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5105: BHARATHIDASAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE (Approved by A.I.C.T.E. New Delhi and affiliated to Anna University, Chennai)

N A T T R A M P A L L I – 6 3 5 8 5 4 .

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

CS6504 – COMPUTER GRAPHICS

YEAR / SEM: III / V

Frequently Asked Questions

UNIT I INTRODUCTION

Survey of computer graphics, Overview of graphics systems – Video display devices, Raster scan systems,

Random scan systems, Graphics monitors and Workstations, Input devices, Hard copy Devices, Graphics

Software; Output primitives – points and lines, line drawing algorithms, loading the frame buffer, line

function; circle and ellipse generating algorithms; Pixel addressing and object geometry, filled area

primitives.

PART – A

1. Define Computer graphics.

2. List the video display devices.

3. What are the major application areas of Graphics? [ Nov. / Dec. 2016 ]

4. Define refresh / frame buffer. [ May / June 2016 ]

5. Find the refresh rate of a 512 x 512 frame buffer, if the access time for each pixel is 200 nanoseconds.

[ Nov./ Dec. 10]

6. Find the amount of memory required by an 8 plane frame buffer each of red, green, blue having

resolution of 1024 x 768. [ Nov./ Dec. 12]

7. Explain scan code.

8. Summarize the merits and demerits of Penetration techniques.

9. What are the merits and demerits of Direct View Storage Tubes (DVST)? [ May / June 2016 ]

10. Compare emissive and non-emissive displays.

11. Compare the merits and demerits of Plasma panel display.

12. Differentiate raster scan and Random scan systems. [ Nov. / Dec. 13 ]

13. Define the term resolution. [ April / May 2017 ]

14. Name some Input devices and Hard copy devices.

15. Name a few graphics software standards. [ April / May 11]

16. Define aspect ratio. [ May / June 13 ]

17. Define: pixel, bitmap and pixmap.

18. What is an output primitives?

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19. List out few attributes of Output Primitive. [ MAY / JUNE 14 ]

20. Write down any two line attributes. [ Nov. / Dec. 2011 ] [ Nov. / Dec. 14 ]

21. Define is DDA? What are the disadvantages of DDA algorithm?

22. List the advantages of Bresenham’s algorithm over DDA algorithm. [ 4 Marks] [ Nov. / Dec. 2016 ]

23. Brief on the governing equation of a circle. [ Nov. / Dec. 2016 ]

24. Give the contents of a display file.

25. What is loading a frame buffer?

26. What is meant by antialiasing? [ Nov. / Dec. 13 ]

27. Generalize on filled area primitive. [ May / June 12 ]

28. What do you infer from PHIGS?

29. What is pixel addressing and object addressing?

30. How to compute the address of a location in frame buffer? [April / May 2017]

31. Compute the resolution of a 2 x 2 inch image that has 515 x 512 pixels. [ Nov. / Dec. 2015 ]

32. Give the contents of the display file. [ Nov. / Dec. 2015 ]

33. Define aspect ratio. [ Nov. / Dec. 2012 ]

34. Write down the simple procedure to draw a line between two points.

35. List out the methods used for smoothly joining two line segments?

36. Digitize a line from (10,12) to (15,15) on a raster screen using Bresenhams straight line algorithm.

[ Nov. / Dec. 13]

37. What is the major difference between symmetrical DDA and simple DDA? [ May / June 12]

38. Identify the contrast between Raster and Vector Graphics. [ April / May 15]

PART – B

1. Explain the following Video Displays Devices [ May / June 2016 ]

(a) Refresh cathode ray tube (b) Raster Scan Displays

(c) Random Scan Displays (d) Color CRT Monitors

2. Explain on the following:

i) Direct View Storage Tubes ii) Flat Panel Displays iii) Liquid Crystal Displays. [April / May 2017]

3. i) Define and differentiate random scan and raster scan devices. [ Nov. / Dec. 2015 ]

ii) Explain the Various Input and Output Devices.

