Project:- Sustainable Development

Subject:- Environment Studies

Name:- Md Gulnawaz Arshad

Course:- B.Tech (CSE)

Enrollment No:- CS-14-19

IndexAcknowledgment 03

Introduction 04 Definition

05 History of Sustainable Development

07 Sustainable Development in India

08 Principles of 'Sustainable Development'

10 Problems in implementation of the principles

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Sustainable Development as part of our Constitution 13

Judicial Approach 15

Conclusion 17

Bibliography 18

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Acknowledgment

First and foremost, to my friends, for working so hard with me on this project and for tirelessly

gather data for the difficult topic. I cannot fully express my gratitude to the exceptional faculty at AL-FALAH UNIVERSITY, for their generosity, faith, and superb guidance.

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Introduction

Sustainable development is a pattern of resource use that aims to meet human needs whilepreserving the environment so that these needs can be met not only in the present, but also forfuture generations.

Definition: In 1987, the United Nations released the Brundtland Report, which definessustainable development as 'development which meets the needs of the present withoutcompromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.'Sustainable development is much more than environmental protection. It is a wider concept ofeconomic growth, which ensures fairness and opportunities for dignified life for all, withoutfurther destroying recklessly, the world's finite resources.The field of sustainable development can be conceptually broken into three constituent parts:

Economic Sustainability, Sociopolitical Sustainability and Environmental Sustainability.

Right to wholesome environment is a fundamental right protected under Article 21 of the Constitution of India. But the question is, can the environment be protected at present times when almost all the countries in South-East Asia are still at their developing stages? Development comes through industrialization, which in turn the main factor behind the degradation of environment. To resolve the issue, the experts worldwide have come up with a doctrine called 'Sustainable Development', i.e. there must be balance between development and ecology

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DEFINITION

SSustainable Development is a process in which development can be sustained for generations. Itustainable Development is a process in which development can be sustained for generations. It

means improving the quality of human life while at the same time living in harmony with naturemeans improving the quality of human life while at the same time living in harmony with nature

and maintaining the carrying capacity of the life supporting ecosystem. Development meansand maintaining the carrying capacity of the life supporting ecosystem. Development means

increasing the society’s ability to meet human needs. Economic growth is an importantincreasing the society’s ability to meet human needs. Economic growth is an important

component but cannot be a goal itself. The real aim must be to improve the quality of humancomponent but cannot be a goal itself. The real aim must be to improve the quality of human

existence to ensure people to enjoy long, healthy and fulfilling life. existence to ensure people to enjoy long, healthy and fulfilling life.

Brundtland Commission puts it as development that “meets the needs of the present withoutBrundtland Commission puts it as development that “meets the needs of the present without

compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” The field of sustainablecompromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” The field of sustainable

development can be conceptually broken into three constituent partsdevelopment can be conceptually broken into three constituent parts::

((II)) environmental sustainability, environmental sustainability,

((IIII)) economic sustainability and economic sustainability and

((IIIIII)) socio-political sustainability.socio-political sustainability.

But the concept was given a definite shape in a report by world commission on environment,

which was known as ' our common future'. The commission, which was chaired by the then

Norway Prime Minister, Ms. G.H. Brundtland defined 'Sustainable Development' as:

"Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future

generations to meet their own needs".

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The report was popularly known as 'Brundtland report' the concept had been further discussed

under agenda 21 of UN conference on environment and development held in June 1992 at Rio de

Janeiro, Brazil.

HISTORY OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

TThe sustainability idea emerged in a series of meetings and reports during the 1970s and 1980s,he sustainability idea emerged in a series of meetings and reports during the 1970s and 1980s,

besides there is a timeline of some important sustainable development events in the Unitedbesides there is a timeline of some important sustainable development events in the United

Nations, the Government of Canada and Human Resources Development Canada. Nations, the Government of Canada and Human Resources Development Canada.

In 1972, the UN Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment marked the firstIn 1972, the UN Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment marked the first

great international meeting on how human activities were harming the environment and puttinggreat international meeting on how human activities were harming the environment and putting

humans at risk. humans at risk.

