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Page 1: 5HFKQHUDUFKLWHNWXU, - Beuth Hochschulepublic.beuth-hochschule.de/~wolff/RA/r25.pdf · 2001-01-15 · 6fulsw]xu9ruohvxqj 5hfkqhudufklwhnwxu, i†ughq6wxglhqjdqj 7hfkqlvfkh,qirupdwln

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tPDHL , tPDLH

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Page 31: 5HFKQHUDUFKLWHNWXU, - Beuth Hochschulepublic.beuth-hochschule.de/~wolff/RA/r25.pdf · 2001-01-15 · 6fulsw]xu9ruohvxqj 5hfkqhudufklwhnwxu, i†ughq6wxglhqjdqj 7hfkqlvfkh,qirupdwln

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Page 32: 5HFKQHUDUFKLWHNWXU, - Beuth Hochschulepublic.beuth-hochschule.de/~wolff/RA/r25.pdf · 2001-01-15 · 6fulsw]xu9ruohvxqj 5hfkqhudufklwhnwxu, i†ughq6wxglhqjdqj 7hfkqlvfkh,qirupdwln

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PC Programm CounterProgrammzähler

MAR Memory Adress RegisterSpeicheradressen Register

MBR Memory Buffer RegisterSpeicherdaten Puffer Reg.

SP StackpointerStapelzeiger

AR Adressmode RegisterOPR Operationcode RegisterOPX Operationcode Extension

Befehlscode ErweiterungC Carry Bit RegisterAC Accumulator RegisterIX Index Register

PC (16 Bit) MAR (16 Bit)

SP (16 Bit)

MBR (16 Bit)

AR (2 Bit) OPR (4 Bit) OPX (16 Bit)

C (1 Bit) AC (22 Bit)

IX (22 Bit)

Speichereinheit (Memory Unit)2 = 64 KWorte a’ 22 Bit16

INPR (8 Bit)

OUTR (8 Bit)

FGO (1 Bit)

IEN (1 Bit)

FGO (1 Bit)

M

CPU

I/O

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IEN Interrupt Enable Bit RegisterInterrupt Freigabe Bit Register

INPR Input RegisterEingabe Register

OUTR Output RegisterAusgabe Register

FGI Input FlagFGO Output Flag

MBR (22 Bit)

FGI (1 Bit)

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Folgende Instruktionen werden definiert:

Symbol Op-Code Adr.-Art Adressteil Beschreibung LDA 1 D,I,X AD Lade den AkkumulatorSTA 2 D,I,X AD Speichere den Inhalt des AkkuADD 3 D,l,X AD Addiere zum AkkuAND 4 D,l,X AD Ver-Unde den Akku bitweiseJMP 5 D,I,R AD Springe unbedingtCALL 6 D,I,R AD Springe zur SubroutineJZ 7 D,l,R AD Springe, wenn Akku = 0JS 8 D,I,R AD Springe, wenn Akku < 0JC 9 D,I,R AD Springe, wenn Carry gesetztJNC A D,l,R AD Springe, wenn Carry nicht gesetztJXZ B D,l,R AD Springe, wenn IX = 0LDX C D,l,X AD Lade das Index RegisterSTX D D,l,X AD Speichere das Index Register-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------LDS E 00 Wert Lade den Stack Pointer mit Wert

CLA 0 00 8000 Lösche den AkkuCLC 0 00 4000 Lösche das Carry-BitCMA 0 00 2000 Komplementiere den AkkuCMC 0 00 1000 Komplementiere das Carry-BitROR 0 00 0800 Rotiere Akku/Carry nach rechtsROL 0 00 0400 Rotiere Akku/Carry nach linksINCA 0 00 0200 Inkrementiere den Akku um 1HLT 0 00 0100 Halte den Prozessor anXCHG 0 00 0080 Tausche Akku und Index-RegisterPUSH 0 00 0040 Lege Inhalt des Akku auf den StackPOP 0 00 0020 Hole Wert vom Stack in den AkkuINCX 0 00 0010 Inkrementiere IX um 1DECX 0 00 0008 Dekrementiere IX um 1RET 0 00 0004 Kehre aus Subroutine zurückCPAS 0 00 0002 Kopiere AC(0-15) nach SPCPSA 0 00 0001 Kopiere SP nach AC(0-15)NOP 0 00 0000 Keine OperationIN 0 01 8000 Input Byte in AC(0-7)OUT 0 01 4000 Output Byte von AC(0-7)CPIC 0 01 2000 Kopiere Input-Flag nach CCPOC 0 01 1000 Kopiere Output-FIag nach CION 0 01 0800 Interrupt einschaltenIOF 0 01 0400 Interrupt ausschalten

