50th anniversary of nasa - brown · pdf file50th anniversary of nasa. ... venera 15,16 venera...
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The Exploration of the Moon and Planets:A New Perspective on Earth
James W. Head, IIIDepartment of Geological Sciences, Brown University
Providence, Rhode Island USA
50th Anniversary of NASA
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Inhabiting the Space-Time Continuum
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Inhabiting the Space-Time Continuum
Most people
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Inhabiting the Space-Time Continuum
Solar System
Billions of Years
50 years of explorationhas brought us out here!
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Mariner 10
VenusExpressCassiniGalileoMagellanVega 1,2Venera 15,16Venera 13,14Venera 11,12Pioneer12,13Venera 9,10Mariner 10Venera 7,8Venera5, 6Mariner 5Venera 4Mariner 2
Chang-e-1KaguyaSMART-1Lunar ProspectorClementineGalileoLuna 21,22,24Luna 17,19,20 Zond 8Luna 16Zond 5,6,7Luna 14Surveyor 5,6,7Lunar Orbiter 4,5Surveyor 3Lunar Orbiter 3Lunar Orbiter 1,2Luna 11,12,13Surveyor 1Zond 3, Luna 9,10Ranger 7,8,9Luna 1,2,3
Apollo 17Apollo 16Apollo 15Apollo 14Apollo 12Apollo 11Apollo 10Apollo 8
Phoenix 2007 Mars Recon. Orb. Opportunity, SpiritMars ExpressMars OdysseyMars PathfinderMars Global SurveyorPhobos 2Viking 1,2Mars 4,5Mariner 9Mars 3Mariner 4,6,7
Cassini-HuygensGalileoVoyager 1,2Pioneer 10,11
HayabusaNEARGalileo
Bepi-Colombo 2011
Venera D
Jupiter Orb Probe 2011
Future studies
Past and current Only successful missions
Stardust 2004-2008Deep Space 1GiottoSuisei, SakigakeVega 1,2ICE
Rosetta 2004-2011
Japan manned 2025US Moon Base 2020Chinese sample return 2017Chinese lander 2012Luna Glob 2011Lunar. Recon. Orb. 2008Chandrayaan-1 2008
New Horizonsto Pluto
Comet sample return 2010?
Mars 2018, 2020Scout/Mars Sample Return 2016Mars Sample Return/Scout 2013Scout 2011Fobos Grunt 2009Mars Science Laboratory 2009
Messenger
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1958
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Professor Thomas A. (“Tim”) Mutch
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OUR JOB IS TO THINK OUR WAY
TO THE MOONAND BACK
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Apollo 15
Hadley-Apennines
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Earth: Exploration
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• When did plate tectonics start?• How and when did continents form?• What was the early atmosphere like?• When, and where, did life originate?
• We needed an understanding of the major processes operating inthe first half of Solar System history.
Earth: What is the history of the formative years?
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Comparative Planetology
• Where is the record of the major processes operating in the first half ofSolar System history?
• Planets and moons were soon to join Earth as objects of geologicalinterest and analysis.
• We were on our way to a Grand Experiment:The field of Comparative Planetology was born.
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Luna 9 – first soft lunar lander
Luna 13
Portion of Luna 13 TV panorama
1966
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Lunar Ranger1961 - 1965
Ranger 7: July, 1964Ranger 8: Feb., 1965Ranger 9: Mar., 1965
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Soviet Union-US Space Race to the MoonCold war period flights to the Moon
USSR Attempts 48
Successful 21
USA Attempts 31
Successful 22
From Huntress, Moroz, Shevalev, 2003
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Moon: Exploration
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Moon: Exploration
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Apollo 15
Hadley-Apennines
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Moon: Exploration
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Lunar rock typesMaria
Highlands
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Lunar ages
MariaHighlands
HighlandsYoung craters
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Origin of the Moon: Giant Impact Hypothesis
The Moon was formed due toaccretion of the impact ejecta
in orbit around the Earth.
Mars-size body
Proto-Earth
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Moon: Insights into the formative years of planetary history.• Ancient age of lunar crust.• Magma Ocean: Concept of wholesale melting.• Linkage of geological observations and accretionary theory.• Moon formed from impact of Mars-sized object into early Earth.• Lunar Interior: Crust, lithosphere and thermal evolution.• Differentiation, segregation instability and overturn.• The Moon as a “one-plate” planet in contrast to Earth.• Impact cratering is a fundamental geological process.• Cometary volatiles may accumulate near poles.• The Moon is a record of the first half of solar system history.
