5_industr_hygiene.ppt
DESCRIPTION
Industrial HygieneTRANSCRIPT
Industrial Hygiene
1 Background2 Objectives of IH3 Type of HI control4 Estimation of evaporation rate ventilation rate of volatiles
Crowl amp Louvar
Chapter 3
2nd and 3rd editions
Origin of Hygiene
bull Hygeia was the Greek goddess of health
bull Rene Dubos wrote ldquoFor the worshippers of Hygeia health is hellipa positive attribute to which men are entitled if they govern their lives wiselyrdquo
bull Prevention is key
What Is Industrial Hygiene
Definition Science and art devoted to the anticipation recognition evaluation and control of those workplace environmental factors which may cause sickness impaired health and well-being or significant discomfort and inefficiency among workers or among citizens of the community
Some Occupational HazardsChemical agents
bull Gases vapors and particulate aerosols
Physical (energy) agents
bull Noise ionizing non-ionizing radiation heat and cold stress
Biological agents
bull Infectious agents allergens
Psychological stressors
Ergonomicsafety
Examples of ODOR Threshold
[Table 3-9 in 3rd Edition]
Acetic acid 0016 ppmAmmonia 575 ppm Camphor 0051 ppmChloroform 117 Ethanol 0136Hydrogen sulphide 00005Methanol 141Ozone 0051Phosgene 055
Government Regulations
1 Laws are enacted by the Government The laws do not
have details on implementation
2 The applicable government agency develops and proposes
a regulation The regulation contains the details on
implementation It is published in the Government
Register and a comment period and hearing is normally
held
3 The Final Rule is published in the Government Register
and the Code of Government Regulations
Government Regulationsbull The two regulations most applicable to
chemical plants arebull Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
(NIOSH ndash Malaysia)
29 CFR 1910119 ldquoProcess Safety Management
of Highly Hazardous Chemicalsrdquobull Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ndash (DoE Malaysia)
40 CFR Part 68 ldquoRisk Management Programsrdquo
bull In 2006 Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism Standards (CFATS)
6 CFR 27
Table 3-1 Laws and RegulationsTable 3-3 Legislation to Chemical process safety 2nd amp 3rd Eds
bull Word file with abbreviations of institutions relevant to chemical safety
Table 3-4 in 2nd Ed Table 3-5 in 3rd Ed Identify the differences between PSM and RMP
Process Safety Management(PSM) 29 CFR 1910119
On July 17 1990 OSHA published in the Federal Register (55 FR 29150) a proposed standardmdashrdquoProcess Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicalsrdquomdashcontaining requirements for the
management of hazards associated with processes using highly hazardous chemicals to help assure safe and healthful workplaces After discussions the Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) were enacted into law (November 15 1990)Source httpswwwoshagovPublicationsosha3132pdf
Specified minimum elements that the OSHA standard must require employers to do as follows (show osha pdf file)
Process Safety Management some terms
Catastrophic release
Major uncontrolled emission fire or explosion Involves one or more highly hazardous chemicals Presents serious danger to employees in the workplace
Highly hazardous chemical a substance possessing toxic reactive flammable or explosive properties and specified by section 1910119(a)(1)
Process bull Any activity involving a highly hazardous
chemical including use storage manufacturing handling or the on-site movement of such chemicals or combination of these activities
bull Any group of vessels that are interconnected ampbull Separate vessels which are located such that a
highly hazardous chemical could be involved in a potential release
bull All considered a single process
Category 1 Flammable Liquid (per 19101200) or
Flammable Liquid with flashpoint below 1000F on site at one location in a quantity of 10000 lbs or more
29 CFR 1910119 does NOT apply to
bull Hydrocarbon fuels used solely for workplace consumption as a fuel not as part of a process containing another highly hazardous chemical
bull Flammable liquids with a flashpoint below 1000F stored in atmospheric tanks or transferred kept below their normal boiling point without benefit of chilling or refrigeration
A method to determine plant or process chemical hazards and develop policies procedures and safeguards against emergencies which may occur
Process Hazard Analysis (PHA) - this will be discussed in more detail under Hazard Identification topic
bull Shall be conducted as soon as possible but no later than (NLT)
NLT Initial Process completed by
25 May 26 199450 May 26 199575 May 26 1996
Completed by May 26 1997
bull After May 26 1997 - Acceptable if requirements of initial PHA are met
For example
bull Updated and revalidated by a team meeting at least every 5 years
bull Update and retain the PHA for each process for the life of the process
Operating Proceduresbull Written for safely conducting activities involved in each covered process
PHA = Process Hazard Analysis(this will be discussed in more detail under Hazard Identification topic)
Steps to cover for each Operating Procedure- this can be helpful for your assignment
Addresses at least
bull Initial set-up
bull Normal operations
bull Temporary operations
bull Emergency shutdown
bull Emergency operations
bull Normal shutdowns
bullStartup following
turnaround or
emergency shutdown
bull Operating Limits
bull Consequences of
deviation
bull Steps required to
correct or avoid
deviation
Methods used to determine and evaluate hazards (this will be discussed in more detail under Hazard Identification topic)
bull What Ifbull Checklistbull What IfChecklistbull HAZOP (Hazard amp Operability Study)bull FMEA (Failure Mode amp Effects Analysis)bull Fault Tree AnalysisbullEvent Tree Analysis bull An Appropriate Equivalent Methodology
Relevance to your assignment some points
Discussion of the process in terms of PSM criteria (your assignment 1)Discussion of the process in terms of PSM criteria (your assignment 1)
Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS
PLANT SAFETY1 Nuisance trips Emergency shutdowns and subsequent startups are among the
greatest threats to plant safety They divert attention from situations that could present real danger and result in unnecessary shutdowns and restarts ndash all of which pose additional risk
Sources failures due to systems wearing out spurious equipment failures and human failures caused by alarm floods
Recommendations Lifecycle equipment management asset management embedded
diagnostics and alarm management all help to eliminate nuisance trips
Source httpglobalwonderwarecomBRDocumentsDesafios20na20seguranC3A7a20de20uma20fC3A1bricapdf
2 Insufficient use of the full functionality of the control and safety system Process control and safety systems continue to do the lsquoheavy liftingrsquo in keeping plants operatingsafely but few companies take full advantage of their capabilities
Recommendations Alarm management loop management inhibit and bypass management and the smart integration of control systems help to ensure that you are maximising the full safety potential from your system investment
4 Training limitations Comprehensive hands-on safety training is difficult ndash if not impossible ndash to deliver No matter howtalented the trainers and trainees or how effective the curriculum classes and materialsconventional training can go only so far in conveying the realities of a hazardous situation
Recommendations However todayrsquos simulation and virtual-reality techniques allow operators to experience hazardous situations and consequences with a realism that has never been possible before
5 Lack of visibility of safety status
While safety breaches usually result from a combination of factors that have been deterioratingover time in many cases no one knows there is a problem or that an incident has occurred Mostplants are collecting the data that could provide early warning of problems but it is usually fragmented haphazard and not in a safety context
Recommendations Simulation techniques real-time monitoring sensors and operator dashboards can help provide a realistic dynamic view of safety conditions
6 Unnecessarily exposing people to hazardous environmentsProtecting the community environment and personnel is key to a sustainable safety programme
Recommendations Simulated training fire and gas detection systems smart instrumentation and personnel locationsystems can minimise human exposure to hazardous situations
7 External threats The realities of terrorism and business disruption due to plant safety incidents are critical considerations for plant managers
Recommendations These can be mitigated by defence-in-depth securityprogrammes and by careful integration of safety and control systems
Recommendations to maintain plant safety
1 Monitor equipment proactively
Proactive equipment condition monitoring can extend to all assets and processes that are critical to safe plant performance
Data from asset management systems can be integrated into an overall plant safety view This allows modification of the safety envelope model and real-time updating of plant safety dashboards providing a measure of overall integrity
of the plant This can also integrate condition management computerised maintenance management condition-based maintenance (CBM) and reliability-centred models ndash all of which contribute to operations and maintenance (RCORCM) solutions that improve plant safety
Recommendations to maintain plant safety
2 Utilise embedded diagnostics
It is essential to have confidence in the operational effectiveness and correct functioning of the installed safety systems Embedded automatic diagnostic featuresof control systems instrumentation and control elements increase this confidence and allow plant personnel to focus on production Data derived from a testing and diagnostic framework canautomatically reveal the appropriate communication strategies and coordinate the interaction ofthe personnel communications asset management and maintenance functions
Recommendations to maintain plant safety 3 Rationalise and prioritise alarms Alarms are often the first layer of protection and provide the first indication that there is a potential unsafe condition on the site However too many process alarms occurring at once can decrease the integrity of the alerts and the effectiveness of the operator response An effective and efficient alarm management system promotes both safety and performance Alarm rationalisation based on industry standards applies layers of protection to link the alarm priority with the time required to respond effectively to an alarm before the plant must undergo a costly shutdown This reduces nuisance trips by enabling operators to attend only to alarms associated with real dangers
Recommendations to maintain plant safety 4 Do not bypass inhibit-and-bypass management functionality Highlighting significant deviations from the normal operational state and adjusting the online plant safety case requires a robust management system to monitor record and report the status on all inhibit events and override conditions This allows for handover shift reports and key performance indicators to detect patterns and trends as well as status reports identifying and explaining the application of a bypass It also enables automatic removal of specified bypasses after a configurable period and advises when the plant achieves a steady operational state Inhibit and bypass management functions communicate with all electronic systems facilitate the systematic recording of events from other systems and provide a formal rule-based interpretation of the overall plant inhibit condition They initiate reports and display the operational status of the plant emergency systems
1
CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
1 Identification - Name of the substance or preparation - Name address and telephone of the companysupplier
2 Composition and information on ingredients
3 Hazard identification
4 First-air measures
5 Fire-fighting measures
6 spillage accidental release measures
7 Handling and storage
8 Exposure controls and personal protection
9 Physical and chemical properties
10 Stability and Reactivity
11 Toxicological information
12 Ecological information
13 Disposal considerations
14 Transport information
15 National regulations and references
16 Other information
EXAMPLE (Word file)
Example of MSDS worddoc
2 Anticipation
bull Anticipationrecognition of potential or actual hazards through knowledge of
bull ndashMaterials
bull ndashOperations
bull ndashProcesses
bull ndashConditions1048714
Scope of IH activities encompasses the ldquocradle-to-graverdquo concept (research through waste disposal)
3 Evaluation
bull Evaluation of environmental factors through
ndashMeasurement of exposure intensity
ndashDetermination of exposure frequency and duration
ndashComparison with regulatory professional and internal standards
bull Judgment weigh all factors
EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
Sampling and Measurement
bull OSHA and NIOSH publish sampling and analysis procedures appropriate for particular substances
bull ASTM has standards on instrumentation sampling and analytical procedures
bull ACGIH publishes a book on Air sampling instruments
4 Control
bull Employ methods to eliminate or reduce exposure resulting in elimination or reduction of the occurrence of occupational disease through
ndashEngineering (including process) interventions
ndashAdministrativeprogrammatic measures
ndashPersonal protective equipment (PPE)
Opportunities for Control
Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
bull Substitution ndash replacing a hazardous materials with a non-hazardous one
bull Isolation ndash use a barrier between a source of contaminants and workers
bull Ventilation ndash general or dilution ventilation and local exhaust ventilation
2 Work practices and Administrative controls
bull Housekeeping ndash regular cleaningbull Materials handling or Transfer procedures ndash to
remove generation of hazards during process of transferring (eg loadingunloading generates dust transferring liquids generates vaporsspills)
bull Leak detection programs ndash visual inspections auto sensors systems
bull Training ndash staffbull Modifying the work ndash limiting exposure periods
share activities between workersbull Personal hygiene ndash cleaning skins eyes change
cloths ete
OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES bull In the workplace workers are exposed to chemical
hazards in various activities such as transfer storage handling and use in the workstation and waste disposal
bull For the safe handling of chemicals it is necessary to take several preventive measures
bull Technical measures can be instituted to eliminate or reduced the worker exposure
bull The priority is to eliminate whenever possible very hazardous chemical form the workplace by substitute with less hazardous chemical or process
If substitution is not possible prevent exposure to the chemicals by implementing engineering control Measures that should be considered in engineering controls ( but not limited to ) are
1 enclosure or isolation
2 wet methods
3 use of industrial ventilation system
4 change of process
bull It must be remembered that personal protective equipment should always be the last to be considered
bull In some situations where substitution and engineering controls is not reasonably practicable and reliance has to be placed with personal protective equipment
bull For technical measure to be effective safe work practices and procedures should be developed and implemented hand in hand with the technical measures
Technical measures are but not limited tobull isolation of ignition sourcesbull development of procedures to cover handling use
operating procedures during manufacture transport storage use and disposal of chemicals
bull development and implementation of safe system of work such as permit to work system modification procedure maintenance and repair procedure inspection and testing
bull housekeeping bull hygiene facilitiesbull emergency procedure and facilitiesbull posting of warning sign
47
3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
bull Dust masks and respirators
bull Glasses goggles and face shields
bull Hearing protectionbull Glovesbull Foot protectionbull Head protectionbull Aprons or full-body suits
48
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
49
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
50
Hazardous Materials First Aid
bull Eyes Flush with water for 15 minutes
bull Skin Wash with soap and water
bull Inhalation Move to fresh air
bull Swallowing Get emergency medical assistance
51
Spills and Leaks
bull Evacuate the areabull Notify a supervisor or
the emergency response team
bull Remove ignition sources (if safe to do so)
bull Stay awaybull Call 9-9-9
2 Evaluation of chemical hazards
Qm=Mass rate of volatile material
Accumulation rate is lsquo0rsquo
Applying ideal gas law m=mass ρ=density v=volatile species b=bulk speciesRg=ideal gas constantT and P absolute temp and pressureM=molecular weight of volatile speciesmvVb=C=QmkQv
Vapor Pressure
Given two substances of the same volume which one has more potential hazard
ndashExample Motor oil vs ether
Ether has more potential hazard than motor oil due to its high vapor pressure and volatility
Examples of Health Effects
Asphyxiants Carbon dioxide carbon monoxide
Irritants Chlorine formaldehyde
Anesthetics Toluene benzene
Hepatotoxins Carbon tetrachloride chlorobenzene
Nephrotoxins Toluene xylene
Neurotoxins Carbon disulfide
Hematopoietictoxins Benzene carbon monoxide
Pulmonarytoxins Nitrogen dioxide phosgene
Carcinogens Benzene vinyl chloride monomer
Ideal Gas Law
Conversion of Units
VP and Concentration
Selection of methods to control identified hazard
Table 3-9 Chemical Plant Control Techniques
Generalized form
In many cases Psat raquo ρ
Eq3-12
KA is often very small compared to displacement and can be neglected
Control of identified hazard
Purposes of Industrial Ventilation
bull Control of toxic air contaminants to
acceptable levels
bull Control of noxious odors
bull Control of heat and humidity for comfort
and health
bull Prevention of fire and explosions
Types of Industrial Ventilation1 General ventilationndashControl of temperature humidity and odors
2 Dilution ventilationndashMaintain control of low toxicity gases and vapors below acceptable levels through dilution of concentration
3 Local exhaust ventilationndashCapturing and removing contaminants at or near their sources of emissionndashPrevents the transmission of contaminant to workerndashGiven priority in ldquoHierarchy of Controlsrdquo
Ventilation Terminology
Air velocity at the hood or slot opening n important design parameter
Air velocity through the cross-section of the duct
Basic Ventilation Equation
WhereQ = air flow rate (ft3min)A = cross-sectional area of duct or opening (ft2)V = average air velocity (ftmin)
Example
ndashIf fan is unchanged and number of hoods is
doubled then the resulting hood face velocities
will be 12 original velocity (possibly reducing air
velocity to less-than-needed capture velocity)
Hood Proximity and Exhaust Volume
Use of Enclosures
Direction of Air Movement
Direction of Air Movement
Eq 3-3
- Industrial Hygiene 1 Background 2 Objectives of IH 3 Type of HI control 4 Estimation of evaporation rate ventilation rate of volatiles
- Origin of Hygiene
- What Is Industrial Hygiene
- Some Occupational Hazards
- Slide 5
- Government Regulations
- Government Regulations
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS PLANT SAFETY
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Recommendations to maintain plant safety
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
- Example of MSDS worddoc
- 2 Anticipation
- 3 Evaluation
- EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
- Slide 37
- Sampling and Measurement
- 4 Control
- Opportunities for Control
- Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
- 2 Work practices and Administrative controls
- OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Technical measures are but not limited to
- 3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Slide 49
- Hazardous Materials First Aid
- Spills and Leaks
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
- Slide 83
- Slide 84
- Slide 85
- Slide 86
- Slide 87
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
-
Origin of Hygiene
bull Hygeia was the Greek goddess of health
bull Rene Dubos wrote ldquoFor the worshippers of Hygeia health is hellipa positive attribute to which men are entitled if they govern their lives wiselyrdquo
bull Prevention is key
What Is Industrial Hygiene
Definition Science and art devoted to the anticipation recognition evaluation and control of those workplace environmental factors which may cause sickness impaired health and well-being or significant discomfort and inefficiency among workers or among citizens of the community
Some Occupational HazardsChemical agents
bull Gases vapors and particulate aerosols
Physical (energy) agents
bull Noise ionizing non-ionizing radiation heat and cold stress
Biological agents
bull Infectious agents allergens
Psychological stressors
Ergonomicsafety
Examples of ODOR Threshold
[Table 3-9 in 3rd Edition]
Acetic acid 0016 ppmAmmonia 575 ppm Camphor 0051 ppmChloroform 117 Ethanol 0136Hydrogen sulphide 00005Methanol 141Ozone 0051Phosgene 055
Government Regulations
1 Laws are enacted by the Government The laws do not
have details on implementation
2 The applicable government agency develops and proposes
a regulation The regulation contains the details on
implementation It is published in the Government
Register and a comment period and hearing is normally
held
3 The Final Rule is published in the Government Register
and the Code of Government Regulations
Government Regulationsbull The two regulations most applicable to
chemical plants arebull Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
(NIOSH ndash Malaysia)
29 CFR 1910119 ldquoProcess Safety Management
of Highly Hazardous Chemicalsrdquobull Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ndash (DoE Malaysia)
40 CFR Part 68 ldquoRisk Management Programsrdquo
bull In 2006 Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism Standards (CFATS)
6 CFR 27
Table 3-1 Laws and RegulationsTable 3-3 Legislation to Chemical process safety 2nd amp 3rd Eds
bull Word file with abbreviations of institutions relevant to chemical safety
Table 3-4 in 2nd Ed Table 3-5 in 3rd Ed Identify the differences between PSM and RMP
Process Safety Management(PSM) 29 CFR 1910119
On July 17 1990 OSHA published in the Federal Register (55 FR 29150) a proposed standardmdashrdquoProcess Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicalsrdquomdashcontaining requirements for the
management of hazards associated with processes using highly hazardous chemicals to help assure safe and healthful workplaces After discussions the Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) were enacted into law (November 15 1990)Source httpswwwoshagovPublicationsosha3132pdf
Specified minimum elements that the OSHA standard must require employers to do as follows (show osha pdf file)
Process Safety Management some terms
Catastrophic release
Major uncontrolled emission fire or explosion Involves one or more highly hazardous chemicals Presents serious danger to employees in the workplace
Highly hazardous chemical a substance possessing toxic reactive flammable or explosive properties and specified by section 1910119(a)(1)
Process bull Any activity involving a highly hazardous
chemical including use storage manufacturing handling or the on-site movement of such chemicals or combination of these activities
bull Any group of vessels that are interconnected ampbull Separate vessels which are located such that a
highly hazardous chemical could be involved in a potential release
bull All considered a single process
Category 1 Flammable Liquid (per 19101200) or
Flammable Liquid with flashpoint below 1000F on site at one location in a quantity of 10000 lbs or more
29 CFR 1910119 does NOT apply to
bull Hydrocarbon fuels used solely for workplace consumption as a fuel not as part of a process containing another highly hazardous chemical
bull Flammable liquids with a flashpoint below 1000F stored in atmospheric tanks or transferred kept below their normal boiling point without benefit of chilling or refrigeration
A method to determine plant or process chemical hazards and develop policies procedures and safeguards against emergencies which may occur
Process Hazard Analysis (PHA) - this will be discussed in more detail under Hazard Identification topic
bull Shall be conducted as soon as possible but no later than (NLT)
NLT Initial Process completed by
25 May 26 199450 May 26 199575 May 26 1996
Completed by May 26 1997
bull After May 26 1997 - Acceptable if requirements of initial PHA are met
For example
bull Updated and revalidated by a team meeting at least every 5 years
bull Update and retain the PHA for each process for the life of the process
Operating Proceduresbull Written for safely conducting activities involved in each covered process
PHA = Process Hazard Analysis(this will be discussed in more detail under Hazard Identification topic)
Steps to cover for each Operating Procedure- this can be helpful for your assignment
Addresses at least
bull Initial set-up
bull Normal operations
bull Temporary operations
bull Emergency shutdown
bull Emergency operations
bull Normal shutdowns
bullStartup following
turnaround or
emergency shutdown
bull Operating Limits
bull Consequences of
deviation
bull Steps required to
correct or avoid
deviation
Methods used to determine and evaluate hazards (this will be discussed in more detail under Hazard Identification topic)
bull What Ifbull Checklistbull What IfChecklistbull HAZOP (Hazard amp Operability Study)bull FMEA (Failure Mode amp Effects Analysis)bull Fault Tree AnalysisbullEvent Tree Analysis bull An Appropriate Equivalent Methodology
Relevance to your assignment some points
Discussion of the process in terms of PSM criteria (your assignment 1)Discussion of the process in terms of PSM criteria (your assignment 1)
Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS
PLANT SAFETY1 Nuisance trips Emergency shutdowns and subsequent startups are among the
greatest threats to plant safety They divert attention from situations that could present real danger and result in unnecessary shutdowns and restarts ndash all of which pose additional risk
Sources failures due to systems wearing out spurious equipment failures and human failures caused by alarm floods
Recommendations Lifecycle equipment management asset management embedded
diagnostics and alarm management all help to eliminate nuisance trips
Source httpglobalwonderwarecomBRDocumentsDesafios20na20seguranC3A7a20de20uma20fC3A1bricapdf
2 Insufficient use of the full functionality of the control and safety system Process control and safety systems continue to do the lsquoheavy liftingrsquo in keeping plants operatingsafely but few companies take full advantage of their capabilities
Recommendations Alarm management loop management inhibit and bypass management and the smart integration of control systems help to ensure that you are maximising the full safety potential from your system investment
4 Training limitations Comprehensive hands-on safety training is difficult ndash if not impossible ndash to deliver No matter howtalented the trainers and trainees or how effective the curriculum classes and materialsconventional training can go only so far in conveying the realities of a hazardous situation
Recommendations However todayrsquos simulation and virtual-reality techniques allow operators to experience hazardous situations and consequences with a realism that has never been possible before
5 Lack of visibility of safety status
While safety breaches usually result from a combination of factors that have been deterioratingover time in many cases no one knows there is a problem or that an incident has occurred Mostplants are collecting the data that could provide early warning of problems but it is usually fragmented haphazard and not in a safety context
Recommendations Simulation techniques real-time monitoring sensors and operator dashboards can help provide a realistic dynamic view of safety conditions
6 Unnecessarily exposing people to hazardous environmentsProtecting the community environment and personnel is key to a sustainable safety programme
Recommendations Simulated training fire and gas detection systems smart instrumentation and personnel locationsystems can minimise human exposure to hazardous situations
7 External threats The realities of terrorism and business disruption due to plant safety incidents are critical considerations for plant managers
Recommendations These can be mitigated by defence-in-depth securityprogrammes and by careful integration of safety and control systems
Recommendations to maintain plant safety
1 Monitor equipment proactively
Proactive equipment condition monitoring can extend to all assets and processes that are critical to safe plant performance
Data from asset management systems can be integrated into an overall plant safety view This allows modification of the safety envelope model and real-time updating of plant safety dashboards providing a measure of overall integrity
of the plant This can also integrate condition management computerised maintenance management condition-based maintenance (CBM) and reliability-centred models ndash all of which contribute to operations and maintenance (RCORCM) solutions that improve plant safety
Recommendations to maintain plant safety
2 Utilise embedded diagnostics
It is essential to have confidence in the operational effectiveness and correct functioning of the installed safety systems Embedded automatic diagnostic featuresof control systems instrumentation and control elements increase this confidence and allow plant personnel to focus on production Data derived from a testing and diagnostic framework canautomatically reveal the appropriate communication strategies and coordinate the interaction ofthe personnel communications asset management and maintenance functions
Recommendations to maintain plant safety 3 Rationalise and prioritise alarms Alarms are often the first layer of protection and provide the first indication that there is a potential unsafe condition on the site However too many process alarms occurring at once can decrease the integrity of the alerts and the effectiveness of the operator response An effective and efficient alarm management system promotes both safety and performance Alarm rationalisation based on industry standards applies layers of protection to link the alarm priority with the time required to respond effectively to an alarm before the plant must undergo a costly shutdown This reduces nuisance trips by enabling operators to attend only to alarms associated with real dangers
Recommendations to maintain plant safety 4 Do not bypass inhibit-and-bypass management functionality Highlighting significant deviations from the normal operational state and adjusting the online plant safety case requires a robust management system to monitor record and report the status on all inhibit events and override conditions This allows for handover shift reports and key performance indicators to detect patterns and trends as well as status reports identifying and explaining the application of a bypass It also enables automatic removal of specified bypasses after a configurable period and advises when the plant achieves a steady operational state Inhibit and bypass management functions communicate with all electronic systems facilitate the systematic recording of events from other systems and provide a formal rule-based interpretation of the overall plant inhibit condition They initiate reports and display the operational status of the plant emergency systems
1
CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
1 Identification - Name of the substance or preparation - Name address and telephone of the companysupplier
2 Composition and information on ingredients
3 Hazard identification
4 First-air measures
5 Fire-fighting measures
6 spillage accidental release measures
7 Handling and storage
8 Exposure controls and personal protection
9 Physical and chemical properties
10 Stability and Reactivity
11 Toxicological information
12 Ecological information
13 Disposal considerations
14 Transport information
15 National regulations and references
16 Other information
EXAMPLE (Word file)
Example of MSDS worddoc
2 Anticipation
bull Anticipationrecognition of potential or actual hazards through knowledge of
bull ndashMaterials
bull ndashOperations
bull ndashProcesses
bull ndashConditions1048714
Scope of IH activities encompasses the ldquocradle-to-graverdquo concept (research through waste disposal)
3 Evaluation
bull Evaluation of environmental factors through
ndashMeasurement of exposure intensity
ndashDetermination of exposure frequency and duration
ndashComparison with regulatory professional and internal standards
bull Judgment weigh all factors
EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
Sampling and Measurement
bull OSHA and NIOSH publish sampling and analysis procedures appropriate for particular substances
bull ASTM has standards on instrumentation sampling and analytical procedures
bull ACGIH publishes a book on Air sampling instruments
4 Control
bull Employ methods to eliminate or reduce exposure resulting in elimination or reduction of the occurrence of occupational disease through
ndashEngineering (including process) interventions
ndashAdministrativeprogrammatic measures
ndashPersonal protective equipment (PPE)
Opportunities for Control
Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
bull Substitution ndash replacing a hazardous materials with a non-hazardous one
bull Isolation ndash use a barrier between a source of contaminants and workers
bull Ventilation ndash general or dilution ventilation and local exhaust ventilation
2 Work practices and Administrative controls
bull Housekeeping ndash regular cleaningbull Materials handling or Transfer procedures ndash to
remove generation of hazards during process of transferring (eg loadingunloading generates dust transferring liquids generates vaporsspills)
bull Leak detection programs ndash visual inspections auto sensors systems
bull Training ndash staffbull Modifying the work ndash limiting exposure periods
share activities between workersbull Personal hygiene ndash cleaning skins eyes change
cloths ete
OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES bull In the workplace workers are exposed to chemical
hazards in various activities such as transfer storage handling and use in the workstation and waste disposal
bull For the safe handling of chemicals it is necessary to take several preventive measures
bull Technical measures can be instituted to eliminate or reduced the worker exposure
bull The priority is to eliminate whenever possible very hazardous chemical form the workplace by substitute with less hazardous chemical or process
If substitution is not possible prevent exposure to the chemicals by implementing engineering control Measures that should be considered in engineering controls ( but not limited to ) are
1 enclosure or isolation
2 wet methods
3 use of industrial ventilation system
4 change of process
bull It must be remembered that personal protective equipment should always be the last to be considered
bull In some situations where substitution and engineering controls is not reasonably practicable and reliance has to be placed with personal protective equipment
bull For technical measure to be effective safe work practices and procedures should be developed and implemented hand in hand with the technical measures
Technical measures are but not limited tobull isolation of ignition sourcesbull development of procedures to cover handling use
operating procedures during manufacture transport storage use and disposal of chemicals
bull development and implementation of safe system of work such as permit to work system modification procedure maintenance and repair procedure inspection and testing
bull housekeeping bull hygiene facilitiesbull emergency procedure and facilitiesbull posting of warning sign
47
3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
bull Dust masks and respirators
bull Glasses goggles and face shields
bull Hearing protectionbull Glovesbull Foot protectionbull Head protectionbull Aprons or full-body suits
48
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
49
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
50
Hazardous Materials First Aid
bull Eyes Flush with water for 15 minutes
bull Skin Wash with soap and water
bull Inhalation Move to fresh air
bull Swallowing Get emergency medical assistance
51
Spills and Leaks
bull Evacuate the areabull Notify a supervisor or
the emergency response team
bull Remove ignition sources (if safe to do so)
bull Stay awaybull Call 9-9-9
2 Evaluation of chemical hazards
Qm=Mass rate of volatile material
Accumulation rate is lsquo0rsquo
Applying ideal gas law m=mass ρ=density v=volatile species b=bulk speciesRg=ideal gas constantT and P absolute temp and pressureM=molecular weight of volatile speciesmvVb=C=QmkQv
Vapor Pressure
Given two substances of the same volume which one has more potential hazard
ndashExample Motor oil vs ether
Ether has more potential hazard than motor oil due to its high vapor pressure and volatility
Examples of Health Effects
Asphyxiants Carbon dioxide carbon monoxide
Irritants Chlorine formaldehyde
Anesthetics Toluene benzene
Hepatotoxins Carbon tetrachloride chlorobenzene
Nephrotoxins Toluene xylene
Neurotoxins Carbon disulfide
Hematopoietictoxins Benzene carbon monoxide
Pulmonarytoxins Nitrogen dioxide phosgene
Carcinogens Benzene vinyl chloride monomer
Ideal Gas Law
Conversion of Units
VP and Concentration
Selection of methods to control identified hazard
Table 3-9 Chemical Plant Control Techniques
Generalized form
In many cases Psat raquo ρ
Eq3-12
KA is often very small compared to displacement and can be neglected
Control of identified hazard
Purposes of Industrial Ventilation
bull Control of toxic air contaminants to
acceptable levels
bull Control of noxious odors
bull Control of heat and humidity for comfort
and health
bull Prevention of fire and explosions
Types of Industrial Ventilation1 General ventilationndashControl of temperature humidity and odors
2 Dilution ventilationndashMaintain control of low toxicity gases and vapors below acceptable levels through dilution of concentration
3 Local exhaust ventilationndashCapturing and removing contaminants at or near their sources of emissionndashPrevents the transmission of contaminant to workerndashGiven priority in ldquoHierarchy of Controlsrdquo
Ventilation Terminology
Air velocity at the hood or slot opening n important design parameter
Air velocity through the cross-section of the duct
Basic Ventilation Equation
WhereQ = air flow rate (ft3min)A = cross-sectional area of duct or opening (ft2)V = average air velocity (ftmin)
Example
ndashIf fan is unchanged and number of hoods is
doubled then the resulting hood face velocities
will be 12 original velocity (possibly reducing air
velocity to less-than-needed capture velocity)
Hood Proximity and Exhaust Volume
Use of Enclosures
Direction of Air Movement
Direction of Air Movement
Eq 3-3
- Industrial Hygiene 1 Background 2 Objectives of IH 3 Type of HI control 4 Estimation of evaporation rate ventilation rate of volatiles
- Origin of Hygiene
- What Is Industrial Hygiene
- Some Occupational Hazards
- Slide 5
- Government Regulations
- Government Regulations
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS PLANT SAFETY
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Recommendations to maintain plant safety
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
- Example of MSDS worddoc
- 2 Anticipation
- 3 Evaluation
- EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
- Slide 37
- Sampling and Measurement
- 4 Control
- Opportunities for Control
- Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
- 2 Work practices and Administrative controls
- OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Technical measures are but not limited to
- 3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Slide 49
- Hazardous Materials First Aid
- Spills and Leaks
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
- Slide 83
- Slide 84
- Slide 85
- Slide 86
- Slide 87
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
-
What Is Industrial Hygiene
Definition Science and art devoted to the anticipation recognition evaluation and control of those workplace environmental factors which may cause sickness impaired health and well-being or significant discomfort and inefficiency among workers or among citizens of the community
Some Occupational HazardsChemical agents
bull Gases vapors and particulate aerosols
Physical (energy) agents
bull Noise ionizing non-ionizing radiation heat and cold stress
Biological agents
bull Infectious agents allergens
Psychological stressors
Ergonomicsafety
Examples of ODOR Threshold
[Table 3-9 in 3rd Edition]
Acetic acid 0016 ppmAmmonia 575 ppm Camphor 0051 ppmChloroform 117 Ethanol 0136Hydrogen sulphide 00005Methanol 141Ozone 0051Phosgene 055
Government Regulations
1 Laws are enacted by the Government The laws do not
have details on implementation
2 The applicable government agency develops and proposes
a regulation The regulation contains the details on
implementation It is published in the Government
Register and a comment period and hearing is normally
held
3 The Final Rule is published in the Government Register
and the Code of Government Regulations
Government Regulationsbull The two regulations most applicable to
chemical plants arebull Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
(NIOSH ndash Malaysia)
29 CFR 1910119 ldquoProcess Safety Management
of Highly Hazardous Chemicalsrdquobull Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ndash (DoE Malaysia)
40 CFR Part 68 ldquoRisk Management Programsrdquo
bull In 2006 Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism Standards (CFATS)
6 CFR 27
Table 3-1 Laws and RegulationsTable 3-3 Legislation to Chemical process safety 2nd amp 3rd Eds
bull Word file with abbreviations of institutions relevant to chemical safety
Table 3-4 in 2nd Ed Table 3-5 in 3rd Ed Identify the differences between PSM and RMP
Process Safety Management(PSM) 29 CFR 1910119
On July 17 1990 OSHA published in the Federal Register (55 FR 29150) a proposed standardmdashrdquoProcess Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicalsrdquomdashcontaining requirements for the
management of hazards associated with processes using highly hazardous chemicals to help assure safe and healthful workplaces After discussions the Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) were enacted into law (November 15 1990)Source httpswwwoshagovPublicationsosha3132pdf
Specified minimum elements that the OSHA standard must require employers to do as follows (show osha pdf file)
Process Safety Management some terms
Catastrophic release
Major uncontrolled emission fire or explosion Involves one or more highly hazardous chemicals Presents serious danger to employees in the workplace
Highly hazardous chemical a substance possessing toxic reactive flammable or explosive properties and specified by section 1910119(a)(1)
Process bull Any activity involving a highly hazardous
chemical including use storage manufacturing handling or the on-site movement of such chemicals or combination of these activities
bull Any group of vessels that are interconnected ampbull Separate vessels which are located such that a
highly hazardous chemical could be involved in a potential release
bull All considered a single process
Category 1 Flammable Liquid (per 19101200) or
Flammable Liquid with flashpoint below 1000F on site at one location in a quantity of 10000 lbs or more
29 CFR 1910119 does NOT apply to
bull Hydrocarbon fuels used solely for workplace consumption as a fuel not as part of a process containing another highly hazardous chemical
bull Flammable liquids with a flashpoint below 1000F stored in atmospheric tanks or transferred kept below their normal boiling point without benefit of chilling or refrigeration
A method to determine plant or process chemical hazards and develop policies procedures and safeguards against emergencies which may occur
Process Hazard Analysis (PHA) - this will be discussed in more detail under Hazard Identification topic
bull Shall be conducted as soon as possible but no later than (NLT)
NLT Initial Process completed by
25 May 26 199450 May 26 199575 May 26 1996
Completed by May 26 1997
bull After May 26 1997 - Acceptable if requirements of initial PHA are met
For example
bull Updated and revalidated by a team meeting at least every 5 years
bull Update and retain the PHA for each process for the life of the process
Operating Proceduresbull Written for safely conducting activities involved in each covered process
PHA = Process Hazard Analysis(this will be discussed in more detail under Hazard Identification topic)
Steps to cover for each Operating Procedure- this can be helpful for your assignment
Addresses at least
bull Initial set-up
bull Normal operations
bull Temporary operations
bull Emergency shutdown
bull Emergency operations
bull Normal shutdowns
bullStartup following
turnaround or
emergency shutdown
bull Operating Limits
bull Consequences of
deviation
bull Steps required to
correct or avoid
deviation
Methods used to determine and evaluate hazards (this will be discussed in more detail under Hazard Identification topic)
bull What Ifbull Checklistbull What IfChecklistbull HAZOP (Hazard amp Operability Study)bull FMEA (Failure Mode amp Effects Analysis)bull Fault Tree AnalysisbullEvent Tree Analysis bull An Appropriate Equivalent Methodology
Relevance to your assignment some points
Discussion of the process in terms of PSM criteria (your assignment 1)Discussion of the process in terms of PSM criteria (your assignment 1)
Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS
PLANT SAFETY1 Nuisance trips Emergency shutdowns and subsequent startups are among the
greatest threats to plant safety They divert attention from situations that could present real danger and result in unnecessary shutdowns and restarts ndash all of which pose additional risk
Sources failures due to systems wearing out spurious equipment failures and human failures caused by alarm floods
Recommendations Lifecycle equipment management asset management embedded
diagnostics and alarm management all help to eliminate nuisance trips
Source httpglobalwonderwarecomBRDocumentsDesafios20na20seguranC3A7a20de20uma20fC3A1bricapdf
2 Insufficient use of the full functionality of the control and safety system Process control and safety systems continue to do the lsquoheavy liftingrsquo in keeping plants operatingsafely but few companies take full advantage of their capabilities
Recommendations Alarm management loop management inhibit and bypass management and the smart integration of control systems help to ensure that you are maximising the full safety potential from your system investment
4 Training limitations Comprehensive hands-on safety training is difficult ndash if not impossible ndash to deliver No matter howtalented the trainers and trainees or how effective the curriculum classes and materialsconventional training can go only so far in conveying the realities of a hazardous situation
Recommendations However todayrsquos simulation and virtual-reality techniques allow operators to experience hazardous situations and consequences with a realism that has never been possible before
5 Lack of visibility of safety status
While safety breaches usually result from a combination of factors that have been deterioratingover time in many cases no one knows there is a problem or that an incident has occurred Mostplants are collecting the data that could provide early warning of problems but it is usually fragmented haphazard and not in a safety context
Recommendations Simulation techniques real-time monitoring sensors and operator dashboards can help provide a realistic dynamic view of safety conditions
6 Unnecessarily exposing people to hazardous environmentsProtecting the community environment and personnel is key to a sustainable safety programme
Recommendations Simulated training fire and gas detection systems smart instrumentation and personnel locationsystems can minimise human exposure to hazardous situations
7 External threats The realities of terrorism and business disruption due to plant safety incidents are critical considerations for plant managers
Recommendations These can be mitigated by defence-in-depth securityprogrammes and by careful integration of safety and control systems
Recommendations to maintain plant safety
1 Monitor equipment proactively
Proactive equipment condition monitoring can extend to all assets and processes that are critical to safe plant performance
Data from asset management systems can be integrated into an overall plant safety view This allows modification of the safety envelope model and real-time updating of plant safety dashboards providing a measure of overall integrity
of the plant This can also integrate condition management computerised maintenance management condition-based maintenance (CBM) and reliability-centred models ndash all of which contribute to operations and maintenance (RCORCM) solutions that improve plant safety
Recommendations to maintain plant safety
2 Utilise embedded diagnostics
It is essential to have confidence in the operational effectiveness and correct functioning of the installed safety systems Embedded automatic diagnostic featuresof control systems instrumentation and control elements increase this confidence and allow plant personnel to focus on production Data derived from a testing and diagnostic framework canautomatically reveal the appropriate communication strategies and coordinate the interaction ofthe personnel communications asset management and maintenance functions
