direction due to large difference between length and
radius of module. Scaling the problem avoids excessive amounts of element and nodes and thus
minimizes the cost of simulation.
It has been found from concentration profile simulations that as aqueous feed moves along
membrane its concentration decreases while concentration of organic phase increases along its
pathway because of continuous transfer of copper (II) solute from aqueous to organic phase. The
13Email: [email protected]
5th
Symposium on Engineering Science (SES) Wednesday April 2, 2014
16
effects of feed and organic flow rates were also investigated. It was found that decreasing feed
flow rate increases solute removal efficiency while the organic flow rate has an opposite effect.
Keywords: Mathematical modeling, Copper extraction, Hollow fiber membrane contactor,
Computational fluid dynamics