4. i) Explain the working principle of CRT with a neat diagram. [ Nov. / Dec. 2016 ]

ii) Differentiate raster scan and random scan display systems. [ Nov. / Dec. 2016 ]

5. Point out various attributes of points and line.

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6. i) Illustrate the line drawing algorithm using DDA. Digitize a line from (12,14) to (18,22) on a raster

screen using DDA straight line. [ May / June 2016 ]

ii) Write and explain Bresenham’s line drawing algorithm and trace the algorithm for the given point

(2, 1) to (10, 12). [ Nov. / Dec. 2016 ]

iii) How are event driven input devices handled by the hardware? Explain. [ Nov. / Dec. 2015 ]

7. i) Evaluate and explain the midpoint circle drawing algorithm with an example. [ April / May 2017 ]

ii) Assume 10 cm as the radius and co-ordinate as the centre of the circle Draw the circle and deduce the

answer. [ Nov. / Dec. 2011 ]

iii) Using Bresenhams circle drawing algorithm plot one quadrant of a circle of radius 7 pixels with origin

as centre. [ Nov. / Dec. 2015 ]

8. i) Develop and Calculate the pixel location approximating the first octant of a circle having centre at

(4,5) and radius 4 units using Bresenham’s algorithm. [ Nov. / Dec. 2013 ]

ii) Generalize in brief Antialising techniques. [ Nov. / Dec. 2013 ]

9. Given input ellipse parameter Rx =8 Ry =6.Illustrate in the midpoint ellipse algorithm by determining

the raster position along the ellipse path in the first quadrant. [ MAY / JUNE 13 ]

10. i) Describe the ellipse drawing algorithm. [ MAY / JUNE 14 ] [ Nov. / Dec. 14 ]

ii) Write down and explain the Bresenham’s line drawing algorithm with an example. [ May / June 12 ]

iii) Explain about Bresenham’s circle generating algorithm. [ May / June 12 ]

11. i) Describe Boundary Fill Algorithm.

ii) Discuss the primitives used for filling. [ Nov. / Dec. 2015 ]

12. Illustrate about filled area primitives.

13. i) Tabulate DDA and Bresenham’s line drawing algorithms. [ Nov. / Dec. 12 ]

ii) Describe about output primitives. [ May / June 12 ]

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UNIT II TWO DIMENSIONAL GRAPHICS

Two dimensional geometric transformations – Matrix representations and homogeneous coordinates,

composite transformations; Two dimensional viewing – viewing pipeline, viewing coordinate reference

frame; widow-to-viewport coordinate transformation, Two dimensional viewing functions; clipping

operations – point, line, and polygon clipping algorithms.

PART – A

1. Define Transformation.

2. Give short notes on active and passive transformations?

3. Define the terms: Translation and Rotation. [ May / June 13 ]

4. Mention the uses of translation and rotation with matrix representation. [ Nov. / Dec. 2016 ]

5. Derive the general form of scaling matrix about a fixed point ( xf, yf ). [ Nov. / Dec. 2015 ]

6. Evaluate the matrix representation and Homogeneous coordinates.

7. Illustrate Composite transformation.

8. Define Shear. Write down the shear transformation matrix. [ Nov. / Dec. 2012 ] [ May / June 2016 ]

9. Define Window. [ May / June 2016 ]

10. Define view port. [ April / May 2017 ]

11. Differentiate window and view port. [ Nov. / Dec. 2011 ]

12. Brief on window to view port coordinate transformation. [ Nov. / Dec. 2016 ]

13. Define Clipping. List the various types. [ MAY / JUNE 14 ]

14. Define text clipping. Give an example for text clipping. [ Nov. / Dec. 2012 ] [ Nov. / Dec. 2014 ]

15. How will you clip a point? [ MAY / JUNE 13 ]

Write down the conditions for point clipping in window. [ Nov. / Dec. 2015 ]

Give the conditions under which a point is clipped against a standard clip window. [ Nov. / Dec. 10]

16. Define region code.

17. Write a note on Polygon clipping.

18. List the Various types of Polygon clipping.

19. Generalize the purpose of presentation graphics.

20. Define affine transformation. [ Nov. / Dec. 2013 ]

21. What is covering (exterior clipping)?

22. Compare interior and exterior clipping. [April / May 2017]

23. Depict the 2D viewing pipeline.

24. List the different types of text clipping methods available. [ Nov. / Dec. 13]

25. What do you mean by viewing? [ May / June 14]

26. What are homogeneous coordinates? [ May / June 12]

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PART – B

1. a) Explain in detail on any two basic 2D geometric transformations. [ MAY / JUNE 13 ] [ April / May 2017 ]

b) Derive the matrix representation of composite transformation. [ April / May 2017 ]

2. i) Discuss about matrix representation and homogeneous coordinates.

ii) What are the stages involved in 2D viewing transformation pipeline? Explain briefly about each stage.