Recommendations to maintain plant safety 3 Rationalise and prioritise alarms Alarms are often the first layer of protection and provide the first indication that there is a potential unsafe condition on the site However too many process alarms occurring at once can decrease the integrity of the alerts and the effectiveness of the operator response An effective and efficient alarm management system promotes both safety and performance Alarm rationalisation based on industry standards applies layers of protection to link the alarm priority with the time required to respond effectively to an alarm before the plant must undergo a costly shutdown This reduces nuisance trips by enabling operators to attend only to alarms associated with real dangers
Recommendations to maintain plant safety 4 Do not bypass inhibit-and-bypass management functionality Highlighting significant deviations from the normal operational state and adjusting the online plant safety case requires a robust management system to monitor record and report the status on all inhibit events and override conditions This allows for handover shift reports and key performance indicators to detect patterns and trends as well as status reports identifying and explaining the application of a bypass It also enables automatic removal of specified bypasses after a configurable period and advises when the plant achieves a steady operational state Inhibit and bypass management functions communicate with all electronic systems facilitate the systematic recording of events from other systems and provide a formal rule-based interpretation of the overall plant inhibit condition They initiate reports and display the operational status of the plant emergency systems
1
CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
1 Identification - Name of the substance or preparation - Name address and telephone of the companysupplier
2 Composition and information on ingredients
3 Hazard identification
4 First-air measures
5 Fire-fighting measures
6 spillage accidental release measures
7 Handling and storage
8 Exposure controls and personal protection
9 Physical and chemical properties
10 Stability and Reactivity
11 Toxicological information
12 Ecological information
13 Disposal considerations
14 Transport information
15 National regulations and references
16 Other information
EXAMPLE (Word file)
Example of MSDS worddoc
2 Anticipation
bull Anticipationrecognition of potential or actual hazards through knowledge of
bull ndashMaterials
bull ndashOperations
bull ndashProcesses
bull ndashConditions1048714
Scope of IH activities encompasses the ldquocradle-to-graverdquo concept (research through waste disposal)
3 Evaluation
bull Evaluation of environmental factors through
ndashMeasurement of exposure intensity
ndashDetermination of exposure frequency and duration
ndashComparison with regulatory professional and internal standards
bull Judgment weigh all factors
EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
Sampling and Measurement
bull OSHA and NIOSH publish sampling and analysis procedures appropriate for particular substances
bull ASTM has standards on instrumentation sampling and analytical procedures
bull ACGIH publishes a book on Air sampling instruments
4 Control
bull Employ methods to eliminate or reduce exposure resulting in elimination or reduction of the occurrence of occupational disease through
ndashEngineering (including process) interventions
ndashAdministrativeprogrammatic measures
ndashPersonal protective equipment (PPE)
Opportunities for Control
Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
bull Substitution ndash replacing a hazardous materials with a non-hazardous one
bull Isolation ndash use a barrier between a source of contaminants and workers
bull Ventilation ndash general or dilution ventilation and local exhaust ventilation
2 Work practices and Administrative controls
bull Housekeeping ndash regular cleaningbull Materials handling or Transfer procedures ndash to
remove generation of hazards during process of transferring (eg loadingunloading generates dust transferring liquids generates vaporsspills)
bull Leak detection programs ndash visual inspections auto sensors systems
bull Training ndash staffbull Modifying the work ndash limiting exposure periods
share activities between workersbull Personal hygiene ndash cleaning skins eyes change
cloths ete
OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES bull In the workplace workers are exposed to chemical
hazards in various activities such as transfer storage handling and use in the workstation and waste disposal
bull For the safe handling of chemicals it is necessary to take several preventive measures
bull Technical measures can be instituted to eliminate or reduced the worker exposure
bull The priority is to eliminate whenever possible very hazardous chemical form the workplace by substitute with less hazardous chemical or process
If substitution is not possible prevent exposure to the chemicals by implementing engineering control Measures that should be considered in engineering controls ( but not limited to ) are
1 enclosure or isolation
2 wet methods
3 use of industrial ventilation system
4 change of process
bull It must be remembered that personal protective equipment should always be the last to be considered
bull In some situations where substitution and engineering controls is not reasonably practicable and reliance has to be placed with personal protective equipment
bull For technical measure to be effective safe work practices and procedures should be developed and implemented hand in hand with the technical measures
Technical measures are but not limited tobull isolation of ignition sourcesbull development of procedures to cover handling use
operating procedures during manufacture transport storage use and disposal of chemicals
bull development and implementation of safe system of work such as permit to work system modification procedure maintenance and repair procedure inspection and testing
bull housekeeping bull hygiene facilitiesbull emergency procedure and facilitiesbull posting of warning sign
47
3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
bull Dust masks and respirators
bull Glasses goggles and face shields
bull Hearing protectionbull Glovesbull Foot protectionbull Head protectionbull Aprons or full-body suits
48
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
49
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
50
Hazardous Materials First Aid
bull Eyes Flush with water for 15 minutes
bull Skin Wash with soap and water
bull Inhalation Move to fresh air
bull Swallowing Get emergency medical assistance
51
Spills and Leaks
bull Evacuate the areabull Notify a supervisor or
the emergency response team
bull Remove ignition sources (if safe to do so)
bull Stay awaybull Call 9-9-9
2 Evaluation of chemical hazards
Qm=Mass rate of volatile material
Accumulation rate is lsquo0rsquo
Applying ideal gas law m=mass ρ=density v=volatile species b=bulk speciesRg=ideal gas constantT and P absolute temp and pressureM=molecular weight of volatile speciesmvVb=C=QmkQv
Vapor Pressure
Given two substances of the same volume which one has more potential hazard
ndashExample Motor oil vs ether
Ether has more potential hazard than motor oil due to its high vapor pressure and volatility
Examples of Health Effects
Asphyxiants Carbon dioxide carbon monoxide
Irritants Chlorine formaldehyde
Anesthetics Toluene benzene
Hepatotoxins Carbon tetrachloride chlorobenzene
Nephrotoxins Toluene xylene
Neurotoxins Carbon disulfide
Hematopoietictoxins Benzene carbon monoxide
Pulmonarytoxins Nitrogen dioxide phosgene
Carcinogens Benzene vinyl chloride monomer
Ideal Gas Law
Conversion of Units
VP and Concentration
Selection of methods to control identified hazard
Table 3-9 Chemical Plant Control Techniques
Generalized form
In many cases Psat raquo ρ
Eq3-12
KA is often very small compared to displacement and can be neglected
Control of identified hazard
Purposes of Industrial Ventilation
bull Control of toxic air contaminants to
acceptable levels
bull Control of noxious odors
bull Control of heat and humidity for comfort
and health
bull Prevention of fire and explosions
Types of Industrial Ventilation1 General ventilationndashControl of temperature humidity and odors
2 Dilution ventilationndashMaintain control of low toxicity gases and vapors below acceptable levels through dilution of concentration
3 Local exhaust ventilationndashCapturing and removing contaminants at or near their sources of emissionndashPrevents the transmission of contaminant to workerndashGiven priority in ldquoHierarchy of Controlsrdquo
Ventilation Terminology
Air velocity at the hood or slot opening n important design parameter
Air velocity through the cross-section of the duct
Basic Ventilation Equation
WhereQ = air flow rate (ft3min)A = cross-sectional area of duct or opening (ft2)V = average air velocity (ftmin)
Example
ndashIf fan is unchanged and number of hoods is
doubled then the resulting hood face velocities
will be 12 original velocity (possibly reducing air
velocity to less-than-needed capture velocity)
Hood Proximity and Exhaust Volume
Use of Enclosures
Direction of Air Movement
Direction of Air Movement
Eq 3-3
- Industrial Hygiene 1 Background 2 Objectives of IH 3 Type of HI control 4 Estimation of evaporation rate ventilation rate of volatiles
- Origin of Hygiene
- What Is Industrial Hygiene
- Some Occupational Hazards
- Slide 5
- Government Regulations
- Government Regulations
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS PLANT SAFETY
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Recommendations to maintain plant safety
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
- Example of MSDS worddoc
- 2 Anticipation
- 3 Evaluation
- EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
- Slide 37
- Sampling and Measurement
- 4 Control
- Opportunities for Control
- Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
- 2 Work practices and Administrative controls
- OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Technical measures are but not limited to
- 3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Slide 49
- Hazardous Materials First Aid
- Spills and Leaks
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
- Slide 83
- Slide 84
- Slide 85
- Slide 86
- Slide 87
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
-
Some Occupational HazardsChemical agents
bull Gases vapors and particulate aerosols
Physical (energy) agents
bull Noise ionizing non-ionizing radiation heat and cold stress
Biological agents
bull Infectious agents allergens
Psychological stressors
Ergonomicsafety
Examples of ODOR Threshold
[Table 3-9 in 3rd Edition]
Acetic acid 0016 ppmAmmonia 575 ppm Camphor 0051 ppmChloroform 117 Ethanol 0136Hydrogen sulphide 00005Methanol 141Ozone 0051Phosgene 055
Government Regulations
1 Laws are enacted by the Government The laws do not
have details on implementation
2 The applicable government agency develops and proposes
a regulation The regulation contains the details on
implementation It is published in the Government
Register and a comment period and hearing is normally
held
3 The Final Rule is published in the Government Register
and the Code of Government Regulations
Government Regulationsbull The two regulations most applicable to
chemical plants arebull Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
(NIOSH ndash Malaysia)
29 CFR 1910119 ldquoProcess Safety Management
of Highly Hazardous Chemicalsrdquobull Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ndash (DoE Malaysia)
40 CFR Part 68 ldquoRisk Management Programsrdquo
bull In 2006 Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism Standards (CFATS)
6 CFR 27
Table 3-1 Laws and RegulationsTable 3-3 Legislation to Chemical process safety 2nd amp 3rd Eds
bull Word file with abbreviations of institutions relevant to chemical safety
Table 3-4 in 2nd Ed Table 3-5 in 3rd Ed Identify the differences between PSM and RMP
Process Safety Management(PSM) 29 CFR 1910119
On July 17 1990 OSHA published in the Federal Register (55 FR 29150) a proposed standardmdashrdquoProcess Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicalsrdquomdashcontaining requirements for the
management of hazards associated with processes using highly hazardous chemicals to help assure safe and healthful workplaces After discussions the Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) were enacted into law (November 15 1990)Source httpswwwoshagovPublicationsosha3132pdf
Specified minimum elements that the OSHA standard must require employers to do as follows (show osha pdf file)
Process Safety Management some terms
Catastrophic release
Major uncontrolled emission fire or explosion Involves one or more highly hazardous chemicals Presents serious danger to employees in the workplace
Highly hazardous chemical a substance possessing toxic reactive flammable or explosive properties and specified by section 1910119(a)(1)
Process bull Any activity involving a highly hazardous
chemical including use storage manufacturing handling or the on-site movement of such chemicals or combination of these activities
bull Any group of vessels that are interconnected ampbull Separate vessels which are located such that a
highly hazardous chemical could be involved in a potential release
bull All considered a single process
Category 1 Flammable Liquid (per 19101200) or
Flammable Liquid with flashpoint below 1000F on site at one location in a quantity of 10000 lbs or more
29 CFR 1910119 does NOT apply to
bull Hydrocarbon fuels used solely for workplace consumption as a fuel not as part of a process containing another highly hazardous chemical
bull Flammable liquids with a flashpoint below 1000F stored in atmospheric tanks or transferred kept below their normal boiling point without benefit of chilling or refrigeration
A method to determine plant or process chemical hazards and develop policies procedures and safeguards against emergencies which may occur
Process Hazard Analysis (PHA) - this will be discussed in more detail under Hazard Identification topic
bull Shall be conducted as soon as possible but no later than (NLT)
NLT Initial Process completed by
25 May 26 199450 May 26 199575 May 26 1996
Completed by May 26 1997
bull After May 26 1997 - Acceptable if requirements of initial PHA are met
For example
bull Updated and revalidated by a team meeting at least every 5 years
bull Update and retain the PHA for each process for the life of the process
Operating Proceduresbull Written for safely conducting activities involved in each covered process
PHA = Process Hazard Analysis(this will be discussed in more detail under Hazard Identification topic)
Steps to cover for each Operating Procedure- this can be helpful for your assignment
Addresses at least
bull Initial set-up
bull Normal operations
bull Temporary operations
bull Emergency shutdown
bull Emergency operations
bull Normal shutdowns
bullStartup following
turnaround or
emergency shutdown
bull Operating Limits
bull Consequences of
deviation
bull Steps required to
correct or avoid
deviation
Methods used to determine and evaluate hazards (this will be discussed in more detail under Hazard Identification topic)
bull What Ifbull Checklistbull What IfChecklistbull HAZOP (Hazard amp Operability Study)bull FMEA (Failure Mode amp Effects Analysis)bull Fault Tree AnalysisbullEvent Tree Analysis bull An Appropriate Equivalent Methodology
Relevance to your assignment some points
Discussion of the process in terms of PSM criteria (your assignment 1)Discussion of the process in terms of PSM criteria (your assignment 1)
Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS
PLANT SAFETY1 Nuisance trips Emergency shutdowns and subsequent startups are among the
greatest threats to plant safety They divert attention from situations that could present real danger and result in unnecessary shutdowns and restarts ndash all of which pose additional risk
Sources failures due to systems wearing out spurious equipment failures and human failures caused by alarm floods
Recommendations Lifecycle equipment management asset management embedded
diagnostics and alarm management all help to eliminate nuisance trips
Source httpglobalwonderwarecomBRDocumentsDesafios20na20seguranC3A7a20de20uma20fC3A1bricapdf
2 Insufficient use of the full functionality of the control and safety system Process control and safety systems continue to do the lsquoheavy liftingrsquo in keeping plants operatingsafely but few companies take full advantage of their capabilities
Recommendations Alarm management loop management inhibit and bypass management and the smart integration of control systems help to ensure that you are maximising the full safety potential from your system investment
4 Training limitations Comprehensive hands-on safety training is difficult ndash if not impossible ndash to deliver No matter howtalented the trainers and trainees or how effective the curriculum classes and materialsconventional training can go only so far in conveying the realities of a hazardous situation
Recommendations However todayrsquos simulation and virtual-reality techniques allow operators to experience hazardous situations and consequences with a realism that has never been possible before
5 Lack of visibility of safety status
While safety breaches usually result from a combination of factors that have been deterioratingover time in many cases no one knows there is a problem or that an incident has occurred Mostplants are collecting the data that could provide early warning of problems but it is usually fragmented haphazard and not in a safety context
Recommendations Simulation techniques real-time monitoring sensors and operator dashboards can help provide a realistic dynamic view of safety conditions
6 Unnecessarily exposing people to hazardous environmentsProtecting the community environment and personnel is key to a sustainable safety programme
Recommendations Simulated training fire and gas detection systems smart instrumentation and personnel locationsystems can minimise human exposure to hazardous situations
7 External threats The realities of terrorism and business disruption due to plant safety incidents are critical considerations for plant managers
Recommendations These can be mitigated by defence-in-depth securityprogrammes and by careful integration of safety and control systems
Recommendations to maintain plant safety
1 Monitor equipment proactively
Proactive equipment condition monitoring can extend to all assets and processes that are critical to safe plant performance
Data from asset management systems can be integrated into an overall plant safety view This allows modification of the safety envelope model and real-time updating of plant safety dashboards providing a measure of overall integrity
of the plant This can also integrate condition management computerised maintenance management condition-based maintenance (CBM) and reliability-centred models ndash all of which contribute to operations and maintenance (RCORCM) solutions that improve plant safety
Recommendations to maintain plant safety
2 Utilise embedded diagnostics
It is essential to have confidence in the operational effectiveness and correct functioning of the installed safety systems Embedded automatic diagnostic featuresof control systems instrumentation and control elements increase this confidence and allow plant personnel to focus on production Data derived from a testing and diagnostic framework canautomatically reveal the appropriate communication strategies and coordinate the interaction ofthe personnel communications asset management and maintenance functions
Recommendations to maintain plant safety 3 Rationalise and prioritise alarms Alarms are often the first layer of protection and provide the first indication that there is a potential unsafe condition on the site However too many process alarms occurring at once can decrease the integrity of the alerts and the effectiveness of the operator response An effective and efficient alarm management system promotes both safety and performance Alarm rationalisation based on industry standards applies layers of protection to link the alarm priority with the time required to respond effectively to an alarm before the plant must undergo a costly shutdown This reduces nuisance trips by enabling operators to attend only to alarms associated with real dangers
Recommendations to maintain plant safety 4 Do not bypass inhibit-and-bypass management functionality Highlighting significant deviations from the normal operational state and adjusting the online plant safety case requires a robust management system to monitor record and report the status on all inhibit events and override conditions This allows for handover shift reports and key performance indicators to detect patterns and trends as well as status reports identifying and explaining the application of a bypass It also enables automatic removal of specified bypasses after a configurable period and advises when the plant achieves a steady operational state Inhibit and bypass management functions communicate with all electronic systems facilitate the systematic recording of events from other systems and provide a formal rule-based interpretation of the overall plant inhibit condition They initiate reports and display the operational status of the plant emergency systems
1
CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
1 Identification - Name of the substance or preparation - Name address and telephone of the companysupplier
2 Composition and information on ingredients
3 Hazard identification
4 First-air measures
5 Fire-fighting measures
6 spillage accidental release measures
7 Handling and storage
8 Exposure controls and personal protection
9 Physical and chemical properties
10 Stability and Reactivity
11 Toxicological information
12 Ecological information
13 Disposal considerations
14 Transport information
15 National regulations and references
16 Other information
EXAMPLE (Word file)
Example of MSDS worddoc
2 Anticipation
bull Anticipationrecognition of potential or actual hazards through knowledge of
bull ndashMaterials
bull ndashOperations
bull ndashProcesses
bull ndashConditions1048714
Scope of IH activities encompasses the ldquocradle-to-graverdquo concept (research through waste disposal)
3 Evaluation
bull Evaluation of environmental factors through
ndashMeasurement of exposure intensity
ndashDetermination of exposure frequency and duration
ndashComparison with regulatory professional and internal standards
bull Judgment weigh all factors
EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
Sampling and Measurement
bull OSHA and NIOSH publish sampling and analysis procedures appropriate for particular substances
bull ASTM has standards on instrumentation sampling and analytical procedures
bull ACGIH publishes a book on Air sampling instruments
4 Control
bull Employ methods to eliminate or reduce exposure resulting in elimination or reduction of the occurrence of occupational disease through
ndashEngineering (including process) interventions
ndashAdministrativeprogrammatic measures
ndashPersonal protective equipment (PPE)
Opportunities for Control
Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
bull Substitution ndash replacing a hazardous materials with a non-hazardous one
bull Isolation ndash use a barrier between a source of contaminants and workers
bull Ventilation ndash general or dilution ventilation and local exhaust ventilation
2 Work practices and Administrative controls
bull Housekeeping ndash regular cleaningbull Materials handling or Transfer procedures ndash to
remove generation of hazards during process of transferring (eg loadingunloading generates dust transferring liquids generates vaporsspills)
bull Leak detection programs ndash visual inspections auto sensors systems
bull Training ndash staffbull Modifying the work ndash limiting exposure periods
share activities between workersbull Personal hygiene ndash cleaning skins eyes change
cloths ete
OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES bull In the workplace workers are exposed to chemical
hazards in various activities such as transfer storage handling and use in the workstation and waste disposal
bull For the safe handling of chemicals it is necessary to take several preventive measures
bull Technical measures can be instituted to eliminate or reduced the worker exposure
bull The priority is to eliminate whenever possible very hazardous chemical form the workplace by substitute with less hazardous chemical or process
If substitution is not possible prevent exposure to the chemicals by implementing engineering control Measures that should be considered in engineering controls ( but not limited to ) are
1 enclosure or isolation
2 wet methods
3 use of industrial ventilation system
4 change of process
bull It must be remembered that personal protective equipment should always be the last to be considered
bull In some situations where substitution and engineering controls is not reasonably practicable and reliance has to be placed with personal protective equipment
bull For technical measure to be effective safe work practices and procedures should be developed and implemented hand in hand with the technical measures
Technical measures are but not limited tobull isolation of ignition sourcesbull development of procedures to cover handling use
operating procedures during manufacture transport storage use and disposal of chemicals
bull development and implementation of safe system of work such as permit to work system modification procedure maintenance and repair procedure inspection and testing
bull housekeeping bull hygiene facilitiesbull emergency procedure and facilitiesbull posting of warning sign
47
3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
bull Dust masks and respirators
bull Glasses goggles and face shields
bull Hearing protectionbull Glovesbull Foot protectionbull Head protectionbull Aprons or full-body suits
48
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
49
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
50
Hazardous Materials First Aid
bull Eyes Flush with water for 15 minutes
bull Skin Wash with soap and water
bull Inhalation Move to fresh air
bull Swallowing Get emergency medical assistance
51
Spills and Leaks
bull Evacuate the areabull Notify a supervisor or
the emergency response team
bull Remove ignition sources (if safe to do so)
bull Stay awaybull Call 9-9-9
2 Evaluation of chemical hazards
Qm=Mass rate of volatile material
Accumulation rate is lsquo0rsquo
Applying ideal gas law m=mass ρ=density v=volatile species b=bulk speciesRg=ideal gas constantT and P absolute temp and pressureM=molecular weight of volatile speciesmvVb=C=QmkQv
Vapor Pressure
Given two substances of the same volume which one has more potential hazard
ndashExample Motor oil vs ether
Ether has more potential hazard than motor oil due to its high vapor pressure and volatility
Examples of Health Effects
Asphyxiants Carbon dioxide carbon monoxide
Irritants Chlorine formaldehyde
Anesthetics Toluene benzene
Hepatotoxins Carbon tetrachloride chlorobenzene
Nephrotoxins Toluene xylene
Neurotoxins Carbon disulfide
Hematopoietictoxins Benzene carbon monoxide
Pulmonarytoxins Nitrogen dioxide phosgene
Carcinogens Benzene vinyl chloride monomer
Ideal Gas Law
Conversion of Units
VP and Concentration
Selection of methods to control identified hazard
Table 3-9 Chemical Plant Control Techniques
Generalized form
In many cases Psat raquo ρ
Eq3-12
KA is often very small compared to displacement and can be neglected
Control of identified hazard
Purposes of Industrial Ventilation
bull Control of toxic air contaminants to
acceptable levels
bull Control of noxious odors
bull Control of heat and humidity for comfort
and health
bull Prevention of fire and explosions
Types of Industrial Ventilation1 General ventilationndashControl of temperature humidity and odors
2 Dilution ventilationndashMaintain control of low toxicity gases and vapors below acceptable levels through dilution of concentration
3 Local exhaust ventilationndashCapturing and removing contaminants at or near their sources of emissionndashPrevents the transmission of contaminant to workerndashGiven priority in ldquoHierarchy of Controlsrdquo
Ventilation Terminology
Air velocity at the hood or slot opening n important design parameter
Air velocity through the cross-section of the duct
Basic Ventilation Equation
WhereQ = air flow rate (ft3min)A = cross-sectional area of duct or opening (ft2)V = average air velocity (ftmin)
Example
ndashIf fan is unchanged and number of hoods is
doubled then the resulting hood face velocities
will be 12 original velocity (possibly reducing air
velocity to less-than-needed capture velocity)
Hood Proximity and Exhaust Volume
Use of Enclosures
Direction of Air Movement
Direction of Air Movement
Eq 3-3
- Industrial Hygiene 1 Background 2 Objectives of IH 3 Type of HI control 4 Estimation of evaporation rate ventilation rate of volatiles
- Origin of Hygiene
- What Is Industrial Hygiene
- Some Occupational Hazards
- Slide 5
- Government Regulations
- Government Regulations
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS PLANT SAFETY
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Recommendations to maintain plant safety
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
- Example of MSDS worddoc
- 2 Anticipation
- 3 Evaluation
- EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
- Slide 37
- Sampling and Measurement
- 4 Control
- Opportunities for Control
- Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
- 2 Work practices and Administrative controls
- OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Technical measures are but not limited to
- 3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Slide 49
- Hazardous Materials First Aid
- Spills and Leaks
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
- Slide 83
- Slide 84
- Slide 85
- Slide 86
- Slide 87
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
-
Examples of ODOR Threshold
[Table 3-9 in 3rd Edition]
Acetic acid 0016 ppmAmmonia 575 ppm Camphor 0051 ppmChloroform 117 Ethanol 0136Hydrogen sulphide 00005Methanol 141Ozone 0051Phosgene 055
Government Regulations
1 Laws are enacted by the Government The laws do not
have details on implementation
2 The applicable government agency develops and proposes
a regulation The regulation contains the details on
implementation It is published in the Government
Register and a comment period and hearing is normally
held
3 The Final Rule is published in the Government Register
and the Code of Government Regulations
Government Regulationsbull The two regulations most applicable to
chemical plants arebull Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
(NIOSH ndash Malaysia)
29 CFR 1910119 ldquoProcess Safety Management
of Highly Hazardous Chemicalsrdquobull Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ndash (DoE Malaysia)
40 CFR Part 68 ldquoRisk Management Programsrdquo
bull In 2006 Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism Standards (CFATS)
6 CFR 27
Table 3-1 Laws and RegulationsTable 3-3 Legislation to Chemical process safety 2nd amp 3rd Eds
bull Word file with abbreviations of institutions relevant to chemical safety
Table 3-4 in 2nd Ed Table 3-5 in 3rd Ed Identify the differences between PSM and RMP
Process Safety Management(PSM) 29 CFR 1910119
On July 17 1990 OSHA published in the Federal Register (55 FR 29150) a proposed standardmdashrdquoProcess Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicalsrdquomdashcontaining requirements for the
management of hazards associated with processes using highly hazardous chemicals to help assure safe and healthful workplaces After discussions the Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) were enacted into law (November 15 1990)Source httpswwwoshagovPublicationsosha3132pdf
Specified minimum elements that the OSHA standard must require employers to do as follows (show osha pdf file)
Process Safety Management some terms
Catastrophic release
Major uncontrolled emission fire or explosion Involves one or more highly hazardous chemicals Presents serious danger to employees in the workplace
Highly hazardous chemical a substance possessing toxic reactive flammable or explosive properties and specified by section 1910119(a)(1)
Process bull Any activity involving a highly hazardous
chemical including use storage manufacturing handling or the on-site movement of such chemicals or combination of these activities
bull Any group of vessels that are interconnected ampbull Separate vessels which are located such that a
highly hazardous chemical could be involved in a potential release
bull All considered a single process
Category 1 Flammable Liquid (per 19101200) or
Flammable Liquid with flashpoint below 1000F on site at one location in a quantity of 10000 lbs or more
29 CFR 1910119 does NOT apply to
bull Hydrocarbon fuels used solely for workplace consumption as a fuel not as part of a process containing another highly hazardous chemical
bull Flammable liquids with a flashpoint below 1000F stored in atmospheric tanks or transferred kept below their normal boiling point without benefit of chilling or refrigeration
A method to determine plant or process chemical hazards and develop policies procedures and safeguards against emergencies which may occur
Process Hazard Analysis (PHA) - this will be discussed in more detail under Hazard Identification topic
bull Shall be conducted as soon as possible but no later than (NLT)
NLT Initial Process completed by
25 May 26 199450 May 26 199575 May 26 1996
Completed by May 26 1997
bull After May 26 1997 - Acceptable if requirements of initial PHA are met
For example
bull Updated and revalidated by a team meeting at least every 5 years
bull Update and retain the PHA for each process for the life of the process
Operating Proceduresbull Written for safely conducting activities involved in each covered process
PHA = Process Hazard Analysis(this will be discussed in more detail under Hazard Identification topic)
Steps to cover for each Operating Procedure- this can be helpful for your assignment
Addresses at least
bull Initial set-up
bull Normal operations
bull Temporary operations
bull Emergency shutdown
bull Emergency operations
bull Normal shutdowns
bullStartup following
turnaround or
emergency shutdown
bull Operating Limits
bull Consequences of
deviation
bull Steps required to
correct or avoid
deviation
Methods used to determine and evaluate hazards (this will be discussed in more detail under Hazard Identification topic)
bull What Ifbull Checklistbull What IfChecklistbull HAZOP (Hazard amp Operability Study)bull FMEA (Failure Mode amp Effects Analysis)bull Fault Tree AnalysisbullEvent Tree Analysis bull An Appropriate Equivalent Methodology
Relevance to your assignment some points
Discussion of the process in terms of PSM criteria (your assignment 1)Discussion of the process in terms of PSM criteria (your assignment 1)
Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS
PLANT SAFETY1 Nuisance trips Emergency shutdowns and subsequent startups are among the
greatest threats to plant safety They divert attention from situations that could present real danger and result in unnecessary shutdowns and restarts ndash all of which pose additional risk
Sources failures due to systems wearing out spurious equipment failures and human failures caused by alarm floods
Recommendations Lifecycle equipment management asset management embedded
diagnostics and alarm management all help to eliminate nuisance trips
Source httpglobalwonderwarecomBRDocumentsDesafios20na20seguranC3A7a20de20uma20fC3A1bricapdf
2 Insufficient use of the full functionality of the control and safety system Process control and safety systems continue to do the lsquoheavy liftingrsquo in keeping plants operatingsafely but few companies take full advantage of their capabilities
Recommendations Alarm management loop management inhibit and bypass management and the smart integration of control systems help to ensure that you are maximising the full safety potential from your system investment
4 Training limitations Comprehensive hands-on safety training is difficult ndash if not impossible ndash to deliver No matter howtalented the trainers and trainees or how effective the curriculum classes and materialsconventional training can go only so far in conveying the realities of a hazardous situation
Recommendations However todayrsquos simulation and virtual-reality techniques allow operators to experience hazardous situations and consequences with a realism that has never been possible before
5 Lack of visibility of safety status
While safety breaches usually result from a combination of factors that have been deterioratingover time in many cases no one knows there is a problem or that an incident has occurred Mostplants are collecting the data that could provide early warning of problems but it is usually fragmented haphazard and not in a safety context
Recommendations Simulation techniques real-time monitoring sensors and operator dashboards can help provide a realistic dynamic view of safety conditions
6 Unnecessarily exposing people to hazardous environmentsProtecting the community environment and personnel is key to a sustainable safety programme
Recommendations Simulated training fire and gas detection systems smart instrumentation and personnel locationsystems can minimise human exposure to hazardous situations
7 External threats The realities of terrorism and business disruption due to plant safety incidents are critical considerations for plant managers
Recommendations These can be mitigated by defence-in-depth securityprogrammes and by careful integration of safety and control systems
Recommendations to maintain plant safety
1 Monitor equipment proactively
Proactive equipment condition monitoring can extend to all assets and processes that are critical to safe plant performance
Data from asset management systems can be integrated into an overall plant safety view This allows modification of the safety envelope model and real-time updating of plant safety dashboards providing a measure of overall integrity
of the plant This can also integrate condition management computerised maintenance management condition-based maintenance (CBM) and reliability-centred models ndash all of which contribute to operations and maintenance (RCORCM) solutions that improve plant safety
Recommendations to maintain plant safety
2 Utilise embedded diagnostics
It is essential to have confidence in the operational effectiveness and correct functioning of the installed safety systems Embedded automatic diagnostic featuresof control systems instrumentation and control elements increase this confidence and allow plant personnel to focus on production Data derived from a testing and diagnostic framework canautomatically reveal the appropriate communication strategies and coordinate the interaction ofthe personnel communications asset management and maintenance functions
Recommendations to maintain plant safety 3 Rationalise and prioritise alarms Alarms are often the first layer of protection and provide the first indication that there is a potential unsafe condition on the site However too many process alarms occurring at once can decrease the integrity of the alerts and the effectiveness of the operator response An effective and efficient alarm management system promotes both safety and performance Alarm rationalisation based on industry standards applies layers of protection to link the alarm priority with the time required to respond effectively to an alarm before the plant must undergo a costly shutdown This reduces nuisance trips by enabling operators to attend only to alarms associated with real dangers
Recommendations to maintain plant safety 4 Do not bypass inhibit-and-bypass management functionality Highlighting significant deviations from the normal operational state and adjusting the online plant safety case requires a robust management system to monitor record and report the status on all inhibit events and override conditions This allows for handover shift reports and key performance indicators to detect patterns and trends as well as status reports identifying and explaining the application of a bypass It also enables automatic removal of specified bypasses after a configurable period and advises when the plant achieves a steady operational state Inhibit and bypass management functions communicate with all electronic systems facilitate the systematic recording of events from other systems and provide a formal rule-based interpretation of the overall plant inhibit condition They initiate reports and display the operational status of the plant emergency systems
1
CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
1 Identification - Name of the substance or preparation - Name address and telephone of the companysupplier
2 Composition and information on ingredients
3 Hazard identification
4 First-air measures
5 Fire-fighting measures
6 spillage accidental release measures
7 Handling and storage
8 Exposure controls and personal protection
9 Physical and chemical properties
10 Stability and Reactivity
11 Toxicological information
12 Ecological information
13 Disposal considerations
14 Transport information
15 National regulations and references
16 Other information
EXAMPLE (Word file)
Example of MSDS worddoc
2 Anticipation
bull Anticipationrecognition of potential or actual hazards through knowledge of
bull ndashMaterials
bull ndashOperations
bull ndashProcesses
bull ndashConditions1048714
Scope of IH activities encompasses the ldquocradle-to-graverdquo concept (research through waste disposal)
3 Evaluation
bull Evaluation of environmental factors through
ndashMeasurement of exposure intensity
ndashDetermination of exposure frequency and duration
ndashComparison with regulatory professional and internal standards
bull Judgment weigh all factors
EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
Sampling and Measurement
bull OSHA and NIOSH publish sampling and analysis procedures appropriate for particular substances
bull ASTM has standards on instrumentation sampling and analytical procedures
bull ACGIH publishes a book on Air sampling instruments
4 Control
bull Employ methods to eliminate or reduce exposure resulting in elimination or reduction of the occurrence of occupational disease through
ndashEngineering (including process) interventions
ndashAdministrativeprogrammatic measures
ndashPersonal protective equipment (PPE)
Opportunities for Control
Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
bull Substitution ndash replacing a hazardous materials with a non-hazardous one
bull Isolation ndash use a barrier between a source of contaminants and workers
bull Ventilation ndash general or dilution ventilation and local exhaust ventilation
2 Work practices and Administrative controls
bull Housekeeping ndash regular cleaningbull Materials handling or Transfer procedures ndash to
remove generation of hazards during process of transferring (eg loadingunloading generates dust transferring liquids generates vaporsspills)
bull Leak detection programs ndash visual inspections auto sensors systems
bull Training ndash staffbull Modifying the work ndash limiting exposure periods
share activities between workersbull Personal hygiene ndash cleaning skins eyes change
cloths ete
OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES bull In the workplace workers are exposed to chemical
hazards in various activities such as transfer storage handling and use in the workstation and waste disposal
bull For the safe handling of chemicals it is necessary to take several preventive measures
bull Technical measures can be instituted to eliminate or reduced the worker exposure
bull The priority is to eliminate whenever possible very hazardous chemical form the workplace by substitute with less hazardous chemical or process
If substitution is not possible prevent exposure to the chemicals by implementing engineering control Measures that should be considered in engineering controls ( but not limited to ) are
1 enclosure or isolation
2 wet methods
3 use of industrial ventilation system
4 change of process
bull It must be remembered that personal protective equipment should always be the last to be considered
bull In some situations where substitution and engineering controls is not reasonably practicable and reliance has to be placed with personal protective equipment
bull For technical measure to be effective safe work practices and procedures should be developed and implemented hand in hand with the technical measures
Technical measures are but not limited tobull isolation of ignition sourcesbull development of procedures to cover handling use
operating procedures during manufacture transport storage use and disposal of chemicals
bull development and implementation of safe system of work such as permit to work system modification procedure maintenance and repair procedure inspection and testing
bull housekeeping bull hygiene facilitiesbull emergency procedure and facilitiesbull posting of warning sign
47
3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
bull Dust masks and respirators
bull Glasses goggles and face shields
bull Hearing protectionbull Glovesbull Foot protectionbull Head protectionbull Aprons or full-body suits
48
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
49
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
50
Hazardous Materials First Aid
bull Eyes Flush with water for 15 minutes
bull Skin Wash with soap and water
bull Inhalation Move to fresh air
bull Swallowing Get emergency medical assistance
51
Spills and Leaks
bull Evacuate the areabull Notify a supervisor or
the emergency response team
bull Remove ignition sources (if safe to do so)
bull Stay awaybull Call 9-9-9
2 Evaluation of chemical hazards
Qm=Mass rate of volatile material
Accumulation rate is lsquo0rsquo
Applying ideal gas law m=mass ρ=density v=volatile species b=bulk speciesRg=ideal gas constantT and P absolute temp and pressureM=molecular weight of volatile speciesmvVb=C=QmkQv
Vapor Pressure
Given two substances of the same volume which one has more potential hazard
ndashExample Motor oil vs ether
Ether has more potential hazard than motor oil due to its high vapor pressure and volatility
Examples of Health Effects
Asphyxiants Carbon dioxide carbon monoxide
Irritants Chlorine formaldehyde
Anesthetics Toluene benzene
Hepatotoxins Carbon tetrachloride chlorobenzene
Nephrotoxins Toluene xylene
Neurotoxins Carbon disulfide
Hematopoietictoxins Benzene carbon monoxide
Pulmonarytoxins Nitrogen dioxide phosgene
Carcinogens Benzene vinyl chloride monomer
Ideal Gas Law
Conversion of Units
VP and Concentration
Selection of methods to control identified hazard
Table 3-9 Chemical Plant Control Techniques
Generalized form
In many cases Psat raquo ρ
Eq3-12
KA is often very small compared to displacement and can be neglected
Control of identified hazard
Purposes of Industrial Ventilation
bull Control of toxic air contaminants to
acceptable levels
bull Control of noxious odors
bull Control of heat and humidity for comfort
and health
bull Prevention of fire and explosions
Types of Industrial Ventilation1 General ventilationndashControl of temperature humidity and odors
2 Dilution ventilationndashMaintain control of low toxicity gases and vapors below acceptable levels through dilution of concentration
3 Local exhaust ventilationndashCapturing and removing contaminants at or near their sources of emissionndashPrevents the transmission of contaminant to workerndashGiven priority in ldquoHierarchy of Controlsrdquo
Ventilation Terminology
Air velocity at the hood or slot opening n important design parameter
Air velocity through the cross-section of the duct
Basic Ventilation Equation
WhereQ = air flow rate (ft3min)A = cross-sectional area of duct or opening (ft2)V = average air velocity (ftmin)
Example
ndashIf fan is unchanged and number of hoods is
doubled then the resulting hood face velocities
will be 12 original velocity (possibly reducing air
velocity to less-than-needed capture velocity)
Hood Proximity and Exhaust Volume
Use of Enclosures
Direction of Air Movement
Direction of Air Movement
Eq 3-3
- Industrial Hygiene 1 Background 2 Objectives of IH 3 Type of HI control 4 Estimation of evaporation rate ventilation rate of volatiles
- Origin of Hygiene
- What Is Industrial Hygiene
- Some Occupational Hazards
- Slide 5
- Government Regulations
- Government Regulations
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS PLANT SAFETY
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Recommendations to maintain plant safety
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
- Example of MSDS worddoc
- 2 Anticipation
- 3 Evaluation
- EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
- Slide 37
- Sampling and Measurement
- 4 Control
- Opportunities for Control
- Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
- 2 Work practices and Administrative controls
- OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Technical measures are but not limited to
- 3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Slide 49
- Hazardous Materials First Aid
- Spills and Leaks
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
- Slide 83
- Slide 84
- Slide 85
- Slide 86
- Slide 87
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
-
Government Regulations
1 Laws are enacted by the Government The laws do not
have details on implementation
2 The applicable government agency develops and proposes
a regulation The regulation contains the details on
implementation It is published in the Government
Register and a comment period and hearing is normally
held
3 The Final Rule is published in the Government Register
and the Code of Government Regulations
Government Regulationsbull The two regulations most applicable to
chemical plants arebull Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
(NIOSH ndash Malaysia)
29 CFR 1910119 ldquoProcess Safety Management
of Highly Hazardous Chemicalsrdquobull Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ndash (DoE Malaysia)
40 CFR Part 68 ldquoRisk Management Programsrdquo
bull In 2006 Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism Standards (CFATS)
6 CFR 27
Table 3-1 Laws and RegulationsTable 3-3 Legislation to Chemical process safety 2nd amp 3rd Eds
bull Word file with abbreviations of institutions relevant to chemical safety
Table 3-4 in 2nd Ed Table 3-5 in 3rd Ed Identify the differences between PSM and RMP
Process Safety Management(PSM) 29 CFR 1910119