The 1980 World Conservation Strategy, prepared by the International Union for theThe 1980 World Conservation Strategy, prepared by the International Union for the

Conservation of Nature along with the UN Environment Program and the World Wildlife Fund,Conservation of Nature along with the UN Environment Program and the World Wildlife Fund,

promoted the idea of environmental protection in the self-interest of the human species. promoted the idea of environmental protection in the self-interest of the human species.

In 1987, the UN-sponsored Brundtland Commission released In 1987, the UN-sponsored Brundtland Commission released Our Common FutureOur Common Future, a, a

report that captured widespread concerns about the environment and poverty in many parts of thereport that captured widespread concerns about the environment and poverty in many parts of the

world. The Brundtland report said that economic development cannot stop, but it must changeworld. The Brundtland report said that economic development cannot stop, but it must change

course to fit within the planet's ecological limits. It also popularized the term sustainablecourse to fit within the planet's ecological limits. It also popularized the term sustainable

development. development.

World attention on sustainability peaked at the 1992 UN Conference on Environment andWorld attention on sustainability peaked at the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and

Development, in Rio de Janeiro. It brought together the 179 nations and included the EarthDevelopment, in Rio de Janeiro. It brought together the 179 nations and included the Earth

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Summit, the largest-ever meeting of world leaders. Rio produced two international agreements,Summit, the largest-ever meeting of world leaders. Rio produced two international agreements,

two statements of principles and a major action agenda on worldwide sustainable development.two statements of principles and a major action agenda on worldwide sustainable development.

In the year 2002, that is ten years after the Earth Summit in Rio, the World Summit forIn the year 2002, that is ten years after the Earth Summit in Rio, the World Summit for

Sustainable Development was held in Johannesburg. Here Canada submitted a documentSustainable Development was held in Johannesburg. Here Canada submitted a document

reflecting the progress of all federal departments.reflecting the progress of all federal departments.

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA

AAlthough India has traditional institutions, practicing Sustainable Development, the Rio Summitlthough India has traditional institutions, practicing Sustainable Development, the Rio Summit

1992 and WSSD 2002 commitments have changed our policy and plan. To achieve sustainable1992 and WSSD 2002 commitments have changed our policy and plan. To achieve sustainable

development, the National Conservation Strategy (NCS) formulated in 1990 has six primarydevelopment, the National Conservation Strategy (NCS) formulated in 1990 has six primary

principles. They are - (i) Stabilization of population growth; (ii) Integrated land use and waterprinciples. They are - (i) Stabilization of population growth; (ii) Integrated land use and water

management; (iii) Conservation of biological diversity; (iv) Sustainable energy and resourcemanagement; (iii) Conservation of biological diversity; (iv) Sustainable energy and resource

utilization; (v) Pollution control; and (vi) Improvement of human habitats. utilization; (v) Pollution control; and (vi) Improvement of human habitats.

Followed by NCS, Environmental Action Program (EAP) and National Forestry Action PlanFollowed by NCS, Environmental Action Program (EAP) and National Forestry Action Plan

(NFAP) were formulated towards the objective of Sustainable Development of India. Three(NFAP) were formulated towards the objective of Sustainable Development of India. Three

important government contributions to environment and sustainable development over the pastimportant government contributions to environment and sustainable development over the past

one and half decades are summarized below: one and half decades are summarized below:

Establishment of basic infrastructure and institutions at Central and State levels; Establishment of basic infrastructure and institutions at Central and State levels;

Formulation and enforcement of policy and legal instruments. Example: ConservationFormulation and enforcement of policy and legal instruments. Example: Conservation

Strategy, Amendment of outdated Acts or Enactment of comprehensive new ones like the ForestStrategy, Amendment of outdated Acts or Enactment of comprehensive new ones like the Forest

Conservation Act and the Environment (Protection) Act; and Conservation Act and the Environment (Protection) Act; and

Implementation of programs and projects for SD.Implementation of programs and projects for SD.