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RTL Beschreibung Modell-CPU (Beispielrechner 1) Quelle: Prof. Dr. Teppner – Script RAzum Verständnis siehe auch die folgenden Bilder

fetch c0 • t0: MAR ← PCc0 • t1: MBR ← M, PC ← PC + 1c0 • t2: OPR ← MBR(OP), AR ← MBR(AR), OPX ← MBR(AD)q0’ • d’ • c0 • t3: R ← 1(q0 ∨ d) • c0 • t3: F ← 1

; im Folgenden bedeutet kursiv gedruckt: gesonderter Datenpfad, Transfer nicht über CommonBus

address caIculationindirect i • c1 • t0: MAR ← MBR(AD)

i • c1 • t1: MBR ← Mrelativ r • c1 • t0: MBR(AD) ← MBR(AD) + PCindexed x • c1 • t0: MBR(AD) ← MBR(AD) + IX(AD)

c1 • t3: F ← 1, R ← 0

interrupt c3 • t0: SP ← SP – 1, IEN=0, MBR(AD) ← PCc3 • t1: PC ← 0, MAR ← SPc3 • t2: M ← MBRc3 • t3: F ← 0, R ← 0

execute c2 • t3: If (IEN • (FGI ∨ FGO) = 1) then (R ← 1)If (IEN • (FGI ∨ FGO) = 0) then (F ← 0)

LDA q1 • c2 • t0: MAR ← MBR(AD)q1 • c2 • t1: MBR ← Mq1 • c2 • t2: AC ← MBR

STA q2 • c2 • t0: MAR ← MBR(AD)q2 • c2 • t1: MBR ← ACq2 • c2 • t2: M ← MBR

ADD q3 • c2 • t0: MAR ← MBR(AD)q3 • c2 • t1: MBR ← Mq3 • c2 • t2: AC ← AC + MBR

AND q4 • c2 • t0: MAR ← MBR(AD)q4 • c2 • t1: MBR ← Mq4 • c2 • t2: AC ← AC ∧ MBR

JMP q5 • c2 • t0: PC ← MBR(AD)CALL q6 • c2 • t0: SP ← SP – 1, MBR(AD) ← PC

q6 • c2 • t1: PC ← MBR(AD)q6 • c2 • t2: MAR ← SPq6 • c2 • t3: M ← MBR

JZ q7 • c2 • t0: If (AC = 0) then (PC ← MBR(AD))JS q8 • c2 • t0: If (AC < 0) then (PC ← MBR(AD))JC q9 • c2 • t0: If (C = 1) then (PC ← MBR(AD))JNC q10 • c2 • t0: If (C = 0) then (PC ← MBR(AD))JXZ q11 • c2 • t0: If (IX = 0) then (PC ← MBR(AD))LDX q12 • c2 • t0: MAR ← MBR(AD)

q12 • c2 • t1: MBR ← Mq12 • c2 • t2: lX ← MBR

STX q13 • c2 • t0: MAR ← MBR(AD)q13 • c2 • t1: MBR ← IXq13 • c2 • t2: M ← MBR

LDS q14 • c2 • t0: SP ← MBR(AD)

• Und-Operator

Page 45: 5HFKQHUDUFKLWHNWXU, - Beuth Hochschulepublic.beuth-hochschule.de/~wolff/RA/r25.pdf · 2001-01-15 · 6fulsw]xu9ruohvxqj 5hfkqhudufklwhnwxu, i†ughq6wxglhqjdqj 7hfkqlvfkh,qirupdwln