On July 17 1990 OSHA published in the Federal Register (55 FR 29150) a proposed standardmdashrdquoProcess Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicalsrdquomdashcontaining requirements for the
management of hazards associated with processes using highly hazardous chemicals to help assure safe and healthful workplaces After discussions the Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) were enacted into law (November 15 1990)Source httpswwwoshagovPublicationsosha3132pdf
Specified minimum elements that the OSHA standard must require employers to do as follows (show osha pdf file)
Process Safety Management some terms
Catastrophic release
Major uncontrolled emission fire or explosion Involves one or more highly hazardous chemicals Presents serious danger to employees in the workplace
Highly hazardous chemical a substance possessing toxic reactive flammable or explosive properties and specified by section 1910119(a)(1)
Process bull Any activity involving a highly hazardous
chemical including use storage manufacturing handling or the on-site movement of such chemicals or combination of these activities
bull Any group of vessels that are interconnected ampbull Separate vessels which are located such that a
highly hazardous chemical could be involved in a potential release
bull All considered a single process
Category 1 Flammable Liquid (per 19101200) or
Flammable Liquid with flashpoint below 1000F on site at one location in a quantity of 10000 lbs or more
29 CFR 1910119 does NOT apply to
bull Hydrocarbon fuels used solely for workplace consumption as a fuel not as part of a process containing another highly hazardous chemical
bull Flammable liquids with a flashpoint below 1000F stored in atmospheric tanks or transferred kept below their normal boiling point without benefit of chilling or refrigeration
A method to determine plant or process chemical hazards and develop policies procedures and safeguards against emergencies which may occur
Process Hazard Analysis (PHA) - this will be discussed in more detail under Hazard Identification topic
bull Shall be conducted as soon as possible but no later than (NLT)
NLT Initial Process completed by
25 May 26 199450 May 26 199575 May 26 1996
Completed by May 26 1997
bull After May 26 1997 - Acceptable if requirements of initial PHA are met
For example
bull Updated and revalidated by a team meeting at least every 5 years
bull Update and retain the PHA for each process for the life of the process
Operating Proceduresbull Written for safely conducting activities involved in each covered process
PHA = Process Hazard Analysis(this will be discussed in more detail under Hazard Identification topic)
Steps to cover for each Operating Procedure- this can be helpful for your assignment
Addresses at least
bull Initial set-up
bull Normal operations
bull Temporary operations
bull Emergency shutdown
bull Emergency operations
bull Normal shutdowns
bullStartup following
turnaround or
emergency shutdown
bull Operating Limits
bull Consequences of
deviation
bull Steps required to
correct or avoid
deviation
Methods used to determine and evaluate hazards (this will be discussed in more detail under Hazard Identification topic)
bull What Ifbull Checklistbull What IfChecklistbull HAZOP (Hazard amp Operability Study)bull FMEA (Failure Mode amp Effects Analysis)bull Fault Tree AnalysisbullEvent Tree Analysis bull An Appropriate Equivalent Methodology
Relevance to your assignment some points
Discussion of the process in terms of PSM criteria (your assignment 1)Discussion of the process in terms of PSM criteria (your assignment 1)
Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS
PLANT SAFETY1 Nuisance trips Emergency shutdowns and subsequent startups are among the
greatest threats to plant safety They divert attention from situations that could present real danger and result in unnecessary shutdowns and restarts ndash all of which pose additional risk
Sources failures due to systems wearing out spurious equipment failures and human failures caused by alarm floods
Recommendations Lifecycle equipment management asset management embedded
diagnostics and alarm management all help to eliminate nuisance trips
Source httpglobalwonderwarecomBRDocumentsDesafios20na20seguranC3A7a20de20uma20fC3A1bricapdf
2 Insufficient use of the full functionality of the control and safety system Process control and safety systems continue to do the lsquoheavy liftingrsquo in keeping plants operatingsafely but few companies take full advantage of their capabilities
Recommendations Alarm management loop management inhibit and bypass management and the smart integration of control systems help to ensure that you are maximising the full safety potential from your system investment
4 Training limitations Comprehensive hands-on safety training is difficult ndash if not impossible ndash to deliver No matter howtalented the trainers and trainees or how effective the curriculum classes and materialsconventional training can go only so far in conveying the realities of a hazardous situation
Recommendations However todayrsquos simulation and virtual-reality techniques allow operators to experience hazardous situations and consequences with a realism that has never been possible before
5 Lack of visibility of safety status
While safety breaches usually result from a combination of factors that have been deterioratingover time in many cases no one knows there is a problem or that an incident has occurred Mostplants are collecting the data that could provide early warning of problems but it is usually fragmented haphazard and not in a safety context
Recommendations Simulation techniques real-time monitoring sensors and operator dashboards can help provide a realistic dynamic view of safety conditions
6 Unnecessarily exposing people to hazardous environmentsProtecting the community environment and personnel is key to a sustainable safety programme
Recommendations Simulated training fire and gas detection systems smart instrumentation and personnel locationsystems can minimise human exposure to hazardous situations
7 External threats The realities of terrorism and business disruption due to plant safety incidents are critical considerations for plant managers
Recommendations These can be mitigated by defence-in-depth securityprogrammes and by careful integration of safety and control systems
Recommendations to maintain plant safety
1 Monitor equipment proactively
Proactive equipment condition monitoring can extend to all assets and processes that are critical to safe plant performance
Data from asset management systems can be integrated into an overall plant safety view This allows modification of the safety envelope model and real-time updating of plant safety dashboards providing a measure of overall integrity
of the plant This can also integrate condition management computerised maintenance management condition-based maintenance (CBM) and reliability-centred models ndash all of which contribute to operations and maintenance (RCORCM) solutions that improve plant safety
Recommendations to maintain plant safety
2 Utilise embedded diagnostics
It is essential to have confidence in the operational effectiveness and correct functioning of the installed safety systems Embedded automatic diagnostic featuresof control systems instrumentation and control elements increase this confidence and allow plant personnel to focus on production Data derived from a testing and diagnostic framework canautomatically reveal the appropriate communication strategies and coordinate the interaction ofthe personnel communications asset management and maintenance functions
Recommendations to maintain plant safety 3 Rationalise and prioritise alarms Alarms are often the first layer of protection and provide the first indication that there is a potential unsafe condition on the site However too many process alarms occurring at once can decrease the integrity of the alerts and the effectiveness of the operator response An effective and efficient alarm management system promotes both safety and performance Alarm rationalisation based on industry standards applies layers of protection to link the alarm priority with the time required to respond effectively to an alarm before the plant must undergo a costly shutdown This reduces nuisance trips by enabling operators to attend only to alarms associated with real dangers
Recommendations to maintain plant safety 4 Do not bypass inhibit-and-bypass management functionality Highlighting significant deviations from the normal operational state and adjusting the online plant safety case requires a robust management system to monitor record and report the status on all inhibit events and override conditions This allows for handover shift reports and key performance indicators to detect patterns and trends as well as status reports identifying and explaining the application of a bypass It also enables automatic removal of specified bypasses after a configurable period and advises when the plant achieves a steady operational state Inhibit and bypass management functions communicate with all electronic systems facilitate the systematic recording of events from other systems and provide a formal rule-based interpretation of the overall plant inhibit condition They initiate reports and display the operational status of the plant emergency systems
1
CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
1 Identification - Name of the substance or preparation - Name address and telephone of the companysupplier
2 Composition and information on ingredients
3 Hazard identification
4 First-air measures
5 Fire-fighting measures
6 spillage accidental release measures
7 Handling and storage
8 Exposure controls and personal protection
9 Physical and chemical properties
10 Stability and Reactivity
11 Toxicological information
12 Ecological information
13 Disposal considerations
14 Transport information
15 National regulations and references
16 Other information
EXAMPLE (Word file)
Example of MSDS worddoc
2 Anticipation
bull Anticipationrecognition of potential or actual hazards through knowledge of
bull ndashMaterials
bull ndashOperations
bull ndashProcesses
bull ndashConditions1048714
Scope of IH activities encompasses the ldquocradle-to-graverdquo concept (research through waste disposal)
3 Evaluation
bull Evaluation of environmental factors through
ndashMeasurement of exposure intensity
ndashDetermination of exposure frequency and duration
ndashComparison with regulatory professional and internal standards
bull Judgment weigh all factors
EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
Sampling and Measurement
bull OSHA and NIOSH publish sampling and analysis procedures appropriate for particular substances
bull ASTM has standards on instrumentation sampling and analytical procedures
bull ACGIH publishes a book on Air sampling instruments
4 Control
bull Employ methods to eliminate or reduce exposure resulting in elimination or reduction of the occurrence of occupational disease through
ndashEngineering (including process) interventions
ndashAdministrativeprogrammatic measures
ndashPersonal protective equipment (PPE)
Opportunities for Control
Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
bull Substitution ndash replacing a hazardous materials with a non-hazardous one
bull Isolation ndash use a barrier between a source of contaminants and workers
bull Ventilation ndash general or dilution ventilation and local exhaust ventilation
2 Work practices and Administrative controls
bull Housekeeping ndash regular cleaningbull Materials handling or Transfer procedures ndash to
remove generation of hazards during process of transferring (eg loadingunloading generates dust transferring liquids generates vaporsspills)
bull Leak detection programs ndash visual inspections auto sensors systems
bull Training ndash staffbull Modifying the work ndash limiting exposure periods
share activities between workersbull Personal hygiene ndash cleaning skins eyes change
cloths ete
OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES bull In the workplace workers are exposed to chemical
hazards in various activities such as transfer storage handling and use in the workstation and waste disposal
bull For the safe handling of chemicals it is necessary to take several preventive measures
bull Technical measures can be instituted to eliminate or reduced the worker exposure
bull The priority is to eliminate whenever possible very hazardous chemical form the workplace by substitute with less hazardous chemical or process
If substitution is not possible prevent exposure to the chemicals by implementing engineering control Measures that should be considered in engineering controls ( but not limited to ) are
1 enclosure or isolation
2 wet methods
3 use of industrial ventilation system
4 change of process
bull It must be remembered that personal protective equipment should always be the last to be considered
bull In some situations where substitution and engineering controls is not reasonably practicable and reliance has to be placed with personal protective equipment
bull For technical measure to be effective safe work practices and procedures should be developed and implemented hand in hand with the technical measures
Technical measures are but not limited tobull isolation of ignition sourcesbull development of procedures to cover handling use
operating procedures during manufacture transport storage use and disposal of chemicals
bull development and implementation of safe system of work such as permit to work system modification procedure maintenance and repair procedure inspection and testing
bull housekeeping bull hygiene facilitiesbull emergency procedure and facilitiesbull posting of warning sign
47
3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
bull Dust masks and respirators
bull Glasses goggles and face shields
bull Hearing protectionbull Glovesbull Foot protectionbull Head protectionbull Aprons or full-body suits
48
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
49
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
50
Hazardous Materials First Aid
bull Eyes Flush with water for 15 minutes
bull Skin Wash with soap and water
bull Inhalation Move to fresh air
bull Swallowing Get emergency medical assistance
51
Spills and Leaks
bull Evacuate the areabull Notify a supervisor or
the emergency response team
bull Remove ignition sources (if safe to do so)
bull Stay awaybull Call 9-9-9
2 Evaluation of chemical hazards
Qm=Mass rate of volatile material
Accumulation rate is lsquo0rsquo
Applying ideal gas law m=mass ρ=density v=volatile species b=bulk speciesRg=ideal gas constantT and P absolute temp and pressureM=molecular weight of volatile speciesmvVb=C=QmkQv
Vapor Pressure
Given two substances of the same volume which one has more potential hazard
ndashExample Motor oil vs ether
Ether has more potential hazard than motor oil due to its high vapor pressure and volatility
Examples of Health Effects
Asphyxiants Carbon dioxide carbon monoxide
Irritants Chlorine formaldehyde
Anesthetics Toluene benzene
Hepatotoxins Carbon tetrachloride chlorobenzene
Nephrotoxins Toluene xylene
Neurotoxins Carbon disulfide
Hematopoietictoxins Benzene carbon monoxide
Pulmonarytoxins Nitrogen dioxide phosgene
Carcinogens Benzene vinyl chloride monomer
Ideal Gas Law
Conversion of Units
VP and Concentration
Selection of methods to control identified hazard
Table 3-9 Chemical Plant Control Techniques
Generalized form
In many cases Psat raquo ρ
Eq3-12
KA is often very small compared to displacement and can be neglected
Control of identified hazard
Purposes of Industrial Ventilation
bull Control of toxic air contaminants to
acceptable levels
bull Control of noxious odors
bull Control of heat and humidity for comfort
and health
bull Prevention of fire and explosions
Types of Industrial Ventilation1 General ventilationndashControl of temperature humidity and odors
2 Dilution ventilationndashMaintain control of low toxicity gases and vapors below acceptable levels through dilution of concentration
3 Local exhaust ventilationndashCapturing and removing contaminants at or near their sources of emissionndashPrevents the transmission of contaminant to workerndashGiven priority in ldquoHierarchy of Controlsrdquo
Ventilation Terminology
Air velocity at the hood or slot opening n important design parameter
Air velocity through the cross-section of the duct
Basic Ventilation Equation
WhereQ = air flow rate (ft3min)A = cross-sectional area of duct or opening (ft2)V = average air velocity (ftmin)
Example
ndashIf fan is unchanged and number of hoods is
doubled then the resulting hood face velocities
will be 12 original velocity (possibly reducing air
velocity to less-than-needed capture velocity)
Hood Proximity and Exhaust Volume
Use of Enclosures
Direction of Air Movement
Direction of Air Movement
Eq 3-3
- Industrial Hygiene 1 Background 2 Objectives of IH 3 Type of HI control 4 Estimation of evaporation rate ventilation rate of volatiles
- Origin of Hygiene
- What Is Industrial Hygiene
- Some Occupational Hazards
- Slide 5
- Government Regulations
- Government Regulations
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS PLANT SAFETY
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Recommendations to maintain plant safety
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
- Example of MSDS worddoc
- 2 Anticipation
- 3 Evaluation
- EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
- Slide 37
- Sampling and Measurement
- 4 Control
- Opportunities for Control
- Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
- 2 Work practices and Administrative controls
- OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Technical measures are but not limited to
- 3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Slide 49
- Hazardous Materials First Aid
- Spills and Leaks
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
- Slide 83
- Slide 84
- Slide 85
- Slide 86
- Slide 87
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
-
Government Regulationsbull The two regulations most applicable to
chemical plants arebull Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
(NIOSH ndash Malaysia)
29 CFR 1910119 ldquoProcess Safety Management
of Highly Hazardous Chemicalsrdquobull Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ndash (DoE Malaysia)
40 CFR Part 68 ldquoRisk Management Programsrdquo
bull In 2006 Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism Standards (CFATS)
6 CFR 27
Table 3-1 Laws and RegulationsTable 3-3 Legislation to Chemical process safety 2nd amp 3rd Eds
bull Word file with abbreviations of institutions relevant to chemical safety
Table 3-4 in 2nd Ed Table 3-5 in 3rd Ed Identify the differences between PSM and RMP
Process Safety Management(PSM) 29 CFR 1910119
On July 17 1990 OSHA published in the Federal Register (55 FR 29150) a proposed standardmdashrdquoProcess Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicalsrdquomdashcontaining requirements for the
management of hazards associated with processes using highly hazardous chemicals to help assure safe and healthful workplaces After discussions the Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) were enacted into law (November 15 1990)Source httpswwwoshagovPublicationsosha3132pdf
Specified minimum elements that the OSHA standard must require employers to do as follows (show osha pdf file)
Process Safety Management some terms
Catastrophic release
Major uncontrolled emission fire or explosion Involves one or more highly hazardous chemicals Presents serious danger to employees in the workplace
Highly hazardous chemical a substance possessing toxic reactive flammable or explosive properties and specified by section 1910119(a)(1)
Process bull Any activity involving a highly hazardous
chemical including use storage manufacturing handling or the on-site movement of such chemicals or combination of these activities
bull Any group of vessels that are interconnected ampbull Separate vessels which are located such that a
highly hazardous chemical could be involved in a potential release
bull All considered a single process
Category 1 Flammable Liquid (per 19101200) or
Flammable Liquid with flashpoint below 1000F on site at one location in a quantity of 10000 lbs or more
29 CFR 1910119 does NOT apply to
bull Hydrocarbon fuels used solely for workplace consumption as a fuel not as part of a process containing another highly hazardous chemical
bull Flammable liquids with a flashpoint below 1000F stored in atmospheric tanks or transferred kept below their normal boiling point without benefit of chilling or refrigeration
A method to determine plant or process chemical hazards and develop policies procedures and safeguards against emergencies which may occur
Process Hazard Analysis (PHA) - this will be discussed in more detail under Hazard Identification topic
bull Shall be conducted as soon as possible but no later than (NLT)
NLT Initial Process completed by
25 May 26 199450 May 26 199575 May 26 1996
Completed by May 26 1997
bull After May 26 1997 - Acceptable if requirements of initial PHA are met
For example
bull Updated and revalidated by a team meeting at least every 5 years
bull Update and retain the PHA for each process for the life of the process
Operating Proceduresbull Written for safely conducting activities involved in each covered process
PHA = Process Hazard Analysis(this will be discussed in more detail under Hazard Identification topic)
Steps to cover for each Operating Procedure- this can be helpful for your assignment
Addresses at least
bull Initial set-up
bull Normal operations
bull Temporary operations
bull Emergency shutdown
bull Emergency operations
bull Normal shutdowns
bullStartup following
turnaround or
emergency shutdown
bull Operating Limits
bull Consequences of
deviation
bull Steps required to
correct or avoid
deviation
Methods used to determine and evaluate hazards (this will be discussed in more detail under Hazard Identification topic)
bull What Ifbull Checklistbull What IfChecklistbull HAZOP (Hazard amp Operability Study)bull FMEA (Failure Mode amp Effects Analysis)bull Fault Tree AnalysisbullEvent Tree Analysis bull An Appropriate Equivalent Methodology
Relevance to your assignment some points
Discussion of the process in terms of PSM criteria (your assignment 1)Discussion of the process in terms of PSM criteria (your assignment 1)
Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS
PLANT SAFETY1 Nuisance trips Emergency shutdowns and subsequent startups are among the
greatest threats to plant safety They divert attention from situations that could present real danger and result in unnecessary shutdowns and restarts ndash all of which pose additional risk
Sources failures due to systems wearing out spurious equipment failures and human failures caused by alarm floods
Recommendations Lifecycle equipment management asset management embedded
diagnostics and alarm management all help to eliminate nuisance trips
Source httpglobalwonderwarecomBRDocumentsDesafios20na20seguranC3A7a20de20uma20fC3A1bricapdf
2 Insufficient use of the full functionality of the control and safety system Process control and safety systems continue to do the lsquoheavy liftingrsquo in keeping plants operatingsafely but few companies take full advantage of their capabilities
Recommendations Alarm management loop management inhibit and bypass management and the smart integration of control systems help to ensure that you are maximising the full safety potential from your system investment
4 Training limitations Comprehensive hands-on safety training is difficult ndash if not impossible ndash to deliver No matter howtalented the trainers and trainees or how effective the curriculum classes and materialsconventional training can go only so far in conveying the realities of a hazardous situation
Recommendations However todayrsquos simulation and virtual-reality techniques allow operators to experience hazardous situations and consequences with a realism that has never been possible before
5 Lack of visibility of safety status
While safety breaches usually result from a combination of factors that have been deterioratingover time in many cases no one knows there is a problem or that an incident has occurred Mostplants are collecting the data that could provide early warning of problems but it is usually fragmented haphazard and not in a safety context
Recommendations Simulation techniques real-time monitoring sensors and operator dashboards can help provide a realistic dynamic view of safety conditions
6 Unnecessarily exposing people to hazardous environmentsProtecting the community environment and personnel is key to a sustainable safety programme
Recommendations Simulated training fire and gas detection systems smart instrumentation and personnel locationsystems can minimise human exposure to hazardous situations
7 External threats The realities of terrorism and business disruption due to plant safety incidents are critical considerations for plant managers
Recommendations These can be mitigated by defence-in-depth securityprogrammes and by careful integration of safety and control systems
Recommendations to maintain plant safety
1 Monitor equipment proactively
Proactive equipment condition monitoring can extend to all assets and processes that are critical to safe plant performance
Data from asset management systems can be integrated into an overall plant safety view This allows modification of the safety envelope model and real-time updating of plant safety dashboards providing a measure of overall integrity
of the plant This can also integrate condition management computerised maintenance management condition-based maintenance (CBM) and reliability-centred models ndash all of which contribute to operations and maintenance (RCORCM) solutions that improve plant safety
Recommendations to maintain plant safety
2 Utilise embedded diagnostics
It is essential to have confidence in the operational effectiveness and correct functioning of the installed safety systems Embedded automatic diagnostic featuresof control systems instrumentation and control elements increase this confidence and allow plant personnel to focus on production Data derived from a testing and diagnostic framework canautomatically reveal the appropriate communication strategies and coordinate the interaction ofthe personnel communications asset management and maintenance functions
Recommendations to maintain plant safety 3 Rationalise and prioritise alarms Alarms are often the first layer of protection and provide the first indication that there is a potential unsafe condition on the site However too many process alarms occurring at once can decrease the integrity of the alerts and the effectiveness of the operator response An effective and efficient alarm management system promotes both safety and performance Alarm rationalisation based on industry standards applies layers of protection to link the alarm priority with the time required to respond effectively to an alarm before the plant must undergo a costly shutdown This reduces nuisance trips by enabling operators to attend only to alarms associated with real dangers
Recommendations to maintain plant safety 4 Do not bypass inhibit-and-bypass management functionality Highlighting significant deviations from the normal operational state and adjusting the online plant safety case requires a robust management system to monitor record and report the status on all inhibit events and override conditions This allows for handover shift reports and key performance indicators to detect patterns and trends as well as status reports identifying and explaining the application of a bypass It also enables automatic removal of specified bypasses after a configurable period and advises when the plant achieves a steady operational state Inhibit and bypass management functions communicate with all electronic systems facilitate the systematic recording of events from other systems and provide a formal rule-based interpretation of the overall plant inhibit condition They initiate reports and display the operational status of the plant emergency systems
1
CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
1 Identification - Name of the substance or preparation - Name address and telephone of the companysupplier
2 Composition and information on ingredients
3 Hazard identification
4 First-air measures
5 Fire-fighting measures
6 spillage accidental release measures
7 Handling and storage
8 Exposure controls and personal protection
9 Physical and chemical properties
10 Stability and Reactivity
11 Toxicological information
12 Ecological information
13 Disposal considerations
14 Transport information
15 National regulations and references
16 Other information
EXAMPLE (Word file)
Example of MSDS worddoc
2 Anticipation
bull Anticipationrecognition of potential or actual hazards through knowledge of
bull ndashMaterials
bull ndashOperations
bull ndashProcesses
bull ndashConditions1048714
Scope of IH activities encompasses the ldquocradle-to-graverdquo concept (research through waste disposal)
3 Evaluation
bull Evaluation of environmental factors through
ndashMeasurement of exposure intensity
ndashDetermination of exposure frequency and duration
ndashComparison with regulatory professional and internal standards
bull Judgment weigh all factors
EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
Sampling and Measurement
bull OSHA and NIOSH publish sampling and analysis procedures appropriate for particular substances
bull ASTM has standards on instrumentation sampling and analytical procedures
bull ACGIH publishes a book on Air sampling instruments
4 Control
bull Employ methods to eliminate or reduce exposure resulting in elimination or reduction of the occurrence of occupational disease through
ndashEngineering (including process) interventions
ndashAdministrativeprogrammatic measures
ndashPersonal protective equipment (PPE)
Opportunities for Control
Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
bull Substitution ndash replacing a hazardous materials with a non-hazardous one
bull Isolation ndash use a barrier between a source of contaminants and workers
bull Ventilation ndash general or dilution ventilation and local exhaust ventilation
2 Work practices and Administrative controls
bull Housekeeping ndash regular cleaningbull Materials handling or Transfer procedures ndash to
remove generation of hazards during process of transferring (eg loadingunloading generates dust transferring liquids generates vaporsspills)
bull Leak detection programs ndash visual inspections auto sensors systems
bull Training ndash staffbull Modifying the work ndash limiting exposure periods
share activities between workersbull Personal hygiene ndash cleaning skins eyes change
cloths ete
OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES bull In the workplace workers are exposed to chemical
hazards in various activities such as transfer storage handling and use in the workstation and waste disposal
bull For the safe handling of chemicals it is necessary to take several preventive measures
bull Technical measures can be instituted to eliminate or reduced the worker exposure
bull The priority is to eliminate whenever possible very hazardous chemical form the workplace by substitute with less hazardous chemical or process
If substitution is not possible prevent exposure to the chemicals by implementing engineering control Measures that should be considered in engineering controls ( but not limited to ) are
1 enclosure or isolation
2 wet methods
3 use of industrial ventilation system
4 change of process
bull It must be remembered that personal protective equipment should always be the last to be considered
bull In some situations where substitution and engineering controls is not reasonably practicable and reliance has to be placed with personal protective equipment
bull For technical measure to be effective safe work practices and procedures should be developed and implemented hand in hand with the technical measures
Technical measures are but not limited tobull isolation of ignition sourcesbull development of procedures to cover handling use
operating procedures during manufacture transport storage use and disposal of chemicals
bull development and implementation of safe system of work such as permit to work system modification procedure maintenance and repair procedure inspection and testing
bull housekeeping bull hygiene facilitiesbull emergency procedure and facilitiesbull posting of warning sign
47
3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
bull Dust masks and respirators
bull Glasses goggles and face shields
bull Hearing protectionbull Glovesbull Foot protectionbull Head protectionbull Aprons or full-body suits
48
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
49
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
50
Hazardous Materials First Aid
bull Eyes Flush with water for 15 minutes
bull Skin Wash with soap and water
bull Inhalation Move to fresh air
bull Swallowing Get emergency medical assistance
51
Spills and Leaks
bull Evacuate the areabull Notify a supervisor or
the emergency response team
bull Remove ignition sources (if safe to do so)
bull Stay awaybull Call 9-9-9
2 Evaluation of chemical hazards
Qm=Mass rate of volatile material
Accumulation rate is lsquo0rsquo
Applying ideal gas law m=mass ρ=density v=volatile species b=bulk speciesRg=ideal gas constantT and P absolute temp and pressureM=molecular weight of volatile speciesmvVb=C=QmkQv
Vapor Pressure
Given two substances of the same volume which one has more potential hazard
ndashExample Motor oil vs ether
Ether has more potential hazard than motor oil due to its high vapor pressure and volatility
Examples of Health Effects
Asphyxiants Carbon dioxide carbon monoxide
Irritants Chlorine formaldehyde
Anesthetics Toluene benzene
Hepatotoxins Carbon tetrachloride chlorobenzene
Nephrotoxins Toluene xylene
Neurotoxins Carbon disulfide
Hematopoietictoxins Benzene carbon monoxide
Pulmonarytoxins Nitrogen dioxide phosgene
Carcinogens Benzene vinyl chloride monomer
Ideal Gas Law
Conversion of Units
VP and Concentration
Selection of methods to control identified hazard
Table 3-9 Chemical Plant Control Techniques
Generalized form
In many cases Psat raquo ρ
Eq3-12
KA is often very small compared to displacement and can be neglected
Control of identified hazard
Purposes of Industrial Ventilation
bull Control of toxic air contaminants to
acceptable levels
bull Control of noxious odors
bull Control of heat and humidity for comfort
and health
bull Prevention of fire and explosions
Types of Industrial Ventilation1 General ventilationndashControl of temperature humidity and odors
2 Dilution ventilationndashMaintain control of low toxicity gases and vapors below acceptable levels through dilution of concentration
3 Local exhaust ventilationndashCapturing and removing contaminants at or near their sources of emissionndashPrevents the transmission of contaminant to workerndashGiven priority in ldquoHierarchy of Controlsrdquo
Ventilation Terminology
Air velocity at the hood or slot opening n important design parameter
Air velocity through the cross-section of the duct
Basic Ventilation Equation
WhereQ = air flow rate (ft3min)A = cross-sectional area of duct or opening (ft2)V = average air velocity (ftmin)
Example
ndashIf fan is unchanged and number of hoods is
doubled then the resulting hood face velocities
will be 12 original velocity (possibly reducing air
velocity to less-than-needed capture velocity)
Hood Proximity and Exhaust Volume
Use of Enclosures
Direction of Air Movement
Direction of Air Movement
Eq 3-3
- Industrial Hygiene 1 Background 2 Objectives of IH 3 Type of HI control 4 Estimation of evaporation rate ventilation rate of volatiles
- Origin of Hygiene
- What Is Industrial Hygiene
- Some Occupational Hazards
- Slide 5
- Government Regulations
- Government Regulations
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS PLANT SAFETY
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Recommendations to maintain plant safety
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
- Example of MSDS worddoc
- 2 Anticipation
- 3 Evaluation
- EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
- Slide 37
- Sampling and Measurement
- 4 Control
- Opportunities for Control
- Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
- 2 Work practices and Administrative controls
- OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Technical measures are but not limited to
- 3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Slide 49
- Hazardous Materials First Aid
- Spills and Leaks
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
- Slide 83
- Slide 84
- Slide 85
- Slide 86
- Slide 87
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
-
bull Word file with abbreviations of institutions relevant to chemical safety
Table 3-4 in 2nd Ed Table 3-5 in 3rd Ed Identify the differences between PSM and RMP
Process Safety Management(PSM) 29 CFR 1910119
On July 17 1990 OSHA published in the Federal Register (55 FR 29150) a proposed standardmdashrdquoProcess Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicalsrdquomdashcontaining requirements for the
management of hazards associated with processes using highly hazardous chemicals to help assure safe and healthful workplaces After discussions the Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) were enacted into law (November 15 1990)Source httpswwwoshagovPublicationsosha3132pdf
Specified minimum elements that the OSHA standard must require employers to do as follows (show osha pdf file)
Process Safety Management some terms
Catastrophic release
Major uncontrolled emission fire or explosion Involves one or more highly hazardous chemicals Presents serious danger to employees in the workplace
Highly hazardous chemical a substance possessing toxic reactive flammable or explosive properties and specified by section 1910119(a)(1)
Process bull Any activity involving a highly hazardous
chemical including use storage manufacturing handling or the on-site movement of such chemicals or combination of these activities
bull Any group of vessels that are interconnected ampbull Separate vessels which are located such that a
highly hazardous chemical could be involved in a potential release
bull All considered a single process
Category 1 Flammable Liquid (per 19101200) or
Flammable Liquid with flashpoint below 1000F on site at one location in a quantity of 10000 lbs or more
29 CFR 1910119 does NOT apply to
bull Hydrocarbon fuels used solely for workplace consumption as a fuel not as part of a process containing another highly hazardous chemical
bull Flammable liquids with a flashpoint below 1000F stored in atmospheric tanks or transferred kept below their normal boiling point without benefit of chilling or refrigeration
A method to determine plant or process chemical hazards and develop policies procedures and safeguards against emergencies which may occur
Process Hazard Analysis (PHA) - this will be discussed in more detail under Hazard Identification topic
bull Shall be conducted as soon as possible but no later than (NLT)
NLT Initial Process completed by
25 May 26 199450 May 26 199575 May 26 1996
Completed by May 26 1997
bull After May 26 1997 - Acceptable if requirements of initial PHA are met
For example
bull Updated and revalidated by a team meeting at least every 5 years
bull Update and retain the PHA for each process for the life of the process
Operating Proceduresbull Written for safely conducting activities involved in each covered process
PHA = Process Hazard Analysis(this will be discussed in more detail under Hazard Identification topic)
Steps to cover for each Operating Procedure- this can be helpful for your assignment
Addresses at least
bull Initial set-up
bull Normal operations
bull Temporary operations
bull Emergency shutdown
bull Emergency operations
bull Normal shutdowns
bullStartup following
turnaround or
emergency shutdown
bull Operating Limits
bull Consequences of
deviation
bull Steps required to
correct or avoid
deviation
Methods used to determine and evaluate hazards (this will be discussed in more detail under Hazard Identification topic)
bull What Ifbull Checklistbull What IfChecklistbull HAZOP (Hazard amp Operability Study)bull FMEA (Failure Mode amp Effects Analysis)bull Fault Tree AnalysisbullEvent Tree Analysis bull An Appropriate Equivalent Methodology
Relevance to your assignment some points
Discussion of the process in terms of PSM criteria (your assignment 1)Discussion of the process in terms of PSM criteria (your assignment 1)
Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS
PLANT SAFETY1 Nuisance trips Emergency shutdowns and subsequent startups are among the
greatest threats to plant safety They divert attention from situations that could present real danger and result in unnecessary shutdowns and restarts ndash all of which pose additional risk
Sources failures due to systems wearing out spurious equipment failures and human failures caused by alarm floods
Recommendations Lifecycle equipment management asset management embedded
diagnostics and alarm management all help to eliminate nuisance trips
Source httpglobalwonderwarecomBRDocumentsDesafios20na20seguranC3A7a20de20uma20fC3A1bricapdf
2 Insufficient use of the full functionality of the control and safety system Process control and safety systems continue to do the lsquoheavy liftingrsquo in keeping plants operatingsafely but few companies take full advantage of their capabilities
Recommendations Alarm management loop management inhibit and bypass management and the smart integration of control systems help to ensure that you are maximising the full safety potential from your system investment
4 Training limitations Comprehensive hands-on safety training is difficult ndash if not impossible ndash to deliver No matter howtalented the trainers and trainees or how effective the curriculum classes and materialsconventional training can go only so far in conveying the realities of a hazardous situation
Recommendations However todayrsquos simulation and virtual-reality techniques allow operators to experience hazardous situations and consequences with a realism that has never been possible before
5 Lack of visibility of safety status
While safety breaches usually result from a combination of factors that have been deterioratingover time in many cases no one knows there is a problem or that an incident has occurred Mostplants are collecting the data that could provide early warning of problems but it is usually fragmented haphazard and not in a safety context
Recommendations Simulation techniques real-time monitoring sensors and operator dashboards can help provide a realistic dynamic view of safety conditions
6 Unnecessarily exposing people to hazardous environmentsProtecting the community environment and personnel is key to a sustainable safety programme
Recommendations Simulated training fire and gas detection systems smart instrumentation and personnel locationsystems can minimise human exposure to hazardous situations
7 External threats The realities of terrorism and business disruption due to plant safety incidents are critical considerations for plant managers
Recommendations These can be mitigated by defence-in-depth securityprogrammes and by careful integration of safety and control systems
Recommendations to maintain plant safety
1 Monitor equipment proactively
Proactive equipment condition monitoring can extend to all assets and processes that are critical to safe plant performance
Data from asset management systems can be integrated into an overall plant safety view This allows modification of the safety envelope model and real-time updating of plant safety dashboards providing a measure of overall integrity
of the plant This can also integrate condition management computerised maintenance management condition-based maintenance (CBM) and reliability-centred models ndash all of which contribute to operations and maintenance (RCORCM) solutions that improve plant safety
Recommendations to maintain plant safety
2 Utilise embedded diagnostics
It is essential to have confidence in the operational effectiveness and correct functioning of the installed safety systems Embedded automatic diagnostic featuresof control systems instrumentation and control elements increase this confidence and allow plant personnel to focus on production Data derived from a testing and diagnostic framework canautomatically reveal the appropriate communication strategies and coordinate the interaction ofthe personnel communications asset management and maintenance functions
Recommendations to maintain plant safety 3 Rationalise and prioritise alarms Alarms are often the first layer of protection and provide the first indication that there is a potential unsafe condition on the site However too many process alarms occurring at once can decrease the integrity of the alerts and the effectiveness of the operator response An effective and efficient alarm management system promotes both safety and performance Alarm rationalisation based on industry standards applies layers of protection to link the alarm priority with the time required to respond effectively to an alarm before the plant must undergo a costly shutdown This reduces nuisance trips by enabling operators to attend only to alarms associated with real dangers
Recommendations to maintain plant safety 4 Do not bypass inhibit-and-bypass management functionality Highlighting significant deviations from the normal operational state and adjusting the online plant safety case requires a robust management system to monitor record and report the status on all inhibit events and override conditions This allows for handover shift reports and key performance indicators to detect patterns and trends as well as status reports identifying and explaining the application of a bypass It also enables automatic removal of specified bypasses after a configurable period and advises when the plant achieves a steady operational state Inhibit and bypass management functions communicate with all electronic systems facilitate the systematic recording of events from other systems and provide a formal rule-based interpretation of the overall plant inhibit condition They initiate reports and display the operational status of the plant emergency systems
1
CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
1 Identification - Name of the substance or preparation - Name address and telephone of the companysupplier
2 Composition and information on ingredients
3 Hazard identification
4 First-air measures
5 Fire-fighting measures
6 spillage accidental release measures
7 Handling and storage
8 Exposure controls and personal protection
9 Physical and chemical properties
10 Stability and Reactivity
11 Toxicological information
12 Ecological information
13 Disposal considerations
14 Transport information
15 National regulations and references
16 Other information
EXAMPLE (Word file)
Example of MSDS worddoc
2 Anticipation
bull Anticipationrecognition of potential or actual hazards through knowledge of
bull ndashMaterials
bull ndashOperations
bull ndashProcesses
bull ndashConditions1048714
Scope of IH activities encompasses the ldquocradle-to-graverdquo concept (research through waste disposal)
3 Evaluation
bull Evaluation of environmental factors through
ndashMeasurement of exposure intensity
ndashDetermination of exposure frequency and duration
ndashComparison with regulatory professional and internal standards
bull Judgment weigh all factors
EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
Sampling and Measurement
bull OSHA and NIOSH publish sampling and analysis procedures appropriate for particular substances
bull ASTM has standards on instrumentation sampling and analytical procedures
bull ACGIH publishes a book on Air sampling instruments
4 Control
bull Employ methods to eliminate or reduce exposure resulting in elimination or reduction of the occurrence of occupational disease through
ndashEngineering (including process) interventions
ndashAdministrativeprogrammatic measures
ndashPersonal protective equipment (PPE)
Opportunities for Control
Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
bull Substitution ndash replacing a hazardous materials with a non-hazardous one
bull Isolation ndash use a barrier between a source of contaminants and workers
bull Ventilation ndash general or dilution ventilation and local exhaust ventilation
2 Work practices and Administrative controls
bull Housekeeping ndash regular cleaningbull Materials handling or Transfer procedures ndash to
remove generation of hazards during process of transferring (eg loadingunloading generates dust transferring liquids generates vaporsspills)
bull Leak detection programs ndash visual inspections auto sensors systems
bull Training ndash staffbull Modifying the work ndash limiting exposure periods
share activities between workersbull Personal hygiene ndash cleaning skins eyes change
cloths ete
OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES bull In the workplace workers are exposed to chemical
hazards in various activities such as transfer storage handling and use in the workstation and waste disposal
bull For the safe handling of chemicals it is necessary to take several preventive measures
bull Technical measures can be instituted to eliminate or reduced the worker exposure
bull The priority is to eliminate whenever possible very hazardous chemical form the workplace by substitute with less hazardous chemical or process
If substitution is not possible prevent exposure to the chemicals by implementing engineering control Measures that should be considered in engineering controls ( but not limited to ) are
1 enclosure or isolation
2 wet methods
3 use of industrial ventilation system
4 change of process
bull It must be remembered that personal protective equipment should always be the last to be considered
bull In some situations where substitution and engineering controls is not reasonably practicable and reliance has to be placed with personal protective equipment
bull For technical measure to be effective safe work practices and procedures should be developed and implemented hand in hand with the technical measures
Technical measures are but not limited tobull isolation of ignition sourcesbull development of procedures to cover handling use
