5 years in a net-zero-electricity solar homeyakovenk/solar-home/presentation.pdf · 5 years in a...
TRANSCRIPT
5yearsinaNet-Zero-ElectricitySolarHome
VictorYakovenkoDepartmentofPhysics,UniversityofMaryland,CollegePark,USA
h?p://physics.umd.edu/~yakovenk/solar-home/
“Everythingyouwantedtoknowabouthomesolarenergy,butdidnotknowwhomtoask”
10PVpanels(2.15kW)installedJanuary25-26,2011withba?erybackup
ConTnuouslyoperatedsinceMar9,2011
Extra3PVpanels(2.8kWtotal)installedOct26,2011,area12.6/16.4m2
SanyoHIT215A;efficiency:cell19.3%,module17.1%;sameasonthewinningUMDSolarDecathlonHouse2011
Generated16MWhin5.5years=7.8kWh/day,>100%ofconsumpTon
CollegePark,nearMetroStaTonInstalledbyStandardSolar.com
25November2016
Novel HIT design by Sanyo
HITDoublecollectslightfromtwosides.
h?p://us.sanyo.com/Solar/
SanyosolarpanelsHIT215A215W,cellefficiency19.3%,moduleefficiency17.1%.
SunPowerandSanyomakeconsumermodulesofthehighestefficiency.
Weneededthehighestefficiencybecauseofourlimitedareaofexposure.
Besidesphotovoltaic(PV)modules(solarpanels),invertersareneededtotransformdirectcurrent(dc)fromPVintoalternaTngcurrent(ac)intheelectricgrid.
Oldstyle:Onebiginverteronthewallforallroofpanelsconnectedinseries.Onepanelblocksall.
Newstyle:Individualmicroinvertersforeachpanelontheroof.Parallel,independentoperaTon,datacommunicaTon,scalability.
TooperatePVduringgridoutage,itisnecessarytohaveaba?erybackuptostabilizethesystem.Otherwise,PVshutsdownwhengridgoesdown.
Typically,aPVsystemisconnectedtothegrid,soenergyflowsoutonasunnydayandinatnight.TheelectricuTlitycompany(PEPCO)billsmonthlyforthedifference(netmetering).NegaTvebalance(creditforgeneraTon)carriesover,butonceayearPEPCOpayscashforthenetcredit.
Shadefromtreescanbemeasured.SeealsoSunNumberofzillow.com
Sequenceofsteps(donebytheinstalla=oncompany):§ IniTale-mailcontactwithStandardSolar,checksatelliteviewofthehouseonGooglemaps,decideonfeasibility
§ HousevisitofarepresentaTve,discussparametersofacontract,payiniTaldeposit
§ Engineeringdesign,getbuildingandelectricpermits,procureparts
§ InstallaTon,usually<day.Be?erinacoolseasontoprotectroofshingles§ ElectricinspecTonbythecounty,changeofelectricmeter,approvalfromtheuTlitycompany,switchon
§ Applyforrebates(state,county,federal),signacontractwithaSRECaggregator(e.g.SolSystems),registerthesystemforSRECs,receivecash
§ WatchelectricmeterspinningbackwardsJ
AmersigningofthecontractandinpreparaTonforPVinstallaTon,wereplacedaleakyplywoodpanelandshinglesontheroof.WeinstalledSolarisbrandofshinglesfromCertainTeedwithenhancedreflecToncoefficienttokeeptheroofcooler.
OverheaTngoftheancisaseriousproblem:withtheairtemperature100F(38C),theanctemperaturewas137F/59C(2008),butdecreasedto110F/43C(2011)amerinstallingridgevent,reflecTvesheetsinside,Solarisshingles,PVpanels,andthickbatsoffiberglassinsulaTonbetweentheancandthe2ndfloor.
PV installation and snowstorm afterwards
Jan25,2011,PVdoneonthe1stday Jan28,2011,amerahugesnowstorm
InstallaTonandwiringoftheba?erybackupwasfinishedonthe2ndday,Jan26,at4pm.At8pm,ahugesnowstormarrived,andthegridwentdown.Wesurvivedthenightonba?erybackup,whichpoweredgasfurnace,kitchenfridge,sumppump,Internet,andsomelightsandoutlets.Nextday,wegenerated4kWhofPVenergyandrechargedba?eriesbacktofull.Onourblock,thegridwasrestoredamer20hours,butinsomeareasitwasdownupto5days!
