5.5 classification. i. ii. iii. iv. a. b. c. d

5.5 Classification5.5 Classification

i.ii.iii.iv.

A.B.C.D.

5.5.1 5.5.1 OutlineOutline the binomial system of nomenclature. the binomial system of nomenclature.

• Linnaeus; Greek/LatinLinnaeus; Greek/Latin• Genus 1Genus 1stst: capitalized, underlined: capitalized, underlined• Species 2Species 2ndnd: not cap., but underlined: not cap., but underlined

– HomoHomo sapienssapiens• Later reference can be Later reference can be HH. . sapienssapiens

• Name in brackets afterwards = who 1Name in brackets afterwards = who 1stst named/identifiednamed/identified– MalaclemysMalaclemys terrapinterrapin [Schoepf] [Schoepf]

• WHY?WHY?– Universal language vs. common namesUniversal language vs. common names– Show evolutionary relationshipsShow evolutionary relationships

5.5.2 5.5.2 ListList seven levels in the hierarchy of taxa - seven levels in the hierarchy of taxa - using an using an example from two different kingdomsexample from two different kingdoms for for each level.each level.

• KingdomKingdom• PhylumPhylum• ClassClass• OrderOrder• FamilyFamily• GenusGenus• SpeciesSpecies

AnimaliaAnimaliaChordataChordataAvesAvesPiciformesPiciformesPicidaePicidaeCampephilusCampephilusprincipalisprincipalisIvory-billed woodpeckerIvory-billed woodpecker

Plantae Plantae AngiospermophytaAngiospermophyta

MagnoliopsidaMagnoliopsidaGentianalesGentianalesAsclepiadaceaeAsclepiadaceaeAsclepiasAsclepiassyriacasyriaca

milkweedmilkweed

5.5.2 5.5.2 ListList seven levels in the hierarchy of taxa - seven levels in the hierarchy of taxa - using an using an example from two different kingdomsexample from two different kingdoms for for each level.each level.

• More similar = closer grouping, More similar = closer grouping, evolutionary relationshipsevolutionary relationships

• Linnaeus-1700s (2 Kingdoms)Linnaeus-1700s (2 Kingdoms)

• Now...5 (or 6) KingdomsNow...5 (or 6) Kingdoms– Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, Protoctista Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, Protoctista

(Protista), Prokaryotae (Eubacteria & (Protista), Prokaryotae (Eubacteria & Archaebacteria)Archaebacteria)

5.5.3 5.5.3 DistinguishDistinguish between the following phyla of between the following phyla of plants, using simple external recognition features: plants, using simple external recognition features:

All plants: photosynthetic, chlorophyll, cellulose cell wall, permanent vacuoles, store starch

Differences:

vegetation (leaves, stems)

reproduction


Phylum BryophytaPhylum Bryophyta• Little! Mosses, liverworts, hornwortsLittle! Mosses, liverworts, hornworts• STEMS: radial (mosses) or bilateral symmetry STEMS: radial (mosses) or bilateral symmetry

(liverworts) (liverworts) – NO true LEAVES or ROOTS, No cuticleNO true LEAVES or ROOTS, No cuticle

• Non-vascularNon-vascular– NO xylem/phloemNO xylem/phloem

• Repro structure = sporangium on long stalks, Repro structure = sporangium on long stalks, capsule on end; releases spore capsule on end; releases spore new plant new plant– NO flowers/seedsNO flowers/seeds


Phylum FilicinophytaPhylum Filicinophyta• Ferns & HorsetailsFerns & Horsetails• Height up to 20 mHeight up to 20 m• STEMS: non-woody (herbaceous)STEMS: non-woody (herbaceous)• Divided LEAVES; ROOTSDivided LEAVES; ROOTS• Vascular (xylem, phloem)Vascular (xylem, phloem)• Repro structure = sporangia (sori) contain Repro structure = sporangia (sori) contain

sporesspores


Phylum ConiferophytaPhylum Coniferophyta• Conifers, pinesConifers, pines• STEMS: woody (lignin)STEMS: woody (lignin)• Waxy, narrow, needle-like/scale-like LEAVES; Waxy, narrow, needle-like/scale-like LEAVES;

ROOTSROOTS• Vascular system (tracheids)Vascular system (tracheids)• Trees up to 100 m; ShrubsTrees up to 100 m; Shrubs• Repro structure = monoeciousRepro structure = monoecious

– Male (microsporophyll; non-motile gametes, air/water Male (microsporophyll; non-motile gametes, air/water dispersal) & female (macrosporophyll; ovule on seed cone) dispersal) & female (macrosporophyll; ovule on seed cone) on same plant but different flowerson same plant but different flowers


Phylum Angiospermophyta:Phylum Angiospermophyta:• Flowers, fruits, & grassesFlowers, fruits, & grasses• STEMS, ROOTS, LEAVESSTEMS, ROOTS, LEAVES• Vascular bundles (xylem, phloem)Vascular bundles (xylem, phloem)• Waxy cuticleWaxy cuticle• Annual or perennial, up to 100 mAnnual or perennial, up to 100 m• Repro structure = ovules in enclosed carpal; pollen Repro structure = ovules in enclosed carpal; pollen

grains produced by anthersgrains produced by anthers• Seeds in fruit (ovary)! Seeds in fruit (ovary)!