[ April / May 2017 ]

3. Compare between window port and view port.

4. i) Explain in detail the Cohen-Sutherland line clipping algorithm with an example. [ Nov. / Dec. 2011 ]

[ MAY / JUNE 14 ] [ May / June 2016 ]

ii) Explain Sutherland – Hodgeman algorithm for polygon clipping. [ Nov. / Dec. 2016 ]

iii) Illustrate about Nicholl-Lee-Nicholl line clipping.

5. i) Describe the following basic two dimensional geometric transformations a) Scaling b) Reflection

ii) Give composite transformation for translation and rotation.

6. Design Liang - Barsky Line clipping algorithm with an example.

7. i) Derive the viewing transformation matrix. [ Nov. / Dec. 2015 ]

ii) Clip a quadrilateral ABCD with coordinates (10,18) (22,18) (34,27) and (10,37) against a window

QRST with coordinates (5,15) (30,15),(30,25) and (5,25) using Cohen Sutherland algorithm.

iii) Explain the 2D viewing pipeline in detail. [ Nov. / Dec. 2015 ]

8. Examine Line clipping and Curve clipping algorithm. [ Nov. / Dec. 12 ]

9. a) Explain about Composite transformation in general and Explain the following with matrix

representations: i) Two Successive Translations ii) Two Successive Rotations iii) Two Successive Scaling

iv) General Pivot point rotation v) General Fixed Point Scaling. [ Nov. / Dec. 2016 ]

b) Explain on the following 2D transformations: [ May / June 2016 ]

i) General Pivot point rotation ii) General Fixed Point Scaling

iii) Perform 45 degree rotation of a triangle A (0,0) B (1,1) and C (5,3) about P (-1,-1)

10. i) The reflection along the line y=x is equivalent to the reflection along the X axis followed by counter

Clockwise rotation by Θ degrees. Find the value of Theta. [ Nov. / Dec. 13 ]

ii) Describe in detail about Weiler - Atherton Polygon Clipping.

11. i) Clip the given line A(1,3) B(4,1) against a window P(2,2) ,Q(5,2), R(5,4),S(2,4) using Liang Barsky

line Clipping algorithm. [ Nov. / Dec. 2015 ]

ii) Write short notes about viewing coordinates. [ Nov. / Dec. 2016 ]

iii) Explain window to viewport coordinate transformation.

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12. i) Describe local scaling taking scaling vectors along the x, y, z axes as 2,3,1 respectively for a cube

with homogeneous position vectors.

ii) Write short notes on exterior clipping.

13. Rotate the point P ( 2, -4) about the origin 30 in anti – clockwise direction. [April / May 2017 ]

14. Flip the given quadrilateral A(10,18) B(22,18) C(34,27) and D(10,37) about the origin and then zoom

it to twice its size. Find the new positions of the quadrilateral. [ Nov. / Dec. 2015 ]

15. Brief on viewing Pipeline. [ Nov. / Dec. 2016 ]

UNIT III THREE DIMENSIONAL GRAPHICS

Three dimensional concepts; Three dimensional object representations – Polygon surfaces- Polygon

tables- Plane equations - Polygon meshes; Curved Lines and surfaces, Quadratic surfaces; Blobby objects;

Spline representations – Bezier curves and surfaces -B-Spline curves and surfaces. TRANSFORMATION

AND VIEWING: Three dimensional geometric and modelling transformations – Translation, Rotation,

Scaling, composite transformations; Three dimensional viewing – viewing pipeline, viewing coordinates,

Projections, Clipping; Visible surface detection methods.

PART – A

1. List the various representation schemes used in three dimensional object. [ April / May 2017 ]

2. What is the need for space partitioning representations? [ May / June 2016 ]

3. Tabulate polygon surfaces, polygon tables and polygon equations.

4. What is polygon mesh?

5. Define quadric surfaces. [ Nov. / Dec. 2011 ]

6. What are blobby objects? Give two examples. [ Nov. / Dec. 2016 ]

7. What is a Spline? [ April / May 11]

8. Differentiate between interpolation spline and approximation spline.

9. Define spline curves. [ Nov. / Dec. 2012,14 ] [ MAY / JUNE 14 ]

10. What are the Spline specifications?

11. What are the advantages of B Spline over Bezier curves? [ MAY / JUNE 13 ]

12. What are the important properties of Bezier curve?

13. Give the general expression of Bezier Bernstien polynomial. [ Nov. / Dec. 13]

14. State the applications of Bezier splines. [ Nov. / Dec. 2016 ]

15. Define B-Spline curve. [ April / May 11]

16. Analyse and Represent the parametric representation of a cubic Bezier curves. [ Nov. / Dec. 2015 ]

17. Differentiate parallel projection from perspective projection. [ Nov. / Dec. 12, 14 ] [ May / June 2016 ]

18. Define projection plane and centre of projection. [ Nov. / Dec. 2015 ]

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19. Differentiate oblique and orthogonal projections. [ Nov. / Dec. 2012 ]