During the late 1970s and early 1980s, many people argued that development must take priorityDuring the late 1970s and early 1980s, many people argued that development must take priority

over environmental concerns and that environment was an elitist concern -- meant only for theover environmental concerns and that environment was an elitist concern -- meant only for the

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rich. In 1982, the first citizens’ report on the rich. In 1982, the first citizens’ report on the State of India’s EnvironmentState of India’s Environment, which Agarwal, which Agarwal

conceptualised and edited, provided the social rationale for developing countries to takeconceptualised and edited, provided the social rationale for developing countries to take

environmental concerns into account. It resolved the environment vs. development debateenvironmental concerns into account. It resolved the environment vs. development debate

globally and finally evolved into the concept of ‘sustainable development’ in the Brundtlandglobally and finally evolved into the concept of ‘sustainable development’ in the Brundtland

Commission report.Commission report.

The interest in sustainability that flourished during that period was spurred by a series ofThe interest in sustainability that flourished during that period was spurred by a series of

incidents and discoveries, including the leak of poisonous gas from a chemical plant at Bhopal,incidents and discoveries, including the leak of poisonous gas from a chemical plant at Bhopal,

India, the explosion and radioactive release from Chernobyl, Ukraine, the hole in the AntarcticIndia, the explosion and radioactive release from Chernobyl, Ukraine, the hole in the Antarctic

ozone layer, leaking toxic chemical dumps, such as Love Canal, general fears about chemicalozone layer, leaking toxic chemical dumps, such as Love Canal, general fears about chemical

contamination and conflicts over decreasing natural resources such as forests and fisheries. contamination and conflicts over decreasing natural resources such as forests and fisheries.

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Principles of 'Sustainable Development'

Various principles of 'Sustainable Development':  Some of the basic principles of 'Sustainable

Development' as described in 'Brundtland report' are as follows: -

Inter-Generational Equity

The principle talks about the right of every generation to get benefit from the natural resources.

Principle 3 of the Rio declaration states that:

" The right to development must be fulfilled so as to equitably meet developmental and

environmental needs of present and future generations." The main object behind the principle is

to ensure that the present generation should not abuse the non-renewable resources so as to

deprive the future generation of its benefit.

PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE

The principles states that the Government and the statutory bodies must take environmental

measures to anticipate prevent and attack the causes of environmental degradation. Where there

are threats of serious and irreversible damage, lack of scientific certainty should not be used as a

reason for postponing measures to prevent environmental degradation. In these circumstances the

‘onus of proof’ is on the actor or the developer/industrialist to show that his action is

environmentally benign.

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POLLUTER PAYS PRINCIPLE

Polluter Pays Principle (PPP) has been developed by the Organisation of Economic Cooperation

and Development (OECD) as one of the principles for allocation of entitlements. The principle

basically means that the producer of goods or other items should be responsible for the costs of

preventing or dealing with pollution which the process causes. This includes environmental costs

as well as the direct costs to property or people. PPP finds a prominent place in the Rio

Declaration of 1992. Principle 16 of the Declaration proclaims that national authorities should

endeavour to promote the internalisation of environmental costs and the use of economic

instruments, taking into account the approach that the polluter should, in principle, bear the cost

of pollution, with due regard to the public interest and without distorting international trade and

investment. As per this principle once the activity carried on any person or industry is

hazardous or inherently dangerous, the person carrying on such activity is liable to make good

the loss caused to any other person by his activity irrespective of the fact whether he took

reasonable care while carrying on his activity. Thus the purpose of “Sustainable development” is

to ensure that the developmental activities must be carried on but at the same time if they

adversely affect the environment or the ecology in any manner then the consequence is the

polluting industries are absolutely liable to compensate for the harm caused by them to people in

the affected area, to the soil and to the underground water and hence, they are bound to take all

necessary measures to remove sludge and other pollutants lying in the affected areas.

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Problems in implementation of the principles

(a)      Multiple definitions of the words “sustainable development”.  Difficulties in ascertaining the substantial meaning of the words “polluters pay principle”.  When have they to be applied?  In some cases, economic considerations may outweigh environment consideration and vice-versa.  The Supreme Court of India may have the authority to give weightage to these considerations.  However, the question is – should it?  How to balance these principles which intersect?

(b)      Are these “legal” or “political principles”?  The Supreme Court has given legal recognition but problem is due to multiple definitions of “sustainable development”.

(c)      In most countries (except India), they are not recognized as legal principles; though approach is present.  According to WTO Appellate Tribunal, Courts should look at the above principles in the specific context.  The reason seems to be that although enactments like the Forest Conservation Act, 1980, the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 regulate human activities, these Acts give wide discretionary powers to the Authorities under the Act(s).