operating procedures during manufacture transport storage use and disposal of chemicals
bull development and implementation of safe system of work such as permit to work system modification procedure maintenance and repair procedure inspection and testing
bull housekeeping bull hygiene facilitiesbull emergency procedure and facilitiesbull posting of warning sign
47
3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
bull Dust masks and respirators
bull Glasses goggles and face shields
bull Hearing protectionbull Glovesbull Foot protectionbull Head protectionbull Aprons or full-body suits
48
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
49
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
50
Hazardous Materials First Aid
bull Eyes Flush with water for 15 minutes
bull Skin Wash with soap and water
bull Inhalation Move to fresh air
bull Swallowing Get emergency medical assistance
51
Spills and Leaks
bull Evacuate the areabull Notify a supervisor or
the emergency response team
bull Remove ignition sources (if safe to do so)
bull Stay awaybull Call 9-9-9
2 Evaluation of chemical hazards
Qm=Mass rate of volatile material
Accumulation rate is lsquo0rsquo
Applying ideal gas law m=mass ρ=density v=volatile species b=bulk speciesRg=ideal gas constantT and P absolute temp and pressureM=molecular weight of volatile speciesmvVb=C=QmkQv
Vapor Pressure
Given two substances of the same volume which one has more potential hazard
ndashExample Motor oil vs ether
Ether has more potential hazard than motor oil due to its high vapor pressure and volatility
Examples of Health Effects
Asphyxiants Carbon dioxide carbon monoxide
Irritants Chlorine formaldehyde
Anesthetics Toluene benzene
Hepatotoxins Carbon tetrachloride chlorobenzene
Nephrotoxins Toluene xylene
Neurotoxins Carbon disulfide
Hematopoietictoxins Benzene carbon monoxide
Pulmonarytoxins Nitrogen dioxide phosgene
Carcinogens Benzene vinyl chloride monomer
Ideal Gas Law
Conversion of Units
VP and Concentration
Selection of methods to control identified hazard
Table 3-9 Chemical Plant Control Techniques
Generalized form
In many cases Psat raquo ρ
Eq3-12
KA is often very small compared to displacement and can be neglected
Control of identified hazard
Purposes of Industrial Ventilation
bull Control of toxic air contaminants to
acceptable levels
bull Control of noxious odors
bull Control of heat and humidity for comfort
and health
bull Prevention of fire and explosions
Types of Industrial Ventilation1 General ventilationndashControl of temperature humidity and odors
2 Dilution ventilationndashMaintain control of low toxicity gases and vapors below acceptable levels through dilution of concentration
3 Local exhaust ventilationndashCapturing and removing contaminants at or near their sources of emissionndashPrevents the transmission of contaminant to workerndashGiven priority in ldquoHierarchy of Controlsrdquo
Ventilation Terminology
Air velocity at the hood or slot opening n important design parameter
Air velocity through the cross-section of the duct
Basic Ventilation Equation
WhereQ = air flow rate (ft3min)A = cross-sectional area of duct or opening (ft2)V = average air velocity (ftmin)
Example
ndashIf fan is unchanged and number of hoods is
doubled then the resulting hood face velocities
will be 12 original velocity (possibly reducing air
velocity to less-than-needed capture velocity)
Hood Proximity and Exhaust Volume
Use of Enclosures
Direction of Air Movement
Direction of Air Movement
Eq 3-3
- Industrial Hygiene 1 Background 2 Objectives of IH 3 Type of HI control 4 Estimation of evaporation rate ventilation rate of volatiles
- Origin of Hygiene
- What Is Industrial Hygiene
- Some Occupational Hazards
- Slide 5
- Government Regulations
- Government Regulations
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS PLANT SAFETY
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Recommendations to maintain plant safety
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
- Example of MSDS worddoc
- 2 Anticipation
- 3 Evaluation
- EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
- Slide 37
- Sampling and Measurement
- 4 Control
- Opportunities for Control
- Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
- 2 Work practices and Administrative controls
- OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Technical measures are but not limited to
- 3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Slide 49
- Hazardous Materials First Aid
- Spills and Leaks
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
- Slide 83
- Slide 84
- Slide 85
- Slide 86
- Slide 87
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
-
Table 3-4 in 2nd Ed Table 3-5 in 3rd Ed Identify the differences between PSM and RMP
Process Safety Management(PSM) 29 CFR 1910119
On July 17 1990 OSHA published in the Federal Register (55 FR 29150) a proposed standardmdashrdquoProcess Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicalsrdquomdashcontaining requirements for the
management of hazards associated with processes using highly hazardous chemicals to help assure safe and healthful workplaces After discussions the Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) were enacted into law (November 15 1990)Source httpswwwoshagovPublicationsosha3132pdf
Specified minimum elements that the OSHA standard must require employers to do as follows (show osha pdf file)
Process Safety Management some terms
Catastrophic release
Major uncontrolled emission fire or explosion Involves one or more highly hazardous chemicals Presents serious danger to employees in the workplace
Highly hazardous chemical a substance possessing toxic reactive flammable or explosive properties and specified by section 1910119(a)(1)
Process bull Any activity involving a highly hazardous
chemical including use storage manufacturing handling or the on-site movement of such chemicals or combination of these activities
bull Any group of vessels that are interconnected ampbull Separate vessels which are located such that a
highly hazardous chemical could be involved in a potential release
bull All considered a single process
Category 1 Flammable Liquid (per 19101200) or
Flammable Liquid with flashpoint below 1000F on site at one location in a quantity of 10000 lbs or more
29 CFR 1910119 does NOT apply to
bull Hydrocarbon fuels used solely for workplace consumption as a fuel not as part of a process containing another highly hazardous chemical
bull Flammable liquids with a flashpoint below 1000F stored in atmospheric tanks or transferred kept below their normal boiling point without benefit of chilling or refrigeration
A method to determine plant or process chemical hazards and develop policies procedures and safeguards against emergencies which may occur
Process Hazard Analysis (PHA) - this will be discussed in more detail under Hazard Identification topic
bull Shall be conducted as soon as possible but no later than (NLT)
NLT Initial Process completed by
25 May 26 199450 May 26 199575 May 26 1996
Completed by May 26 1997
bull After May 26 1997 - Acceptable if requirements of initial PHA are met
For example
bull Updated and revalidated by a team meeting at least every 5 years
bull Update and retain the PHA for each process for the life of the process
Operating Proceduresbull Written for safely conducting activities involved in each covered process
PHA = Process Hazard Analysis(this will be discussed in more detail under Hazard Identification topic)
Steps to cover for each Operating Procedure- this can be helpful for your assignment
Addresses at least
bull Initial set-up
bull Normal operations
bull Temporary operations
bull Emergency shutdown
bull Emergency operations
bull Normal shutdowns
bullStartup following
turnaround or
emergency shutdown
bull Operating Limits
bull Consequences of
deviation
bull Steps required to
correct or avoid
deviation
Methods used to determine and evaluate hazards (this will be discussed in more detail under Hazard Identification topic)
bull What Ifbull Checklistbull What IfChecklistbull HAZOP (Hazard amp Operability Study)bull FMEA (Failure Mode amp Effects Analysis)bull Fault Tree AnalysisbullEvent Tree Analysis bull An Appropriate Equivalent Methodology
Relevance to your assignment some points
Discussion of the process in terms of PSM criteria (your assignment 1)Discussion of the process in terms of PSM criteria (your assignment 1)
Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS
PLANT SAFETY1 Nuisance trips Emergency shutdowns and subsequent startups are among the
greatest threats to plant safety They divert attention from situations that could present real danger and result in unnecessary shutdowns and restarts ndash all of which pose additional risk
Sources failures due to systems wearing out spurious equipment failures and human failures caused by alarm floods
Recommendations Lifecycle equipment management asset management embedded
diagnostics and alarm management all help to eliminate nuisance trips
Source httpglobalwonderwarecomBRDocumentsDesafios20na20seguranC3A7a20de20uma20fC3A1bricapdf
2 Insufficient use of the full functionality of the control and safety system Process control and safety systems continue to do the lsquoheavy liftingrsquo in keeping plants operatingsafely but few companies take full advantage of their capabilities
Recommendations Alarm management loop management inhibit and bypass management and the smart integration of control systems help to ensure that you are maximising the full safety potential from your system investment
4 Training limitations Comprehensive hands-on safety training is difficult ndash if not impossible ndash to deliver No matter howtalented the trainers and trainees or how effective the curriculum classes and materialsconventional training can go only so far in conveying the realities of a hazardous situation
Recommendations However todayrsquos simulation and virtual-reality techniques allow operators to experience hazardous situations and consequences with a realism that has never been possible before
5 Lack of visibility of safety status
While safety breaches usually result from a combination of factors that have been deterioratingover time in many cases no one knows there is a problem or that an incident has occurred Mostplants are collecting the data that could provide early warning of problems but it is usually fragmented haphazard and not in a safety context
Recommendations Simulation techniques real-time monitoring sensors and operator dashboards can help provide a realistic dynamic view of safety conditions
6 Unnecessarily exposing people to hazardous environmentsProtecting the community environment and personnel is key to a sustainable safety programme
Recommendations Simulated training fire and gas detection systems smart instrumentation and personnel locationsystems can minimise human exposure to hazardous situations
7 External threats The realities of terrorism and business disruption due to plant safety incidents are critical considerations for plant managers
Recommendations These can be mitigated by defence-in-depth securityprogrammes and by careful integration of safety and control systems
Recommendations to maintain plant safety
1 Monitor equipment proactively
Proactive equipment condition monitoring can extend to all assets and processes that are critical to safe plant performance
Data from asset management systems can be integrated into an overall plant safety view This allows modification of the safety envelope model and real-time updating of plant safety dashboards providing a measure of overall integrity
of the plant This can also integrate condition management computerised maintenance management condition-based maintenance (CBM) and reliability-centred models ndash all of which contribute to operations and maintenance (RCORCM) solutions that improve plant safety
Recommendations to maintain plant safety
2 Utilise embedded diagnostics
It is essential to have confidence in the operational effectiveness and correct functioning of the installed safety systems Embedded automatic diagnostic featuresof control systems instrumentation and control elements increase this confidence and allow plant personnel to focus on production Data derived from a testing and diagnostic framework canautomatically reveal the appropriate communication strategies and coordinate the interaction ofthe personnel communications asset management and maintenance functions
Recommendations to maintain plant safety 3 Rationalise and prioritise alarms Alarms are often the first layer of protection and provide the first indication that there is a potential unsafe condition on the site However too many process alarms occurring at once can decrease the integrity of the alerts and the effectiveness of the operator response An effective and efficient alarm management system promotes both safety and performance Alarm rationalisation based on industry standards applies layers of protection to link the alarm priority with the time required to respond effectively to an alarm before the plant must undergo a costly shutdown This reduces nuisance trips by enabling operators to attend only to alarms associated with real dangers
Recommendations to maintain plant safety 4 Do not bypass inhibit-and-bypass management functionality Highlighting significant deviations from the normal operational state and adjusting the online plant safety case requires a robust management system to monitor record and report the status on all inhibit events and override conditions This allows for handover shift reports and key performance indicators to detect patterns and trends as well as status reports identifying and explaining the application of a bypass It also enables automatic removal of specified bypasses after a configurable period and advises when the plant achieves a steady operational state Inhibit and bypass management functions communicate with all electronic systems facilitate the systematic recording of events from other systems and provide a formal rule-based interpretation of the overall plant inhibit condition They initiate reports and display the operational status of the plant emergency systems
1
CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
1 Identification - Name of the substance or preparation - Name address and telephone of the companysupplier
2 Composition and information on ingredients
3 Hazard identification
4 First-air measures
5 Fire-fighting measures
6 spillage accidental release measures
7 Handling and storage
8 Exposure controls and personal protection
9 Physical and chemical properties
10 Stability and Reactivity
11 Toxicological information
12 Ecological information
13 Disposal considerations
14 Transport information
15 National regulations and references
16 Other information
EXAMPLE (Word file)
Example of MSDS worddoc
2 Anticipation
bull Anticipationrecognition of potential or actual hazards through knowledge of
bull ndashMaterials
bull ndashOperations
bull ndashProcesses
bull ndashConditions1048714
Scope of IH activities encompasses the ldquocradle-to-graverdquo concept (research through waste disposal)
3 Evaluation
bull Evaluation of environmental factors through
ndashMeasurement of exposure intensity
ndashDetermination of exposure frequency and duration
ndashComparison with regulatory professional and internal standards
bull Judgment weigh all factors
EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
Sampling and Measurement
bull OSHA and NIOSH publish sampling and analysis procedures appropriate for particular substances
bull ASTM has standards on instrumentation sampling and analytical procedures
bull ACGIH publishes a book on Air sampling instruments
4 Control
bull Employ methods to eliminate or reduce exposure resulting in elimination or reduction of the occurrence of occupational disease through
ndashEngineering (including process) interventions
ndashAdministrativeprogrammatic measures
ndashPersonal protective equipment (PPE)
Opportunities for Control
Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
bull Substitution ndash replacing a hazardous materials with a non-hazardous one
bull Isolation ndash use a barrier between a source of contaminants and workers
bull Ventilation ndash general or dilution ventilation and local exhaust ventilation
2 Work practices and Administrative controls
bull Housekeeping ndash regular cleaningbull Materials handling or Transfer procedures ndash to
remove generation of hazards during process of transferring (eg loadingunloading generates dust transferring liquids generates vaporsspills)
bull Leak detection programs ndash visual inspections auto sensors systems
bull Training ndash staffbull Modifying the work ndash limiting exposure periods
share activities between workersbull Personal hygiene ndash cleaning skins eyes change
cloths ete
OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES bull In the workplace workers are exposed to chemical
hazards in various activities such as transfer storage handling and use in the workstation and waste disposal
bull For the safe handling of chemicals it is necessary to take several preventive measures
bull Technical measures can be instituted to eliminate or reduced the worker exposure
bull The priority is to eliminate whenever possible very hazardous chemical form the workplace by substitute with less hazardous chemical or process
If substitution is not possible prevent exposure to the chemicals by implementing engineering control Measures that should be considered in engineering controls ( but not limited to ) are
1 enclosure or isolation
2 wet methods
3 use of industrial ventilation system
4 change of process
bull It must be remembered that personal protective equipment should always be the last to be considered
bull In some situations where substitution and engineering controls is not reasonably practicable and reliance has to be placed with personal protective equipment
bull For technical measure to be effective safe work practices and procedures should be developed and implemented hand in hand with the technical measures
Technical measures are but not limited tobull isolation of ignition sourcesbull development of procedures to cover handling use
operating procedures during manufacture transport storage use and disposal of chemicals
bull development and implementation of safe system of work such as permit to work system modification procedure maintenance and repair procedure inspection and testing
bull housekeeping bull hygiene facilitiesbull emergency procedure and facilitiesbull posting of warning sign
47
3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
bull Dust masks and respirators
bull Glasses goggles and face shields
bull Hearing protectionbull Glovesbull Foot protectionbull Head protectionbull Aprons or full-body suits
48
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
49
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
50
Hazardous Materials First Aid
bull Eyes Flush with water for 15 minutes
bull Skin Wash with soap and water
bull Inhalation Move to fresh air
bull Swallowing Get emergency medical assistance
51
Spills and Leaks
bull Evacuate the areabull Notify a supervisor or
the emergency response team
bull Remove ignition sources (if safe to do so)
bull Stay awaybull Call 9-9-9
2 Evaluation of chemical hazards
Qm=Mass rate of volatile material
Accumulation rate is lsquo0rsquo
Applying ideal gas law m=mass ρ=density v=volatile species b=bulk speciesRg=ideal gas constantT and P absolute temp and pressureM=molecular weight of volatile speciesmvVb=C=QmkQv
Vapor Pressure
Given two substances of the same volume which one has more potential hazard
ndashExample Motor oil vs ether
Ether has more potential hazard than motor oil due to its high vapor pressure and volatility
Examples of Health Effects
Asphyxiants Carbon dioxide carbon monoxide
Irritants Chlorine formaldehyde
Anesthetics Toluene benzene
Hepatotoxins Carbon tetrachloride chlorobenzene
Nephrotoxins Toluene xylene
Neurotoxins Carbon disulfide
Hematopoietictoxins Benzene carbon monoxide
Pulmonarytoxins Nitrogen dioxide phosgene
Carcinogens Benzene vinyl chloride monomer
Ideal Gas Law
Conversion of Units
VP and Concentration
Selection of methods to control identified hazard
Table 3-9 Chemical Plant Control Techniques
Generalized form
In many cases Psat raquo ρ
Eq3-12
KA is often very small compared to displacement and can be neglected
Control of identified hazard
Purposes of Industrial Ventilation
bull Control of toxic air contaminants to
acceptable levels
bull Control of noxious odors
bull Control of heat and humidity for comfort
and health
bull Prevention of fire and explosions
Types of Industrial Ventilation1 General ventilationndashControl of temperature humidity and odors
2 Dilution ventilationndashMaintain control of low toxicity gases and vapors below acceptable levels through dilution of concentration
3 Local exhaust ventilationndashCapturing and removing contaminants at or near their sources of emissionndashPrevents the transmission of contaminant to workerndashGiven priority in ldquoHierarchy of Controlsrdquo
Ventilation Terminology
Air velocity at the hood or slot opening n important design parameter
Air velocity through the cross-section of the duct
Basic Ventilation Equation
WhereQ = air flow rate (ft3min)A = cross-sectional area of duct or opening (ft2)V = average air velocity (ftmin)
Example
ndashIf fan is unchanged and number of hoods is
doubled then the resulting hood face velocities
will be 12 original velocity (possibly reducing air
velocity to less-than-needed capture velocity)
Hood Proximity and Exhaust Volume
Use of Enclosures
Direction of Air Movement
Direction of Air Movement
Eq 3-3
- Industrial Hygiene 1 Background 2 Objectives of IH 3 Type of HI control 4 Estimation of evaporation rate ventilation rate of volatiles
- Origin of Hygiene
- What Is Industrial Hygiene
- Some Occupational Hazards
- Slide 5
- Government Regulations
- Government Regulations
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS PLANT SAFETY
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Recommendations to maintain plant safety
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
- Example of MSDS worddoc
- 2 Anticipation
- 3 Evaluation
- EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
- Slide 37
- Sampling and Measurement
- 4 Control
- Opportunities for Control
- Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
- 2 Work practices and Administrative controls
- OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Technical measures are but not limited to
- 3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Slide 49
- Hazardous Materials First Aid
- Spills and Leaks
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
- Slide 83
- Slide 84
- Slide 85
- Slide 86
- Slide 87
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
-
Process Safety Management(PSM) 29 CFR 1910119
On July 17 1990 OSHA published in the Federal Register (55 FR 29150) a proposed standardmdashrdquoProcess Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicalsrdquomdashcontaining requirements for the
management of hazards associated with processes using highly hazardous chemicals to help assure safe and healthful workplaces After discussions the Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) were enacted into law (November 15 1990)Source httpswwwoshagovPublicationsosha3132pdf
Specified minimum elements that the OSHA standard must require employers to do as follows (show osha pdf file)
Process Safety Management some terms
Catastrophic release
Major uncontrolled emission fire or explosion Involves one or more highly hazardous chemicals Presents serious danger to employees in the workplace
Highly hazardous chemical a substance possessing toxic reactive flammable or explosive properties and specified by section 1910119(a)(1)
Process bull Any activity involving a highly hazardous
chemical including use storage manufacturing handling or the on-site movement of such chemicals or combination of these activities
bull Any group of vessels that are interconnected ampbull Separate vessels which are located such that a
highly hazardous chemical could be involved in a potential release
bull All considered a single process
Category 1 Flammable Liquid (per 19101200) or
Flammable Liquid with flashpoint below 1000F on site at one location in a quantity of 10000 lbs or more
29 CFR 1910119 does NOT apply to
bull Hydrocarbon fuels used solely for workplace consumption as a fuel not as part of a process containing another highly hazardous chemical
bull Flammable liquids with a flashpoint below 1000F stored in atmospheric tanks or transferred kept below their normal boiling point without benefit of chilling or refrigeration
A method to determine plant or process chemical hazards and develop policies procedures and safeguards against emergencies which may occur
Process Hazard Analysis (PHA) - this will be discussed in more detail under Hazard Identification topic
bull Shall be conducted as soon as possible but no later than (NLT)
NLT Initial Process completed by
25 May 26 199450 May 26 199575 May 26 1996
Completed by May 26 1997
bull After May 26 1997 - Acceptable if requirements of initial PHA are met
For example
bull Updated and revalidated by a team meeting at least every 5 years
bull Update and retain the PHA for each process for the life of the process
Operating Proceduresbull Written for safely conducting activities involved in each covered process
PHA = Process Hazard Analysis(this will be discussed in more detail under Hazard Identification topic)
Steps to cover for each Operating Procedure- this can be helpful for your assignment
Addresses at least
bull Initial set-up
bull Normal operations
bull Temporary operations
bull Emergency shutdown
bull Emergency operations
bull Normal shutdowns
bullStartup following
turnaround or
emergency shutdown
bull Operating Limits
bull Consequences of
deviation
bull Steps required to
correct or avoid
deviation
Methods used to determine and evaluate hazards (this will be discussed in more detail under Hazard Identification topic)
bull What Ifbull Checklistbull What IfChecklistbull HAZOP (Hazard amp Operability Study)bull FMEA (Failure Mode amp Effects Analysis)bull Fault Tree AnalysisbullEvent Tree Analysis bull An Appropriate Equivalent Methodology
Relevance to your assignment some points
Discussion of the process in terms of PSM criteria (your assignment 1)Discussion of the process in terms of PSM criteria (your assignment 1)
Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS
PLANT SAFETY1 Nuisance trips Emergency shutdowns and subsequent startups are among the
greatest threats to plant safety They divert attention from situations that could present real danger and result in unnecessary shutdowns and restarts ndash all of which pose additional risk
Sources failures due to systems wearing out spurious equipment failures and human failures caused by alarm floods
Recommendations Lifecycle equipment management asset management embedded
diagnostics and alarm management all help to eliminate nuisance trips
Source httpglobalwonderwarecomBRDocumentsDesafios20na20seguranC3A7a20de20uma20fC3A1bricapdf
2 Insufficient use of the full functionality of the control and safety system Process control and safety systems continue to do the lsquoheavy liftingrsquo in keeping plants operatingsafely but few companies take full advantage of their capabilities
Recommendations Alarm management loop management inhibit and bypass management and the smart integration of control systems help to ensure that you are maximising the full safety potential from your system investment
4 Training limitations Comprehensive hands-on safety training is difficult ndash if not impossible ndash to deliver No matter howtalented the trainers and trainees or how effective the curriculum classes and materialsconventional training can go only so far in conveying the realities of a hazardous situation
Recommendations However todayrsquos simulation and virtual-reality techniques allow operators to experience hazardous situations and consequences with a realism that has never been possible before
5 Lack of visibility of safety status
While safety breaches usually result from a combination of factors that have been deterioratingover time in many cases no one knows there is a problem or that an incident has occurred Mostplants are collecting the data that could provide early warning of problems but it is usually fragmented haphazard and not in a safety context
Recommendations Simulation techniques real-time monitoring sensors and operator dashboards can help provide a realistic dynamic view of safety conditions
6 Unnecessarily exposing people to hazardous environmentsProtecting the community environment and personnel is key to a sustainable safety programme
Recommendations Simulated training fire and gas detection systems smart instrumentation and personnel locationsystems can minimise human exposure to hazardous situations
7 External threats The realities of terrorism and business disruption due to plant safety incidents are critical considerations for plant managers
Recommendations These can be mitigated by defence-in-depth securityprogrammes and by careful integration of safety and control systems
Recommendations to maintain plant safety
1 Monitor equipment proactively
Proactive equipment condition monitoring can extend to all assets and processes that are critical to safe plant performance
Data from asset management systems can be integrated into an overall plant safety view This allows modification of the safety envelope model and real-time updating of plant safety dashboards providing a measure of overall integrity
of the plant This can also integrate condition management computerised maintenance management condition-based maintenance (CBM) and reliability-centred models ndash all of which contribute to operations and maintenance (RCORCM) solutions that improve plant safety
Recommendations to maintain plant safety
2 Utilise embedded diagnostics
It is essential to have confidence in the operational effectiveness and correct functioning of the installed safety systems Embedded automatic diagnostic featuresof control systems instrumentation and control elements increase this confidence and allow plant personnel to focus on production Data derived from a testing and diagnostic framework canautomatically reveal the appropriate communication strategies and coordinate the interaction ofthe personnel communications asset management and maintenance functions
Recommendations to maintain plant safety 3 Rationalise and prioritise alarms Alarms are often the first layer of protection and provide the first indication that there is a potential unsafe condition on the site However too many process alarms occurring at once can decrease the integrity of the alerts and the effectiveness of the operator response An effective and efficient alarm management system promotes both safety and performance Alarm rationalisation based on industry standards applies layers of protection to link the alarm priority with the time required to respond effectively to an alarm before the plant must undergo a costly shutdown This reduces nuisance trips by enabling operators to attend only to alarms associated with real dangers
Recommendations to maintain plant safety 4 Do not bypass inhibit-and-bypass management functionality Highlighting significant deviations from the normal operational state and adjusting the online plant safety case requires a robust management system to monitor record and report the status on all inhibit events and override conditions This allows for handover shift reports and key performance indicators to detect patterns and trends as well as status reports identifying and explaining the application of a bypass It also enables automatic removal of specified bypasses after a configurable period and advises when the plant achieves a steady operational state Inhibit and bypass management functions communicate with all electronic systems facilitate the systematic recording of events from other systems and provide a formal rule-based interpretation of the overall plant inhibit condition They initiate reports and display the operational status of the plant emergency systems
1
CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
1 Identification - Name of the substance or preparation - Name address and telephone of the companysupplier
2 Composition and information on ingredients
3 Hazard identification
4 First-air measures
5 Fire-fighting measures
6 spillage accidental release measures
7 Handling and storage
8 Exposure controls and personal protection
9 Physical and chemical properties
10 Stability and Reactivity
11 Toxicological information
12 Ecological information
13 Disposal considerations
14 Transport information
15 National regulations and references
16 Other information
EXAMPLE (Word file)
Example of MSDS worddoc
2 Anticipation
bull Anticipationrecognition of potential or actual hazards through knowledge of
bull ndashMaterials
bull ndashOperations
bull ndashProcesses
bull ndashConditions1048714
Scope of IH activities encompasses the ldquocradle-to-graverdquo concept (research through waste disposal)
3 Evaluation
bull Evaluation of environmental factors through
ndashMeasurement of exposure intensity
ndashDetermination of exposure frequency and duration
ndashComparison with regulatory professional and internal standards
bull Judgment weigh all factors
EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
Sampling and Measurement
bull OSHA and NIOSH publish sampling and analysis procedures appropriate for particular substances
bull ASTM has standards on instrumentation sampling and analytical procedures
bull ACGIH publishes a book on Air sampling instruments
4 Control
bull Employ methods to eliminate or reduce exposure resulting in elimination or reduction of the occurrence of occupational disease through
ndashEngineering (including process) interventions
ndashAdministrativeprogrammatic measures
ndashPersonal protective equipment (PPE)
Opportunities for Control
Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
bull Substitution ndash replacing a hazardous materials with a non-hazardous one
bull Isolation ndash use a barrier between a source of contaminants and workers
bull Ventilation ndash general or dilution ventilation and local exhaust ventilation
2 Work practices and Administrative controls
bull Housekeeping ndash regular cleaningbull Materials handling or Transfer procedures ndash to
remove generation of hazards during process of transferring (eg loadingunloading generates dust transferring liquids generates vaporsspills)
bull Leak detection programs ndash visual inspections auto sensors systems
bull Training ndash staffbull Modifying the work ndash limiting exposure periods
share activities between workersbull Personal hygiene ndash cleaning skins eyes change
cloths ete
OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES bull In the workplace workers are exposed to chemical
hazards in various activities such as transfer storage handling and use in the workstation and waste disposal
bull For the safe handling of chemicals it is necessary to take several preventive measures
bull Technical measures can be instituted to eliminate or reduced the worker exposure
bull The priority is to eliminate whenever possible very hazardous chemical form the workplace by substitute with less hazardous chemical or process
If substitution is not possible prevent exposure to the chemicals by implementing engineering control Measures that should be considered in engineering controls ( but not limited to ) are
1 enclosure or isolation
2 wet methods
3 use of industrial ventilation system
4 change of process
bull It must be remembered that personal protective equipment should always be the last to be considered
bull In some situations where substitution and engineering controls is not reasonably practicable and reliance has to be placed with personal protective equipment
bull For technical measure to be effective safe work practices and procedures should be developed and implemented hand in hand with the technical measures
Technical measures are but not limited tobull isolation of ignition sourcesbull development of procedures to cover handling use
operating procedures during manufacture transport storage use and disposal of chemicals
bull development and implementation of safe system of work such as permit to work system modification procedure maintenance and repair procedure inspection and testing
bull housekeeping bull hygiene facilitiesbull emergency procedure and facilitiesbull posting of warning sign
47
3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
bull Dust masks and respirators
bull Glasses goggles and face shields
bull Hearing protectionbull Glovesbull Foot protectionbull Head protectionbull Aprons or full-body suits
48
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
49
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
50
Hazardous Materials First Aid
bull Eyes Flush with water for 15 minutes
bull Skin Wash with soap and water
bull Inhalation Move to fresh air
bull Swallowing Get emergency medical assistance
51
Spills and Leaks
bull Evacuate the areabull Notify a supervisor or
the emergency response team
bull Remove ignition sources (if safe to do so)
bull Stay awaybull Call 9-9-9
2 Evaluation of chemical hazards
Qm=Mass rate of volatile material
Accumulation rate is lsquo0rsquo
Applying ideal gas law m=mass ρ=density v=volatile species b=bulk speciesRg=ideal gas constantT and P absolute temp and pressureM=molecular weight of volatile speciesmvVb=C=QmkQv
Vapor Pressure
Given two substances of the same volume which one has more potential hazard
ndashExample Motor oil vs ether
Ether has more potential hazard than motor oil due to its high vapor pressure and volatility
Examples of Health Effects
Asphyxiants Carbon dioxide carbon monoxide
Irritants Chlorine formaldehyde
Anesthetics Toluene benzene
Hepatotoxins Carbon tetrachloride chlorobenzene
Nephrotoxins Toluene xylene
Neurotoxins Carbon disulfide
Hematopoietictoxins Benzene carbon monoxide
Pulmonarytoxins Nitrogen dioxide phosgene
Carcinogens Benzene vinyl chloride monomer
Ideal Gas Law
Conversion of Units
VP and Concentration
Selection of methods to control identified hazard
Table 3-9 Chemical Plant Control Techniques
Generalized form
In many cases Psat raquo ρ
Eq3-12
KA is often very small compared to displacement and can be neglected
Control of identified hazard
Purposes of Industrial Ventilation
bull Control of toxic air contaminants to
acceptable levels
bull Control of noxious odors
bull Control of heat and humidity for comfort
and health
bull Prevention of fire and explosions
Types of Industrial Ventilation1 General ventilationndashControl of temperature humidity and odors
2 Dilution ventilationndashMaintain control of low toxicity gases and vapors below acceptable levels through dilution of concentration
3 Local exhaust ventilationndashCapturing and removing contaminants at or near their sources of emissionndashPrevents the transmission of contaminant to workerndashGiven priority in ldquoHierarchy of Controlsrdquo
Ventilation Terminology
Air velocity at the hood or slot opening n important design parameter
Air velocity through the cross-section of the duct
Basic Ventilation Equation
WhereQ = air flow rate (ft3min)A = cross-sectional area of duct or opening (ft2)V = average air velocity (ftmin)
Example
ndashIf fan is unchanged and number of hoods is
doubled then the resulting hood face velocities
will be 12 original velocity (possibly reducing air
velocity to less-than-needed capture velocity)
Hood Proximity and Exhaust Volume
Use of Enclosures
Direction of Air Movement
Direction of Air Movement
Eq 3-3
- Industrial Hygiene 1 Background 2 Objectives of IH 3 Type of HI control 4 Estimation of evaporation rate ventilation rate of volatiles
- Origin of Hygiene
- What Is Industrial Hygiene
- Some Occupational Hazards
- Slide 5
- Government Regulations
- Government Regulations
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS PLANT SAFETY
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Recommendations to maintain plant safety
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
- Example of MSDS worddoc
- 2 Anticipation
- 3 Evaluation
- EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
- Slide 37
- Sampling and Measurement
- 4 Control
- Opportunities for Control
- Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
- 2 Work practices and Administrative controls
- OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Technical measures are but not limited to
- 3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Slide 49
- Hazardous Materials First Aid
- Spills and Leaks
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
- Slide 83
- Slide 84
- Slide 85
- Slide 86
- Slide 87
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
-
Process Safety Management some terms
Catastrophic release
Major uncontrolled emission fire or explosion Involves one or more highly hazardous chemicals Presents serious danger to employees in the workplace
Highly hazardous chemical a substance possessing toxic reactive flammable or explosive properties and specified by section 1910119(a)(1)
Process bull Any activity involving a highly hazardous
chemical including use storage manufacturing handling or the on-site movement of such chemicals or combination of these activities
bull Any group of vessels that are interconnected ampbull Separate vessels which are located such that a
highly hazardous chemical could be involved in a potential release
bull All considered a single process
Category 1 Flammable Liquid (per 19101200) or
Flammable Liquid with flashpoint below 1000F on site at one location in a quantity of 10000 lbs or more
29 CFR 1910119 does NOT apply to
bull Hydrocarbon fuels used solely for workplace consumption as a fuel not as part of a process containing another highly hazardous chemical
bull Flammable liquids with a flashpoint below 1000F stored in atmospheric tanks or transferred kept below their normal boiling point without benefit of chilling or refrigeration
A method to determine plant or process chemical hazards and develop policies procedures and safeguards against emergencies which may occur
Process Hazard Analysis (PHA) - this will be discussed in more detail under Hazard Identification topic
bull Shall be conducted as soon as possible but no later than (NLT)
NLT Initial Process completed by
25 May 26 199450 May 26 199575 May 26 1996
Completed by May 26 1997
bull After May 26 1997 - Acceptable if requirements of initial PHA are met
For example
bull Updated and revalidated by a team meeting at least every 5 years
bull Update and retain the PHA for each process for the life of the process
Operating Proceduresbull Written for safely conducting activities involved in each covered process
PHA = Process Hazard Analysis(this will be discussed in more detail under Hazard Identification topic)
Steps to cover for each Operating Procedure- this can be helpful for your assignment
Addresses at least
bull Initial set-up
bull Normal operations
bull Temporary operations
bull Emergency shutdown
bull Emergency operations
bull Normal shutdowns
bullStartup following
turnaround or
emergency shutdown
bull Operating Limits
bull Consequences of
deviation
bull Steps required to
correct or avoid
deviation
Methods used to determine and evaluate hazards (this will be discussed in more detail under Hazard Identification topic)
bull What Ifbull Checklistbull What IfChecklistbull HAZOP (Hazard amp Operability Study)bull FMEA (Failure Mode amp Effects Analysis)bull Fault Tree AnalysisbullEvent Tree Analysis bull An Appropriate Equivalent Methodology
Relevance to your assignment some points
Discussion of the process in terms of PSM criteria (your assignment 1)Discussion of the process in terms of PSM criteria (your assignment 1)
Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS
PLANT SAFETY1 Nuisance trips Emergency shutdowns and subsequent startups are among the
greatest threats to plant safety They divert attention from situations that could present real danger and result in unnecessary shutdowns and restarts ndash all of which pose additional risk
Sources failures due to systems wearing out spurious equipment failures and human failures caused by alarm floods
Recommendations Lifecycle equipment management asset management embedded
diagnostics and alarm management all help to eliminate nuisance trips
Source httpglobalwonderwarecomBRDocumentsDesafios20na20seguranC3A7a20de20uma20fC3A1bricapdf
2 Insufficient use of the full functionality of the control and safety system Process control and safety systems continue to do the lsquoheavy liftingrsquo in keeping plants operatingsafely but few companies take full advantage of their capabilities
Recommendations Alarm management loop management inhibit and bypass management and the smart integration of control systems help to ensure that you are maximising the full safety potential from your system investment
4 Training limitations Comprehensive hands-on safety training is difficult ndash if not impossible ndash to deliver No matter howtalented the trainers and trainees or how effective the curriculum classes and materialsconventional training can go only so far in conveying the realities of a hazardous situation
Recommendations However todayrsquos simulation and virtual-reality techniques allow operators to experience hazardous situations and consequences with a realism that has never been possible before
5 Lack of visibility of safety status
While safety breaches usually result from a combination of factors that have been deterioratingover time in many cases no one knows there is a problem or that an incident has occurred Mostplants are collecting the data that could provide early warning of problems but it is usually fragmented haphazard and not in a safety context
Recommendations Simulation techniques real-time monitoring sensors and operator dashboards can help provide a realistic dynamic view of safety conditions
6 Unnecessarily exposing people to hazardous environmentsProtecting the community environment and personnel is key to a sustainable safety programme
Recommendations Simulated training fire and gas detection systems smart instrumentation and personnel locationsystems can minimise human exposure to hazardous situations
7 External threats The realities of terrorism and business disruption due to plant safety incidents are critical considerations for plant managers
Recommendations These can be mitigated by defence-in-depth securityprogrammes and by careful integration of safety and control systems
Recommendations to maintain plant safety
1 Monitor equipment proactively
Proactive equipment condition monitoring can extend to all assets and processes that are critical to safe plant performance
Data from asset management systems can be integrated into an overall plant safety view This allows modification of the safety envelope model and real-time updating of plant safety dashboards providing a measure of overall integrity
of the plant This can also integrate condition management computerised maintenance management condition-based maintenance (CBM) and reliability-centred models ndash all of which contribute to operations and maintenance (RCORCM) solutions that improve plant safety
Recommendations to maintain plant safety
2 Utilise embedded diagnostics
It is essential to have confidence in the operational effectiveness and correct functioning of the installed safety systems Embedded automatic diagnostic featuresof control systems instrumentation and control elements increase this confidence and allow plant personnel to focus on production Data derived from a testing and diagnostic framework canautomatically reveal the appropriate communication strategies and coordinate the interaction ofthe personnel communications asset management and maintenance functions
Recommendations to maintain plant safety 3 Rationalise and prioritise alarms Alarms are often the first layer of protection and provide the first indication that there is a potential unsafe condition on the site However too many process alarms occurring at once can decrease the integrity of the alerts and the effectiveness of the operator response An effective and efficient alarm management system promotes both safety and performance Alarm rationalisation based on industry standards applies layers of protection to link the alarm priority with the time required to respond effectively to an alarm before the plant must undergo a costly shutdown This reduces nuisance trips by enabling operators to attend only to alarms associated with real dangers
Recommendations to maintain plant safety 4 Do not bypass inhibit-and-bypass management functionality Highlighting significant deviations from the normal operational state and adjusting the online plant safety case requires a robust management system to monitor record and report the status on all inhibit events and override conditions This allows for handover shift reports and key performance indicators to detect patterns and trends as well as status reports identifying and explaining the application of a bypass It also enables automatic removal of specified bypasses after a configurable period and advises when the plant achieves a steady operational state Inhibit and bypass management functions communicate with all electronic systems facilitate the systematic recording of events from other systems and provide a formal rule-based interpretation of the overall plant inhibit condition They initiate reports and display the operational status of the plant emergency systems
1
CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
1 Identification - Name of the substance or preparation - Name address and telephone of the companysupplier
2 Composition and information on ingredients
3 Hazard identification
4 First-air measures
5 Fire-fighting measures
6 spillage accidental release measures
7 Handling and storage
8 Exposure controls and personal protection
9 Physical and chemical properties
10 Stability and Reactivity
11 Toxicological information
12 Ecological information
13 Disposal considerations
14 Transport information
15 National regulations and references
16 Other information
EXAMPLE (Word file)
Example of MSDS worddoc
2 Anticipation
bull Anticipationrecognition of potential or actual hazards through knowledge of
bull ndashMaterials
bull ndashOperations
bull ndashProcesses
bull ndashConditions1048714