20. What is Transformation? Give the steps involved in 3D transformation.

21. Point out the types of transformations.

22. What is projection? List out the types of projection? [ April / May 2017 ]

23. Show the matrix for 3D z-axis rotation.

24. Describe the matrix for 3D translation.

25. Summarize shear transformation.

26. Give the single point perspective projection transformation matrix when projectors are placed on the z

Axis.

27. What do you mean by viewing? [ MAY / JUNE 14 ]

28. Depict the 3D viewing pipeline. [ Nov. / Dec. 10 ]

29. What do you mean by view plane? Assess its view distance?

30. What are the various visible face detection methods or hidden surface elimination method.

31. What is back face detection?

32. Define : depth buffer method and octrees.

PART - B

1. With suitable examples, explain all 3D transformations. [ Nov. / Dec. 2011 ] [ Nov. / Dec. 12 ] [ MAY / JUNE 14 ]

2. Calculate the new coordinates of a block rotated about x axis by an angle of 30 degrees. The original

coordinates of the block are given relative to the global xyz axis systems. A (1, 1, 2) B (2, 1, 2) C (2, 2, 2)

D ( 1, 2, 2) E ( 1, 1, 1) F (2, 1, 1) G (2, 2, 1) H ( 1, 2, 1). [ Nov. / Dec. 2013 ]

3. Derive the 3D transformation matrix for rotation about:

i) an arbitrary axis ii) an arbitrary plane. [ Nov. / Dec. 2016 ] 4. Write short notes and analyse on the list given below

i) Polygon surfaces [ May / June 2016 ]

ii) Quadric surfaces and Polygon Meshes [ Nov. / Dec. 12 ] [ May / June 2016 ] [ Nov. / Dec. 2016 ]

iii) Curved line surfaces.

5. Discuss the 3D object representations in detail. [ Nov. / Dec. 14 ]

6. With suitable examples describe 3D transformations: i) Reflection ii) Scaling iii) Shearing

7. Explain a method to rotate an object about an axis that is not parallel to the coordinate axis with a neat

block diagram and derive the transformation matrix for the same. [ MAY / JUNE 13 ] [ May / June 16 ]

8. i) Describe B spline and Bezier surfaces.

ii) Tabulate the advantages and disadvantages of B spline surfaces over Bezier surfaces.

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9. i) Discuss about 3D display methods with example. [ Nov. / Dec. 2016 ]

ii) Illustrate Blobby objects and examples.

10. i) Differentiate parallel and perspective projections in detail. [ MAY / JUNE 14 ] [ Nov. / Dec. 2016 ]

ii) Compare and contrast orthographic, Axonometric and Oblique projections. [ Nov. / Dec. 2015 ]

11. Write notes on 3D viewing. [ Nov. / Dec. 12 ]

12. Explain and analyse on Clipping in 3D:

i) Normalized view volumes ii) Viewport clipping iii) Clipping in homogeneous coordinates.

13. Describe on the following visible surface detection methods: [ Nov. / Dec. 14 ]

i) Back face detection [ Nov. / Dec. 2015 ] ii) Depth –Buffer method iii) A-Buffer method.

14. i) Show the general characteristics of B Spline curves.

ii) Determine the blending function for Uniform periodic B Splines curves for n = 4, d = 4. [ MAY / JUNE 13 ]

15. i) Explain open uniform and non - uniform B splines curves.

ii) Explain B splines curves with multiple knots.

16. Generalize on the following hidden surface elimination methods: [ MAY / JUNE 13 ] [ MAY / JUNE 14 ]

i) Scan line Method ii) Painter’s algorithm iii) BSP-tree method iv) Octree method Create

17. i) Explain Area Subdivision method of hidden surface identification algorithm.

ii) How will you perform 3D rotation about any arbitrary axis in space? [ Nov. / Dec. 2015 ]

18. i) Describe in detail formulation of B Spline surfaces.

ii) Explain and Examine 3D transformation pipeline from modelling coordinate to final device

coordinate

19. i) Express the different types of data with the techniques of visualization applied over the data.