(d)     The Threshold Test – when to apply the Precautionary Principle.  Neither the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 nor the Forest Conservation Act, 1980 provides for it.  If so, whether a successful judicial review could be brought? The view in some of the countries is that these principles are to be kept in mind by the executive decision makers as the principles relating to environment should be the responsibility of the Executive and not the Courts and that judicial review should be left to extreme cases because the provisions of the Forest Conservation Act, 1980 and the Environment Protection Act, 1986 are symbolic or that these provisions be monitored through procedural requirement.  In this connection, we must keep in mind the difference between judicial enforcement where the Court is the primary tool and the court’s supervisory role of administrative programmes.

(e)      None of the Acts create criminal or administrative offences in relation to sustainable development.  The duties in the two Acts are directory.

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AS PART OF OUR CONSTITUTION

Judiciary in India has played a pivotal role in interpreting those laws to suit the doctrine of “Sustainable Development”. Before dealing with the case laws with respect to the environmental matters as appreciated by the Indian Judiciary we must first look into the various laws and provisions laid down by the legislatures to protect the environment and maintain the ecology vis-a-vis promoting the developmental aspects-

ARTICLE 14

Article 14 of the Constitution of India ensures the equality before law and equal protection of the laws. While awarding the sanction to the industrial projects or granting license to these units the government must not act arbitrarily thus granting the permission to them without even considering the environmental impact of these projects and proper assessment report. Right to healthy environment is the legitimate expectation, an aspect protected under Article 14 of the Constitution of India.

ARTICLE 21

As per this article every citizen has the right to life and personal liberty. Slow poisoning by polluted atmosphere should also be regarded as amounting to violation of article 21 of Indian constitution. In Virender Gaur v. State of Haryana, it was observed that article 21 protects right to life as a fundamental right, enjoyment of life including the right to live human dignity encompasses within its ambit, the protection and preservation of environment, ecological balance free from pollution of air and water, sanitation, without life cannot be enjoyed. Environmental pollution therefore should be regarded as amounting to violative of article 21 as the right to life includes right to live in pollution free environment.

ARTICLE 39

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This article contemplates that the State shall direct its policy towards securing that the operation of the economic system does not result in the concentration of wealth and the means of production to the common detriment.

ARTICLE 47

It refers to the duty of the State to raise the level of nutrition and standard of living and to improve the public health.

ARTICLE 48A

This article states that the State shall endure to protect and improve the environment. As laid down in the case of T. Godavarman v. Thirumal Pad, Tamil Nadu, there is no doubt about the fact that there is a responsibility bestowed upon the Government to protect and preserve the environment, as undoubtedly, hygienic environment is an integral facet of the right to a healthy life and it would be impossible to live without a humane and healthy environment.

ARTICLE 51A (G)

This article points the out the obligation of the citizen to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife, and to have compassion for living creatures.

THE ENVIRONMENT (PROTECTION) ACT 1986

The Environment Act was enacted under art. 253 of the Constitution of India with the purpose of environmental protection, regulation of discharge of environmental pollutants and handling of hazardous substances speedy response in the event of accidents threatening environment and deterrent punishment to those who endanger human environment, safety and health. Further for the fulfilment of above tasks by exercising the power conferred under Sections 6 and 25 of the Act, the Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986 (The Environment Rules) were made by the Central Government.

THE WATER (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION) ACT, 1974

The Water Act enacted under art. 252 of the Constitution of India provides for the constitution of the Central Pollution Control Board by the Central Government and the constitution of the State Pollution Control Boards by various State Governments in the country. The Boards function under the control of the Governments concerned. The Water Act prohibits the use of streams and wells for disposal of polluting matters. It also provides for restrictions on outlets and discharge of effluents without obtaining consent from the Board. Prosecution and penalties have been provided which include sentence of imprisonment.

THE AIR (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION) ACT, 1981

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The Air Act enacted under article 253 of the Constitution of India provides that the Central Pollution Control Board and the State Pollution Control Boards constituted under the Water Act shall also perform the powers and functions under the Air Act. The main function of the Boards, under the Air Act, is to improve the quality of the air and to prevent, control and abate air pollution in the country.

