5 th secchi consortium meeting orsay, france secchi observations of comets and minor planets karl...
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5th SECCHI Consortium MeetingOrsay, France
SECCHI Observations of Comets and Minor Planets
Karl Battams (NRL)
Overview
● SOHO Recap Current comet status
Comet highlight
● SECCHI – Early Results HI-2, HI-1 and COR-2
The COR-2 Kreutz comet problem...
● Prospects For SECCHI Comets Science discovery potential
New object discovery potential
● Some Highlights For This Coming Year
SOHO – History's Greatest Comet Discoverer!
● To date, SOHO has discovered 1,273 previously unknown comets
1,069 Kreutz
30 Marsden
29 Kracht
73 Meyer
72 Non-group (including 3 “Kracht II”; several “pairs”)
● SOHO has discovered three well-populated comet groups
SOHO Observations of Known Objects
● Asteroids Ceres and Vesta
● Pleasant surprises Several of Jupiter's
moons!
● Comets Over a dozen comets
(Machholz (twice), Kudo-Fujikawa, NEAT, Bradfield, McNaught, ASAS...)
Some SOHO Comet Highlights
● Nearly 1,300 new discoveries!!● Link between comet Machholz and the Marsden
and Kracht groups (and two meteor showers... and an asteroid...) Wealth of information on the dynamics and evolution
of old comets
● “Clusters” of comets just hours apart Information regarding pre-perihelion fragmentation of
comets
● CME striking the tail of comet NEAT Information on solar wind, comet dust tails and CME-
comet interactions
SECCHI – Early Results:HI-2 Observations
● Stars Apparent limiting
magnitude: ~m11● Too many stars!
● Comets and Minor Planets: Comet C/2006 M4 (SWAN)
(m9.6) Tail of comet C/2006 P1
(McNaught)● And later, all of it!
Asteroid 15 Eunomia (m10.1)
SECCHI – Early Results:HI-2 Observations
● Other Objects: M31
(Andromeda)
M16, M17, M22, M25, M28...
Milky Way
LMC, SMC
Many more!
SECCHI – Early Results:HI-1 Observations
● Stars: Apparent limiting
magnitude: almost m14?
m12 stars certainly visible
Image courtesy of A.Watson, SOHO comet hunter (Australia) using “Starry Night” software
● Minor Planets:
(15) Eunomia
(10) Hygiea
(532) Herculina
(8) Flora
(1) Ceres
(29) Amphitrite
(349) Dembowska
(6) Hebe
(14) Irene
(95) Arethusa (m13.3!)
(219) Thusnelda
● And that's just in the HI-1 A data!
SECCHI – Early Results:HI-1 Observations
● Comets: C/2006 M4 (SWAN) at m9.6
Spectacular C/2006 P1 (McNaught) at m-5.5!
● High-resolution images of dust tail and striae
Five SOHO-discovered Kreutz-group comets
● Visible prior to their LASCO C3 appearance!
● HI-1 more sensitive than LASCO C3
SECCHI – Early Results:HI-1 Observations
SECCHI – Early Results:COR-2 Observations
● Apparent limiting magnitude: at least m11
Lots of stars● Observed comets:
Surprisingly few!
Over 40 “SOHO” Kreutz have passed through COR-2
● We have seen just four of them
What's the problem?● Exposure times? Bandpass?
Polarization?
● SECCHI: A salt-free diet? Kreutz comets show up well in the sodium-D
line (589.0nm, 589.6nm)● LASCO C3 (Clear) bandpass: 400-900nm● LASCO C2 (Orange) bandpass: 520-640nm● SECCHI COR-2 bandpass: 650-750nm● SECCHI HI-1 bandpass: 630-730nm
Sodium-D not visible in COR-2 or HI-1!
But...● HI-1 is more sensitive to Kreutz than LASCO C3
SECCHI – Early Results:COR-2 Observations
● So why so few COR-2 Kreutz comets? Polarized images?
● Kreutz still show in LASCO C2 polarized images, though are noticeably fainter
Exposure time?● LASCO C2 exposures are quadrupled for polarized
C2 images (to 100 secs)
● Answer: Probably both (but I think longer exposures
would really help...)
SECCHI – Early Results:COR-2 Observations
Scientific Potential
● Discoveries of new comet populations would add to what is known from SOHO of the end life of a comet
● HI observations of “SOHO” comets will extend light curves to much greater distances
● Greatly improved orbit determinations● Detailed images of comet tails (e.g. McNaught)
lead to better understanding of solar wind / comet interaction
● Possible CME-comet interactions● First 3-D reconstruction of comets
SECCHI Object Discovery Prospects
● HI-2 Discoveries extremely infrequent
● Other surveys have it covered
● HI-1 Discoveries very likely and relatively frequent
● COR-2 Could still surprise us...
● COR-1 Very unlikely to make new discoveries due to
limited field of view
Some Highlights For This Year...
● Comet 2P/Encke Mag 6, will pass from HI-1A into HI-1B (also
LASCO C3) (late April)● Comet 96P/Machholz
Mag 8 (very approx), LASCO C3 (faint) and HI-1B (early April)
● C/1999 R1 = C/2002 R5 (SOHO) Predicted 3rd perihelion passage (~September) Mag 6; LASCO C2, C3 and (hopefully) HI-1B
● Many more asteroids...