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Bi = OPX (i) , i =0 … 15

CLA q0 • d •c2 • t0 • B15: AC ← 0CLC q0 • d •c2 • t0 • B14: C ← 0CMA q0 • d •c2 • t0 • B13: AC ← AC’CMC q0 • d •c2 • t0 • B12: C ← C’ROR q0 • d •c2 • t0 • B11: cir C/ACROL q0 • d •c2 • t0 • B10: cir C/ACINCA q0 • d •c2 • t0 • B9: AC ← AC +1HLT q0 • d •c2 • t0 • B8: Run ← 0XCHG q0 • d •c2 • t0 • B7: MBR ← AC, AC ← IX

q0 • d •c2 • t1 • B7: IX ← MBRPUSH q0 • d •c2 • t0 • B6: SP ← SP – 1

q0 • d •c2 • t1 • B6: MAR ← SP, MBR ← ACq0 • d •c2 • t2 • B6: M ← MBR

POP q0 • d •c2 • t0 • B5: MAR ← SP, SP ← SP + 1q0 • d •c2 • t1 • B5: MBR ← Mq0 • d •c2 • t2 • B5: AC ← MBR

INCX q0 • d •c2 • t0 • B4: IX ← IX + 1DECX q0 • d •c2 • t0 • B3: IX ← IX – 1RET q0 • d •c2 • t0 • B2: MAR ← SP, SP ← SP + 1

q0 • d •c2 • t1 • B2: MBR ← Mq0 • d •c2 • t2 • B2: PC ← MBR(AD)

CPAS q0 • d •c2 • t0 • B1: SP ← AC(0-15)CPSA q0 • d •c2 • t0 • B0: AC(0-15) ← SP

IN q0 • i •c2 • t0 • B15: AC(0…7) ← INPR, FGI ← 0OUT q0 • i •c2 • t0 • B14: OUTR ← AC(O…7), FGO ← 0CPIC q0 • i •c2 • t0 • B13: C ← FGICPOC q0 • i •c2 • t0 • B12: C ← FGOION q0 • i •c2 • t3 • B11: IEN ← 1IOF q0 • i •c2 • t0 • B10: IEN ← 0

Page 46: 5HFKQHUDUFKLWHNWXU, - Beuth Hochschulepublic.beuth-hochschule.de/~wolff/RA/r25.pdf · 2001-01-15 · 6fulsw]xu9ruohvxqj 5hfkqhudufklwhnwxu, i†ughq6wxglhqjdqj 7hfkqlvfkh,qirupdwln

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19 18 17 16 15-0

15... 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

Decoder4 zu 16

3 2 1 0 2 zu 4

Decoder

signale

Steuer-

weitere Eing.

2-bit Sequence-Counter (SC)

INCCLRClock

q0

q15

T0

T3

Logik-gatter derSteuer-einheit

Steuereinheit BR1

Clock

T0

T1

T2

T3

T0n

2021

16

AR OPC OPX

B0 ... B15

F R

4 D,I,R,X

2 zu 4

Decoder

aktuelles Befehlswort gespeichert

(Adressierungsarten)

Maschinen-zyklus-FF

T1n T2n T3n T0n+1 T1n+1 T2n+1

fest verdrahtete (hardwired)

Bildung der Steuersignale

Taktschema

IEN RUN

Page 47: 5HFKQHUDUFKLWHNWXU, - Beuth Hochschulepublic.beuth-hochschule.de/~wolff/RA/r25.pdf · 2001-01-15 · 6fulsw]xu9ruohvxqj 5hfkqhudufklwhnwxu, i†ughq6wxglhqjdqj 7hfkqlvfkh,qirupdwln

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write read

Speichereinheit

MAR

MBR

PC

AC

Z

FGO

FGI

OUTR

INPR

Clock

Eingabe- gerät

Ausgabe- gerät

Adresse

22-bit Common Bus LD

7

1

2

3

4

5

6

Registersatz mit DatenwegenFlag’sALU

ALU

AR OPR OPX

BUSSteuerung

SP

IX

8

9

LD

DEC

CLR

LD INC CLR

LD INC CLR

DECLD INC CLR

LDA CLR

LD INC CLR

LD INC CLR

LDB

S0,S1,S2,S3

C S

64 KWorte a’ 22 Bit

IX = 0

Page 48: 5HFKQHUDUFKLWHNWXU, - Beuth Hochschulepublic.beuth-hochschule.de/~wolff/RA/r25.pdf · 2001-01-15 · 6fulsw]xu9ruohvxqj 5hfkqhudufklwhnwxu, i†ughq6wxglhqjdqj 7hfkqlvfkh,qirupdwln