CAUSES AND EFFECTSEcological DisasterThanks to science and technology, more and more people are consuming a more amazing arrayof goods today, than at any other time in history. It is a dream world coming true, wherechemists and bio-engineers fiddle with genes, where the life style of the rich and the prosperous,as epitome of success in a consumerist society, are beamed by satellites to every part of theglobe, where multinationals flourish by picking up beauty queens from the fashion industry asrole models to endorse and market their products. The newly acquired production potentialitieshave generated enormous wealth. But, of course, one is not sure whether these have generatedthe kind of wealth which makes people happy. The modern economy with all its glamour masksa disfigured planet. The exuberant life style and wasteful consumption meets it curse in theecological disaster that threatens all life on earth. It has scarred the land and stained the seas,eroding the very foundation of nature, which threatens to destroy humanity's only means ofsurvival.The unprecedented growth in production and consumption of material wealth is leading toenvironmental stress through impacts that are both global and local. These impacts can beclassified in to four forms: Physical changes Chemical changes Direct biological changes Social pathologies

Physical ChangesDeforestation: Millions of poor people depend on forests for their need of energy, fodder ofanimals and food. The world’s forests, which also bind soil and prevent erosion, regulate watersupplies and help govern the climate, are shrinking. Between 1980 and 1990, an estimated 8% ofthe total world tropical forest was cut, burnt or otherwise destroyed. As a region loses its forests,it loses its ability to trap and absorb water, and so clearing woodland deepens the natural processof soil erosion.One disastrous consequence of the practice has been the pressure on woodlands, especially thetropical forests that are the reservoirs of most of the earth's animal and plant species. In the pastdecade tropical forest area has shrunk from 4.7 to 4.2 billion acres (1.9 to 1.7 billion hectares).According to an estimate as much as 17 million hectares of tropical rain forest, an area about thesize of Japan, are destroyed every year. One of the causes for deforestation is commercial

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logging. Demand for industrial timber is expected to go up from around 1.6 billion cubic metersa year in 1995 to 1.9 billion cubic meters in 2010 driven by rising standards.Soil Degradation and Desertification: Since 1945 nearly 2 billion hectares of productive land hasbeen degraded. This amounts to losing one sixth of the world’s fertile area undermining theearth’s capacity to support human life. Indeed the earth's 6 billion people are already running outof land. According to Washington's world watch institute the average amount of grain land perperson has dropped in 30 years from over 0.2 hectares to a little more than 0.1 hectare. Much ofthe cultivable land is losing its arability because of urbanization, chemical pollution, anddesertification and overuse of water. Eighty percent of the damage has taken place inunderdeveloped countries. In China, for instance, 1.1 million hectares of grain land was lostannually from 1990 to 1994 as it was converted to industrial sites and put to other uses. Thecurrent policy of creating SEZs in India by acquiring fertile agricultural to be handed over tomultinationals for setting up factories under the cultivable of promoting industrialization, in spiteof country wide protests. The policy will only compound the plight of the farmers, thousands ofwhom, bereft of any means of livelihood, have taken their own lives since the beginning of thecurrent century. China, the world's largest grain producer in the past, has already emerged as thesecond ranking grain importer, trailing only Japan. The present import figure of 16 million tonsis expected to reach a whopping 210 million and 370m tons, annually by 2030. According toworld watch institute the world has lost 200m hectares (500m acres) of tree growing area since1972, an area about one-third the size of continental U.S. At the same time the world farmershave lost about 500m tons of topsoil, an amount equal to the tillable soil coverage of India andFrance combined. Farmers, the world over have boosted their yields and fought againstdesertification by resorting to heavy doses of inorganic fertilizers, pesticides and irrigation water,but with disastrous consequences. Agricultural chemicals gradually poison the soil; and irrigationalso deposits a harmful residue, when the water evaporates, it leaves behind various salts- thesaline process which renders the land useless for cultivation. According to World Bank report1993, some degree of saline affects 28% of the U.S' irrigated land, 23% of China and 11% ofIndia.Marine life depletion: Land, rivers, even whole seas have been converted into sewers andindustrial dumps. More than half of the world's people live within 100 K.M. of a seashore andthe oceans are already a mess, littered with plastic and chemicals, threatening all marine life.Some of the visible reasons are the garbage dumps, the oil spills, and the sewage dischargewhich flow from this humanity into the sea. But the actual threats, accounting for 70 to 80percent of all marine pollution, are the sediments and contaminants that flow into the seas liketopsoil, fertilizers, pesticides, and industrial wastes. As a consequence, many of the world’s fishspecies are already starting to die. The rich countries have already, depleted their stock of fish.They now import large quantities from developing countries that catch more fish than they cando. In 1995 fish exports from developing countries were worth $23 billion. If the trend in overfishingcontinues it could hurt the poor countries, as their people rely more heavily on fish fortheir protein requirement than the rich in the north.Water Stress: Clean water is our most precious resource in terms of both quantity and quality.There is a serious threat to the availability of water as depletion all over the world is becomingirreversible as a result of groundwater over-pumping and aquifer depletion. Since 1950, demandfor water and its consequent withdrawal have nearly tripled. It has gone up from 1365 cubickilometers a year to 3760 in 1995.At the same time the availability of water has declined from