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Mercury
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Mercury: Exploration• Earth-based observations.• Mercury, slightly larger than the Moon, but containing a
core of lunar size; What would the geology look like?
• Mariner 10 - 1973.
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Mercury: Lunar-like surface, Earth-like interior
• Mercury is Moon-like!• Impact craters and plains dominate the surface.• Are the plains volcanic or impact?• Tectonic one-plate planet, but with huge tectonic scarps.• Magnetic field: Is the core liquid and convecting?• Mariner 10 raised more questions than it answered.
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Mercury: Lunar-like surface, Earth-like interior• What is the origin of Mercury's huge core?• Recent Earth-based measurements are consistent with a molten core:
Implications?• Does Mercury have crustal magnetic anomalies?• What is the origin of the smooth plains: Does Mercury have surface volcanism?• What is the cause of global-scale contraction early in its history?• Does significant global contraction inhibit extrusive volcanism?• Are the radar reflective materials in polar crater interiors water ice?
• MESSENGER and BepiColombo will explore the half of Mercury unobserved byspacecraft, and address these questions. MESSENGER M-1 1/08; M-2, 10/08!!
???????
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Departure NAC Mosaic 2(DEP_NAC_MOSAIC_2)
•Acquire 15x13 NAC mosaic, to cover northernhemisphere, including M10 gore + "new" territory nearlimb portion. Resolution is from 140 - 300 m/pixel.
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Departure NAC Mosaic 2(DEP_NAC_MOSAIC_2)
•Acquire 15x13 NAC mosaic, to cover northernhemisphere, including M10 gore + "new" territory nearlimb portion. Resolution is from 140 - 300 m/pixel.
Individual frames acquired
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Departure NAC Mosaic 2(DEP_NAC_MOSAIC_2)
•Acquire 15x13 NAC mosaic, to cover northernhemisphere, including M10 gore + "new" territory nearlimb portion. Resolution is from 140 - 300 m/pixel.
Mosaic produced
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MESSENGER Second Flyby, October 6, 2008
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Mars
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Mars: Exploration
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The Geological RecordOf Climate Change
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Hydrological Cycle and System:Surface and Near-Surface Reservoirs
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MARS
Study of Extreme Climate Change
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Latitude-DependentIce-Related Deposits
Latitude-dependent layer found above 30º North and South latitude.
(Mustard et al., 2001; Kreslavsky and Head, 2000, 2002; Milliken et al., 2003; Head et al., 2003)
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Lineated Valley Fill:Debris-Covered
Valley Glacier Systems.
Plateau Icefields?
Mars Earth
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Dickson, Head and Marchant, Late Amazonian glaciation at the dichotomy boundary on Mars: Evidence for glacial thickness maxima and multiple glacial phases, Geology (2008).
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- Heavy impactbombardment.- Valley
networks.- “Warm/Wet”
early Mars?
-Volcanism.- Outflowchannels.- Oceans?- Southcircumpolardeposits.
- Low impact rates.- Tharsis volcanism continues.- Outflow channels continue.- Late-stage polar caps.- “Cold/Dry” late Mars.
Water and Climate on Mars: Relation to Geologic History
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Open Basin LakesN=210 (~65% newly
recognized)Fassett and Head, 2008a,b
Noachian Valley Networks and Open Basin Lakes
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Mars: Moon/Mercury with Water and Climate
• Mars similar to the Moon and Mercury in many ways.• Tectonics: No signs of plate tectonics: A one-plate planet.• Significant record of early impact history and volcanism
preserved in its crust.• But Mars differs in fundamental ways!
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Mars: Moon/Mercury with Water and Climate
Differences from the Moon and Mercury:1) Global crustal dichotomy:2) Tharsis and Elysium topographic rises.3) Volcanic activity extends up to the geological present.4) Mars is a "water" planet: Rivers, lakes and oceans.5) Extreme oscillations in spin-axis obliquity characterize Mars.6) Huge crustal magnetic anomalies.7) True polar wander may have occurred.8) An early "warm and wet" Marsis a likely habitat forthe formation and evolution of life.