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ResetClock(OUT Befehl)

Aus-gabe-gerät

FGO-Flag

OUTR8-bitAC

8-bit8-bit

FGOSteuer-einheit

ProzessorDaten

ready

strobe

Bild 2 Leitungs-Handshake zur Steuerung des Datenaustausches zwischen Prozessor und Ausgabegerät

1. initial FGO=1 (ready=0)

2. Datentransfer von AC ins OUTR soll nur erfolgen, wenn FGO=1

4. Mit Übernahme der Daten ins Ausgabegerät setzt dieses (durch strobe=1) FGO=1 (Freigabe des OUTR für neue Daten aus AC)

3. Mit erfolgtem Transfer setzt die Prozessor- Steuereinheit FGO=0 (ready=1)

Reset

Clock(IN Befehl)

Ein-gabe-gerät

FGI-Flag

INPR8-bit

AC8-bit8-bit

FGISteuer-einheit

Prozessor

Daten

ready

strobe

1. initial FGI=0

2. Datentransfer von INPR nach AC soll nur erfolgen, wenn FGI=1

3. Bei FGI=0 (ready=1) kann das Eingabegerät Daten in das INPR schreiben. Bei erfolgtem Datentransfer setzt das Eingabegerät (mit strobe=1) FGI=1.

4. Durch einen INP-Befehl werden die Daten in den Accumulator transferiert und FGI=0 gesetzt. (Freigabe des INPR für neue Daten)

Bild 2 Leitungs-Handshake zur Steuerung des Datenaustausches zwischen Prozessor und Eingabegerät

(Eingabedaten in INPR)

Funktion der Ein- und Ausgabeflags

q0· i·c 2·t 0·B 15

q0· i·c 2·t 0·B 14

Page 49: 5HFKQHUDUFKLWHNWXU, - Beuth Hochschulepublic.beuth-hochschule.de/~wolff/RA/r25.pdf · 2001-01-15 · 6fulsw]xu9ruohvxqj 5hfkqhudufklwhnwxu, i†ughq6wxglhqjdqj 7hfkqlvfkh,qirupdwln

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VAb15

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Cin3

Cout2

A2 B2

Cin14

Cout1Cout3

Vorzeichen-Bit MSB( 2 )

VAb14

S3 S2

2

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$ 0100 0100 0100 0011 1011 1100

% 0011 0100 1100 1100 1100 1100

h 0 000- 0 100- 1 100- 0 000- 1 000- 1 100-

&�6XP 0 0111 0 1000 1 0000 0 1111 1 0111 1 1000&LQ� 0 1 1 0 0 1

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Page 50: 5HFKQHUDUFKLWHNWXU, - Beuth Hochschulepublic.beuth-hochschule.de/~wolff/RA/r25.pdf · 2001-01-15 · 6fulsw]xu9ruohvxqj 5hfkqhudufklwhnwxu, i†ughq6wxglhqjdqj 7hfkqlvfkh,qirupdwln

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Top

Bottom

SE

C

SE

SI C

SE

SO

SED0

D1D2D3D4D5

Adr

Top

Daten

SI SO

Schieberegister-Stack Speicher-StackCS WE

Stackpointer

Load Inc Dec

Init POP PUSH

CADR

D0D1D2D3D4D5

D5D4D3

D1D3

D0

D5D4D3

D1D3

D0

Bitn Bit0

SP

LIFO-Modell

Reihenfolge des Einschreibens:D0-D1-D2-D3-D4-D5Lesen: D5-D4....

Page 51: 5HFKQHUDUFKLWHNWXU, - Beuth Hochschulepublic.beuth-hochschule.de/~wolff/RA/r25.pdf · 2001-01-15 · 6fulsw]xu9ruohvxqj 5hfkqhudufklwhnwxu, i†ughq6wxglhqjdqj 7hfkqlvfkh,qirupdwln