[ MAY / JUNE 14 ]

ii) Write short notes about viewing coordinates. [ Nov. / Dec. 2016 ]

20. i) Determine the 3D transformation matrices to scale a line PQ in the x direction by 3 by keeping point

P fixed. The rotate this line by 45 anticlockwise about the Z axis. Give P ( 1,5,2 ) and Q ( 4,5,6,3 ).

[ April / May 2017 ]

ii) Explain the different 3D object transformations in detail. [ April / May 2017 ]

21. i) Find the points on the Bezier curve which has starting and ending points P0 (2, 3) and P3 (4, -3) and is

controlled by P1 (5, 6) and P2 (7, 1) for u = 0.9 [ April / May 2017 ]

ii) Show that the Bezier curve always touches the starting point ( for u = 0 ) and the ending point

( for u = 1). [ April / May 2017 ]

iii) Derive the parametric equation for a cubic Bezier curve. [ Nov. / Dec. 2015 ]

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UNIT IV ILLUMINATION AND COLOUR MODELS

Light sources - basic illumination models – halftone patterns and dithering techniques; Properties of light -

Standard primaries and chromaticity diagram; Intuitive colour concepts - RGB colour model - YIQ colour

model - CMY colour model - HSV colour model - HLS colour model; Colour selection.

PART – A

1. List out various properties that describe the characteristics of light? [ May / June 2016 ]

2. Define color models.

3. Define : primary color, complementary color and color gamut.

4. Define dithering. When does this occur? [ MAY / JUNE 13 ] [ Nov. / Dec. 2015 ]

5. State the difference between CMY and HSV color models. [ Nov. / Dec. 2012 ] [ Nov. / Dec. 2014 ]

6. What is Ambient light?

7. Define Depth Cueing.

8. What are the types of reflection of incident light?

9. Highlight on diffuse reflection and specular reflection? [ Nov. / Dec. 2016 ]

10. Define shading.

11. What do you mean by shading of objects? [ Nov. / Dec. 2011 ]

12. What is texture? Mention its application.

13. What are half tones and dithering with respect to half tones? [ Nov. / Dec. 2016 ]

14. What is the need for shading model? [ May / June 2016 ]

15. Differentiate flat and smooth shading.

16. Explain how shadow areas displayed?

17. What are subtractive colors? [ May / June 12]

18. Write any two drawbacks of Phong Shading? [ April / May 2017 ]

19. Define rendering.

20. Describe surface patch.

21. Convert the given color value to CMY color mode

where R = 0.23 G = 0.57 B = 0.11. [ Nov. / Dec. 2015 ]

22. Show how will you convert from YIQ to RGB color model?

23. How will you add texture to an object? Explain.

24. Which shading method is faster and easier to calculate? Describe Why?

25. What is a shadow? How to create using graphics?

26. Give the various light sources.

27. Explain rendering equation.

28. Draw the color model HLS double cone. [ MAY / JUNE 13 ]

29. State the use of chromaticity diagram. [ April / May 2017 ]

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PART – B

1. Explain the following color models in detail: [ Nov. / Dec. 2016 ] [ MAY / JUNE 14 ]

i) RGB [ Nov. / Dec. 2012 ] ii) YIQ iii) HSV color models.

2. Explain in detail on RGB and HSV color models. [ Nov. / Dec. 2011 ] [ May / June 2016 ]

3. Write notes on Halftone patterns and Dithering techniques. [ Nov. / Dec. 2016 ] [ April / May 2017 ]

4. Briefly explain different color models in detail. [ MAY / JUNE 13 ] [ April / May 2017 ]

5. Discuss on color spectrum, color concepts and color models in detail. [ Nov. / Dec. 2015 ]

6. Explain how refraction of light in a transparent object changes the view of the 3D object.

7. Compare and contrast between RGB and CMY color models. [ Nov. / Dec. 14 ]

8. Explain about shading models [ Phong and Warn model] . [ May / June 2016 ]

9. How do you create shaded objects and draw shadows? Explain.

10. Explain chromaticity with diagram Write short notes on Color selection.

11. Explain the illumination models in detail. [ Nov. / Dec. 2015 ]

12. Write short notes on i) YIQ color model. ii) HLS color model

13. Write short notes on light sources.

14. Explain in detail about the properties of light and draw chromaticity diagram. [ April / May 2017 ]

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UNIT V ANIMATIONS & REALISM

ANIMATION GRAPHICS: Design of Animation sequences – animation function – raster animation –

key frame systems – motion specification –morphing – tweening. COMPUTER GRAPHICS REALISM:

Tiling the plane – Recursively defined curves – Koch curves – C curves – Dragons – space filling curves –

fractals – Grammar based models – fractals – turtle graphics – ray tracing.