Scope of IH activities encompasses the ldquocradle-to-graverdquo concept (research through waste disposal)
3 Evaluation
bull Evaluation of environmental factors through
ndashMeasurement of exposure intensity
ndashDetermination of exposure frequency and duration
ndashComparison with regulatory professional and internal standards
bull Judgment weigh all factors
EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
Sampling and Measurement
bull OSHA and NIOSH publish sampling and analysis procedures appropriate for particular substances
bull ASTM has standards on instrumentation sampling and analytical procedures
bull ACGIH publishes a book on Air sampling instruments
4 Control
bull Employ methods to eliminate or reduce exposure resulting in elimination or reduction of the occurrence of occupational disease through
ndashEngineering (including process) interventions
ndashAdministrativeprogrammatic measures
ndashPersonal protective equipment (PPE)
Opportunities for Control
Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
bull Substitution ndash replacing a hazardous materials with a non-hazardous one
bull Isolation ndash use a barrier between a source of contaminants and workers
bull Ventilation ndash general or dilution ventilation and local exhaust ventilation
2 Work practices and Administrative controls
bull Housekeeping ndash regular cleaningbull Materials handling or Transfer procedures ndash to
remove generation of hazards during process of transferring (eg loadingunloading generates dust transferring liquids generates vaporsspills)
bull Leak detection programs ndash visual inspections auto sensors systems
bull Training ndash staffbull Modifying the work ndash limiting exposure periods
share activities between workersbull Personal hygiene ndash cleaning skins eyes change
cloths ete
OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES bull In the workplace workers are exposed to chemical
hazards in various activities such as transfer storage handling and use in the workstation and waste disposal
bull For the safe handling of chemicals it is necessary to take several preventive measures
bull Technical measures can be instituted to eliminate or reduced the worker exposure
bull The priority is to eliminate whenever possible very hazardous chemical form the workplace by substitute with less hazardous chemical or process
If substitution is not possible prevent exposure to the chemicals by implementing engineering control Measures that should be considered in engineering controls ( but not limited to ) are
1 enclosure or isolation
2 wet methods
3 use of industrial ventilation system
4 change of process
bull It must be remembered that personal protective equipment should always be the last to be considered
bull In some situations where substitution and engineering controls is not reasonably practicable and reliance has to be placed with personal protective equipment
bull For technical measure to be effective safe work practices and procedures should be developed and implemented hand in hand with the technical measures
Technical measures are but not limited tobull isolation of ignition sourcesbull development of procedures to cover handling use
operating procedures during manufacture transport storage use and disposal of chemicals
bull development and implementation of safe system of work such as permit to work system modification procedure maintenance and repair procedure inspection and testing
bull housekeeping bull hygiene facilitiesbull emergency procedure and facilitiesbull posting of warning sign
47
3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
bull Dust masks and respirators
bull Glasses goggles and face shields
bull Hearing protectionbull Glovesbull Foot protectionbull Head protectionbull Aprons or full-body suits
48
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
49
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
50
Hazardous Materials First Aid
bull Eyes Flush with water for 15 minutes
bull Skin Wash with soap and water
bull Inhalation Move to fresh air
bull Swallowing Get emergency medical assistance
51
Spills and Leaks
bull Evacuate the areabull Notify a supervisor or
the emergency response team
bull Remove ignition sources (if safe to do so)
bull Stay awaybull Call 9-9-9
2 Evaluation of chemical hazards
Qm=Mass rate of volatile material
Accumulation rate is lsquo0rsquo
Applying ideal gas law m=mass ρ=density v=volatile species b=bulk speciesRg=ideal gas constantT and P absolute temp and pressureM=molecular weight of volatile speciesmvVb=C=QmkQv
Vapor Pressure
Given two substances of the same volume which one has more potential hazard
ndashExample Motor oil vs ether
Ether has more potential hazard than motor oil due to its high vapor pressure and volatility
Examples of Health Effects
Asphyxiants Carbon dioxide carbon monoxide
Irritants Chlorine formaldehyde
Anesthetics Toluene benzene
Hepatotoxins Carbon tetrachloride chlorobenzene
Nephrotoxins Toluene xylene
Neurotoxins Carbon disulfide
Hematopoietictoxins Benzene carbon monoxide
Pulmonarytoxins Nitrogen dioxide phosgene
Carcinogens Benzene vinyl chloride monomer
Ideal Gas Law
Conversion of Units
VP and Concentration
Selection of methods to control identified hazard
Table 3-9 Chemical Plant Control Techniques
Generalized form
In many cases Psat raquo ρ
Eq3-12
KA is often very small compared to displacement and can be neglected
Control of identified hazard
Purposes of Industrial Ventilation
bull Control of toxic air contaminants to
acceptable levels
bull Control of noxious odors
bull Control of heat and humidity for comfort
and health
bull Prevention of fire and explosions
Types of Industrial Ventilation1 General ventilationndashControl of temperature humidity and odors
2 Dilution ventilationndashMaintain control of low toxicity gases and vapors below acceptable levels through dilution of concentration
3 Local exhaust ventilationndashCapturing and removing contaminants at or near their sources of emissionndashPrevents the transmission of contaminant to workerndashGiven priority in ldquoHierarchy of Controlsrdquo
Ventilation Terminology
Air velocity at the hood or slot opening n important design parameter
Air velocity through the cross-section of the duct
Basic Ventilation Equation
WhereQ = air flow rate (ft3min)A = cross-sectional area of duct or opening (ft2)V = average air velocity (ftmin)
Example
ndashIf fan is unchanged and number of hoods is
doubled then the resulting hood face velocities
will be 12 original velocity (possibly reducing air
velocity to less-than-needed capture velocity)
Hood Proximity and Exhaust Volume
Use of Enclosures
Direction of Air Movement
Direction of Air Movement
Eq 3-3
- Industrial Hygiene 1 Background 2 Objectives of IH 3 Type of HI control 4 Estimation of evaporation rate ventilation rate of volatiles
- Origin of Hygiene
- What Is Industrial Hygiene
- Some Occupational Hazards
- Slide 5
- Government Regulations
- Government Regulations
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS PLANT SAFETY
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Recommendations to maintain plant safety
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
- Example of MSDS worddoc
- 2 Anticipation
- 3 Evaluation
- EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
- Slide 37
- Sampling and Measurement
- 4 Control
- Opportunities for Control
- Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
- 2 Work practices and Administrative controls
- OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Technical measures are but not limited to
- 3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Slide 49
- Hazardous Materials First Aid
- Spills and Leaks
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
- Slide 83
- Slide 84
- Slide 85
- Slide 86
- Slide 87
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
-
Process bull Any activity involving a highly hazardous
chemical including use storage manufacturing handling or the on-site movement of such chemicals or combination of these activities
bull Any group of vessels that are interconnected ampbull Separate vessels which are located such that a
highly hazardous chemical could be involved in a potential release
bull All considered a single process
Category 1 Flammable Liquid (per 19101200) or
Flammable Liquid with flashpoint below 1000F on site at one location in a quantity of 10000 lbs or more
29 CFR 1910119 does NOT apply to
bull Hydrocarbon fuels used solely for workplace consumption as a fuel not as part of a process containing another highly hazardous chemical
bull Flammable liquids with a flashpoint below 1000F stored in atmospheric tanks or transferred kept below their normal boiling point without benefit of chilling or refrigeration
A method to determine plant or process chemical hazards and develop policies procedures and safeguards against emergencies which may occur
Process Hazard Analysis (PHA) - this will be discussed in more detail under Hazard Identification topic
bull Shall be conducted as soon as possible but no later than (NLT)
NLT Initial Process completed by
25 May 26 199450 May 26 199575 May 26 1996
Completed by May 26 1997
bull After May 26 1997 - Acceptable if requirements of initial PHA are met
For example
bull Updated and revalidated by a team meeting at least every 5 years
bull Update and retain the PHA for each process for the life of the process
Operating Proceduresbull Written for safely conducting activities involved in each covered process
PHA = Process Hazard Analysis(this will be discussed in more detail under Hazard Identification topic)
Steps to cover for each Operating Procedure- this can be helpful for your assignment
Addresses at least
bull Initial set-up
bull Normal operations
bull Temporary operations
bull Emergency shutdown
bull Emergency operations
bull Normal shutdowns
bullStartup following
turnaround or
emergency shutdown
bull Operating Limits
bull Consequences of
deviation
bull Steps required to
correct or avoid
deviation
Methods used to determine and evaluate hazards (this will be discussed in more detail under Hazard Identification topic)
bull What Ifbull Checklistbull What IfChecklistbull HAZOP (Hazard amp Operability Study)bull FMEA (Failure Mode amp Effects Analysis)bull Fault Tree AnalysisbullEvent Tree Analysis bull An Appropriate Equivalent Methodology
Relevance to your assignment some points
Discussion of the process in terms of PSM criteria (your assignment 1)Discussion of the process in terms of PSM criteria (your assignment 1)
Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS
PLANT SAFETY1 Nuisance trips Emergency shutdowns and subsequent startups are among the
greatest threats to plant safety They divert attention from situations that could present real danger and result in unnecessary shutdowns and restarts ndash all of which pose additional risk
Sources failures due to systems wearing out spurious equipment failures and human failures caused by alarm floods
Recommendations Lifecycle equipment management asset management embedded
diagnostics and alarm management all help to eliminate nuisance trips
Source httpglobalwonderwarecomBRDocumentsDesafios20na20seguranC3A7a20de20uma20fC3A1bricapdf
2 Insufficient use of the full functionality of the control and safety system Process control and safety systems continue to do the lsquoheavy liftingrsquo in keeping plants operatingsafely but few companies take full advantage of their capabilities
Recommendations Alarm management loop management inhibit and bypass management and the smart integration of control systems help to ensure that you are maximising the full safety potential from your system investment
4 Training limitations Comprehensive hands-on safety training is difficult ndash if not impossible ndash to deliver No matter howtalented the trainers and trainees or how effective the curriculum classes and materialsconventional training can go only so far in conveying the realities of a hazardous situation
Recommendations However todayrsquos simulation and virtual-reality techniques allow operators to experience hazardous situations and consequences with a realism that has never been possible before
5 Lack of visibility of safety status
While safety breaches usually result from a combination of factors that have been deterioratingover time in many cases no one knows there is a problem or that an incident has occurred Mostplants are collecting the data that could provide early warning of problems but it is usually fragmented haphazard and not in a safety context
Recommendations Simulation techniques real-time monitoring sensors and operator dashboards can help provide a realistic dynamic view of safety conditions
6 Unnecessarily exposing people to hazardous environmentsProtecting the community environment and personnel is key to a sustainable safety programme
Recommendations Simulated training fire and gas detection systems smart instrumentation and personnel locationsystems can minimise human exposure to hazardous situations
7 External threats The realities of terrorism and business disruption due to plant safety incidents are critical considerations for plant managers
Recommendations These can be mitigated by defence-in-depth securityprogrammes and by careful integration of safety and control systems
Recommendations to maintain plant safety
1 Monitor equipment proactively
Proactive equipment condition monitoring can extend to all assets and processes that are critical to safe plant performance
Data from asset management systems can be integrated into an overall plant safety view This allows modification of the safety envelope model and real-time updating of plant safety dashboards providing a measure of overall integrity
of the plant This can also integrate condition management computerised maintenance management condition-based maintenance (CBM) and reliability-centred models ndash all of which contribute to operations and maintenance (RCORCM) solutions that improve plant safety
Recommendations to maintain plant safety
2 Utilise embedded diagnostics
It is essential to have confidence in the operational effectiveness and correct functioning of the installed safety systems Embedded automatic diagnostic featuresof control systems instrumentation and control elements increase this confidence and allow plant personnel to focus on production Data derived from a testing and diagnostic framework canautomatically reveal the appropriate communication strategies and coordinate the interaction ofthe personnel communications asset management and maintenance functions
Recommendations to maintain plant safety 3 Rationalise and prioritise alarms Alarms are often the first layer of protection and provide the first indication that there is a potential unsafe condition on the site However too many process alarms occurring at once can decrease the integrity of the alerts and the effectiveness of the operator response An effective and efficient alarm management system promotes both safety and performance Alarm rationalisation based on industry standards applies layers of protection to link the alarm priority with the time required to respond effectively to an alarm before the plant must undergo a costly shutdown This reduces nuisance trips by enabling operators to attend only to alarms associated with real dangers
Recommendations to maintain plant safety 4 Do not bypass inhibit-and-bypass management functionality Highlighting significant deviations from the normal operational state and adjusting the online plant safety case requires a robust management system to monitor record and report the status on all inhibit events and override conditions This allows for handover shift reports and key performance indicators to detect patterns and trends as well as status reports identifying and explaining the application of a bypass It also enables automatic removal of specified bypasses after a configurable period and advises when the plant achieves a steady operational state Inhibit and bypass management functions communicate with all electronic systems facilitate the systematic recording of events from other systems and provide a formal rule-based interpretation of the overall plant inhibit condition They initiate reports and display the operational status of the plant emergency systems
1
CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
1 Identification - Name of the substance or preparation - Name address and telephone of the companysupplier
2 Composition and information on ingredients
3 Hazard identification
4 First-air measures
5 Fire-fighting measures
6 spillage accidental release measures
7 Handling and storage
8 Exposure controls and personal protection
9 Physical and chemical properties
10 Stability and Reactivity
11 Toxicological information
12 Ecological information
13 Disposal considerations
14 Transport information
15 National regulations and references
16 Other information
EXAMPLE (Word file)
Example of MSDS worddoc
2 Anticipation
bull Anticipationrecognition of potential or actual hazards through knowledge of
bull ndashMaterials
bull ndashOperations
bull ndashProcesses
bull ndashConditions1048714
Scope of IH activities encompasses the ldquocradle-to-graverdquo concept (research through waste disposal)
3 Evaluation
bull Evaluation of environmental factors through
ndashMeasurement of exposure intensity
ndashDetermination of exposure frequency and duration
ndashComparison with regulatory professional and internal standards
bull Judgment weigh all factors
EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
Sampling and Measurement
bull OSHA and NIOSH publish sampling and analysis procedures appropriate for particular substances
bull ASTM has standards on instrumentation sampling and analytical procedures
bull ACGIH publishes a book on Air sampling instruments
4 Control
bull Employ methods to eliminate or reduce exposure resulting in elimination or reduction of the occurrence of occupational disease through
ndashEngineering (including process) interventions
ndashAdministrativeprogrammatic measures
ndashPersonal protective equipment (PPE)
Opportunities for Control
Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
bull Substitution ndash replacing a hazardous materials with a non-hazardous one
bull Isolation ndash use a barrier between a source of contaminants and workers
bull Ventilation ndash general or dilution ventilation and local exhaust ventilation
2 Work practices and Administrative controls
bull Housekeeping ndash regular cleaningbull Materials handling or Transfer procedures ndash to
remove generation of hazards during process of transferring (eg loadingunloading generates dust transferring liquids generates vaporsspills)
bull Leak detection programs ndash visual inspections auto sensors systems
bull Training ndash staffbull Modifying the work ndash limiting exposure periods
share activities between workersbull Personal hygiene ndash cleaning skins eyes change
cloths ete
OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES bull In the workplace workers are exposed to chemical
hazards in various activities such as transfer storage handling and use in the workstation and waste disposal
bull For the safe handling of chemicals it is necessary to take several preventive measures
bull Technical measures can be instituted to eliminate or reduced the worker exposure
bull The priority is to eliminate whenever possible very hazardous chemical form the workplace by substitute with less hazardous chemical or process
If substitution is not possible prevent exposure to the chemicals by implementing engineering control Measures that should be considered in engineering controls ( but not limited to ) are
1 enclosure or isolation
2 wet methods
3 use of industrial ventilation system
4 change of process
bull It must be remembered that personal protective equipment should always be the last to be considered
bull In some situations where substitution and engineering controls is not reasonably practicable and reliance has to be placed with personal protective equipment
bull For technical measure to be effective safe work practices and procedures should be developed and implemented hand in hand with the technical measures
Technical measures are but not limited tobull isolation of ignition sourcesbull development of procedures to cover handling use
operating procedures during manufacture transport storage use and disposal of chemicals
bull development and implementation of safe system of work such as permit to work system modification procedure maintenance and repair procedure inspection and testing
bull housekeeping bull hygiene facilitiesbull emergency procedure and facilitiesbull posting of warning sign
47
3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
bull Dust masks and respirators
bull Glasses goggles and face shields
bull Hearing protectionbull Glovesbull Foot protectionbull Head protectionbull Aprons or full-body suits
48
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
49
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
50
Hazardous Materials First Aid
bull Eyes Flush with water for 15 minutes
bull Skin Wash with soap and water
bull Inhalation Move to fresh air
bull Swallowing Get emergency medical assistance
51
Spills and Leaks
bull Evacuate the areabull Notify a supervisor or
the emergency response team
bull Remove ignition sources (if safe to do so)
bull Stay awaybull Call 9-9-9
2 Evaluation of chemical hazards
Qm=Mass rate of volatile material
Accumulation rate is lsquo0rsquo
Applying ideal gas law m=mass ρ=density v=volatile species b=bulk speciesRg=ideal gas constantT and P absolute temp and pressureM=molecular weight of volatile speciesmvVb=C=QmkQv
Vapor Pressure
Given two substances of the same volume which one has more potential hazard
ndashExample Motor oil vs ether
Ether has more potential hazard than motor oil due to its high vapor pressure and volatility
Examples of Health Effects
Asphyxiants Carbon dioxide carbon monoxide
Irritants Chlorine formaldehyde
Anesthetics Toluene benzene
Hepatotoxins Carbon tetrachloride chlorobenzene
Nephrotoxins Toluene xylene
Neurotoxins Carbon disulfide
Hematopoietictoxins Benzene carbon monoxide
Pulmonarytoxins Nitrogen dioxide phosgene
Carcinogens Benzene vinyl chloride monomer
Ideal Gas Law
Conversion of Units
VP and Concentration
Selection of methods to control identified hazard
Table 3-9 Chemical Plant Control Techniques
Generalized form
In many cases Psat raquo ρ
Eq3-12
KA is often very small compared to displacement and can be neglected
Control of identified hazard
Purposes of Industrial Ventilation
bull Control of toxic air contaminants to
acceptable levels
bull Control of noxious odors
bull Control of heat and humidity for comfort
and health
bull Prevention of fire and explosions
Types of Industrial Ventilation1 General ventilationndashControl of temperature humidity and odors
2 Dilution ventilationndashMaintain control of low toxicity gases and vapors below acceptable levels through dilution of concentration
3 Local exhaust ventilationndashCapturing and removing contaminants at or near their sources of emissionndashPrevents the transmission of contaminant to workerndashGiven priority in ldquoHierarchy of Controlsrdquo
Ventilation Terminology
Air velocity at the hood or slot opening n important design parameter
Air velocity through the cross-section of the duct
Basic Ventilation Equation
WhereQ = air flow rate (ft3min)A = cross-sectional area of duct or opening (ft2)V = average air velocity (ftmin)
Example
ndashIf fan is unchanged and number of hoods is
doubled then the resulting hood face velocities
will be 12 original velocity (possibly reducing air
velocity to less-than-needed capture velocity)
Hood Proximity and Exhaust Volume
Use of Enclosures
Direction of Air Movement
Direction of Air Movement
Eq 3-3
- Industrial Hygiene 1 Background 2 Objectives of IH 3 Type of HI control 4 Estimation of evaporation rate ventilation rate of volatiles
- Origin of Hygiene
- What Is Industrial Hygiene
- Some Occupational Hazards
- Slide 5
- Government Regulations
- Government Regulations
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS PLANT SAFETY
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Recommendations to maintain plant safety
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
- Example of MSDS worddoc
- 2 Anticipation
- 3 Evaluation
- EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
- Slide 37
- Sampling and Measurement
- 4 Control
- Opportunities for Control
- Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
- 2 Work practices and Administrative controls
- OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Technical measures are but not limited to
- 3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Slide 49
- Hazardous Materials First Aid
- Spills and Leaks
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
- Slide 83
- Slide 84
- Slide 85
- Slide 86
- Slide 87
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
-
Category 1 Flammable Liquid (per 19101200) or
Flammable Liquid with flashpoint below 1000F on site at one location in a quantity of 10000 lbs or more
29 CFR 1910119 does NOT apply to
bull Hydrocarbon fuels used solely for workplace consumption as a fuel not as part of a process containing another highly hazardous chemical
bull Flammable liquids with a flashpoint below 1000F stored in atmospheric tanks or transferred kept below their normal boiling point without benefit of chilling or refrigeration
A method to determine plant or process chemical hazards and develop policies procedures and safeguards against emergencies which may occur
Process Hazard Analysis (PHA) - this will be discussed in more detail under Hazard Identification topic
bull Shall be conducted as soon as possible but no later than (NLT)
NLT Initial Process completed by
25 May 26 199450 May 26 199575 May 26 1996
Completed by May 26 1997
bull After May 26 1997 - Acceptable if requirements of initial PHA are met
For example
bull Updated and revalidated by a team meeting at least every 5 years
bull Update and retain the PHA for each process for the life of the process
Operating Proceduresbull Written for safely conducting activities involved in each covered process
PHA = Process Hazard Analysis(this will be discussed in more detail under Hazard Identification topic)
Steps to cover for each Operating Procedure- this can be helpful for your assignment
Addresses at least
bull Initial set-up
bull Normal operations
bull Temporary operations
bull Emergency shutdown
bull Emergency operations
bull Normal shutdowns
bullStartup following
turnaround or
emergency shutdown
bull Operating Limits
bull Consequences of
deviation
bull Steps required to
correct or avoid
deviation
Methods used to determine and evaluate hazards (this will be discussed in more detail under Hazard Identification topic)
bull What Ifbull Checklistbull What IfChecklistbull HAZOP (Hazard amp Operability Study)bull FMEA (Failure Mode amp Effects Analysis)bull Fault Tree AnalysisbullEvent Tree Analysis bull An Appropriate Equivalent Methodology
Relevance to your assignment some points
Discussion of the process in terms of PSM criteria (your assignment 1)Discussion of the process in terms of PSM criteria (your assignment 1)
Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS
PLANT SAFETY1 Nuisance trips Emergency shutdowns and subsequent startups are among the
greatest threats to plant safety They divert attention from situations that could present real danger and result in unnecessary shutdowns and restarts ndash all of which pose additional risk
Sources failures due to systems wearing out spurious equipment failures and human failures caused by alarm floods
Recommendations Lifecycle equipment management asset management embedded
diagnostics and alarm management all help to eliminate nuisance trips
Source httpglobalwonderwarecomBRDocumentsDesafios20na20seguranC3A7a20de20uma20fC3A1bricapdf
2 Insufficient use of the full functionality of the control and safety system Process control and safety systems continue to do the lsquoheavy liftingrsquo in keeping plants operatingsafely but few companies take full advantage of their capabilities
Recommendations Alarm management loop management inhibit and bypass management and the smart integration of control systems help to ensure that you are maximising the full safety potential from your system investment
4 Training limitations Comprehensive hands-on safety training is difficult ndash if not impossible ndash to deliver No matter howtalented the trainers and trainees or how effective the curriculum classes and materialsconventional training can go only so far in conveying the realities of a hazardous situation
Recommendations However todayrsquos simulation and virtual-reality techniques allow operators to experience hazardous situations and consequences with a realism that has never been possible before
5 Lack of visibility of safety status
While safety breaches usually result from a combination of factors that have been deterioratingover time in many cases no one knows there is a problem or that an incident has occurred Mostplants are collecting the data that could provide early warning of problems but it is usually fragmented haphazard and not in a safety context
Recommendations Simulation techniques real-time monitoring sensors and operator dashboards can help provide a realistic dynamic view of safety conditions
6 Unnecessarily exposing people to hazardous environmentsProtecting the community environment and personnel is key to a sustainable safety programme
Recommendations Simulated training fire and gas detection systems smart instrumentation and personnel locationsystems can minimise human exposure to hazardous situations
7 External threats The realities of terrorism and business disruption due to plant safety incidents are critical considerations for plant managers
Recommendations These can be mitigated by defence-in-depth securityprogrammes and by careful integration of safety and control systems
Recommendations to maintain plant safety
1 Monitor equipment proactively
Proactive equipment condition monitoring can extend to all assets and processes that are critical to safe plant performance
Data from asset management systems can be integrated into an overall plant safety view This allows modification of the safety envelope model and real-time updating of plant safety dashboards providing a measure of overall integrity
of the plant This can also integrate condition management computerised maintenance management condition-based maintenance (CBM) and reliability-centred models ndash all of which contribute to operations and maintenance (RCORCM) solutions that improve plant safety
Recommendations to maintain plant safety
2 Utilise embedded diagnostics
It is essential to have confidence in the operational effectiveness and correct functioning of the installed safety systems Embedded automatic diagnostic featuresof control systems instrumentation and control elements increase this confidence and allow plant personnel to focus on production Data derived from a testing and diagnostic framework canautomatically reveal the appropriate communication strategies and coordinate the interaction ofthe personnel communications asset management and maintenance functions
Recommendations to maintain plant safety 3 Rationalise and prioritise alarms Alarms are often the first layer of protection and provide the first indication that there is a potential unsafe condition on the site However too many process alarms occurring at once can decrease the integrity of the alerts and the effectiveness of the operator response An effective and efficient alarm management system promotes both safety and performance Alarm rationalisation based on industry standards applies layers of protection to link the alarm priority with the time required to respond effectively to an alarm before the plant must undergo a costly shutdown This reduces nuisance trips by enabling operators to attend only to alarms associated with real dangers
Recommendations to maintain plant safety 4 Do not bypass inhibit-and-bypass management functionality Highlighting significant deviations from the normal operational state and adjusting the online plant safety case requires a robust management system to monitor record and report the status on all inhibit events and override conditions This allows for handover shift reports and key performance indicators to detect patterns and trends as well as status reports identifying and explaining the application of a bypass It also enables automatic removal of specified bypasses after a configurable period and advises when the plant achieves a steady operational state Inhibit and bypass management functions communicate with all electronic systems facilitate the systematic recording of events from other systems and provide a formal rule-based interpretation of the overall plant inhibit condition They initiate reports and display the operational status of the plant emergency systems
1
CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
1 Identification - Name of the substance or preparation - Name address and telephone of the companysupplier
2 Composition and information on ingredients
3 Hazard identification
4 First-air measures
5 Fire-fighting measures
6 spillage accidental release measures
7 Handling and storage
8 Exposure controls and personal protection
9 Physical and chemical properties
10 Stability and Reactivity
11 Toxicological information
12 Ecological information
13 Disposal considerations
14 Transport information
15 National regulations and references
16 Other information
EXAMPLE (Word file)
Example of MSDS worddoc
2 Anticipation
bull Anticipationrecognition of potential or actual hazards through knowledge of
bull ndashMaterials
bull ndashOperations
bull ndashProcesses
bull ndashConditions1048714
Scope of IH activities encompasses the ldquocradle-to-graverdquo concept (research through waste disposal)
3 Evaluation
bull Evaluation of environmental factors through
ndashMeasurement of exposure intensity
ndashDetermination of exposure frequency and duration
ndashComparison with regulatory professional and internal standards
bull Judgment weigh all factors
EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
Sampling and Measurement
bull OSHA and NIOSH publish sampling and analysis procedures appropriate for particular substances
bull ASTM has standards on instrumentation sampling and analytical procedures
bull ACGIH publishes a book on Air sampling instruments
4 Control
bull Employ methods to eliminate or reduce exposure resulting in elimination or reduction of the occurrence of occupational disease through
ndashEngineering (including process) interventions
ndashAdministrativeprogrammatic measures
ndashPersonal protective equipment (PPE)
Opportunities for Control
Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
bull Substitution ndash replacing a hazardous materials with a non-hazardous one
bull Isolation ndash use a barrier between a source of contaminants and workers
bull Ventilation ndash general or dilution ventilation and local exhaust ventilation
2 Work practices and Administrative controls
bull Housekeeping ndash regular cleaningbull Materials handling or Transfer procedures ndash to
remove generation of hazards during process of transferring (eg loadingunloading generates dust transferring liquids generates vaporsspills)
bull Leak detection programs ndash visual inspections auto sensors systems
bull Training ndash staffbull Modifying the work ndash limiting exposure periods
share activities between workersbull Personal hygiene ndash cleaning skins eyes change
cloths ete
OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES bull In the workplace workers are exposed to chemical
hazards in various activities such as transfer storage handling and use in the workstation and waste disposal
bull For the safe handling of chemicals it is necessary to take several preventive measures
bull Technical measures can be instituted to eliminate or reduced the worker exposure
bull The priority is to eliminate whenever possible very hazardous chemical form the workplace by substitute with less hazardous chemical or process
If substitution is not possible prevent exposure to the chemicals by implementing engineering control Measures that should be considered in engineering controls ( but not limited to ) are
1 enclosure or isolation
2 wet methods
3 use of industrial ventilation system
4 change of process
bull It must be remembered that personal protective equipment should always be the last to be considered
bull In some situations where substitution and engineering controls is not reasonably practicable and reliance has to be placed with personal protective equipment
bull For technical measure to be effective safe work practices and procedures should be developed and implemented hand in hand with the technical measures
Technical measures are but not limited tobull isolation of ignition sourcesbull development of procedures to cover handling use
operating procedures during manufacture transport storage use and disposal of chemicals
bull development and implementation of safe system of work such as permit to work system modification procedure maintenance and repair procedure inspection and testing
bull housekeeping bull hygiene facilitiesbull emergency procedure and facilitiesbull posting of warning sign
47
3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
bull Dust masks and respirators
bull Glasses goggles and face shields
bull Hearing protectionbull Glovesbull Foot protectionbull Head protectionbull Aprons or full-body suits
48
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
49
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
50
Hazardous Materials First Aid
bull Eyes Flush with water for 15 minutes
bull Skin Wash with soap and water
bull Inhalation Move to fresh air
bull Swallowing Get emergency medical assistance
51
Spills and Leaks
bull Evacuate the areabull Notify a supervisor or
the emergency response team
bull Remove ignition sources (if safe to do so)
bull Stay awaybull Call 9-9-9
2 Evaluation of chemical hazards
Qm=Mass rate of volatile material
Accumulation rate is lsquo0rsquo
Applying ideal gas law m=mass ρ=density v=volatile species b=bulk speciesRg=ideal gas constantT and P absolute temp and pressureM=molecular weight of volatile speciesmvVb=C=QmkQv
Vapor Pressure
Given two substances of the same volume which one has more potential hazard
ndashExample Motor oil vs ether
Ether has more potential hazard than motor oil due to its high vapor pressure and volatility
Examples of Health Effects
Asphyxiants Carbon dioxide carbon monoxide
Irritants Chlorine formaldehyde
Anesthetics Toluene benzene
Hepatotoxins Carbon tetrachloride chlorobenzene
Nephrotoxins Toluene xylene
Neurotoxins Carbon disulfide
Hematopoietictoxins Benzene carbon monoxide
Pulmonarytoxins Nitrogen dioxide phosgene
Carcinogens Benzene vinyl chloride monomer
Ideal Gas Law
Conversion of Units
VP and Concentration
Selection of methods to control identified hazard
Table 3-9 Chemical Plant Control Techniques
Generalized form
In many cases Psat raquo ρ
Eq3-12
KA is often very small compared to displacement and can be neglected
Control of identified hazard
Purposes of Industrial Ventilation
bull Control of toxic air contaminants to
acceptable levels
bull Control of noxious odors
bull Control of heat and humidity for comfort
and health
bull Prevention of fire and explosions
Types of Industrial Ventilation1 General ventilationndashControl of temperature humidity and odors
2 Dilution ventilationndashMaintain control of low toxicity gases and vapors below acceptable levels through dilution of concentration
3 Local exhaust ventilationndashCapturing and removing contaminants at or near their sources of emissionndashPrevents the transmission of contaminant to workerndashGiven priority in ldquoHierarchy of Controlsrdquo
Ventilation Terminology
Air velocity at the hood or slot opening n important design parameter
Air velocity through the cross-section of the duct
Basic Ventilation Equation
WhereQ = air flow rate (ft3min)A = cross-sectional area of duct or opening (ft2)V = average air velocity (ftmin)
Example
ndashIf fan is unchanged and number of hoods is
doubled then the resulting hood face velocities
will be 12 original velocity (possibly reducing air
velocity to less-than-needed capture velocity)
Hood Proximity and Exhaust Volume
Use of Enclosures
Direction of Air Movement
Direction of Air Movement
Eq 3-3
- Industrial Hygiene 1 Background 2 Objectives of IH 3 Type of HI control 4 Estimation of evaporation rate ventilation rate of volatiles
- Origin of Hygiene
- What Is Industrial Hygiene
- Some Occupational Hazards
- Slide 5
- Government Regulations
- Government Regulations
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS PLANT SAFETY
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Recommendations to maintain plant safety
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
- Example of MSDS worddoc
- 2 Anticipation
- 3 Evaluation
- EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
- Slide 37
- Sampling and Measurement
- 4 Control
- Opportunities for Control
- Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
- 2 Work practices and Administrative controls
- OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Technical measures are but not limited to
- 3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Slide 49
- Hazardous Materials First Aid
- Spills and Leaks
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
- Slide 83
- Slide 84
- Slide 85
- Slide 86
- Slide 87
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
-
A method to determine plant or process chemical hazards and develop policies procedures and safeguards against emergencies which may occur
Process Hazard Analysis (PHA) - this will be discussed in more detail under Hazard Identification topic
bull Shall be conducted as soon as possible but no later than (NLT)
NLT Initial Process completed by
25 May 26 199450 May 26 199575 May 26 1996
Completed by May 26 1997
bull After May 26 1997 - Acceptable if requirements of initial PHA are met
For example
bull Updated and revalidated by a team meeting at least every 5 years
bull Update and retain the PHA for each process for the life of the process
Operating Proceduresbull Written for safely conducting activities involved in each covered process
PHA = Process Hazard Analysis(this will be discussed in more detail under Hazard Identification topic)
Steps to cover for each Operating Procedure- this can be helpful for your assignment
Addresses at least
bull Initial set-up
bull Normal operations
bull Temporary operations
bull Emergency shutdown
bull Emergency operations
bull Normal shutdowns
bullStartup following
turnaround or
emergency shutdown
bull Operating Limits
bull Consequences of
deviation
bull Steps required to
correct or avoid
deviation
Methods used to determine and evaluate hazards (this will be discussed in more detail under Hazard Identification topic)
bull What Ifbull Checklistbull What IfChecklistbull HAZOP (Hazard amp Operability Study)bull FMEA (Failure Mode amp Effects Analysis)bull Fault Tree AnalysisbullEvent Tree Analysis bull An Appropriate Equivalent Methodology
Relevance to your assignment some points
Discussion of the process in terms of PSM criteria (your assignment 1)Discussion of the process in terms of PSM criteria (your assignment 1)
Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS
PLANT SAFETY1 Nuisance trips Emergency shutdowns and subsequent startups are among the
greatest threats to plant safety They divert attention from situations that could present real danger and result in unnecessary shutdowns and restarts ndash all of which pose additional risk
Sources failures due to systems wearing out spurious equipment failures and human failures caused by alarm floods
Recommendations Lifecycle equipment management asset management embedded
diagnostics and alarm management all help to eliminate nuisance trips
Source httpglobalwonderwarecomBRDocumentsDesafios20na20seguranC3A7a20de20uma20fC3A1bricapdf
2 Insufficient use of the full functionality of the control and safety system Process control and safety systems continue to do the lsquoheavy liftingrsquo in keeping plants operatingsafely but few companies take full advantage of their capabilities
Recommendations Alarm management loop management inhibit and bypass management and the smart integration of control systems help to ensure that you are maximising the full safety potential from your system investment
4 Training limitations Comprehensive hands-on safety training is difficult ndash if not impossible ndash to deliver No matter howtalented the trainers and trainees or how effective the curriculum classes and materialsconventional training can go only so far in conveying the realities of a hazardous situation
Recommendations However todayrsquos simulation and virtual-reality techniques allow operators to experience hazardous situations and consequences with a realism that has never been possible before
5 Lack of visibility of safety status
While safety breaches usually result from a combination of factors that have been deterioratingover time in many cases no one knows there is a problem or that an incident has occurred Mostplants are collecting the data that could provide early warning of problems but it is usually fragmented haphazard and not in a safety context
Recommendations Simulation techniques real-time monitoring sensors and operator dashboards can help provide a realistic dynamic view of safety conditions
6 Unnecessarily exposing people to hazardous environmentsProtecting the community environment and personnel is key to a sustainable safety programme
Recommendations Simulated training fire and gas detection systems smart instrumentation and personnel locationsystems can minimise human exposure to hazardous situations
7 External threats The realities of terrorism and business disruption due to plant safety incidents are critical considerations for plant managers
Recommendations These can be mitigated by defence-in-depth securityprogrammes and by careful integration of safety and control systems
Recommendations to maintain plant safety
1 Monitor equipment proactively
Proactive equipment condition monitoring can extend to all assets and processes that are critical to safe plant performance
Data from asset management systems can be integrated into an overall plant safety view This allows modification of the safety envelope model and real-time updating of plant safety dashboards providing a measure of overall integrity
of the plant This can also integrate condition management computerised maintenance management condition-based maintenance (CBM) and reliability-centred models ndash all of which contribute to operations and maintenance (RCORCM) solutions that improve plant safety
Recommendations to maintain plant safety
2 Utilise embedded diagnostics
It is essential to have confidence in the operational effectiveness and correct functioning of the installed safety systems Embedded automatic diagnostic featuresof control systems instrumentation and control elements increase this confidence and allow plant personnel to focus on production Data derived from a testing and diagnostic framework canautomatically reveal the appropriate communication strategies and coordinate the interaction ofthe personnel communications asset management and maintenance functions
Recommendations to maintain plant safety 3 Rationalise and prioritise alarms Alarms are often the first layer of protection and provide the first indication that there is a potential unsafe condition on the site However too many process alarms occurring at once can decrease the integrity of the alerts and the effectiveness of the operator response An effective and efficient alarm management system promotes both safety and performance Alarm rationalisation based on industry standards applies layers of protection to link the alarm priority with the time required to respond effectively to an alarm before the plant must undergo a costly shutdown This reduces nuisance trips by enabling operators to attend only to alarms associated with real dangers
Recommendations to maintain plant safety 4 Do not bypass inhibit-and-bypass management functionality Highlighting significant deviations from the normal operational state and adjusting the online plant safety case requires a robust management system to monitor record and report the status on all inhibit events and override conditions This allows for handover shift reports and key performance indicators to detect patterns and trends as well as status reports identifying and explaining the application of a bypass It also enables automatic removal of specified bypasses after a configurable period and advises when the plant achieves a steady operational state Inhibit and bypass management functions communicate with all electronic systems facilitate the systematic recording of events from other systems and provide a formal rule-based interpretation of the overall plant inhibit condition They initiate reports and display the operational status of the plant emergency systems
1
CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
1 Identification - Name of the substance or preparation - Name address and telephone of the companysupplier
2 Composition and information on ingredients
3 Hazard identification
4 First-air measures
5 Fire-fighting measures
6 spillage accidental release measures
7 Handling and storage
8 Exposure controls and personal protection
9 Physical and chemical properties
10 Stability and Reactivity
11 Toxicological information
12 Ecological information
13 Disposal considerations
14 Transport information
15 National regulations and references
16 Other information
EXAMPLE (Word file)
Example of MSDS worddoc
2 Anticipation
bull Anticipationrecognition of potential or actual hazards through knowledge of
bull ndashMaterials
bull ndashOperations
bull ndashProcesses
bull ndashConditions1048714
Scope of IH activities encompasses the ldquocradle-to-graverdquo concept (research through waste disposal)
3 Evaluation
bull Evaluation of environmental factors through
ndashMeasurement of exposure intensity
ndashDetermination of exposure frequency and duration
ndashComparison with regulatory professional and internal standards
bull Judgment weigh all factors
EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
Sampling and Measurement
bull OSHA and NIOSH publish sampling and analysis procedures appropriate for particular substances