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ó�+H[DGH]LPDOGDUJHVWHOOWHV3URJUDPP�]XU$GGLWLRQ�YRQ�]ZHL=DKOHQ

�5R�RN�JGZ� $GHGJN�JGZ� 0000 010004 0001 030005 0002 020006 0003 000100 0004 000053 0005 3FFFE9 0006 000000

� Binäres Programm zur Addition von zwei Zahlen

Speicherplatz (binär) Befehlscode (binär) 0000 0000 0000 0000 00 0001 0000 0000 0000 0100 0000 0000 0000 0001 00 0011 0000 0000 0000 0101 0000 0000 0000 0010 00 0010 0000 0000 0000 0110 0000 0000 0000 0011 00 0000 0000 0001 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0100 00 0000 0000 0000 0101 0011 0000 0000 0000 0101 11 1111 1111 1111 1110 1001 0000 0000 0000 0110 00 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000

Kommentar

Lade 1. Operanden in ACAddiere 2. Operanden zu ACSpeichere AC in Sp-pl 006Halte Rechner an1. Operand2. Operand (neg.)Sp-pl für Summe (init=0)

ì�3URJUDPPGDUVWHOOXQJ�PLWV\PEROLVFKHP�%HIHKOVFRGH

5RGKEJGTRNCV\

+PJCNVJGZ�

$GHGJN 1RGTCPF��#FT�JGZ�

000 010004 LDA 004 001 030005 ADD 005 002 020006 STA 006 003 000100 HLT 004 000053 # 000053 005 3FFFE9 # 3FFFE9 006 000000 # 000000

.CDGN��/CTMG

$GHGJN 1RGTCPF#FT���JGZ�

LDA Op1ADD Op2STA SumHLT

Op1: DEC 53Op2: DEC -23Sum: DEC 0

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LC<-0

erster Pass

Lese nächste Anweisung Setze LC

Marke ORG

ENDspeicher Symbol in Adress-Symbol Tabelle, speicher LC

nein nein

ja

LC<-LC+1

gehe zumzweiten Pass

ja

ja

Flußdiagramm1.Assemblerpass

nein

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LC<-0

Lese nächste Anweisung Setze LC

ORG END

nein

neinja

LC<-LC+1

ja ja

Fertig

Pseudo

MRI

non MRI

Speicher binärenBefehlscode inSp-pl gem.LC

Error in Anwei-sungszeile

Konvertiere Operand in binärund speicher in SP-pl gem.LC

ja

nein

nein

Suche in Symbol-Adr.Tabellebinäre Adr.und setze Adreßteil

i

Setze Bits des Befehlscodes

Setze Bit21=0

Setze binären Befehlscodezusammen u.speicher gem. LC

nein

ja

nein

Flußdiagramm2.Assemblerpasszweiter Pass

ja

bei Pseodos DEC und HEX

Setze Bit20=1

rSetze Bit21=1ja

neinSetze Bit20=0

xSetze Bit21=1ja

neinSetze Bit20=1

Setze Bit21=0Setze Bit20=0

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0 RAD: ; Rückehradresse hier gespeichert 1 JMP ASR ; Verzweigen zum Anfang ISR

••

80 CLA ; Teil eines laufenden Programms 81 ION ; Interruptfreigabe 82 LDA A 83 ADD B ; hier Interruptgesuch 84 STA C ; hier Fortsetzung des unterbrochenen Programms

••ORG 0300

300 ASR: PUSH ; Anfang ISR; Retten AC in Stack301 ROL ; C in AC(0)302 PUSH ; Retten C in Stack303 CPIC ; Copy Eingabeflag nach C304 JNC TOF ; Eingabeflag=0: Testen Ausgabeflag305 IN ; Eingabeflag=1: Zeichen von INPR nach AC306 STA PTE I ; Speichern Zeichen in Eingabepuffer307 LDA PTE ; Inkrementieren Eingabezeiger308 INA309 STA PTE30A TOF: CPOC ; Copy Ausgabeflag nach C30B JNC EEA ; Ausgabeflag=0: zum Ende E/A-Routine30C LDA PTA I ; Ausgabeflag=1: Lade Zeichen aus Ausgabepuffer30D OUT ; Zeichen ins OUTR30E LDA PTA ; Inkrementieren Ausgabezeiger30F EEA: POP ; Ende E/A-Routine; Rückladen AC(0)310 ROR ; AC(0) nach C schieben311 POP ; Rückladen AC-Inhalt312 ION ; Interruptfreigabe314 RET ; Rücksprung ins unterbrochene Programm315 PTE: HEX 400 ; Eingabe-Zeiger-Initialisierung316 PTA: HEX 401 ; Speicherplatz für Eingabezeiger