– (NO cones) (NO cones) animal pollination often animal pollination often

earthworms

5.5.4 5.5.4 DistinguishDistinguish between the following phyla of between the following phyla of animals, using simple external recognition features: animals, using simple external recognition features:

Phylum PoriferaPhylum Porifera::• Sea sponges Sea sponges • Simple, sessileSimple, sessile• # layers in body plan: # layers in body plan:

– none (aggregate of diff cell types); body built around water none (aggregate of diff cell types); body built around water canals that circulate nutrients to specialized cellscanals that circulate nutrients to specialized cells

– No muscle/nerves, no organsNo muscle/nerves, no organs• Opening for mouth/anus: Opening for mouth/anus:

– Neither (filter feed)Neither (filter feed)• Method of support: Method of support:

– silica or Ca spicules linked togethersilica or Ca spicules linked together

30+ Animal Phyla

These are “invertebrates” (lack spinal cord)—all are heterotrophic, no cell walls, no vacuoles, no chlorophyll, store glycogen


Phylum CnidariaPhylum Cnidaria::• Jellyfish, hydra (mobile); sea anemones & corals Jellyfish, hydra (mobile); sea anemones & corals

(sessile)(sessile)• # layers in body plan: # layers in body plan:

– 2 (diploblastic; radial symmetry)2 (diploblastic; radial symmetry)

• Opening for mouth/anus: Opening for mouth/anus: – 1 opening – gastric pouch- resp gases and nutrients1 opening – gastric pouch- resp gases and nutrients

• Nematocysts = stinging cells, toxinsNematocysts = stinging cells, toxins• Method of support: Method of support:

– CaCOCaCO33 skeleton skeleton


Phylum PlatyhelminthesPhylum Platyhelminthes::• Flatworms...Flatty Platty! Flatworms...Flatty Platty!

– parasitic or free-livingparasitic or free-living

• # layers in body plan: # layers in body plan: – 3 (triploblastic; bilateral symm)3 (triploblastic; bilateral symm)

• Opening for mouth/anus: Opening for mouth/anus: – 1 opening – to gut; many folds (S. Area)1 opening – to gut; many folds (S. Area)– No heart/lungsNo heart/lungs

• Method of support: Method of support: – muscle layersmuscle layers


Phylum AnnelidaPhylum Annelida::• Segmented worms (earthworms, leeches, Segmented worms (earthworms, leeches,

polychaetes)polychaetes)– parasitic or free-living; marine/terrestrialparasitic or free-living; marine/terrestrial

• # layers in body plan: # layers in body plan: – 3 (triploblastic; bilateral symm); segments w/some 3 (triploblastic; bilateral symm); segments w/some

specializationspecialization– Gas exchange through skinGas exchange through skin

• Opening for mouth/anus: Opening for mouth/anus: – Gastric tract w/2 openings – mouth Gastric tract w/2 openings – mouth gut gut anus anus

• Method of support: Method of support: – muscle layersmuscle layers


Phylum MolluscaPhylum Mollusca::• Snails, slugs, bivalves, octopusSnails, slugs, bivalves, octopus• # layers in body plan: # layers in body plan:

– 3 (triploblastic; bilateral symm)3 (triploblastic; bilateral symm)


• Foot (muscular for movemt); Central visceral mass Foot (muscular for movemt); Central visceral mass (organs); Mantle (folded membranes, contain gills)(organs); Mantle (folded membranes, contain gills)

• Method of support: Method of support: – muscle layers; mantle may secrete calcareous shellmuscle layers; mantle may secrete calcareous shell


Phylum ArthropodaPhylum Arthropoda::• Insects, crustaceans, spiders, scorpions, millipedesInsects, crustaceans, spiders, scorpions, millipedes• Very diverse & adapted group!Very diverse & adapted group!• # layers in body plan: # layers in body plan:

– 3 (triploblastic; bilateral symm)3 (triploblastic; bilateral symm)


• Jointed body segments & appendages; some flyJointed body segments & appendages; some fly• Method of support: hard exoskeleton (chitin)Method of support: hard exoskeleton (chitin)

5.5.5 5.5.5 ApplyApply and and designdesign a key for a group of up to a key for a group of up to eight organisms.eight organisms.

• DICHOTOMOUS Keys• ? 2 alternative answers• Focus on details as you go through• Most characteristics readily observed/measured• Group things...

– Choose characteristics not influenced by environmental factors

• Shape, # of things• Classify each organism with a final id’d name

5.5 classification. i. ii. iii. iv. a. b. c. d

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