bull ASTM has standards on instrumentation sampling and analytical procedures
bull ACGIH publishes a book on Air sampling instruments
4 Control
bull Employ methods to eliminate or reduce exposure resulting in elimination or reduction of the occurrence of occupational disease through
ndashEngineering (including process) interventions
ndashAdministrativeprogrammatic measures
ndashPersonal protective equipment (PPE)
Opportunities for Control
Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
bull Substitution ndash replacing a hazardous materials with a non-hazardous one
bull Isolation ndash use a barrier between a source of contaminants and workers
bull Ventilation ndash general or dilution ventilation and local exhaust ventilation
2 Work practices and Administrative controls
bull Housekeeping ndash regular cleaningbull Materials handling or Transfer procedures ndash to
remove generation of hazards during process of transferring (eg loadingunloading generates dust transferring liquids generates vaporsspills)
bull Leak detection programs ndash visual inspections auto sensors systems
bull Training ndash staffbull Modifying the work ndash limiting exposure periods
share activities between workersbull Personal hygiene ndash cleaning skins eyes change
cloths ete
OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES bull In the workplace workers are exposed to chemical
hazards in various activities such as transfer storage handling and use in the workstation and waste disposal
bull For the safe handling of chemicals it is necessary to take several preventive measures
bull Technical measures can be instituted to eliminate or reduced the worker exposure
bull The priority is to eliminate whenever possible very hazardous chemical form the workplace by substitute with less hazardous chemical or process
If substitution is not possible prevent exposure to the chemicals by implementing engineering control Measures that should be considered in engineering controls ( but not limited to ) are
1 enclosure or isolation
2 wet methods
3 use of industrial ventilation system
4 change of process
bull It must be remembered that personal protective equipment should always be the last to be considered
bull In some situations where substitution and engineering controls is not reasonably practicable and reliance has to be placed with personal protective equipment
bull For technical measure to be effective safe work practices and procedures should be developed and implemented hand in hand with the technical measures
Technical measures are but not limited tobull isolation of ignition sourcesbull development of procedures to cover handling use
operating procedures during manufacture transport storage use and disposal of chemicals
bull development and implementation of safe system of work such as permit to work system modification procedure maintenance and repair procedure inspection and testing
bull housekeeping bull hygiene facilitiesbull emergency procedure and facilitiesbull posting of warning sign
47
3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
bull Dust masks and respirators
bull Glasses goggles and face shields
bull Hearing protectionbull Glovesbull Foot protectionbull Head protectionbull Aprons or full-body suits
48
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
49
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
50
Hazardous Materials First Aid
bull Eyes Flush with water for 15 minutes
bull Skin Wash with soap and water
bull Inhalation Move to fresh air
bull Swallowing Get emergency medical assistance
51
Spills and Leaks
bull Evacuate the areabull Notify a supervisor or
the emergency response team
bull Remove ignition sources (if safe to do so)
bull Stay awaybull Call 9-9-9
2 Evaluation of chemical hazards
Qm=Mass rate of volatile material
Accumulation rate is lsquo0rsquo
Applying ideal gas law m=mass ρ=density v=volatile species b=bulk speciesRg=ideal gas constantT and P absolute temp and pressureM=molecular weight of volatile speciesmvVb=C=QmkQv
Vapor Pressure
Given two substances of the same volume which one has more potential hazard
ndashExample Motor oil vs ether
Ether has more potential hazard than motor oil due to its high vapor pressure and volatility
Examples of Health Effects
Asphyxiants Carbon dioxide carbon monoxide
Irritants Chlorine formaldehyde
Anesthetics Toluene benzene
Hepatotoxins Carbon tetrachloride chlorobenzene
Nephrotoxins Toluene xylene
Neurotoxins Carbon disulfide
Hematopoietictoxins Benzene carbon monoxide
Pulmonarytoxins Nitrogen dioxide phosgene
Carcinogens Benzene vinyl chloride monomer
Ideal Gas Law
Conversion of Units
VP and Concentration
Selection of methods to control identified hazard
Table 3-9 Chemical Plant Control Techniques
Generalized form
In many cases Psat raquo ρ
Eq3-12
KA is often very small compared to displacement and can be neglected
Control of identified hazard
Purposes of Industrial Ventilation
bull Control of toxic air contaminants to
acceptable levels
bull Control of noxious odors
bull Control of heat and humidity for comfort
and health
bull Prevention of fire and explosions
Types of Industrial Ventilation1 General ventilationndashControl of temperature humidity and odors
2 Dilution ventilationndashMaintain control of low toxicity gases and vapors below acceptable levels through dilution of concentration
3 Local exhaust ventilationndashCapturing and removing contaminants at or near their sources of emissionndashPrevents the transmission of contaminant to workerndashGiven priority in ldquoHierarchy of Controlsrdquo
Ventilation Terminology
Air velocity at the hood or slot opening n important design parameter
Air velocity through the cross-section of the duct
Basic Ventilation Equation
WhereQ = air flow rate (ft3min)A = cross-sectional area of duct or opening (ft2)V = average air velocity (ftmin)
Example
ndashIf fan is unchanged and number of hoods is
doubled then the resulting hood face velocities
will be 12 original velocity (possibly reducing air
velocity to less-than-needed capture velocity)
Hood Proximity and Exhaust Volume
Use of Enclosures
Direction of Air Movement
Direction of Air Movement
Eq 3-3
- Industrial Hygiene 1 Background 2 Objectives of IH 3 Type of HI control 4 Estimation of evaporation rate ventilation rate of volatiles
- Origin of Hygiene
- What Is Industrial Hygiene
- Some Occupational Hazards
- Slide 5
- Government Regulations
- Government Regulations
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS PLANT SAFETY
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Recommendations to maintain plant safety
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
- Example of MSDS worddoc
- 2 Anticipation
- 3 Evaluation
- EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
- Slide 37
- Sampling and Measurement
- 4 Control
- Opportunities for Control
- Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
- 2 Work practices and Administrative controls
- OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Technical measures are but not limited to
- 3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Slide 49
- Hazardous Materials First Aid
- Spills and Leaks
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
- Slide 83
- Slide 84
- Slide 85
- Slide 86
- Slide 87
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
-
bull Shall be conducted as soon as possible but no later than (NLT)
NLT Initial Process completed by
25 May 26 199450 May 26 199575 May 26 1996
Completed by May 26 1997
bull After May 26 1997 - Acceptable if requirements of initial PHA are met
For example
bull Updated and revalidated by a team meeting at least every 5 years
bull Update and retain the PHA for each process for the life of the process
Operating Proceduresbull Written for safely conducting activities involved in each covered process
PHA = Process Hazard Analysis(this will be discussed in more detail under Hazard Identification topic)
Steps to cover for each Operating Procedure- this can be helpful for your assignment
Addresses at least
bull Initial set-up
bull Normal operations
bull Temporary operations
bull Emergency shutdown
bull Emergency operations
bull Normal shutdowns
bullStartup following
turnaround or
emergency shutdown
bull Operating Limits
bull Consequences of
deviation
bull Steps required to
correct or avoid
deviation
Methods used to determine and evaluate hazards (this will be discussed in more detail under Hazard Identification topic)
bull What Ifbull Checklistbull What IfChecklistbull HAZOP (Hazard amp Operability Study)bull FMEA (Failure Mode amp Effects Analysis)bull Fault Tree AnalysisbullEvent Tree Analysis bull An Appropriate Equivalent Methodology
Relevance to your assignment some points
Discussion of the process in terms of PSM criteria (your assignment 1)Discussion of the process in terms of PSM criteria (your assignment 1)
Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS
PLANT SAFETY1 Nuisance trips Emergency shutdowns and subsequent startups are among the
greatest threats to plant safety They divert attention from situations that could present real danger and result in unnecessary shutdowns and restarts ndash all of which pose additional risk
Sources failures due to systems wearing out spurious equipment failures and human failures caused by alarm floods
Recommendations Lifecycle equipment management asset management embedded
diagnostics and alarm management all help to eliminate nuisance trips
Source httpglobalwonderwarecomBRDocumentsDesafios20na20seguranC3A7a20de20uma20fC3A1bricapdf
2 Insufficient use of the full functionality of the control and safety system Process control and safety systems continue to do the lsquoheavy liftingrsquo in keeping plants operatingsafely but few companies take full advantage of their capabilities
Recommendations Alarm management loop management inhibit and bypass management and the smart integration of control systems help to ensure that you are maximising the full safety potential from your system investment
4 Training limitations Comprehensive hands-on safety training is difficult ndash if not impossible ndash to deliver No matter howtalented the trainers and trainees or how effective the curriculum classes and materialsconventional training can go only so far in conveying the realities of a hazardous situation
Recommendations However todayrsquos simulation and virtual-reality techniques allow operators to experience hazardous situations and consequences with a realism that has never been possible before
5 Lack of visibility of safety status
While safety breaches usually result from a combination of factors that have been deterioratingover time in many cases no one knows there is a problem or that an incident has occurred Mostplants are collecting the data that could provide early warning of problems but it is usually fragmented haphazard and not in a safety context
Recommendations Simulation techniques real-time monitoring sensors and operator dashboards can help provide a realistic dynamic view of safety conditions
6 Unnecessarily exposing people to hazardous environmentsProtecting the community environment and personnel is key to a sustainable safety programme
Recommendations Simulated training fire and gas detection systems smart instrumentation and personnel locationsystems can minimise human exposure to hazardous situations
7 External threats The realities of terrorism and business disruption due to plant safety incidents are critical considerations for plant managers
Recommendations These can be mitigated by defence-in-depth securityprogrammes and by careful integration of safety and control systems
Recommendations to maintain plant safety
1 Monitor equipment proactively
Proactive equipment condition monitoring can extend to all assets and processes that are critical to safe plant performance
Data from asset management systems can be integrated into an overall plant safety view This allows modification of the safety envelope model and real-time updating of plant safety dashboards providing a measure of overall integrity
of the plant This can also integrate condition management computerised maintenance management condition-based maintenance (CBM) and reliability-centred models ndash all of which contribute to operations and maintenance (RCORCM) solutions that improve plant safety
Recommendations to maintain plant safety
2 Utilise embedded diagnostics
It is essential to have confidence in the operational effectiveness and correct functioning of the installed safety systems Embedded automatic diagnostic featuresof control systems instrumentation and control elements increase this confidence and allow plant personnel to focus on production Data derived from a testing and diagnostic framework canautomatically reveal the appropriate communication strategies and coordinate the interaction ofthe personnel communications asset management and maintenance functions
Recommendations to maintain plant safety 3 Rationalise and prioritise alarms Alarms are often the first layer of protection and provide the first indication that there is a potential unsafe condition on the site However too many process alarms occurring at once can decrease the integrity of the alerts and the effectiveness of the operator response An effective and efficient alarm management system promotes both safety and performance Alarm rationalisation based on industry standards applies layers of protection to link the alarm priority with the time required to respond effectively to an alarm before the plant must undergo a costly shutdown This reduces nuisance trips by enabling operators to attend only to alarms associated with real dangers
Recommendations to maintain plant safety 4 Do not bypass inhibit-and-bypass management functionality Highlighting significant deviations from the normal operational state and adjusting the online plant safety case requires a robust management system to monitor record and report the status on all inhibit events and override conditions This allows for handover shift reports and key performance indicators to detect patterns and trends as well as status reports identifying and explaining the application of a bypass It also enables automatic removal of specified bypasses after a configurable period and advises when the plant achieves a steady operational state Inhibit and bypass management functions communicate with all electronic systems facilitate the systematic recording of events from other systems and provide a formal rule-based interpretation of the overall plant inhibit condition They initiate reports and display the operational status of the plant emergency systems
1
CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
1 Identification - Name of the substance or preparation - Name address and telephone of the companysupplier
2 Composition and information on ingredients
3 Hazard identification
4 First-air measures
5 Fire-fighting measures
6 spillage accidental release measures
7 Handling and storage
8 Exposure controls and personal protection
9 Physical and chemical properties
10 Stability and Reactivity
11 Toxicological information
12 Ecological information
13 Disposal considerations
14 Transport information
15 National regulations and references
16 Other information
EXAMPLE (Word file)
Example of MSDS worddoc
2 Anticipation
bull Anticipationrecognition of potential or actual hazards through knowledge of
bull ndashMaterials
bull ndashOperations
bull ndashProcesses
bull ndashConditions1048714
Scope of IH activities encompasses the ldquocradle-to-graverdquo concept (research through waste disposal)
3 Evaluation
bull Evaluation of environmental factors through
ndashMeasurement of exposure intensity
ndashDetermination of exposure frequency and duration
ndashComparison with regulatory professional and internal standards
bull Judgment weigh all factors
EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
Sampling and Measurement
bull OSHA and NIOSH publish sampling and analysis procedures appropriate for particular substances
bull ASTM has standards on instrumentation sampling and analytical procedures
bull ACGIH publishes a book on Air sampling instruments
4 Control
bull Employ methods to eliminate or reduce exposure resulting in elimination or reduction of the occurrence of occupational disease through
ndashEngineering (including process) interventions
ndashAdministrativeprogrammatic measures
ndashPersonal protective equipment (PPE)
Opportunities for Control
Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
bull Substitution ndash replacing a hazardous materials with a non-hazardous one
bull Isolation ndash use a barrier between a source of contaminants and workers
bull Ventilation ndash general or dilution ventilation and local exhaust ventilation
2 Work practices and Administrative controls
bull Housekeeping ndash regular cleaningbull Materials handling or Transfer procedures ndash to
remove generation of hazards during process of transferring (eg loadingunloading generates dust transferring liquids generates vaporsspills)
bull Leak detection programs ndash visual inspections auto sensors systems
bull Training ndash staffbull Modifying the work ndash limiting exposure periods
share activities between workersbull Personal hygiene ndash cleaning skins eyes change
cloths ete
OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES bull In the workplace workers are exposed to chemical
hazards in various activities such as transfer storage handling and use in the workstation and waste disposal
bull For the safe handling of chemicals it is necessary to take several preventive measures
bull Technical measures can be instituted to eliminate or reduced the worker exposure
bull The priority is to eliminate whenever possible very hazardous chemical form the workplace by substitute with less hazardous chemical or process
If substitution is not possible prevent exposure to the chemicals by implementing engineering control Measures that should be considered in engineering controls ( but not limited to ) are
1 enclosure or isolation
2 wet methods
3 use of industrial ventilation system
4 change of process
bull It must be remembered that personal protective equipment should always be the last to be considered
bull In some situations where substitution and engineering controls is not reasonably practicable and reliance has to be placed with personal protective equipment
bull For technical measure to be effective safe work practices and procedures should be developed and implemented hand in hand with the technical measures
Technical measures are but not limited tobull isolation of ignition sourcesbull development of procedures to cover handling use
operating procedures during manufacture transport storage use and disposal of chemicals
bull development and implementation of safe system of work such as permit to work system modification procedure maintenance and repair procedure inspection and testing
bull housekeeping bull hygiene facilitiesbull emergency procedure and facilitiesbull posting of warning sign
47
3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
bull Dust masks and respirators
bull Glasses goggles and face shields
bull Hearing protectionbull Glovesbull Foot protectionbull Head protectionbull Aprons or full-body suits
48
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
49
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
50
Hazardous Materials First Aid
bull Eyes Flush with water for 15 minutes
bull Skin Wash with soap and water
bull Inhalation Move to fresh air
bull Swallowing Get emergency medical assistance
51
Spills and Leaks
bull Evacuate the areabull Notify a supervisor or
the emergency response team
bull Remove ignition sources (if safe to do so)
bull Stay awaybull Call 9-9-9
2 Evaluation of chemical hazards
Qm=Mass rate of volatile material
Accumulation rate is lsquo0rsquo
Applying ideal gas law m=mass ρ=density v=volatile species b=bulk speciesRg=ideal gas constantT and P absolute temp and pressureM=molecular weight of volatile speciesmvVb=C=QmkQv
Vapor Pressure
Given two substances of the same volume which one has more potential hazard
ndashExample Motor oil vs ether
Ether has more potential hazard than motor oil due to its high vapor pressure and volatility
Examples of Health Effects
Asphyxiants Carbon dioxide carbon monoxide
Irritants Chlorine formaldehyde
Anesthetics Toluene benzene
Hepatotoxins Carbon tetrachloride chlorobenzene
Nephrotoxins Toluene xylene
Neurotoxins Carbon disulfide
Hematopoietictoxins Benzene carbon monoxide
Pulmonarytoxins Nitrogen dioxide phosgene
Carcinogens Benzene vinyl chloride monomer
Ideal Gas Law
Conversion of Units
VP and Concentration
Selection of methods to control identified hazard
Table 3-9 Chemical Plant Control Techniques
Generalized form
In many cases Psat raquo ρ
Eq3-12
KA is often very small compared to displacement and can be neglected
Control of identified hazard
Purposes of Industrial Ventilation
bull Control of toxic air contaminants to
acceptable levels
bull Control of noxious odors
bull Control of heat and humidity for comfort
and health
bull Prevention of fire and explosions
Types of Industrial Ventilation1 General ventilationndashControl of temperature humidity and odors
2 Dilution ventilationndashMaintain control of low toxicity gases and vapors below acceptable levels through dilution of concentration
3 Local exhaust ventilationndashCapturing and removing contaminants at or near their sources of emissionndashPrevents the transmission of contaminant to workerndashGiven priority in ldquoHierarchy of Controlsrdquo
Ventilation Terminology
Air velocity at the hood or slot opening n important design parameter
Air velocity through the cross-section of the duct
Basic Ventilation Equation
WhereQ = air flow rate (ft3min)A = cross-sectional area of duct or opening (ft2)V = average air velocity (ftmin)
Example
ndashIf fan is unchanged and number of hoods is
doubled then the resulting hood face velocities
will be 12 original velocity (possibly reducing air
velocity to less-than-needed capture velocity)
Hood Proximity and Exhaust Volume
Use of Enclosures
Direction of Air Movement
Direction of Air Movement
Eq 3-3
- Industrial Hygiene 1 Background 2 Objectives of IH 3 Type of HI control 4 Estimation of evaporation rate ventilation rate of volatiles
- Origin of Hygiene
- What Is Industrial Hygiene
- Some Occupational Hazards
- Slide 5
- Government Regulations
- Government Regulations
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS PLANT SAFETY
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Recommendations to maintain plant safety
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
- Example of MSDS worddoc
- 2 Anticipation
- 3 Evaluation
- EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
- Slide 37
- Sampling and Measurement
- 4 Control
- Opportunities for Control
- Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
- 2 Work practices and Administrative controls
- OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Technical measures are but not limited to
- 3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Slide 49
- Hazardous Materials First Aid
- Spills and Leaks
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
- Slide 83
- Slide 84
- Slide 85
- Slide 86
- Slide 87
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
-
bull Updated and revalidated by a team meeting at least every 5 years
bull Update and retain the PHA for each process for the life of the process
Operating Proceduresbull Written for safely conducting activities involved in each covered process
PHA = Process Hazard Analysis(this will be discussed in more detail under Hazard Identification topic)
Steps to cover for each Operating Procedure- this can be helpful for your assignment
Addresses at least
bull Initial set-up
bull Normal operations
bull Temporary operations
bull Emergency shutdown
bull Emergency operations
bull Normal shutdowns
bullStartup following
turnaround or
emergency shutdown
bull Operating Limits
bull Consequences of
deviation
bull Steps required to
correct or avoid
deviation
Methods used to determine and evaluate hazards (this will be discussed in more detail under Hazard Identification topic)
bull What Ifbull Checklistbull What IfChecklistbull HAZOP (Hazard amp Operability Study)bull FMEA (Failure Mode amp Effects Analysis)bull Fault Tree AnalysisbullEvent Tree Analysis bull An Appropriate Equivalent Methodology
Relevance to your assignment some points
Discussion of the process in terms of PSM criteria (your assignment 1)Discussion of the process in terms of PSM criteria (your assignment 1)
Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS
PLANT SAFETY1 Nuisance trips Emergency shutdowns and subsequent startups are among the
greatest threats to plant safety They divert attention from situations that could present real danger and result in unnecessary shutdowns and restarts ndash all of which pose additional risk
Sources failures due to systems wearing out spurious equipment failures and human failures caused by alarm floods
Recommendations Lifecycle equipment management asset management embedded
diagnostics and alarm management all help to eliminate nuisance trips
Source httpglobalwonderwarecomBRDocumentsDesafios20na20seguranC3A7a20de20uma20fC3A1bricapdf
2 Insufficient use of the full functionality of the control and safety system Process control and safety systems continue to do the lsquoheavy liftingrsquo in keeping plants operatingsafely but few companies take full advantage of their capabilities
Recommendations Alarm management loop management inhibit and bypass management and the smart integration of control systems help to ensure that you are maximising the full safety potential from your system investment
4 Training limitations Comprehensive hands-on safety training is difficult ndash if not impossible ndash to deliver No matter howtalented the trainers and trainees or how effective the curriculum classes and materialsconventional training can go only so far in conveying the realities of a hazardous situation
Recommendations However todayrsquos simulation and virtual-reality techniques allow operators to experience hazardous situations and consequences with a realism that has never been possible before
5 Lack of visibility of safety status
While safety breaches usually result from a combination of factors that have been deterioratingover time in many cases no one knows there is a problem or that an incident has occurred Mostplants are collecting the data that could provide early warning of problems but it is usually fragmented haphazard and not in a safety context
Recommendations Simulation techniques real-time monitoring sensors and operator dashboards can help provide a realistic dynamic view of safety conditions
6 Unnecessarily exposing people to hazardous environmentsProtecting the community environment and personnel is key to a sustainable safety programme
Recommendations Simulated training fire and gas detection systems smart instrumentation and personnel locationsystems can minimise human exposure to hazardous situations
7 External threats The realities of terrorism and business disruption due to plant safety incidents are critical considerations for plant managers
Recommendations These can be mitigated by defence-in-depth securityprogrammes and by careful integration of safety and control systems
Recommendations to maintain plant safety
1 Monitor equipment proactively
Proactive equipment condition monitoring can extend to all assets and processes that are critical to safe plant performance
Data from asset management systems can be integrated into an overall plant safety view This allows modification of the safety envelope model and real-time updating of plant safety dashboards providing a measure of overall integrity
of the plant This can also integrate condition management computerised maintenance management condition-based maintenance (CBM) and reliability-centred models ndash all of which contribute to operations and maintenance (RCORCM) solutions that improve plant safety
Recommendations to maintain plant safety
2 Utilise embedded diagnostics
It is essential to have confidence in the operational effectiveness and correct functioning of the installed safety systems Embedded automatic diagnostic featuresof control systems instrumentation and control elements increase this confidence and allow plant personnel to focus on production Data derived from a testing and diagnostic framework canautomatically reveal the appropriate communication strategies and coordinate the interaction ofthe personnel communications asset management and maintenance functions
Recommendations to maintain plant safety 3 Rationalise and prioritise alarms Alarms are often the first layer of protection and provide the first indication that there is a potential unsafe condition on the site However too many process alarms occurring at once can decrease the integrity of the alerts and the effectiveness of the operator response An effective and efficient alarm management system promotes both safety and performance Alarm rationalisation based on industry standards applies layers of protection to link the alarm priority with the time required to respond effectively to an alarm before the plant must undergo a costly shutdown This reduces nuisance trips by enabling operators to attend only to alarms associated with real dangers
Recommendations to maintain plant safety 4 Do not bypass inhibit-and-bypass management functionality Highlighting significant deviations from the normal operational state and adjusting the online plant safety case requires a robust management system to monitor record and report the status on all inhibit events and override conditions This allows for handover shift reports and key performance indicators to detect patterns and trends as well as status reports identifying and explaining the application of a bypass It also enables automatic removal of specified bypasses after a configurable period and advises when the plant achieves a steady operational state Inhibit and bypass management functions communicate with all electronic systems facilitate the systematic recording of events from other systems and provide a formal rule-based interpretation of the overall plant inhibit condition They initiate reports and display the operational status of the plant emergency systems
1
CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
1 Identification - Name of the substance or preparation - Name address and telephone of the companysupplier
2 Composition and information on ingredients
3 Hazard identification
4 First-air measures
5 Fire-fighting measures
6 spillage accidental release measures
7 Handling and storage
8 Exposure controls and personal protection
9 Physical and chemical properties
10 Stability and Reactivity
11 Toxicological information
12 Ecological information
13 Disposal considerations
14 Transport information
15 National regulations and references
16 Other information
EXAMPLE (Word file)
Example of MSDS worddoc
2 Anticipation
bull Anticipationrecognition of potential or actual hazards through knowledge of
bull ndashMaterials
bull ndashOperations
bull ndashProcesses
bull ndashConditions1048714
Scope of IH activities encompasses the ldquocradle-to-graverdquo concept (research through waste disposal)
3 Evaluation
bull Evaluation of environmental factors through
ndashMeasurement of exposure intensity
ndashDetermination of exposure frequency and duration
ndashComparison with regulatory professional and internal standards
bull Judgment weigh all factors
EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
Sampling and Measurement
bull OSHA and NIOSH publish sampling and analysis procedures appropriate for particular substances
bull ASTM has standards on instrumentation sampling and analytical procedures
bull ACGIH publishes a book on Air sampling instruments
4 Control
bull Employ methods to eliminate or reduce exposure resulting in elimination or reduction of the occurrence of occupational disease through
ndashEngineering (including process) interventions
ndashAdministrativeprogrammatic measures
ndashPersonal protective equipment (PPE)
Opportunities for Control
Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
bull Substitution ndash replacing a hazardous materials with a non-hazardous one
bull Isolation ndash use a barrier between a source of contaminants and workers
bull Ventilation ndash general or dilution ventilation and local exhaust ventilation
2 Work practices and Administrative controls
bull Housekeeping ndash regular cleaningbull Materials handling or Transfer procedures ndash to
remove generation of hazards during process of transferring (eg loadingunloading generates dust transferring liquids generates vaporsspills)
bull Leak detection programs ndash visual inspections auto sensors systems
bull Training ndash staffbull Modifying the work ndash limiting exposure periods
share activities between workersbull Personal hygiene ndash cleaning skins eyes change
cloths ete
OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES bull In the workplace workers are exposed to chemical
hazards in various activities such as transfer storage handling and use in the workstation and waste disposal
bull For the safe handling of chemicals it is necessary to take several preventive measures
bull Technical measures can be instituted to eliminate or reduced the worker exposure
bull The priority is to eliminate whenever possible very hazardous chemical form the workplace by substitute with less hazardous chemical or process
If substitution is not possible prevent exposure to the chemicals by implementing engineering control Measures that should be considered in engineering controls ( but not limited to ) are
1 enclosure or isolation
2 wet methods
3 use of industrial ventilation system
4 change of process
bull It must be remembered that personal protective equipment should always be the last to be considered
bull In some situations where substitution and engineering controls is not reasonably practicable and reliance has to be placed with personal protective equipment
bull For technical measure to be effective safe work practices and procedures should be developed and implemented hand in hand with the technical measures
Technical measures are but not limited tobull isolation of ignition sourcesbull development of procedures to cover handling use
operating procedures during manufacture transport storage use and disposal of chemicals
bull development and implementation of safe system of work such as permit to work system modification procedure maintenance and repair procedure inspection and testing
bull housekeeping bull hygiene facilitiesbull emergency procedure and facilitiesbull posting of warning sign
47
3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
bull Dust masks and respirators
bull Glasses goggles and face shields
bull Hearing protectionbull Glovesbull Foot protectionbull Head protectionbull Aprons or full-body suits
48
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
49
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
50
Hazardous Materials First Aid
bull Eyes Flush with water for 15 minutes
bull Skin Wash with soap and water
bull Inhalation Move to fresh air
bull Swallowing Get emergency medical assistance
51
Spills and Leaks
bull Evacuate the areabull Notify a supervisor or
the emergency response team
bull Remove ignition sources (if safe to do so)
bull Stay awaybull Call 9-9-9
2 Evaluation of chemical hazards
Qm=Mass rate of volatile material
Accumulation rate is lsquo0rsquo
Applying ideal gas law m=mass ρ=density v=volatile species b=bulk speciesRg=ideal gas constantT and P absolute temp and pressureM=molecular weight of volatile speciesmvVb=C=QmkQv
Vapor Pressure
Given two substances of the same volume which one has more potential hazard
ndashExample Motor oil vs ether
Ether has more potential hazard than motor oil due to its high vapor pressure and volatility
Examples of Health Effects
Asphyxiants Carbon dioxide carbon monoxide
Irritants Chlorine formaldehyde
Anesthetics Toluene benzene
Hepatotoxins Carbon tetrachloride chlorobenzene
Nephrotoxins Toluene xylene
Neurotoxins Carbon disulfide
Hematopoietictoxins Benzene carbon monoxide
Pulmonarytoxins Nitrogen dioxide phosgene
Carcinogens Benzene vinyl chloride monomer
Ideal Gas Law
Conversion of Units
VP and Concentration
Selection of methods to control identified hazard
Table 3-9 Chemical Plant Control Techniques
Generalized form
In many cases Psat raquo ρ
Eq3-12
KA is often very small compared to displacement and can be neglected
Control of identified hazard
Purposes of Industrial Ventilation
bull Control of toxic air contaminants to
acceptable levels
bull Control of noxious odors
bull Control of heat and humidity for comfort
and health
bull Prevention of fire and explosions
Types of Industrial Ventilation1 General ventilationndashControl of temperature humidity and odors
2 Dilution ventilationndashMaintain control of low toxicity gases and vapors below acceptable levels through dilution of concentration
3 Local exhaust ventilationndashCapturing and removing contaminants at or near their sources of emissionndashPrevents the transmission of contaminant to workerndashGiven priority in ldquoHierarchy of Controlsrdquo
Ventilation Terminology
Air velocity at the hood or slot opening n important design parameter
Air velocity through the cross-section of the duct
Basic Ventilation Equation
WhereQ = air flow rate (ft3min)A = cross-sectional area of duct or opening (ft2)V = average air velocity (ftmin)
Example
ndashIf fan is unchanged and number of hoods is
doubled then the resulting hood face velocities
will be 12 original velocity (possibly reducing air
velocity to less-than-needed capture velocity)
Hood Proximity and Exhaust Volume
Use of Enclosures
Direction of Air Movement
Direction of Air Movement
Eq 3-3
- Industrial Hygiene 1 Background 2 Objectives of IH 3 Type of HI control 4 Estimation of evaporation rate ventilation rate of volatiles
- Origin of Hygiene
- What Is Industrial Hygiene
- Some Occupational Hazards
- Slide 5
- Government Regulations
- Government Regulations
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS PLANT SAFETY
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Recommendations to maintain plant safety
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
- Example of MSDS worddoc
- 2 Anticipation
- 3 Evaluation
- EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
- Slide 37
- Sampling and Measurement
- 4 Control
- Opportunities for Control
- Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
- 2 Work practices and Administrative controls
- OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Technical measures are but not limited to
- 3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Slide 49
- Hazardous Materials First Aid
- Spills and Leaks
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
- Slide 83
- Slide 84
- Slide 85
- Slide 86
- Slide 87
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
-
Steps to cover for each Operating Procedure- this can be helpful for your assignment
Addresses at least
bull Initial set-up
bull Normal operations
bull Temporary operations
bull Emergency shutdown
bull Emergency operations
bull Normal shutdowns
bullStartup following
turnaround or
emergency shutdown
bull Operating Limits
bull Consequences of
deviation
bull Steps required to
correct or avoid
deviation
Methods used to determine and evaluate hazards (this will be discussed in more detail under Hazard Identification topic)
bull What Ifbull Checklistbull What IfChecklistbull HAZOP (Hazard amp Operability Study)bull FMEA (Failure Mode amp Effects Analysis)bull Fault Tree AnalysisbullEvent Tree Analysis bull An Appropriate Equivalent Methodology
Relevance to your assignment some points
Discussion of the process in terms of PSM criteria (your assignment 1)Discussion of the process in terms of PSM criteria (your assignment 1)
Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS
PLANT SAFETY1 Nuisance trips Emergency shutdowns and subsequent startups are among the
greatest threats to plant safety They divert attention from situations that could present real danger and result in unnecessary shutdowns and restarts ndash all of which pose additional risk
Sources failures due to systems wearing out spurious equipment failures and human failures caused by alarm floods
Recommendations Lifecycle equipment management asset management embedded
diagnostics and alarm management all help to eliminate nuisance trips
Source httpglobalwonderwarecomBRDocumentsDesafios20na20seguranC3A7a20de20uma20fC3A1bricapdf
2 Insufficient use of the full functionality of the control and safety system Process control and safety systems continue to do the lsquoheavy liftingrsquo in keeping plants operatingsafely but few companies take full advantage of their capabilities
Recommendations Alarm management loop management inhibit and bypass management and the smart integration of control systems help to ensure that you are maximising the full safety potential from your system investment
4 Training limitations Comprehensive hands-on safety training is difficult ndash if not impossible ndash to deliver No matter howtalented the trainers and trainees or how effective the curriculum classes and materialsconventional training can go only so far in conveying the realities of a hazardous situation
Recommendations However todayrsquos simulation and virtual-reality techniques allow operators to experience hazardous situations and consequences with a realism that has never been possible before
5 Lack of visibility of safety status
While safety breaches usually result from a combination of factors that have been deterioratingover time in many cases no one knows there is a problem or that an incident has occurred Mostplants are collecting the data that could provide early warning of problems but it is usually fragmented haphazard and not in a safety context
Recommendations Simulation techniques real-time monitoring sensors and operator dashboards can help provide a realistic dynamic view of safety conditions
6 Unnecessarily exposing people to hazardous environmentsProtecting the community environment and personnel is key to a sustainable safety programme
Recommendations Simulated training fire and gas detection systems smart instrumentation and personnel locationsystems can minimise human exposure to hazardous situations
7 External threats The realities of terrorism and business disruption due to plant safety incidents are critical considerations for plant managers
Recommendations These can be mitigated by defence-in-depth securityprogrammes and by careful integration of safety and control systems
Recommendations to maintain plant safety
1 Monitor equipment proactively
Proactive equipment condition monitoring can extend to all assets and processes that are critical to safe plant performance
Data from asset management systems can be integrated into an overall plant safety view This allows modification of the safety envelope model and real-time updating of plant safety dashboards providing a measure of overall integrity
of the plant This can also integrate condition management computerised maintenance management condition-based maintenance (CBM) and reliability-centred models ndash all of which contribute to operations and maintenance (RCORCM) solutions that improve plant safety
Recommendations to maintain plant safety
2 Utilise embedded diagnostics
It is essential to have confidence in the operational effectiveness and correct functioning of the installed safety systems Embedded automatic diagnostic featuresof control systems instrumentation and control elements increase this confidence and allow plant personnel to focus on production Data derived from a testing and diagnostic framework canautomatically reveal the appropriate communication strategies and coordinate the interaction ofthe personnel communications asset management and maintenance functions
Recommendations to maintain plant safety 3 Rationalise and prioritise alarms Alarms are often the first layer of protection and provide the first indication that there is a potential unsafe condition on the site However too many process alarms occurring at once can decrease the integrity of the alerts and the effectiveness of the operator response An effective and efficient alarm management system promotes both safety and performance Alarm rationalisation based on industry standards applies layers of protection to link the alarm priority with the time required to respond effectively to an alarm before the plant must undergo a costly shutdown This reduces nuisance trips by enabling operators to attend only to alarms associated with real dangers
Recommendations to maintain plant safety 4 Do not bypass inhibit-and-bypass management functionality Highlighting significant deviations from the normal operational state and adjusting the online plant safety case requires a robust management system to monitor record and report the status on all inhibit events and override conditions This allows for handover shift reports and key performance indicators to detect patterns and trends as well as status reports identifying and explaining the application of a bypass It also enables automatic removal of specified bypasses after a configurable period and advises when the plant achieves a steady operational state Inhibit and bypass management functions communicate with all electronic systems facilitate the systematic recording of events from other systems and provide a formal rule-based interpretation of the overall plant inhibit condition They initiate reports and display the operational status of the plant emergency systems
1
CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
1 Identification - Name of the substance or preparation - Name address and telephone of the companysupplier
2 Composition and information on ingredients
3 Hazard identification
4 First-air measures
5 Fire-fighting measures
6 spillage accidental release measures
7 Handling and storage
8 Exposure controls and personal protection
9 Physical and chemical properties
10 Stability and Reactivity
11 Toxicological information
12 Ecological information
13 Disposal considerations
14 Transport information
15 National regulations and references
16 Other information
EXAMPLE (Word file)
Example of MSDS worddoc
2 Anticipation
bull Anticipationrecognition of potential or actual hazards through knowledge of
bull ndashMaterials
bull ndashOperations
bull ndashProcesses
bull ndashConditions1048714
Scope of IH activities encompasses the ldquocradle-to-graverdquo concept (research through waste disposal)
3 Evaluation
bull Evaluation of environmental factors through
ndashMeasurement of exposure intensity
ndashDetermination of exposure frequency and duration
ndashComparison with regulatory professional and internal standards
bull Judgment weigh all factors
EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
Sampling and Measurement
bull OSHA and NIOSH publish sampling and analysis procedures appropriate for particular substances
bull ASTM has standards on instrumentation sampling and analytical procedures
bull ACGIH publishes a book on Air sampling instruments
4 Control
bull Employ methods to eliminate or reduce exposure resulting in elimination or reduction of the occurrence of occupational disease through
ndashEngineering (including process) interventions
ndashAdministrativeprogrammatic measures
ndashPersonal protective equipment (PPE)
Opportunities for Control
Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
bull Substitution ndash replacing a hazardous materials with a non-hazardous one
bull Isolation ndash use a barrier between a source of contaminants and workers
bull Ventilation ndash general or dilution ventilation and local exhaust ventilation
2 Work practices and Administrative controls
bull Housekeeping ndash regular cleaningbull Materials handling or Transfer procedures ndash to
remove generation of hazards during process of transferring (eg loadingunloading generates dust transferring liquids generates vaporsspills)
bull Leak detection programs ndash visual inspections auto sensors systems
bull Training ndash staffbull Modifying the work ndash limiting exposure periods
share activities between workersbull Personal hygiene ndash cleaning skins eyes change
cloths ete
OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES bull In the workplace workers are exposed to chemical
hazards in various activities such as transfer storage handling and use in the workstation and waste disposal
bull For the safe handling of chemicals it is necessary to take several preventive measures
bull Technical measures can be instituted to eliminate or reduced the worker exposure
bull The priority is to eliminate whenever possible very hazardous chemical form the workplace by substitute with less hazardous chemical or process
If substitution is not possible prevent exposure to the chemicals by implementing engineering control Measures that should be considered in engineering controls ( but not limited to ) are
1 enclosure or isolation
2 wet methods
3 use of industrial ventilation system
4 change of process
bull It must be remembered that personal protective equipment should always be the last to be considered
bull In some situations where substitution and engineering controls is not reasonably practicable and reliance has to be placed with personal protective equipment
bull For technical measure to be effective safe work practices and procedures should be developed and implemented hand in hand with the technical measures
Technical measures are but not limited tobull isolation of ignition sourcesbull development of procedures to cover handling use
operating procedures during manufacture transport storage use and disposal of chemicals
bull development and implementation of safe system of work such as permit to work system modification procedure maintenance and repair procedure inspection and testing
bull housekeeping bull hygiene facilitiesbull emergency procedure and facilitiesbull posting of warning sign
47
3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
bull Dust masks and respirators
bull Glasses goggles and face shields
bull Hearing protectionbull Glovesbull Foot protectionbull Head protectionbull Aprons or full-body suits
48
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
49
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
50
Hazardous Materials First Aid