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about 16800 cubic meters per capita per year in 1950 to 7300 in 1995. According to humandevelopment report, 20 countries with 132 million people suffer from water scarcity with lessthan 1000 cubic meters per capita per year, the minimum required for human health. If thepresent trend continues 25 more countries would be added to the list of the deprived category bythe year 2050.

Chemical ChangesGlobal warming and Ozone layer depletion: The two great dangers threatening the balance ofgases in the atmosphere that sustain life on earth are global warming and the thinning of theozone layer. Most scientists agree that all the smoke and fumes and exhaust that human activitiesgenerate will eventually alter the earth's climate. The threat comes from carbon dioxide and othergreenhouse gases produced mainly in the industrial world by the burning of fossil fuels. It isestimated that the total world wide manufacturing output increased from about $2500 billion in1975 to about $4000 billion in 1990 and the trend continues unabated. The developed worldgenerates nearly 10 times as much carbon dioxide from energy use as their counterpart in thedeveloping countries. While the average American is responsible for between 4 and 5 tons ofcarbon per year, the average Indian or Chinese share is 0.4 and 0.6 respectively. CFC's(chlorofluorocarbons) have been and still are widely used for refrigeration. Despite the 1987Montreal Protocol which calls for a phase out of CFC's and other ozone depleting chemicals bythe year 2006, the assault on the stratosphere continues unabated.In order to avert the impending danger, an agreement was made under the United NationsFramework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) known as the Kyoto Protocol. Namedafter the Japanese city where it was concluded in 1997, the Kyoto Protocol is an internationalagreement to address global warming and delay climate change. Countries that ratify thisprotocol commit to reduce their emissions of carbon dioxide and five other greenhouse gases, or

engage in emissions trading if they maintain or increase emissions of these gases.

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CONCLUSION

We do not inherit the land from our forefathers. We borrow it from our children.

- Native American Proverb

Sustainable development is defined as a pattern of social and structured economic

transformations (i.e. development) which optimizes the economic and societal benefits available

in the present, without jeopardizing the likely potential for similar benefits in the future. A

primary goal of sustainable development is to achieve a reasonable and equitably distributed

level of economic well-being that can be perpetuated continually for many human generations.

Sustainable development implies using renewable natural resources in a manner which does not

eliminate or degrade them, or otherwise diminish their usefulness for future generations. It

further implies using non-renewable (exhaustible) mineral resources in a manner which does not

unnecessarily preclude easy access to them by future generations. Sustainable development also

requires depleting non-renewable energy resources at a slow enough rate so as to ensure the high

probability of an orderly society transition to renewable energy sources.

The concept of sustainable development has emerged as an endeavour to address the

environmental problems caused by economic growth in contemporary India. There are varied

interpretations of the theory of sustainable development but its main objective is to achieve a

process of economic development without an indiscriminate destruction of our environment.

However much needs to be done if we want to save our land from imminent peril. Sustainable

development as endorsed by the likes of Sunderlal Bahuguna is the answer to not only our future

but also our present existence on the planet.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

WEBSITES:

http://www.sustreport.org/background/history.html http://www.google.com. http://www.yahoo.com.html

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