Battery backup in the basement PV,criTcalloads
Grid,non-criTcalloads
Ba?eries,10kWh
PVdatadisplay/Webinterface
Charger/Inverterfortheba?eries
DatadisplayfortheCharger/Inverter
Amerthesnowstorm,ImeasuredourcriTcal-loadelectricconsumpTonusingKillAWa?.Ourkitchenfridgeconsumedabout2kWh/day.WeboughtanewfridgeofthesamesizebyGeneralElectric,whichconsumes1kWh/day.
Energy-saving measures
Then,ImeasuredelectricconsumpTonofallpluggableelectricdevicesinthehouseandputallsleepingelectronicdevicesonswitches.Ireplaceda300Whalogenfloorlampbya13Wcompactfluorescentbulb,etc.ThismeasureshavereducedthebaseloadelectricconsumpTonbyabout30%.AlllightsinthehousearefluorescentandLED.
Howtobalanceenergybudget:increaseproducTonandreduceconsumpTon!
Better insulation of the house with poured-in foam
LiquidphenolicfoamispumpedbetweenexteriorandinteriorwallsandfillsallcaviTes,thenturnsintosolidclosed-cellfoam.DonebyUSAinsulaTon.net
The most efficient dehumidifier on the market
EnergyconsumpTonofallelectricappliancesislistedatEnergyStar.govbyDOE.
SantaFeImpactXT,seasonalconsumpTon~200kWh,dehumidifiesthewholebasementandhouse(usingcentralfan).ItomensubsTtutesaircondiTonerandcanbeoperatedduringoutage.WeusedaircondiTonerfor47daysin2011and31dayin2012.
CumulaTve5years8months,9March2011–9November2016
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ProducTon
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Netmeter
AnnualPV2.87MWh,usage2.5MWhnowvs.6MWhin2010,typicalhome14MWh
UMD people who have residential PV installations
ReinhardRadermacherProfessorofMechanicalEngineering,DirectorofCenterforEnvironmentalEnergyEngineering
MarlaMcIntosh,ProfessorofPlantSciencesh?ps://enlighten.enphaseenergy.com/public/systems/drUs9509
JeffreyLynn,NISTFellowandTeamLeader,AdjunctProfessorofPhysics
TheyallhavemuchbiggerPVinstallaTons(x3)thanmine
PeterShawhanAssociateProfessorofPhysics
§ Technologyismature:PVefficiencypushingto20%,PVwarranty20years,slickmicroinverters,warranty15years
§ Service:well-establishedinstallaToncompanieswithlongrecordandexperience
§ Cost:affordable,unprecedentedsubsidies,30%Federaltaxcredit+MDstate+PGcounty+SRECs(solarrenewableenergycredits)–totaldiscount>50%
§ PVmodulepricesaredecreasing:overcapacityduetocollapseofEuropeansubsidies,ramped-upSiproducTonforPVinsteadofelectronicslemovers
§ Wewantedabackupsystem.GridoutagesinDCareabecameendemic(4lastyear):winter(noheat),summer(foodspoils),rain(waterinbuckets,nosumppump),justtoohot(chainexplosionsofoverloadedtransformers)
§ Yet,abackupwouldbeusedonly1%ofTme.PV+ba?erybackuplookslikeagoodcombinaTon:generatespowerallyear,butalsoinemergency.
§ Ba?erybackupvs.generators:nofuel,nomovingparts,nomaintenance,indoorinstallaTon,easyelectricconnecTons,butafinitenumberofchargecycles.
§ Weblinkh?p://physics.umd.edu/~yakovenk/solar-home/
Nowisthe=metodoit!The=meformassiveadop=onofsolarpowerhasarrived.
Conclusions
UMD installed PV system on the former Washington Post printing plant in College Park (August 2011)
SevernBuildingUMD:2,600solarpanels631kWpower792MWhannualStandardSolarinstaller
h?p://newsdesk.umd.edu/scitech/release.cfm?ArTcleID=2341
AmericanUniversity:532kWpower,637MWhannual,onKatzenArtsCenter,BenderLibrary,etc.,StandardSolarinstaller,WashingtonGasEnergyServicesowner&operatorh?p://www.standardsolar.com/node/1292
h?p://datareadings.com/client/moduleSystem/Kiosk/site/bin/kiosk.cfm?k=5QJba0pN
SevernBuildingUMD,alsoLowe’s,IKEA,etc.
UniversityParkCommunitySolarLLC,ChurchoftheBrethern,22kW,May2010,StandardSolarinstaller