句子插入题liuzeyu@xiaoma.com

刘泽宇

我该把这句话放在哪里呢？

•A 、 B 、 C 、 D 四个空，貌似将句子放在哪里都说得通 ~

•肿么办，好慌张……

•神啊，救救我吧 ~

“顶针”你可曾听说？•桃花坞里桃花庵，• •桃花仙人种桃树，•又摘桃花换酒钱。

甲 桃花村里桃花劫 乙 桃花庵下桃花仙 丙 桃花源外桃花童 丁 桃花庙堂桃花运

先看 OG• 在新托福阅读的考查中，每篇文章必会出现一类

题，叫做“ insert text questions” ，即插入句子题 ( 简称插入题 ) 。考试中，考生会遇到一句话，问该句插入文中哪里最合适。

• 按照 ETS 官方指南上的解析，这类题型重点考查英文句子间的逻辑语义关系，即英文中句子与句子是如何衔接在一起的。所以，只要掌握了英语句子间的衔接手法 (cohesive devices) ，这种问题便可迎刃而解。

那么，英文句子有哪些衔接手法呢？

• 1. 代词 (pronouns)

• 具体包括人称代词、指示代词和关系代词等 (personal, demonstrative, relative, etc) 。在上下句的关联中，代词是最为紧密的一类词。当作者再次谈及上句相关话题时，为了避免重复，遵循语言学的最简单化原理，作者会用代词指代该话题词。

• 我们知道， there this 等等这类词具有前指功能，在插入句子中出现了这类词汇我们可直接去选段中找到其所指代的内容，找到了正确的对应就可直接放在其后面。

•This is a question that has puzzled scientists for ages.

重点是 this is a question• Extinct but already fully marine cetaceans are know

n from the fossil record. ■How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? ■Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.

• ■Very exciting discoveries have finally allowed scientists to reconstruct the most likely origins of cetaceans. ■In 1979, a team looking for fossils in northern Pakistan found what proved to be the oldest fossil whale. The fossil was officially named Pakicetus in honor of the country where the discovery was made.

2. 定冠词 the + 名词 (specific articles+nouns)

名词所指对象第一次出现时，用不定冠词 a 连接，当后句再次提及该名词对象时，为了表示它和前一句名词是同一关系，会用定冠词 the 引出。

A woman is blahblah talking. The woman is

our teacher.

The factories did not have to go to the streams when power could come to the factories ．

█Watt's steam engine soon showed what it could do. █It liberated industry from dependence on running water. █The engine eliminated water in the mines by driving efficient pumps, which made possible deeper and deeper mining. █The ready availability of coal inspired William Murdoch during the 1790s to develop the first new form of nighttime illumination to be discovered in a millennium and a half.

3. 重复话题词或同义近义改写

• 上下句的衔接也可以通过重复话题词实现，或者是对该话题词进行相关改写。

4. 过渡性词和词组 • 句子间明显的关系，即通过明显的

逻辑连词或副词来体现句间关系。这些显性关系词包括以下类别。

4.1 时间关系• then, next, later, finally, etc 。 4.2 因果关系• therefore, consequently, as a result, etc 。

• 4.3 转折关系• however, but, yet, nevertheless, on the

other hand, etc 。• 4.4 解释关系• that is, in other words, etc 。• 4.5 举例关系• for instance, for example

总结• 不要看段落• 不要看四个选项• 看黑体字的意思 • 最好不要用排除法• 插入句子分两半 ；一半定位，一半验证• 注意：人名，地名，年代，数字，大写专

有名词，关系词

In fact, damage to the environment by humans is often much more severe than damage by natural events and processes.

█Ecologists are especially interested to know what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because climax communities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human activities. █ The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount St. Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by humans.

█ We need to know what aspects of a community are most important to the community’s resistance to destruction, as well as its recovery. █

• However, changing teachers’ thinking about reflection will not succeed unless there is support for reflection in the teaching environment.

• Helping this group of teachers to revise their thinking about classroom events became central. ■This process took time and patience and effective trainers. ■The researchers estimate that the initial training of the teachers to view events objectively took between 20 and 30 hours, with the same number of hours again being required to practice the skills of reflection.

• Paragraph 5: ■Wildman and Niles identify three principles that facilitate reflective practice in a teaching situation. ■The first is support from administrators in an education system, enabling teachers to understand the requirements of reflective practice and how it relates to teaching students.

It is relatively rare because the

fossilization of soft-bodied animals

requires a special environment.

• One interpretation regarding the absence of fossils during this important 100-million-year period is that early animals were soft bodied and simply did not fossilize. ■Fossilization of soft-bodied animals is less likely than fossilization of hard-bodied animals, but it does occur. ■Conditions that promote fossilization of soft-bodied animals include very rapid covering by sediments that create an environment that discourages decomposition. ■In fact, fossil beds containing soft-bodied animals have been known for many years. ■

Unless something acts to halt this migration, these natural resources will eventually reach the surface.

Continued sedimentation—the process of deposits’ settling on the sea bottom—buries the organic matter and subjects it to higher temperatures and pressures, which convert the organic matter to oil and gas. █As muddy sediments are pressed together, the gas and small droplets of oil may be squeezed out of the mud and may move into sandy layers nearby. █Over long periods of time (millions of years), accumulations of gas and oil can collect in the sandy layers. █Both oil and gas are less dense than water, so they generally tend to rise upward through water-saturated rock and sediment. █

Thus, scientists had information about the shape of the domes but not about their chemical composition and origin.

■Another task for the Glomar Challenger’s scientists was to try to determine the origin of the domelike masses buried deep beneath the Mediterranean seafloor. ■These structures had been detected years earlier by echo-sounding instruments, but they had never been penetrated in the course of drilling. ■Were they salt domes such as are common along the United States Gulf Coast, and if so, why should there have been so much solid crystalline salt beneath the floor of the Mediterranean? ■

Other important occasions are school graduations and weddings.

What do you remember about your life before you were three? █Few people can remember anything that happened to them in their early years. █Adults' memories of the next few years also tend to be scanty. █Most people remember only a few events—usually ones that were meaningful and distinctive, such as being hospitalized or a sibling’s birth. █

They esteem symbols of Roman power, such as the massive Colosseum.

Modern attitudes to Roman civilization range from the infinitely impressed to the thoroughly disgusted. ■As always, there are the power worshippers, especially among historians, who are predisposed to admire whatever is strong, who feel more attracted to the might of Rome than to the subtlety of Greece. ■At the same time, there is a solid body of opinion that dislikes Rome. ■For many, Rome is at best the imitator and the continuator of Greece on a larger scale. ■Greek civilization had quality; Rome, mere quantity.

Foreign trade was also responsible for certain innovations in coloring.

Chinese porcelain wares imported into the Arab world. ■So admired were these pieces that they encouraged the development of earthenware made in imitation of porcelain and instigated research into the method of their manufacture. ■From the Middle East the Chinese acquired a blue pigment—a purified form of cobalt oxide unobtainable at that time in China—that contained only a low level of manganese. Cobalt ores found in China have a high manganese content, which produces a more muted blue-gray color. ■In the seventeenth century, the trading activities of the Dutch East India Company resulted in vast quantities of decorated Chinese porcelain being brought to Europe, which stimulated and influenced the work of a wide variety of wares, notably Delft. ■The Chinese themselves adapted many specific vessel forms from the West, such as bottles with long spouts, and designed a range of decorative patterns especially for the European market.

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