PART – A

1. What is fractal? [ Nov. / Dec. 2011 ] [ MAY / JUNE 13 ] [ April / May 2017 ]

2. Define animation. [ Nov. / Dec. 2011 ]

3. Write down different types of animation. [ Nov. / Dec. 2014 ]

4. Give the basic principle of animation. [ Nov. / Dec. 2015 ]

5. What are key frame systems? [ Nov. / Dec. 2012 ] [ MAY / JUNE 14 ]

6. Differentiate Key frame systems from Parameterized Systems. [ Nov. / Dec. 2016 ]

7. What is a scripting system? [ May / June 2016 ]

8. Give any four real time animation techniques.

9. Where does the ray r(t)(4:1,3)+(-3,-5,-3)t hit the generic plane? Calculate.

10. Write down the equation of fractal similarity dimension. [ May / June 2013 ]

11. Define Recursively defined curves.

12. What do you mean by C curves and dragon curves?

13. List down the properties of Peano curves. [ Nov. / Dec. 2012 ]

14. What are peano curves? [ MAY / JUNE 14 ]

15. Define tiling the plane.

16. Give any four real-time animation techniques.

17. Point out some properties of fractal.

18. What is the use of fractals in graphics application? [ MAY / JUNE 14 ]

19. Point out the three types of self-similarity found in fractals?

20. Explain Koch Curve. [ May / June 2013 ]

21. Give the general procedure to construct Koch curve.

22. What is Ray Tracing? [ Nov. / Dec. 2014 ]

23. What is the state of a turtle?

24. List the attributes of turtle in graphics. [ Nov. / Dec. 2015 ]

25. What is a turtle graphics program? [ May / June 2016 ]

26. What do you mean by tweening?

27. Define morphing. [ April / May 2017 ]

28. Mention the importance of morphing. [ Nov. / Dec. 2016 ]

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PART – B

1. Define animation sequences. Explain the various steps involved in animation sequence. [ May / June 2016 ]

2. Write short notes on i) Animation function (ii) Raster animation. [ May / June 2016 ]

3. Explain the different methods of motion specification. [ Nov. / Dec. 2016 ]

4. Give short notes on the following i) Morphing and tweening ii) Tiling the plane.

5. i) Discuss the computer animation techniques. [ Nov. / Dec. 2012 ]

ii) Explain Recursively defined curves .

6. i) Distinguish between raster animation and key frame animation in detail. [ Nov. / Dec. 2015 ]

ii) How will you generate grammar based model? Explain. [ Nov. / Dec. 2015 ]

7. i) Mention the salient features of Raster Animation. [ Nov. / Dec. 14 ]

ii) Describe the creation of images by iterated functions.

8. i) Briefly explain different types of fractals with neat diagram.

ii) Explain how to construct fractals and the uses of fractals in computer graphics.

9. Explain the following:

i) Koch curves [ May / June 2016 ] and C curves ii) Peano Curves [ Nov. / Dec. 2011 ] [ Nov. / Dec. 14 ]

iii) Dragon and Space filling curves.

10. i) Discuss on the Grammar – based models in detail. [ April / May 2017 ]

ii) Give a detailed note on the ways in which motion of objects can be specified in an animation system.

[ April / May 2017 ]

iii) Brief on the forces affecting object motion:

1) Gravitational 2) Electromagnetic 3) Friction. [ Nov. / Dec. 2016 ]

11. i) Brief on fractals and ray tracing. [ MAY / JUNE 13 ] [ Nov. / Dec. 2016 ]

ii) Write short notes on self-squaring fractals.

iii) Write about random fractals. [ Nov. / Dec. 14 ]

[12. i) Explain ray tracing method in detail. [ April / May 2017 ]

ii) What is morphing? Explain in detail about morphing with an example. [ April / May 2017 ]

13. What is Fractal? Explain in detail the various fractals. [ May / June 2016 ]

14. Write about random fractals in detail. [ Nov. / Dec. 2011 ]

15. Write short notes on: i) Ray Tracing [ MAY / JUNE 14 ] ii) Morphing [ Nov. / Dec. 2015 ]

16. Define Koch Curve. How do you construct the Koch curve? Brief it with examples. [April/May 11]

17. An e-publishing company is in the process of converting e – books in the form of document images to

text. Discuss on the challenges faced by the company in implementing the process. [ Nov. / Dec. 2016 ]