bull Eyes Flush with water for 15 minutes
bull Skin Wash with soap and water
bull Inhalation Move to fresh air
bull Swallowing Get emergency medical assistance
51
Spills and Leaks
bull Evacuate the areabull Notify a supervisor or
the emergency response team
bull Remove ignition sources (if safe to do so)
bull Stay awaybull Call 9-9-9
2 Evaluation of chemical hazards
Qm=Mass rate of volatile material
Accumulation rate is lsquo0rsquo
Applying ideal gas law m=mass ρ=density v=volatile species b=bulk speciesRg=ideal gas constantT and P absolute temp and pressureM=molecular weight of volatile speciesmvVb=C=QmkQv
Vapor Pressure
Given two substances of the same volume which one has more potential hazard
ndashExample Motor oil vs ether
Ether has more potential hazard than motor oil due to its high vapor pressure and volatility
Examples of Health Effects
Asphyxiants Carbon dioxide carbon monoxide
Irritants Chlorine formaldehyde
Anesthetics Toluene benzene
Hepatotoxins Carbon tetrachloride chlorobenzene
Nephrotoxins Toluene xylene
Neurotoxins Carbon disulfide
Hematopoietictoxins Benzene carbon monoxide
Pulmonarytoxins Nitrogen dioxide phosgene
Carcinogens Benzene vinyl chloride monomer
Ideal Gas Law
Conversion of Units
VP and Concentration
Selection of methods to control identified hazard
Table 3-9 Chemical Plant Control Techniques
Generalized form
In many cases Psat raquo ρ
Eq3-12
KA is often very small compared to displacement and can be neglected
Control of identified hazard
Purposes of Industrial Ventilation
bull Control of toxic air contaminants to
acceptable levels
bull Control of noxious odors
bull Control of heat and humidity for comfort
and health
bull Prevention of fire and explosions
Types of Industrial Ventilation1 General ventilationndashControl of temperature humidity and odors
2 Dilution ventilationndashMaintain control of low toxicity gases and vapors below acceptable levels through dilution of concentration
3 Local exhaust ventilationndashCapturing and removing contaminants at or near their sources of emissionndashPrevents the transmission of contaminant to workerndashGiven priority in ldquoHierarchy of Controlsrdquo
Ventilation Terminology
Air velocity at the hood or slot opening n important design parameter
Air velocity through the cross-section of the duct
Basic Ventilation Equation
WhereQ = air flow rate (ft3min)A = cross-sectional area of duct or opening (ft2)V = average air velocity (ftmin)
Example
ndashIf fan is unchanged and number of hoods is
doubled then the resulting hood face velocities
will be 12 original velocity (possibly reducing air
velocity to less-than-needed capture velocity)
Hood Proximity and Exhaust Volume
Use of Enclosures
Direction of Air Movement
Direction of Air Movement
Eq 3-3
- Industrial Hygiene 1 Background 2 Objectives of IH 3 Type of HI control 4 Estimation of evaporation rate ventilation rate of volatiles
- Origin of Hygiene
- What Is Industrial Hygiene
- Some Occupational Hazards
- Slide 5
- Government Regulations
- Government Regulations
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS PLANT SAFETY
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Recommendations to maintain plant safety
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
- Example of MSDS worddoc
- 2 Anticipation
- 3 Evaluation
- EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
- Slide 37
- Sampling and Measurement
- 4 Control
- Opportunities for Control
- Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
- 2 Work practices and Administrative controls
- OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Technical measures are but not limited to
- 3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Slide 49
- Hazardous Materials First Aid
- Spills and Leaks
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
- Slide 83
- Slide 84
- Slide 85
- Slide 86
- Slide 87
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
-
Methods used to determine and evaluate hazards (this will be discussed in more detail under Hazard Identification topic)
bull What Ifbull Checklistbull What IfChecklistbull HAZOP (Hazard amp Operability Study)bull FMEA (Failure Mode amp Effects Analysis)bull Fault Tree AnalysisbullEvent Tree Analysis bull An Appropriate Equivalent Methodology
Relevance to your assignment some points
Discussion of the process in terms of PSM criteria (your assignment 1)Discussion of the process in terms of PSM criteria (your assignment 1)
Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS
PLANT SAFETY1 Nuisance trips Emergency shutdowns and subsequent startups are among the
greatest threats to plant safety They divert attention from situations that could present real danger and result in unnecessary shutdowns and restarts ndash all of which pose additional risk
Sources failures due to systems wearing out spurious equipment failures and human failures caused by alarm floods
Recommendations Lifecycle equipment management asset management embedded
diagnostics and alarm management all help to eliminate nuisance trips
Source httpglobalwonderwarecomBRDocumentsDesafios20na20seguranC3A7a20de20uma20fC3A1bricapdf
2 Insufficient use of the full functionality of the control and safety system Process control and safety systems continue to do the lsquoheavy liftingrsquo in keeping plants operatingsafely but few companies take full advantage of their capabilities
Recommendations Alarm management loop management inhibit and bypass management and the smart integration of control systems help to ensure that you are maximising the full safety potential from your system investment
4 Training limitations Comprehensive hands-on safety training is difficult ndash if not impossible ndash to deliver No matter howtalented the trainers and trainees or how effective the curriculum classes and materialsconventional training can go only so far in conveying the realities of a hazardous situation
Recommendations However todayrsquos simulation and virtual-reality techniques allow operators to experience hazardous situations and consequences with a realism that has never been possible before
5 Lack of visibility of safety status
While safety breaches usually result from a combination of factors that have been deterioratingover time in many cases no one knows there is a problem or that an incident has occurred Mostplants are collecting the data that could provide early warning of problems but it is usually fragmented haphazard and not in a safety context
Recommendations Simulation techniques real-time monitoring sensors and operator dashboards can help provide a realistic dynamic view of safety conditions
6 Unnecessarily exposing people to hazardous environmentsProtecting the community environment and personnel is key to a sustainable safety programme
Recommendations Simulated training fire and gas detection systems smart instrumentation and personnel locationsystems can minimise human exposure to hazardous situations
7 External threats The realities of terrorism and business disruption due to plant safety incidents are critical considerations for plant managers
Recommendations These can be mitigated by defence-in-depth securityprogrammes and by careful integration of safety and control systems
Recommendations to maintain plant safety
1 Monitor equipment proactively
Proactive equipment condition monitoring can extend to all assets and processes that are critical to safe plant performance
Data from asset management systems can be integrated into an overall plant safety view This allows modification of the safety envelope model and real-time updating of plant safety dashboards providing a measure of overall integrity
of the plant This can also integrate condition management computerised maintenance management condition-based maintenance (CBM) and reliability-centred models ndash all of which contribute to operations and maintenance (RCORCM) solutions that improve plant safety
Recommendations to maintain plant safety
2 Utilise embedded diagnostics
It is essential to have confidence in the operational effectiveness and correct functioning of the installed safety systems Embedded automatic diagnostic featuresof control systems instrumentation and control elements increase this confidence and allow plant personnel to focus on production Data derived from a testing and diagnostic framework canautomatically reveal the appropriate communication strategies and coordinate the interaction ofthe personnel communications asset management and maintenance functions
Recommendations to maintain plant safety 3 Rationalise and prioritise alarms Alarms are often the first layer of protection and provide the first indication that there is a potential unsafe condition on the site However too many process alarms occurring at once can decrease the integrity of the alerts and the effectiveness of the operator response An effective and efficient alarm management system promotes both safety and performance Alarm rationalisation based on industry standards applies layers of protection to link the alarm priority with the time required to respond effectively to an alarm before the plant must undergo a costly shutdown This reduces nuisance trips by enabling operators to attend only to alarms associated with real dangers
Recommendations to maintain plant safety 4 Do not bypass inhibit-and-bypass management functionality Highlighting significant deviations from the normal operational state and adjusting the online plant safety case requires a robust management system to monitor record and report the status on all inhibit events and override conditions This allows for handover shift reports and key performance indicators to detect patterns and trends as well as status reports identifying and explaining the application of a bypass It also enables automatic removal of specified bypasses after a configurable period and advises when the plant achieves a steady operational state Inhibit and bypass management functions communicate with all electronic systems facilitate the systematic recording of events from other systems and provide a formal rule-based interpretation of the overall plant inhibit condition They initiate reports and display the operational status of the plant emergency systems
1
CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
1 Identification - Name of the substance or preparation - Name address and telephone of the companysupplier
2 Composition and information on ingredients
3 Hazard identification
4 First-air measures
5 Fire-fighting measures
6 spillage accidental release measures
7 Handling and storage
8 Exposure controls and personal protection
9 Physical and chemical properties
10 Stability and Reactivity
11 Toxicological information
12 Ecological information
13 Disposal considerations
14 Transport information
15 National regulations and references
16 Other information
EXAMPLE (Word file)
Example of MSDS worddoc
2 Anticipation
bull Anticipationrecognition of potential or actual hazards through knowledge of
bull ndashMaterials
bull ndashOperations
bull ndashProcesses
bull ndashConditions1048714
Scope of IH activities encompasses the ldquocradle-to-graverdquo concept (research through waste disposal)
3 Evaluation
bull Evaluation of environmental factors through
ndashMeasurement of exposure intensity
ndashDetermination of exposure frequency and duration
ndashComparison with regulatory professional and internal standards
bull Judgment weigh all factors
EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
Sampling and Measurement
bull OSHA and NIOSH publish sampling and analysis procedures appropriate for particular substances
bull ASTM has standards on instrumentation sampling and analytical procedures
bull ACGIH publishes a book on Air sampling instruments
4 Control
bull Employ methods to eliminate or reduce exposure resulting in elimination or reduction of the occurrence of occupational disease through
ndashEngineering (including process) interventions
ndashAdministrativeprogrammatic measures
ndashPersonal protective equipment (PPE)
Opportunities for Control
Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
bull Substitution ndash replacing a hazardous materials with a non-hazardous one
bull Isolation ndash use a barrier between a source of contaminants and workers
bull Ventilation ndash general or dilution ventilation and local exhaust ventilation
2 Work practices and Administrative controls
bull Housekeeping ndash regular cleaningbull Materials handling or Transfer procedures ndash to
remove generation of hazards during process of transferring (eg loadingunloading generates dust transferring liquids generates vaporsspills)
bull Leak detection programs ndash visual inspections auto sensors systems
bull Training ndash staffbull Modifying the work ndash limiting exposure periods
share activities between workersbull Personal hygiene ndash cleaning skins eyes change
cloths ete
OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES bull In the workplace workers are exposed to chemical
hazards in various activities such as transfer storage handling and use in the workstation and waste disposal
bull For the safe handling of chemicals it is necessary to take several preventive measures
bull Technical measures can be instituted to eliminate or reduced the worker exposure
bull The priority is to eliminate whenever possible very hazardous chemical form the workplace by substitute with less hazardous chemical or process
If substitution is not possible prevent exposure to the chemicals by implementing engineering control Measures that should be considered in engineering controls ( but not limited to ) are
1 enclosure or isolation
2 wet methods
3 use of industrial ventilation system
4 change of process
bull It must be remembered that personal protective equipment should always be the last to be considered
bull In some situations where substitution and engineering controls is not reasonably practicable and reliance has to be placed with personal protective equipment
bull For technical measure to be effective safe work practices and procedures should be developed and implemented hand in hand with the technical measures
Technical measures are but not limited tobull isolation of ignition sourcesbull development of procedures to cover handling use
operating procedures during manufacture transport storage use and disposal of chemicals
bull development and implementation of safe system of work such as permit to work system modification procedure maintenance and repair procedure inspection and testing
bull housekeeping bull hygiene facilitiesbull emergency procedure and facilitiesbull posting of warning sign
47
3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
bull Dust masks and respirators
bull Glasses goggles and face shields
bull Hearing protectionbull Glovesbull Foot protectionbull Head protectionbull Aprons or full-body suits
48
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
49
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
50
Hazardous Materials First Aid
bull Eyes Flush with water for 15 minutes
bull Skin Wash with soap and water
bull Inhalation Move to fresh air
bull Swallowing Get emergency medical assistance
51
Spills and Leaks
bull Evacuate the areabull Notify a supervisor or
the emergency response team
bull Remove ignition sources (if safe to do so)
bull Stay awaybull Call 9-9-9
2 Evaluation of chemical hazards
Qm=Mass rate of volatile material
Accumulation rate is lsquo0rsquo
Applying ideal gas law m=mass ρ=density v=volatile species b=bulk speciesRg=ideal gas constantT and P absolute temp and pressureM=molecular weight of volatile speciesmvVb=C=QmkQv
Vapor Pressure
Given two substances of the same volume which one has more potential hazard
ndashExample Motor oil vs ether
Ether has more potential hazard than motor oil due to its high vapor pressure and volatility
Examples of Health Effects
Asphyxiants Carbon dioxide carbon monoxide
Irritants Chlorine formaldehyde
Anesthetics Toluene benzene
Hepatotoxins Carbon tetrachloride chlorobenzene
Nephrotoxins Toluene xylene
Neurotoxins Carbon disulfide
Hematopoietictoxins Benzene carbon monoxide
Pulmonarytoxins Nitrogen dioxide phosgene
Carcinogens Benzene vinyl chloride monomer
Ideal Gas Law
Conversion of Units
VP and Concentration
Selection of methods to control identified hazard
Table 3-9 Chemical Plant Control Techniques
Generalized form
In many cases Psat raquo ρ
Eq3-12
KA is often very small compared to displacement and can be neglected
Control of identified hazard
Purposes of Industrial Ventilation
bull Control of toxic air contaminants to
acceptable levels
bull Control of noxious odors
bull Control of heat and humidity for comfort
and health
bull Prevention of fire and explosions
Types of Industrial Ventilation1 General ventilationndashControl of temperature humidity and odors
2 Dilution ventilationndashMaintain control of low toxicity gases and vapors below acceptable levels through dilution of concentration
3 Local exhaust ventilationndashCapturing and removing contaminants at or near their sources of emissionndashPrevents the transmission of contaminant to workerndashGiven priority in ldquoHierarchy of Controlsrdquo
Ventilation Terminology
Air velocity at the hood or slot opening n important design parameter
Air velocity through the cross-section of the duct
Basic Ventilation Equation
WhereQ = air flow rate (ft3min)A = cross-sectional area of duct or opening (ft2)V = average air velocity (ftmin)
Example
ndashIf fan is unchanged and number of hoods is
doubled then the resulting hood face velocities
will be 12 original velocity (possibly reducing air
velocity to less-than-needed capture velocity)
Hood Proximity and Exhaust Volume
Use of Enclosures
Direction of Air Movement
Direction of Air Movement
Eq 3-3
- Industrial Hygiene 1 Background 2 Objectives of IH 3 Type of HI control 4 Estimation of evaporation rate ventilation rate of volatiles
- Origin of Hygiene
- What Is Industrial Hygiene
- Some Occupational Hazards
- Slide 5
- Government Regulations
- Government Regulations
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS PLANT SAFETY
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Recommendations to maintain plant safety
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
- Example of MSDS worddoc
- 2 Anticipation
- 3 Evaluation
- EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
- Slide 37
- Sampling and Measurement
- 4 Control
- Opportunities for Control
- Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
- 2 Work practices and Administrative controls
- OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Technical measures are but not limited to
- 3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Slide 49
- Hazardous Materials First Aid
- Spills and Leaks
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
- Slide 83
- Slide 84
- Slide 85
- Slide 86
- Slide 87
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
-
Relevance to your assignment some points
Discussion of the process in terms of PSM criteria (your assignment 1)Discussion of the process in terms of PSM criteria (your assignment 1)
Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS
PLANT SAFETY1 Nuisance trips Emergency shutdowns and subsequent startups are among the
greatest threats to plant safety They divert attention from situations that could present real danger and result in unnecessary shutdowns and restarts ndash all of which pose additional risk
Sources failures due to systems wearing out spurious equipment failures and human failures caused by alarm floods
Recommendations Lifecycle equipment management asset management embedded
diagnostics and alarm management all help to eliminate nuisance trips
Source httpglobalwonderwarecomBRDocumentsDesafios20na20seguranC3A7a20de20uma20fC3A1bricapdf
2 Insufficient use of the full functionality of the control and safety system Process control and safety systems continue to do the lsquoheavy liftingrsquo in keeping plants operatingsafely but few companies take full advantage of their capabilities
Recommendations Alarm management loop management inhibit and bypass management and the smart integration of control systems help to ensure that you are maximising the full safety potential from your system investment
4 Training limitations Comprehensive hands-on safety training is difficult ndash if not impossible ndash to deliver No matter howtalented the trainers and trainees or how effective the curriculum classes and materialsconventional training can go only so far in conveying the realities of a hazardous situation
Recommendations However todayrsquos simulation and virtual-reality techniques allow operators to experience hazardous situations and consequences with a realism that has never been possible before
5 Lack of visibility of safety status
While safety breaches usually result from a combination of factors that have been deterioratingover time in many cases no one knows there is a problem or that an incident has occurred Mostplants are collecting the data that could provide early warning of problems but it is usually fragmented haphazard and not in a safety context
Recommendations Simulation techniques real-time monitoring sensors and operator dashboards can help provide a realistic dynamic view of safety conditions
6 Unnecessarily exposing people to hazardous environmentsProtecting the community environment and personnel is key to a sustainable safety programme
Recommendations Simulated training fire and gas detection systems smart instrumentation and personnel locationsystems can minimise human exposure to hazardous situations
7 External threats The realities of terrorism and business disruption due to plant safety incidents are critical considerations for plant managers
Recommendations These can be mitigated by defence-in-depth securityprogrammes and by careful integration of safety and control systems
Recommendations to maintain plant safety
1 Monitor equipment proactively
Proactive equipment condition monitoring can extend to all assets and processes that are critical to safe plant performance
Data from asset management systems can be integrated into an overall plant safety view This allows modification of the safety envelope model and real-time updating of plant safety dashboards providing a measure of overall integrity
of the plant This can also integrate condition management computerised maintenance management condition-based maintenance (CBM) and reliability-centred models ndash all of which contribute to operations and maintenance (RCORCM) solutions that improve plant safety
Recommendations to maintain plant safety
2 Utilise embedded diagnostics
It is essential to have confidence in the operational effectiveness and correct functioning of the installed safety systems Embedded automatic diagnostic featuresof control systems instrumentation and control elements increase this confidence and allow plant personnel to focus on production Data derived from a testing and diagnostic framework canautomatically reveal the appropriate communication strategies and coordinate the interaction ofthe personnel communications asset management and maintenance functions
Recommendations to maintain plant safety 3 Rationalise and prioritise alarms Alarms are often the first layer of protection and provide the first indication that there is a potential unsafe condition on the site However too many process alarms occurring at once can decrease the integrity of the alerts and the effectiveness of the operator response An effective and efficient alarm management system promotes both safety and performance Alarm rationalisation based on industry standards applies layers of protection to link the alarm priority with the time required to respond effectively to an alarm before the plant must undergo a costly shutdown This reduces nuisance trips by enabling operators to attend only to alarms associated with real dangers
Recommendations to maintain plant safety 4 Do not bypass inhibit-and-bypass management functionality Highlighting significant deviations from the normal operational state and adjusting the online plant safety case requires a robust management system to monitor record and report the status on all inhibit events and override conditions This allows for handover shift reports and key performance indicators to detect patterns and trends as well as status reports identifying and explaining the application of a bypass It also enables automatic removal of specified bypasses after a configurable period and advises when the plant achieves a steady operational state Inhibit and bypass management functions communicate with all electronic systems facilitate the systematic recording of events from other systems and provide a formal rule-based interpretation of the overall plant inhibit condition They initiate reports and display the operational status of the plant emergency systems
1
CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
1 Identification - Name of the substance or preparation - Name address and telephone of the companysupplier
2 Composition and information on ingredients
3 Hazard identification
4 First-air measures
5 Fire-fighting measures
6 spillage accidental release measures
7 Handling and storage
8 Exposure controls and personal protection
9 Physical and chemical properties
10 Stability and Reactivity
11 Toxicological information
12 Ecological information
13 Disposal considerations
14 Transport information
15 National regulations and references
16 Other information
EXAMPLE (Word file)
Example of MSDS worddoc
2 Anticipation
bull Anticipationrecognition of potential or actual hazards through knowledge of
bull ndashMaterials
bull ndashOperations
bull ndashProcesses
bull ndashConditions1048714
Scope of IH activities encompasses the ldquocradle-to-graverdquo concept (research through waste disposal)
3 Evaluation
bull Evaluation of environmental factors through
ndashMeasurement of exposure intensity
ndashDetermination of exposure frequency and duration
ndashComparison with regulatory professional and internal standards
bull Judgment weigh all factors
EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
Sampling and Measurement
bull OSHA and NIOSH publish sampling and analysis procedures appropriate for particular substances
bull ASTM has standards on instrumentation sampling and analytical procedures
bull ACGIH publishes a book on Air sampling instruments
4 Control
bull Employ methods to eliminate or reduce exposure resulting in elimination or reduction of the occurrence of occupational disease through
ndashEngineering (including process) interventions
ndashAdministrativeprogrammatic measures
ndashPersonal protective equipment (PPE)
Opportunities for Control
Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
bull Substitution ndash replacing a hazardous materials with a non-hazardous one
bull Isolation ndash use a barrier between a source of contaminants and workers
bull Ventilation ndash general or dilution ventilation and local exhaust ventilation
2 Work practices and Administrative controls
bull Housekeeping ndash regular cleaningbull Materials handling or Transfer procedures ndash to
remove generation of hazards during process of transferring (eg loadingunloading generates dust transferring liquids generates vaporsspills)
bull Leak detection programs ndash visual inspections auto sensors systems
bull Training ndash staffbull Modifying the work ndash limiting exposure periods
share activities between workersbull Personal hygiene ndash cleaning skins eyes change
cloths ete
OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES bull In the workplace workers are exposed to chemical
hazards in various activities such as transfer storage handling and use in the workstation and waste disposal
bull For the safe handling of chemicals it is necessary to take several preventive measures
bull Technical measures can be instituted to eliminate or reduced the worker exposure
bull The priority is to eliminate whenever possible very hazardous chemical form the workplace by substitute with less hazardous chemical or process
If substitution is not possible prevent exposure to the chemicals by implementing engineering control Measures that should be considered in engineering controls ( but not limited to ) are
1 enclosure or isolation
2 wet methods
3 use of industrial ventilation system
4 change of process
bull It must be remembered that personal protective equipment should always be the last to be considered
bull In some situations where substitution and engineering controls is not reasonably practicable and reliance has to be placed with personal protective equipment
bull For technical measure to be effective safe work practices and procedures should be developed and implemented hand in hand with the technical measures
Technical measures are but not limited tobull isolation of ignition sourcesbull development of procedures to cover handling use
operating procedures during manufacture transport storage use and disposal of chemicals
bull development and implementation of safe system of work such as permit to work system modification procedure maintenance and repair procedure inspection and testing
bull housekeeping bull hygiene facilitiesbull emergency procedure and facilitiesbull posting of warning sign
47
3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
bull Dust masks and respirators
bull Glasses goggles and face shields
bull Hearing protectionbull Glovesbull Foot protectionbull Head protectionbull Aprons or full-body suits
48
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
49
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
50
Hazardous Materials First Aid
bull Eyes Flush with water for 15 minutes
bull Skin Wash with soap and water
bull Inhalation Move to fresh air
bull Swallowing Get emergency medical assistance
51
Spills and Leaks
bull Evacuate the areabull Notify a supervisor or
the emergency response team
bull Remove ignition sources (if safe to do so)
bull Stay awaybull Call 9-9-9
2 Evaluation of chemical hazards
Qm=Mass rate of volatile material
Accumulation rate is lsquo0rsquo
Applying ideal gas law m=mass ρ=density v=volatile species b=bulk speciesRg=ideal gas constantT and P absolute temp and pressureM=molecular weight of volatile speciesmvVb=C=QmkQv
Vapor Pressure
Given two substances of the same volume which one has more potential hazard
ndashExample Motor oil vs ether
Ether has more potential hazard than motor oil due to its high vapor pressure and volatility
Examples of Health Effects
Asphyxiants Carbon dioxide carbon monoxide
Irritants Chlorine formaldehyde
Anesthetics Toluene benzene
Hepatotoxins Carbon tetrachloride chlorobenzene
Nephrotoxins Toluene xylene
Neurotoxins Carbon disulfide
Hematopoietictoxins Benzene carbon monoxide
Pulmonarytoxins Nitrogen dioxide phosgene
Carcinogens Benzene vinyl chloride monomer
Ideal Gas Law
Conversion of Units
VP and Concentration
Selection of methods to control identified hazard
Table 3-9 Chemical Plant Control Techniques
Generalized form
In many cases Psat raquo ρ
Eq3-12
KA is often very small compared to displacement and can be neglected
Control of identified hazard
Purposes of Industrial Ventilation
bull Control of toxic air contaminants to
acceptable levels
bull Control of noxious odors
bull Control of heat and humidity for comfort
and health
bull Prevention of fire and explosions
Types of Industrial Ventilation1 General ventilationndashControl of temperature humidity and odors
2 Dilution ventilationndashMaintain control of low toxicity gases and vapors below acceptable levels through dilution of concentration
3 Local exhaust ventilationndashCapturing and removing contaminants at or near their sources of emissionndashPrevents the transmission of contaminant to workerndashGiven priority in ldquoHierarchy of Controlsrdquo
Ventilation Terminology
Air velocity at the hood or slot opening n important design parameter
Air velocity through the cross-section of the duct
Basic Ventilation Equation
WhereQ = air flow rate (ft3min)A = cross-sectional area of duct or opening (ft2)V = average air velocity (ftmin)
Example
ndashIf fan is unchanged and number of hoods is
doubled then the resulting hood face velocities
will be 12 original velocity (possibly reducing air
velocity to less-than-needed capture velocity)
Hood Proximity and Exhaust Volume
Use of Enclosures
Direction of Air Movement
Direction of Air Movement
Eq 3-3
- Industrial Hygiene 1 Background 2 Objectives of IH 3 Type of HI control 4 Estimation of evaporation rate ventilation rate of volatiles
- Origin of Hygiene
- What Is Industrial Hygiene
- Some Occupational Hazards
- Slide 5
- Government Regulations
- Government Regulations
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS PLANT SAFETY
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Recommendations to maintain plant safety
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
- Example of MSDS worddoc
- 2 Anticipation
- 3 Evaluation
- EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
- Slide 37
- Sampling and Measurement
- 4 Control
- Opportunities for Control
- Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
- 2 Work practices and Administrative controls
- OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Technical measures are but not limited to
- 3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Slide 49
- Hazardous Materials First Aid
- Spills and Leaks
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
- Slide 83
- Slide 84
- Slide 85
- Slide 86
- Slide 87
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
-
Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS
PLANT SAFETY1 Nuisance trips Emergency shutdowns and subsequent startups are among the
greatest threats to plant safety They divert attention from situations that could present real danger and result in unnecessary shutdowns and restarts ndash all of which pose additional risk
Sources failures due to systems wearing out spurious equipment failures and human failures caused by alarm floods
Recommendations Lifecycle equipment management asset management embedded
diagnostics and alarm management all help to eliminate nuisance trips
Source httpglobalwonderwarecomBRDocumentsDesafios20na20seguranC3A7a20de20uma20fC3A1bricapdf
2 Insufficient use of the full functionality of the control and safety system Process control and safety systems continue to do the lsquoheavy liftingrsquo in keeping plants operatingsafely but few companies take full advantage of their capabilities
Recommendations Alarm management loop management inhibit and bypass management and the smart integration of control systems help to ensure that you are maximising the full safety potential from your system investment
4 Training limitations Comprehensive hands-on safety training is difficult ndash if not impossible ndash to deliver No matter howtalented the trainers and trainees or how effective the curriculum classes and materialsconventional training can go only so far in conveying the realities of a hazardous situation
Recommendations However todayrsquos simulation and virtual-reality techniques allow operators to experience hazardous situations and consequences with a realism that has never been possible before
5 Lack of visibility of safety status
While safety breaches usually result from a combination of factors that have been deterioratingover time in many cases no one knows there is a problem or that an incident has occurred Mostplants are collecting the data that could provide early warning of problems but it is usually fragmented haphazard and not in a safety context
Recommendations Simulation techniques real-time monitoring sensors and operator dashboards can help provide a realistic dynamic view of safety conditions
6 Unnecessarily exposing people to hazardous environmentsProtecting the community environment and personnel is key to a sustainable safety programme
Recommendations Simulated training fire and gas detection systems smart instrumentation and personnel locationsystems can minimise human exposure to hazardous situations
7 External threats The realities of terrorism and business disruption due to plant safety incidents are critical considerations for plant managers
Recommendations These can be mitigated by defence-in-depth securityprogrammes and by careful integration of safety and control systems
Recommendations to maintain plant safety
1 Monitor equipment proactively
Proactive equipment condition monitoring can extend to all assets and processes that are critical to safe plant performance
Data from asset management systems can be integrated into an overall plant safety view This allows modification of the safety envelope model and real-time updating of plant safety dashboards providing a measure of overall integrity
of the plant This can also integrate condition management computerised maintenance management condition-based maintenance (CBM) and reliability-centred models ndash all of which contribute to operations and maintenance (RCORCM) solutions that improve plant safety
Recommendations to maintain plant safety
2 Utilise embedded diagnostics
It is essential to have confidence in the operational effectiveness and correct functioning of the installed safety systems Embedded automatic diagnostic featuresof control systems instrumentation and control elements increase this confidence and allow plant personnel to focus on production Data derived from a testing and diagnostic framework canautomatically reveal the appropriate communication strategies and coordinate the interaction ofthe personnel communications asset management and maintenance functions
Recommendations to maintain plant safety 3 Rationalise and prioritise alarms Alarms are often the first layer of protection and provide the first indication that there is a potential unsafe condition on the site However too many process alarms occurring at once can decrease the integrity of the alerts and the effectiveness of the operator response An effective and efficient alarm management system promotes both safety and performance Alarm rationalisation based on industry standards applies layers of protection to link the alarm priority with the time required to respond effectively to an alarm before the plant must undergo a costly shutdown This reduces nuisance trips by enabling operators to attend only to alarms associated with real dangers
Recommendations to maintain plant safety 4 Do not bypass inhibit-and-bypass management functionality Highlighting significant deviations from the normal operational state and adjusting the online plant safety case requires a robust management system to monitor record and report the status on all inhibit events and override conditions This allows for handover shift reports and key performance indicators to detect patterns and trends as well as status reports identifying and explaining the application of a bypass It also enables automatic removal of specified bypasses after a configurable period and advises when the plant achieves a steady operational state Inhibit and bypass management functions communicate with all electronic systems facilitate the systematic recording of events from other systems and provide a formal rule-based interpretation of the overall plant inhibit condition They initiate reports and display the operational status of the plant emergency systems
1
CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
1 Identification - Name of the substance or preparation - Name address and telephone of the companysupplier
2 Composition and information on ingredients
3 Hazard identification
4 First-air measures
5 Fire-fighting measures
6 spillage accidental release measures
7 Handling and storage
8 Exposure controls and personal protection
9 Physical and chemical properties
10 Stability and Reactivity
11 Toxicological information
12 Ecological information
13 Disposal considerations
14 Transport information
15 National regulations and references
16 Other information
EXAMPLE (Word file)
Example of MSDS worddoc
2 Anticipation
bull Anticipationrecognition of potential or actual hazards through knowledge of
bull ndashMaterials
bull ndashOperations
bull ndashProcesses
bull ndashConditions1048714
Scope of IH activities encompasses the ldquocradle-to-graverdquo concept (research through waste disposal)
3 Evaluation
bull Evaluation of environmental factors through
ndashMeasurement of exposure intensity
ndashDetermination of exposure frequency and duration
ndashComparison with regulatory professional and internal standards
bull Judgment weigh all factors
EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
Sampling and Measurement
bull OSHA and NIOSH publish sampling and analysis procedures appropriate for particular substances
bull ASTM has standards on instrumentation sampling and analytical procedures
bull ACGIH publishes a book on Air sampling instruments
4 Control
bull Employ methods to eliminate or reduce exposure resulting in elimination or reduction of the occurrence of occupational disease through
ndashEngineering (including process) interventions
ndashAdministrativeprogrammatic measures
ndashPersonal protective equipment (PPE)
Opportunities for Control
Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
bull Substitution ndash replacing a hazardous materials with a non-hazardous one
bull Isolation ndash use a barrier between a source of contaminants and workers
bull Ventilation ndash general or dilution ventilation and local exhaust ventilation
2 Work practices and Administrative controls
bull Housekeeping ndash regular cleaningbull Materials handling or Transfer procedures ndash to
remove generation of hazards during process of transferring (eg loadingunloading generates dust transferring liquids generates vaporsspills)
bull Leak detection programs ndash visual inspections auto sensors systems
bull Training ndash staffbull Modifying the work ndash limiting exposure periods
share activities between workersbull Personal hygiene ndash cleaning skins eyes change
cloths ete
OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES bull In the workplace workers are exposed to chemical
hazards in various activities such as transfer storage handling and use in the workstation and waste disposal
bull For the safe handling of chemicals it is necessary to take several preventive measures
bull Technical measures can be instituted to eliminate or reduced the worker exposure
bull The priority is to eliminate whenever possible very hazardous chemical form the workplace by substitute with less hazardous chemical or process
If substitution is not possible prevent exposure to the chemicals by implementing engineering control Measures that should be considered in engineering controls ( but not limited to ) are
1 enclosure or isolation
2 wet methods
3 use of industrial ventilation system
4 change of process
bull It must be remembered that personal protective equipment should always be the last to be considered
bull In some situations where substitution and engineering controls is not reasonably practicable and reliance has to be placed with personal protective equipment
bull For technical measure to be effective safe work practices and procedures should be developed and implemented hand in hand with the technical measures
Technical measures are but not limited tobull isolation of ignition sourcesbull development of procedures to cover handling use
operating procedures during manufacture transport storage use and disposal of chemicals
bull development and implementation of safe system of work such as permit to work system modification procedure maintenance and repair procedure inspection and testing
bull housekeeping bull hygiene facilitiesbull emergency procedure and facilitiesbull posting of warning sign
47
3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
bull Dust masks and respirators
bull Glasses goggles and face shields
bull Hearing protectionbull Glovesbull Foot protectionbull Head protectionbull Aprons or full-body suits
48
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
49
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
50
Hazardous Materials First Aid
bull Eyes Flush with water for 15 minutes
bull Skin Wash with soap and water
bull Inhalation Move to fresh air
bull Swallowing Get emergency medical assistance
51
Spills and Leaks
bull Evacuate the areabull Notify a supervisor or
the emergency response team
bull Remove ignition sources (if safe to do so)
bull Stay awaybull Call 9-9-9
2 Evaluation of chemical hazards
Qm=Mass rate of volatile material
Accumulation rate is lsquo0rsquo
Applying ideal gas law m=mass ρ=density v=volatile species b=bulk speciesRg=ideal gas constantT and P absolute temp and pressureM=molecular weight of volatile speciesmvVb=C=QmkQv
Vapor Pressure
Given two substances of the same volume which one has more potential hazard
ndashExample Motor oil vs ether
Ether has more potential hazard than motor oil due to its high vapor pressure and volatility
Examples of Health Effects
Asphyxiants Carbon dioxide carbon monoxide
Irritants Chlorine formaldehyde
Anesthetics Toluene benzene
Hepatotoxins Carbon tetrachloride chlorobenzene
Nephrotoxins Toluene xylene
Neurotoxins Carbon disulfide
Hematopoietictoxins Benzene carbon monoxide
Pulmonarytoxins Nitrogen dioxide phosgene
Carcinogens Benzene vinyl chloride monomer
Ideal Gas Law
Conversion of Units
VP and Concentration
Selection of methods to control identified hazard
Table 3-9 Chemical Plant Control Techniques
Generalized form
In many cases Psat raquo ρ
Eq3-12
KA is often very small compared to displacement and can be neglected
Control of identified hazard
Purposes of Industrial Ventilation
bull Control of toxic air contaminants to
acceptable levels
bull Control of noxious odors
bull Control of heat and humidity for comfort
and health
bull Prevention of fire and explosions
Types of Industrial Ventilation1 General ventilationndashControl of temperature humidity and odors
2 Dilution ventilationndashMaintain control of low toxicity gases and vapors below acceptable levels through dilution of concentration
3 Local exhaust ventilationndashCapturing and removing contaminants at or near their sources of emissionndashPrevents the transmission of contaminant to workerndashGiven priority in ldquoHierarchy of Controlsrdquo
Ventilation Terminology
Air velocity at the hood or slot opening n important design parameter
Air velocity through the cross-section of the duct
Basic Ventilation Equation
WhereQ = air flow rate (ft3min)A = cross-sectional area of duct or opening (ft2)V = average air velocity (ftmin)
Example
ndashIf fan is unchanged and number of hoods is
doubled then the resulting hood face velocities
will be 12 original velocity (possibly reducing air
velocity to less-than-needed capture velocity)
Hood Proximity and Exhaust Volume
Use of Enclosures
Direction of Air Movement
Direction of Air Movement
Eq 3-3
- Industrial Hygiene 1 Background 2 Objectives of IH 3 Type of HI control 4 Estimation of evaporation rate ventilation rate of volatiles
- Origin of Hygiene
- What Is Industrial Hygiene
- Some Occupational Hazards
- Slide 5
- Government Regulations
- Government Regulations
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS PLANT SAFETY
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Recommendations to maintain plant safety
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
- Example of MSDS worddoc
- 2 Anticipation
- 3 Evaluation
- EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
- Slide 37
- Sampling and Measurement
- 4 Control
- Opportunities for Control
- Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
- 2 Work practices and Administrative controls
- OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Technical measures are but not limited to
- 3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Slide 49
- Hazardous Materials First Aid
- Spills and Leaks
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
- Slide 83
- Slide 84
- Slide 85
- Slide 86
- Slide 87
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
-
2 Insufficient use of the full functionality of the control and safety system Process control and safety systems continue to do the lsquoheavy liftingrsquo in keeping plants operatingsafely but few companies take full advantage of their capabilities
Recommendations Alarm management loop management inhibit and bypass management and the smart integration of control systems help to ensure that you are maximising the full safety potential from your system investment
4 Training limitations Comprehensive hands-on safety training is difficult ndash if not impossible ndash to deliver No matter howtalented the trainers and trainees or how effective the curriculum classes and materialsconventional training can go only so far in conveying the realities of a hazardous situation
Recommendations However todayrsquos simulation and virtual-reality techniques allow operators to experience hazardous situations and consequences with a realism that has never been possible before
5 Lack of visibility of safety status
While safety breaches usually result from a combination of factors that have been deterioratingover time in many cases no one knows there is a problem or that an incident has occurred Mostplants are collecting the data that could provide early warning of problems but it is usually fragmented haphazard and not in a safety context
Recommendations Simulation techniques real-time monitoring sensors and operator dashboards can help provide a realistic dynamic view of safety conditions
6 Unnecessarily exposing people to hazardous environmentsProtecting the community environment and personnel is key to a sustainable safety programme
Recommendations Simulated training fire and gas detection systems smart instrumentation and personnel locationsystems can minimise human exposure to hazardous situations
7 External threats The realities of terrorism and business disruption due to plant safety incidents are critical considerations for plant managers
Recommendations These can be mitigated by defence-in-depth securityprogrammes and by careful integration of safety and control systems
Recommendations to maintain plant safety
1 Monitor equipment proactively
Proactive equipment condition monitoring can extend to all assets and processes that are critical to safe plant performance
Data from asset management systems can be integrated into an overall plant safety view This allows modification of the safety envelope model and real-time updating of plant safety dashboards providing a measure of overall integrity