• Mars may be the true Rosetta stone ofEarly Earth history, filling in the missing transition.
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Venus
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Venus: Exploration
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Venus Atmosphere P surface = 93 barT = 470 Cat 6052 km radius
CO2 major component N2 admixtureO2 and H2O traces
Three cloud decksat 45 – 70 km altitudeConcentrated H2SO4
Strong zonal windsfrom E to W ~100 m/s at the clouds level
Light from the sky isorange
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Soviet Union Venera 13 Color Panorama
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Volcanism on Venus
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Venus: An Earth gone astray?
• Venus exploration has revealed a planetary surface that, like the Earth,has no remaining morphological record of the first two-thirds of SolarSystem history.
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Venus: An Earth gone astray?
• There is no ancient heavily-cratered terrain.• The surface is predominantly volcanic in origin.• Tesserae: Intensely tectonically resurfaced terrain.• Impact cratering record is sparse.• Average age of the surface < a billion years.• Crater population nearly completely spatially random and the vast majority of
the craters have not been modified.
Mikhail Ivanov, Vernadsky Institute, RAS
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• Venus must have undergone a global-scale resurfacing in its recent history!!• This resurfacing must have been geologically rapid!• What could have caused such a configuration and event?• Among the hypotheses are:• 1) transition from mobile lid to stagnant lid lithospheric regime,• 2) episodic plate tectonics, and• 3) catastrophic overturn of a depleted-mantle layer.• Could similar processes lie in Earth's past or future?
Venus: An Earth gone astray?
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Comets
Asteroid belt
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Comet nuclei
Black arrow shows place
of impact
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Outer planets and satellites
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Satellites and Rings of Saturn
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Satellites of Uranus
Oberon
Ariel
UmbrielTitania
Miranda
Puck
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Miranda, D = 480 km
Impact cratersand
Tectonicstructures“coronae”
ρ = 1.2 g/см3
Composition:ice Н2О +silicates
Voyager 2 image
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Young icy surface of Europa
“Rafted terrain – ice layer thickness <10 km,Below water to ~ 100 km, volcanism on the floor?Chemogenic life like at “black smokers” on Earth??
Search for extraterrestrial life, Europa
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July 14, 2015
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The Sun!
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The Critical Role of the SUN inPlanetary Evolution
• The Sun: The “King Kong” of planetary climate evolution!• SOLAR INSOLATION: The fundamental input parameter to
the nature/evolution of climate systems.• The Sun: A VARIABLE STAR at many timescales!
– Sunspot cycles.
– ~500 year CMEs.
– Faint young Sun.
– Changes in solar activity andluminosity on scales for whichwe are totally clueless!!
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Earth -The Home Planet
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Inhabiting the Space-Time Continuum
Solar System
Billions of Years
50 years of explorationhas brought us out here!
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Earth: Returning to the HomePlanet!
• We now have perspective on the missing chapters in the first half of Earth history.• Impact cratering is a fundamental planetary geological process:• 1) Proto-Earth was hit by a Mars-sized projectile.• 2) Huge impact basins in early Earth history.• 3) Throughout history: Negative influence on existing biota, mass extinctions.• Density inversions of internal layers and global resurfacing: Could such events
initiate plate tectonics on Earth?• Radical climate change and Snowball Earth: What are the lessons from Mars?• Life: New perspectives on hospitable environments.
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NASA at 50 Years
• No longer do we view the Earth in isolation. Earth is now a member of afamily of terrestrial planets that have shared similar events and phasesin their histories.
-We look to the geological record of one-plate planets tounderstand the role of impact cratering with time.
-We look to Venus to understand how tectonism and volcanismmight appear during the Earth's Archean period, billions of years ago.
-We observe the thermal evolution of different terrestrial planetsand wonder what the distant future holds for Earth.
-We look to Mars to understand radical climate change.-We look to the Moon to understand how our crust formed.-We look to Mars, Europa and beyond to understand life’s origins.-We look to Pluto because it is there!
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Ongoing Lunar Missions
Chang-e 1, China
Kaguya, Japan
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Mars ARES
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Answers to these fundamental questions lie in the results of space missions tobe undertaken in the next 50 years of Solar System exploration!
51 Years Since Sputnik:The Next 50 Years of NASA
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Comparative Planetary Systems
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The Next Fifty Years
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