of the plant This can also integrate condition management computerised maintenance management condition-based maintenance (CBM) and reliability-centred models ndash all of which contribute to operations and maintenance (RCORCM) solutions that improve plant safety
Recommendations to maintain plant safety
2 Utilise embedded diagnostics
It is essential to have confidence in the operational effectiveness and correct functioning of the installed safety systems Embedded automatic diagnostic featuresof control systems instrumentation and control elements increase this confidence and allow plant personnel to focus on production Data derived from a testing and diagnostic framework canautomatically reveal the appropriate communication strategies and coordinate the interaction ofthe personnel communications asset management and maintenance functions
Recommendations to maintain plant safety 3 Rationalise and prioritise alarms Alarms are often the first layer of protection and provide the first indication that there is a potential unsafe condition on the site However too many process alarms occurring at once can decrease the integrity of the alerts and the effectiveness of the operator response An effective and efficient alarm management system promotes both safety and performance Alarm rationalisation based on industry standards applies layers of protection to link the alarm priority with the time required to respond effectively to an alarm before the plant must undergo a costly shutdown This reduces nuisance trips by enabling operators to attend only to alarms associated with real dangers
Recommendations to maintain plant safety 4 Do not bypass inhibit-and-bypass management functionality Highlighting significant deviations from the normal operational state and adjusting the online plant safety case requires a robust management system to monitor record and report the status on all inhibit events and override conditions This allows for handover shift reports and key performance indicators to detect patterns and trends as well as status reports identifying and explaining the application of a bypass It also enables automatic removal of specified bypasses after a configurable period and advises when the plant achieves a steady operational state Inhibit and bypass management functions communicate with all electronic systems facilitate the systematic recording of events from other systems and provide a formal rule-based interpretation of the overall plant inhibit condition They initiate reports and display the operational status of the plant emergency systems
1
CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
1 Identification - Name of the substance or preparation - Name address and telephone of the companysupplier
2 Composition and information on ingredients
3 Hazard identification
4 First-air measures
5 Fire-fighting measures
6 spillage accidental release measures
7 Handling and storage
8 Exposure controls and personal protection
9 Physical and chemical properties
10 Stability and Reactivity
11 Toxicological information
12 Ecological information
13 Disposal considerations
14 Transport information
15 National regulations and references
16 Other information
EXAMPLE (Word file)
Example of MSDS worddoc
2 Anticipation
bull Anticipationrecognition of potential or actual hazards through knowledge of
bull ndashMaterials
bull ndashOperations
bull ndashProcesses
bull ndashConditions1048714
Scope of IH activities encompasses the ldquocradle-to-graverdquo concept (research through waste disposal)
3 Evaluation
bull Evaluation of environmental factors through
ndashMeasurement of exposure intensity
ndashDetermination of exposure frequency and duration
ndashComparison with regulatory professional and internal standards
bull Judgment weigh all factors
EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
Sampling and Measurement
bull OSHA and NIOSH publish sampling and analysis procedures appropriate for particular substances
bull ASTM has standards on instrumentation sampling and analytical procedures
bull ACGIH publishes a book on Air sampling instruments
4 Control
bull Employ methods to eliminate or reduce exposure resulting in elimination or reduction of the occurrence of occupational disease through
ndashEngineering (including process) interventions
ndashAdministrativeprogrammatic measures
ndashPersonal protective equipment (PPE)
Opportunities for Control
Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
bull Substitution ndash replacing a hazardous materials with a non-hazardous one
bull Isolation ndash use a barrier between a source of contaminants and workers
bull Ventilation ndash general or dilution ventilation and local exhaust ventilation
2 Work practices and Administrative controls
bull Housekeeping ndash regular cleaningbull Materials handling or Transfer procedures ndash to
remove generation of hazards during process of transferring (eg loadingunloading generates dust transferring liquids generates vaporsspills)
bull Leak detection programs ndash visual inspections auto sensors systems
bull Training ndash staffbull Modifying the work ndash limiting exposure periods
share activities between workersbull Personal hygiene ndash cleaning skins eyes change
cloths ete
OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES bull In the workplace workers are exposed to chemical
hazards in various activities such as transfer storage handling and use in the workstation and waste disposal
bull For the safe handling of chemicals it is necessary to take several preventive measures
bull Technical measures can be instituted to eliminate or reduced the worker exposure
bull The priority is to eliminate whenever possible very hazardous chemical form the workplace by substitute with less hazardous chemical or process
If substitution is not possible prevent exposure to the chemicals by implementing engineering control Measures that should be considered in engineering controls ( but not limited to ) are
1 enclosure or isolation
2 wet methods
3 use of industrial ventilation system
4 change of process
bull It must be remembered that personal protective equipment should always be the last to be considered
bull In some situations where substitution and engineering controls is not reasonably practicable and reliance has to be placed with personal protective equipment
bull For technical measure to be effective safe work practices and procedures should be developed and implemented hand in hand with the technical measures
Technical measures are but not limited tobull isolation of ignition sourcesbull development of procedures to cover handling use
operating procedures during manufacture transport storage use and disposal of chemicals
bull development and implementation of safe system of work such as permit to work system modification procedure maintenance and repair procedure inspection and testing
bull housekeeping bull hygiene facilitiesbull emergency procedure and facilitiesbull posting of warning sign
47
3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
bull Dust masks and respirators
bull Glasses goggles and face shields
bull Hearing protectionbull Glovesbull Foot protectionbull Head protectionbull Aprons or full-body suits
48
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
49
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
50
Hazardous Materials First Aid
bull Eyes Flush with water for 15 minutes
bull Skin Wash with soap and water
bull Inhalation Move to fresh air
bull Swallowing Get emergency medical assistance
51
Spills and Leaks
bull Evacuate the areabull Notify a supervisor or
the emergency response team
bull Remove ignition sources (if safe to do so)
bull Stay awaybull Call 9-9-9
2 Evaluation of chemical hazards
Qm=Mass rate of volatile material
Accumulation rate is lsquo0rsquo
Applying ideal gas law m=mass ρ=density v=volatile species b=bulk speciesRg=ideal gas constantT and P absolute temp and pressureM=molecular weight of volatile speciesmvVb=C=QmkQv
Vapor Pressure
Given two substances of the same volume which one has more potential hazard
ndashExample Motor oil vs ether
Ether has more potential hazard than motor oil due to its high vapor pressure and volatility
Examples of Health Effects
Asphyxiants Carbon dioxide carbon monoxide
Irritants Chlorine formaldehyde
Anesthetics Toluene benzene
Hepatotoxins Carbon tetrachloride chlorobenzene
Nephrotoxins Toluene xylene
Neurotoxins Carbon disulfide
Hematopoietictoxins Benzene carbon monoxide
Pulmonarytoxins Nitrogen dioxide phosgene
Carcinogens Benzene vinyl chloride monomer
Ideal Gas Law
Conversion of Units
VP and Concentration
Selection of methods to control identified hazard
Table 3-9 Chemical Plant Control Techniques
Generalized form
In many cases Psat raquo ρ
Eq3-12
KA is often very small compared to displacement and can be neglected
Control of identified hazard
Purposes of Industrial Ventilation
bull Control of toxic air contaminants to
acceptable levels
bull Control of noxious odors
bull Control of heat and humidity for comfort
and health
bull Prevention of fire and explosions
Types of Industrial Ventilation1 General ventilationndashControl of temperature humidity and odors
2 Dilution ventilationndashMaintain control of low toxicity gases and vapors below acceptable levels through dilution of concentration
3 Local exhaust ventilationndashCapturing and removing contaminants at or near their sources of emissionndashPrevents the transmission of contaminant to workerndashGiven priority in ldquoHierarchy of Controlsrdquo
Ventilation Terminology
Air velocity at the hood or slot opening n important design parameter
Air velocity through the cross-section of the duct
Basic Ventilation Equation
WhereQ = air flow rate (ft3min)A = cross-sectional area of duct or opening (ft2)V = average air velocity (ftmin)
Example
ndashIf fan is unchanged and number of hoods is
doubled then the resulting hood face velocities
will be 12 original velocity (possibly reducing air
velocity to less-than-needed capture velocity)
Hood Proximity and Exhaust Volume
Use of Enclosures
Direction of Air Movement
Direction of Air Movement
Eq 3-3
- Industrial Hygiene 1 Background 2 Objectives of IH 3 Type of HI control 4 Estimation of evaporation rate ventilation rate of volatiles
- Origin of Hygiene
- What Is Industrial Hygiene
- Some Occupational Hazards
- Slide 5
- Government Regulations
- Government Regulations
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS PLANT SAFETY
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Recommendations to maintain plant safety
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
- Example of MSDS worddoc
- 2 Anticipation
- 3 Evaluation
- EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
- Slide 37
- Sampling and Measurement
- 4 Control
- Opportunities for Control
- Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
- 2 Work practices and Administrative controls
- OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Technical measures are but not limited to
- 3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Slide 49
- Hazardous Materials First Aid
- Spills and Leaks
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
- Slide 83
- Slide 84
- Slide 85
- Slide 86
- Slide 87
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
-
4 Training limitations Comprehensive hands-on safety training is difficult ndash if not impossible ndash to deliver No matter howtalented the trainers and trainees or how effective the curriculum classes and materialsconventional training can go only so far in conveying the realities of a hazardous situation
Recommendations However todayrsquos simulation and virtual-reality techniques allow operators to experience hazardous situations and consequences with a realism that has never been possible before
5 Lack of visibility of safety status
While safety breaches usually result from a combination of factors that have been deterioratingover time in many cases no one knows there is a problem or that an incident has occurred Mostplants are collecting the data that could provide early warning of problems but it is usually fragmented haphazard and not in a safety context
Recommendations Simulation techniques real-time monitoring sensors and operator dashboards can help provide a realistic dynamic view of safety conditions
6 Unnecessarily exposing people to hazardous environmentsProtecting the community environment and personnel is key to a sustainable safety programme
Recommendations Simulated training fire and gas detection systems smart instrumentation and personnel locationsystems can minimise human exposure to hazardous situations
7 External threats The realities of terrorism and business disruption due to plant safety incidents are critical considerations for plant managers
Recommendations These can be mitigated by defence-in-depth securityprogrammes and by careful integration of safety and control systems
Recommendations to maintain plant safety
1 Monitor equipment proactively
Proactive equipment condition monitoring can extend to all assets and processes that are critical to safe plant performance
Data from asset management systems can be integrated into an overall plant safety view This allows modification of the safety envelope model and real-time updating of plant safety dashboards providing a measure of overall integrity
of the plant This can also integrate condition management computerised maintenance management condition-based maintenance (CBM) and reliability-centred models ndash all of which contribute to operations and maintenance (RCORCM) solutions that improve plant safety
Recommendations to maintain plant safety
2 Utilise embedded diagnostics
It is essential to have confidence in the operational effectiveness and correct functioning of the installed safety systems Embedded automatic diagnostic featuresof control systems instrumentation and control elements increase this confidence and allow plant personnel to focus on production Data derived from a testing and diagnostic framework canautomatically reveal the appropriate communication strategies and coordinate the interaction ofthe personnel communications asset management and maintenance functions
Recommendations to maintain plant safety 3 Rationalise and prioritise alarms Alarms are often the first layer of protection and provide the first indication that there is a potential unsafe condition on the site However too many process alarms occurring at once can decrease the integrity of the alerts and the effectiveness of the operator response An effective and efficient alarm management system promotes both safety and performance Alarm rationalisation based on industry standards applies layers of protection to link the alarm priority with the time required to respond effectively to an alarm before the plant must undergo a costly shutdown This reduces nuisance trips by enabling operators to attend only to alarms associated with real dangers
Recommendations to maintain plant safety 4 Do not bypass inhibit-and-bypass management functionality Highlighting significant deviations from the normal operational state and adjusting the online plant safety case requires a robust management system to monitor record and report the status on all inhibit events and override conditions This allows for handover shift reports and key performance indicators to detect patterns and trends as well as status reports identifying and explaining the application of a bypass It also enables automatic removal of specified bypasses after a configurable period and advises when the plant achieves a steady operational state Inhibit and bypass management functions communicate with all electronic systems facilitate the systematic recording of events from other systems and provide a formal rule-based interpretation of the overall plant inhibit condition They initiate reports and display the operational status of the plant emergency systems
1
CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
1 Identification - Name of the substance or preparation - Name address and telephone of the companysupplier
2 Composition and information on ingredients
3 Hazard identification
4 First-air measures
5 Fire-fighting measures
6 spillage accidental release measures
7 Handling and storage
8 Exposure controls and personal protection
9 Physical and chemical properties
10 Stability and Reactivity
11 Toxicological information
12 Ecological information
13 Disposal considerations
14 Transport information
15 National regulations and references
16 Other information
EXAMPLE (Word file)
Example of MSDS worddoc
2 Anticipation
bull Anticipationrecognition of potential or actual hazards through knowledge of
bull ndashMaterials
bull ndashOperations
bull ndashProcesses
bull ndashConditions1048714
Scope of IH activities encompasses the ldquocradle-to-graverdquo concept (research through waste disposal)
3 Evaluation
bull Evaluation of environmental factors through
ndashMeasurement of exposure intensity
ndashDetermination of exposure frequency and duration
ndashComparison with regulatory professional and internal standards
bull Judgment weigh all factors
EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
Sampling and Measurement
bull OSHA and NIOSH publish sampling and analysis procedures appropriate for particular substances
bull ASTM has standards on instrumentation sampling and analytical procedures
bull ACGIH publishes a book on Air sampling instruments
4 Control
bull Employ methods to eliminate or reduce exposure resulting in elimination or reduction of the occurrence of occupational disease through
ndashEngineering (including process) interventions
ndashAdministrativeprogrammatic measures
ndashPersonal protective equipment (PPE)
Opportunities for Control
Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
bull Substitution ndash replacing a hazardous materials with a non-hazardous one
bull Isolation ndash use a barrier between a source of contaminants and workers
bull Ventilation ndash general or dilution ventilation and local exhaust ventilation
2 Work practices and Administrative controls
bull Housekeeping ndash regular cleaningbull Materials handling or Transfer procedures ndash to
remove generation of hazards during process of transferring (eg loadingunloading generates dust transferring liquids generates vaporsspills)
bull Leak detection programs ndash visual inspections auto sensors systems
bull Training ndash staffbull Modifying the work ndash limiting exposure periods
share activities between workersbull Personal hygiene ndash cleaning skins eyes change
cloths ete
OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES bull In the workplace workers are exposed to chemical
hazards in various activities such as transfer storage handling and use in the workstation and waste disposal
bull For the safe handling of chemicals it is necessary to take several preventive measures
bull Technical measures can be instituted to eliminate or reduced the worker exposure
bull The priority is to eliminate whenever possible very hazardous chemical form the workplace by substitute with less hazardous chemical or process
If substitution is not possible prevent exposure to the chemicals by implementing engineering control Measures that should be considered in engineering controls ( but not limited to ) are
1 enclosure or isolation
2 wet methods
3 use of industrial ventilation system
4 change of process
bull It must be remembered that personal protective equipment should always be the last to be considered
bull In some situations where substitution and engineering controls is not reasonably practicable and reliance has to be placed with personal protective equipment
bull For technical measure to be effective safe work practices and procedures should be developed and implemented hand in hand with the technical measures
Technical measures are but not limited tobull isolation of ignition sourcesbull development of procedures to cover handling use
operating procedures during manufacture transport storage use and disposal of chemicals
bull development and implementation of safe system of work such as permit to work system modification procedure maintenance and repair procedure inspection and testing
bull housekeeping bull hygiene facilitiesbull emergency procedure and facilitiesbull posting of warning sign
47
3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
bull Dust masks and respirators
bull Glasses goggles and face shields
bull Hearing protectionbull Glovesbull Foot protectionbull Head protectionbull Aprons or full-body suits
48
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
49
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
50
Hazardous Materials First Aid
bull Eyes Flush with water for 15 minutes
bull Skin Wash with soap and water
bull Inhalation Move to fresh air
bull Swallowing Get emergency medical assistance
51
Spills and Leaks
bull Evacuate the areabull Notify a supervisor or
the emergency response team
bull Remove ignition sources (if safe to do so)
bull Stay awaybull Call 9-9-9
2 Evaluation of chemical hazards
Qm=Mass rate of volatile material
Accumulation rate is lsquo0rsquo
Applying ideal gas law m=mass ρ=density v=volatile species b=bulk speciesRg=ideal gas constantT and P absolute temp and pressureM=molecular weight of volatile speciesmvVb=C=QmkQv
Vapor Pressure
Given two substances of the same volume which one has more potential hazard
ndashExample Motor oil vs ether
Ether has more potential hazard than motor oil due to its high vapor pressure and volatility
Examples of Health Effects
Asphyxiants Carbon dioxide carbon monoxide
Irritants Chlorine formaldehyde
Anesthetics Toluene benzene
Hepatotoxins Carbon tetrachloride chlorobenzene
Nephrotoxins Toluene xylene
Neurotoxins Carbon disulfide
Hematopoietictoxins Benzene carbon monoxide
Pulmonarytoxins Nitrogen dioxide phosgene
Carcinogens Benzene vinyl chloride monomer
Ideal Gas Law
Conversion of Units
VP and Concentration
Selection of methods to control identified hazard
Table 3-9 Chemical Plant Control Techniques
Generalized form
In many cases Psat raquo ρ
Eq3-12
KA is often very small compared to displacement and can be neglected
Control of identified hazard
Purposes of Industrial Ventilation
bull Control of toxic air contaminants to
acceptable levels
bull Control of noxious odors
bull Control of heat and humidity for comfort
and health
bull Prevention of fire and explosions
Types of Industrial Ventilation1 General ventilationndashControl of temperature humidity and odors
2 Dilution ventilationndashMaintain control of low toxicity gases and vapors below acceptable levels through dilution of concentration
3 Local exhaust ventilationndashCapturing and removing contaminants at or near their sources of emissionndashPrevents the transmission of contaminant to workerndashGiven priority in ldquoHierarchy of Controlsrdquo
Ventilation Terminology
Air velocity at the hood or slot opening n important design parameter
Air velocity through the cross-section of the duct
Basic Ventilation Equation
WhereQ = air flow rate (ft3min)A = cross-sectional area of duct or opening (ft2)V = average air velocity (ftmin)
Example
ndashIf fan is unchanged and number of hoods is
doubled then the resulting hood face velocities
will be 12 original velocity (possibly reducing air
velocity to less-than-needed capture velocity)
Hood Proximity and Exhaust Volume
Use of Enclosures
Direction of Air Movement
Direction of Air Movement
Eq 3-3
- Industrial Hygiene 1 Background 2 Objectives of IH 3 Type of HI control 4 Estimation of evaporation rate ventilation rate of volatiles
- Origin of Hygiene
- What Is Industrial Hygiene
- Some Occupational Hazards
- Slide 5
- Government Regulations
- Government Regulations
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS PLANT SAFETY
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Recommendations to maintain plant safety
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
- Example of MSDS worddoc
- 2 Anticipation
- 3 Evaluation
- EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
- Slide 37
- Sampling and Measurement
- 4 Control
- Opportunities for Control
- Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
- 2 Work practices and Administrative controls
- OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Technical measures are but not limited to
- 3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Slide 49
- Hazardous Materials First Aid
- Spills and Leaks
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
- Slide 83
- Slide 84
- Slide 85
- Slide 86
- Slide 87
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
-
5 Lack of visibility of safety status
While safety breaches usually result from a combination of factors that have been deterioratingover time in many cases no one knows there is a problem or that an incident has occurred Mostplants are collecting the data that could provide early warning of problems but it is usually fragmented haphazard and not in a safety context
Recommendations Simulation techniques real-time monitoring sensors and operator dashboards can help provide a realistic dynamic view of safety conditions
6 Unnecessarily exposing people to hazardous environmentsProtecting the community environment and personnel is key to a sustainable safety programme
Recommendations Simulated training fire and gas detection systems smart instrumentation and personnel locationsystems can minimise human exposure to hazardous situations
7 External threats The realities of terrorism and business disruption due to plant safety incidents are critical considerations for plant managers
Recommendations These can be mitigated by defence-in-depth securityprogrammes and by careful integration of safety and control systems
Recommendations to maintain plant safety
1 Monitor equipment proactively
Proactive equipment condition monitoring can extend to all assets and processes that are critical to safe plant performance
Data from asset management systems can be integrated into an overall plant safety view This allows modification of the safety envelope model and real-time updating of plant safety dashboards providing a measure of overall integrity
of the plant This can also integrate condition management computerised maintenance management condition-based maintenance (CBM) and reliability-centred models ndash all of which contribute to operations and maintenance (RCORCM) solutions that improve plant safety
Recommendations to maintain plant safety
2 Utilise embedded diagnostics
It is essential to have confidence in the operational effectiveness and correct functioning of the installed safety systems Embedded automatic diagnostic featuresof control systems instrumentation and control elements increase this confidence and allow plant personnel to focus on production Data derived from a testing and diagnostic framework canautomatically reveal the appropriate communication strategies and coordinate the interaction ofthe personnel communications asset management and maintenance functions
Recommendations to maintain plant safety 3 Rationalise and prioritise alarms Alarms are often the first layer of protection and provide the first indication that there is a potential unsafe condition on the site However too many process alarms occurring at once can decrease the integrity of the alerts and the effectiveness of the operator response An effective and efficient alarm management system promotes both safety and performance Alarm rationalisation based on industry standards applies layers of protection to link the alarm priority with the time required to respond effectively to an alarm before the plant must undergo a costly shutdown This reduces nuisance trips by enabling operators to attend only to alarms associated with real dangers
Recommendations to maintain plant safety 4 Do not bypass inhibit-and-bypass management functionality Highlighting significant deviations from the normal operational state and adjusting the online plant safety case requires a robust management system to monitor record and report the status on all inhibit events and override conditions This allows for handover shift reports and key performance indicators to detect patterns and trends as well as status reports identifying and explaining the application of a bypass It also enables automatic removal of specified bypasses after a configurable period and advises when the plant achieves a steady operational state Inhibit and bypass management functions communicate with all electronic systems facilitate the systematic recording of events from other systems and provide a formal rule-based interpretation of the overall plant inhibit condition They initiate reports and display the operational status of the plant emergency systems
1
CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
1 Identification - Name of the substance or preparation - Name address and telephone of the companysupplier
2 Composition and information on ingredients
3 Hazard identification
4 First-air measures
5 Fire-fighting measures
6 spillage accidental release measures
7 Handling and storage
8 Exposure controls and personal protection
9 Physical and chemical properties
10 Stability and Reactivity
11 Toxicological information
12 Ecological information
13 Disposal considerations
14 Transport information
15 National regulations and references
16 Other information
EXAMPLE (Word file)
Example of MSDS worddoc
2 Anticipation
bull Anticipationrecognition of potential or actual hazards through knowledge of
bull ndashMaterials
bull ndashOperations
bull ndashProcesses
bull ndashConditions1048714
Scope of IH activities encompasses the ldquocradle-to-graverdquo concept (research through waste disposal)
3 Evaluation
bull Evaluation of environmental factors through
ndashMeasurement of exposure intensity
ndashDetermination of exposure frequency and duration
ndashComparison with regulatory professional and internal standards
bull Judgment weigh all factors
EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
Sampling and Measurement
bull OSHA and NIOSH publish sampling and analysis procedures appropriate for particular substances
bull ASTM has standards on instrumentation sampling and analytical procedures
bull ACGIH publishes a book on Air sampling instruments
4 Control
bull Employ methods to eliminate or reduce exposure resulting in elimination or reduction of the occurrence of occupational disease through
ndashEngineering (including process) interventions
ndashAdministrativeprogrammatic measures
ndashPersonal protective equipment (PPE)
Opportunities for Control
Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
bull Substitution ndash replacing a hazardous materials with a non-hazardous one
bull Isolation ndash use a barrier between a source of contaminants and workers
bull Ventilation ndash general or dilution ventilation and local exhaust ventilation
2 Work practices and Administrative controls
bull Housekeeping ndash regular cleaningbull Materials handling or Transfer procedures ndash to
remove generation of hazards during process of transferring (eg loadingunloading generates dust transferring liquids generates vaporsspills)
bull Leak detection programs ndash visual inspections auto sensors systems
bull Training ndash staffbull Modifying the work ndash limiting exposure periods
share activities between workersbull Personal hygiene ndash cleaning skins eyes change
cloths ete
OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES bull In the workplace workers are exposed to chemical
hazards in various activities such as transfer storage handling and use in the workstation and waste disposal
bull For the safe handling of chemicals it is necessary to take several preventive measures
bull Technical measures can be instituted to eliminate or reduced the worker exposure
bull The priority is to eliminate whenever possible very hazardous chemical form the workplace by substitute with less hazardous chemical or process
If substitution is not possible prevent exposure to the chemicals by implementing engineering control Measures that should be considered in engineering controls ( but not limited to ) are
1 enclosure or isolation
2 wet methods
3 use of industrial ventilation system
4 change of process
bull It must be remembered that personal protective equipment should always be the last to be considered
bull In some situations where substitution and engineering controls is not reasonably practicable and reliance has to be placed with personal protective equipment
bull For technical measure to be effective safe work practices and procedures should be developed and implemented hand in hand with the technical measures
Technical measures are but not limited tobull isolation of ignition sourcesbull development of procedures to cover handling use
operating procedures during manufacture transport storage use and disposal of chemicals
bull development and implementation of safe system of work such as permit to work system modification procedure maintenance and repair procedure inspection and testing
bull housekeeping bull hygiene facilitiesbull emergency procedure and facilitiesbull posting of warning sign
47
3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
bull Dust masks and respirators
bull Glasses goggles and face shields
bull Hearing protectionbull Glovesbull Foot protectionbull Head protectionbull Aprons or full-body suits
48
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
49
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
50
Hazardous Materials First Aid
bull Eyes Flush with water for 15 minutes
bull Skin Wash with soap and water
bull Inhalation Move to fresh air
bull Swallowing Get emergency medical assistance
51
Spills and Leaks
bull Evacuate the areabull Notify a supervisor or
the emergency response team
bull Remove ignition sources (if safe to do so)
bull Stay awaybull Call 9-9-9
2 Evaluation of chemical hazards
Qm=Mass rate of volatile material
Accumulation rate is lsquo0rsquo
Applying ideal gas law m=mass ρ=density v=volatile species b=bulk speciesRg=ideal gas constantT and P absolute temp and pressureM=molecular weight of volatile speciesmvVb=C=QmkQv
Vapor Pressure
Given two substances of the same volume which one has more potential hazard
ndashExample Motor oil vs ether
Ether has more potential hazard than motor oil due to its high vapor pressure and volatility
Examples of Health Effects
Asphyxiants Carbon dioxide carbon monoxide
Irritants Chlorine formaldehyde
Anesthetics Toluene benzene
Hepatotoxins Carbon tetrachloride chlorobenzene
Nephrotoxins Toluene xylene
Neurotoxins Carbon disulfide
Hematopoietictoxins Benzene carbon monoxide
Pulmonarytoxins Nitrogen dioxide phosgene
Carcinogens Benzene vinyl chloride monomer
Ideal Gas Law
Conversion of Units
VP and Concentration
Selection of methods to control identified hazard
Table 3-9 Chemical Plant Control Techniques
Generalized form
In many cases Psat raquo ρ
Eq3-12
KA is often very small compared to displacement and can be neglected
Control of identified hazard
Purposes of Industrial Ventilation
bull Control of toxic air contaminants to
acceptable levels
bull Control of noxious odors
bull Control of heat and humidity for comfort
and health
bull Prevention of fire and explosions
Types of Industrial Ventilation1 General ventilationndashControl of temperature humidity and odors
2 Dilution ventilationndashMaintain control of low toxicity gases and vapors below acceptable levels through dilution of concentration
3 Local exhaust ventilationndashCapturing and removing contaminants at or near their sources of emissionndashPrevents the transmission of contaminant to workerndashGiven priority in ldquoHierarchy of Controlsrdquo
Ventilation Terminology
Air velocity at the hood or slot opening n important design parameter
Air velocity through the cross-section of the duct
Basic Ventilation Equation
WhereQ = air flow rate (ft3min)A = cross-sectional area of duct or opening (ft2)V = average air velocity (ftmin)
Example
ndashIf fan is unchanged and number of hoods is
doubled then the resulting hood face velocities
will be 12 original velocity (possibly reducing air
velocity to less-than-needed capture velocity)
Hood Proximity and Exhaust Volume
Use of Enclosures
Direction of Air Movement
Direction of Air Movement
Eq 3-3
- Industrial Hygiene 1 Background 2 Objectives of IH 3 Type of HI control 4 Estimation of evaporation rate ventilation rate of volatiles
- Origin of Hygiene
- What Is Industrial Hygiene
- Some Occupational Hazards
- Slide 5
- Government Regulations
- Government Regulations
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS PLANT SAFETY
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Recommendations to maintain plant safety
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
- Example of MSDS worddoc
- 2 Anticipation
- 3 Evaluation
- EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
- Slide 37
- Sampling and Measurement
- 4 Control
- Opportunities for Control
- Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
- 2 Work practices and Administrative controls
- OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Technical measures are but not limited to
- 3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Slide 49
- Hazardous Materials First Aid
- Spills and Leaks
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
- Slide 83
- Slide 84
- Slide 85
- Slide 86
- Slide 87
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
-
6 Unnecessarily exposing people to hazardous environmentsProtecting the community environment and personnel is key to a sustainable safety programme
Recommendations Simulated training fire and gas detection systems smart instrumentation and personnel locationsystems can minimise human exposure to hazardous situations
7 External threats The realities of terrorism and business disruption due to plant safety incidents are critical considerations for plant managers
Recommendations These can be mitigated by defence-in-depth securityprogrammes and by careful integration of safety and control systems
Recommendations to maintain plant safety
1 Monitor equipment proactively
Proactive equipment condition monitoring can extend to all assets and processes that are critical to safe plant performance
Data from asset management systems can be integrated into an overall plant safety view This allows modification of the safety envelope model and real-time updating of plant safety dashboards providing a measure of overall integrity
of the plant This can also integrate condition management computerised maintenance management condition-based maintenance (CBM) and reliability-centred models ndash all of which contribute to operations and maintenance (RCORCM) solutions that improve plant safety
Recommendations to maintain plant safety
2 Utilise embedded diagnostics
It is essential to have confidence in the operational effectiveness and correct functioning of the installed safety systems Embedded automatic diagnostic featuresof control systems instrumentation and control elements increase this confidence and allow plant personnel to focus on production Data derived from a testing and diagnostic framework canautomatically reveal the appropriate communication strategies and coordinate the interaction ofthe personnel communications asset management and maintenance functions
Recommendations to maintain plant safety 3 Rationalise and prioritise alarms Alarms are often the first layer of protection and provide the first indication that there is a potential unsafe condition on the site However too many process alarms occurring at once can decrease the integrity of the alerts and the effectiveness of the operator response An effective and efficient alarm management system promotes both safety and performance Alarm rationalisation based on industry standards applies layers of protection to link the alarm priority with the time required to respond effectively to an alarm before the plant must undergo a costly shutdown This reduces nuisance trips by enabling operators to attend only to alarms associated with real dangers
Recommendations to maintain plant safety 4 Do not bypass inhibit-and-bypass management functionality Highlighting significant deviations from the normal operational state and adjusting the online plant safety case requires a robust management system to monitor record and report the status on all inhibit events and override conditions This allows for handover shift reports and key performance indicators to detect patterns and trends as well as status reports identifying and explaining the application of a bypass It also enables automatic removal of specified bypasses after a configurable period and advises when the plant achieves a steady operational state Inhibit and bypass management functions communicate with all electronic systems facilitate the systematic recording of events from other systems and provide a formal rule-based interpretation of the overall plant inhibit condition They initiate reports and display the operational status of the plant emergency systems
1
CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
1 Identification - Name of the substance or preparation - Name address and telephone of the companysupplier
2 Composition and information on ingredients
3 Hazard identification
4 First-air measures
5 Fire-fighting measures
6 spillage accidental release measures
7 Handling and storage
8 Exposure controls and personal protection
9 Physical and chemical properties
10 Stability and Reactivity
11 Toxicological information
12 Ecological information
13 Disposal considerations
14 Transport information
15 National regulations and references
16 Other information
EXAMPLE (Word file)
Example of MSDS worddoc
2 Anticipation
bull Anticipationrecognition of potential or actual hazards through knowledge of
bull ndashMaterials
bull ndashOperations
bull ndashProcesses
bull ndashConditions1048714
Scope of IH activities encompasses the ldquocradle-to-graverdquo concept (research through waste disposal)
3 Evaluation
bull Evaluation of environmental factors through
ndashMeasurement of exposure intensity
ndashDetermination of exposure frequency and duration
ndashComparison with regulatory professional and internal standards
bull Judgment weigh all factors
EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
Sampling and Measurement
bull OSHA and NIOSH publish sampling and analysis procedures appropriate for particular substances
bull ASTM has standards on instrumentation sampling and analytical procedures
bull ACGIH publishes a book on Air sampling instruments
4 Control
bull Employ methods to eliminate or reduce exposure resulting in elimination or reduction of the occurrence of occupational disease through
ndashEngineering (including process) interventions
ndashAdministrativeprogrammatic measures
ndashPersonal protective equipment (PPE)
Opportunities for Control
Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
bull Substitution ndash replacing a hazardous materials with a non-hazardous one
bull Isolation ndash use a barrier between a source of contaminants and workers
bull Ventilation ndash general or dilution ventilation and local exhaust ventilation
2 Work practices and Administrative controls
bull Housekeeping ndash regular cleaningbull Materials handling or Transfer procedures ndash to
remove generation of hazards during process of transferring (eg loadingunloading generates dust transferring liquids generates vaporsspills)
bull Leak detection programs ndash visual inspections auto sensors systems
bull Training ndash staffbull Modifying the work ndash limiting exposure periods
share activities between workersbull Personal hygiene ndash cleaning skins eyes change
cloths ete
OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES bull In the workplace workers are exposed to chemical
hazards in various activities such as transfer storage handling and use in the workstation and waste disposal
bull For the safe handling of chemicals it is necessary to take several preventive measures
bull Technical measures can be instituted to eliminate or reduced the worker exposure
bull The priority is to eliminate whenever possible very hazardous chemical form the workplace by substitute with less hazardous chemical or process
If substitution is not possible prevent exposure to the chemicals by implementing engineering control Measures that should be considered in engineering controls ( but not limited to ) are
1 enclosure or isolation
2 wet methods
3 use of industrial ventilation system
4 change of process
bull It must be remembered that personal protective equipment should always be the last to be considered
bull In some situations where substitution and engineering controls is not reasonably practicable and reliance has to be placed with personal protective equipment
bull For technical measure to be effective safe work practices and procedures should be developed and implemented hand in hand with the technical measures
Technical measures are but not limited tobull isolation of ignition sourcesbull development of procedures to cover handling use
operating procedures during manufacture transport storage use and disposal of chemicals
bull development and implementation of safe system of work such as permit to work system modification procedure maintenance and repair procedure inspection and testing
bull housekeeping bull hygiene facilitiesbull emergency procedure and facilitiesbull posting of warning sign
47
3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
bull Dust masks and respirators
bull Glasses goggles and face shields
bull Hearing protectionbull Glovesbull Foot protectionbull Head protectionbull Aprons or full-body suits
48
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
49
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
50
Hazardous Materials First Aid
bull Eyes Flush with water for 15 minutes
bull Skin Wash with soap and water
bull Inhalation Move to fresh air
bull Swallowing Get emergency medical assistance
51
Spills and Leaks
bull Evacuate the areabull Notify a supervisor or
the emergency response team
bull Remove ignition sources (if safe to do so)
bull Stay awaybull Call 9-9-9
2 Evaluation of chemical hazards
Qm=Mass rate of volatile material
Accumulation rate is lsquo0rsquo
Applying ideal gas law m=mass ρ=density v=volatile species b=bulk speciesRg=ideal gas constantT and P absolute temp and pressureM=molecular weight of volatile speciesmvVb=C=QmkQv
Vapor Pressure
Given two substances of the same volume which one has more potential hazard
ndashExample Motor oil vs ether
Ether has more potential hazard than motor oil due to its high vapor pressure and volatility
Examples of Health Effects
Asphyxiants Carbon dioxide carbon monoxide
Irritants Chlorine formaldehyde
Anesthetics Toluene benzene
Hepatotoxins Carbon tetrachloride chlorobenzene
Nephrotoxins Toluene xylene
Neurotoxins Carbon disulfide
Hematopoietictoxins Benzene carbon monoxide
Pulmonarytoxins Nitrogen dioxide phosgene
Carcinogens Benzene vinyl chloride monomer
Ideal Gas Law
Conversion of Units
VP and Concentration
Selection of methods to control identified hazard
Table 3-9 Chemical Plant Control Techniques
Generalized form
In many cases Psat raquo ρ
Eq3-12
KA is often very small compared to displacement and can be neglected
Control of identified hazard
Purposes of Industrial Ventilation
bull Control of toxic air contaminants to
acceptable levels
bull Control of noxious odors
bull Control of heat and humidity for comfort
and health
bull Prevention of fire and explosions
Types of Industrial Ventilation1 General ventilationndashControl of temperature humidity and odors
2 Dilution ventilationndashMaintain control of low toxicity gases and vapors below acceptable levels through dilution of concentration
3 Local exhaust ventilationndashCapturing and removing contaminants at or near their sources of emissionndashPrevents the transmission of contaminant to workerndashGiven priority in ldquoHierarchy of Controlsrdquo
Ventilation Terminology
Air velocity at the hood or slot opening n important design parameter
Air velocity through the cross-section of the duct
Basic Ventilation Equation
WhereQ = air flow rate (ft3min)A = cross-sectional area of duct or opening (ft2)V = average air velocity (ftmin)
Example
ndashIf fan is unchanged and number of hoods is
doubled then the resulting hood face velocities
will be 12 original velocity (possibly reducing air
velocity to less-than-needed capture velocity)
Hood Proximity and Exhaust Volume
Use of Enclosures
Direction of Air Movement
Direction of Air Movement
Eq 3-3
- Industrial Hygiene 1 Background 2 Objectives of IH 3 Type of HI control 4 Estimation of evaporation rate ventilation rate of volatiles
- Origin of Hygiene
- What Is Industrial Hygiene
- Some Occupational Hazards
- Slide 5
- Government Regulations
- Government Regulations
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS PLANT SAFETY
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Recommendations to maintain plant safety
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
- Example of MSDS worddoc
- 2 Anticipation
- 3 Evaluation
- EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
- Slide 37
- Sampling and Measurement
- 4 Control
- Opportunities for Control
- Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
- 2 Work practices and Administrative controls
- OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Technical measures are but not limited to
- 3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Slide 49
- Hazardous Materials First Aid
- Spills and Leaks
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
- Slide 83
- Slide 84
- Slide 85
- Slide 86
- Slide 87
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
-
7 External threats The realities of terrorism and business disruption due to plant safety incidents are critical considerations for plant managers
Recommendations These can be mitigated by defence-in-depth securityprogrammes and by careful integration of safety and control systems
Recommendations to maintain plant safety
1 Monitor equipment proactively
Proactive equipment condition monitoring can extend to all assets and processes that are critical to safe plant performance
Data from asset management systems can be integrated into an overall plant safety view This allows modification of the safety envelope model and real-time updating of plant safety dashboards providing a measure of overall integrity
of the plant This can also integrate condition management computerised maintenance management condition-based maintenance (CBM) and reliability-centred models ndash all of which contribute to operations and maintenance (RCORCM) solutions that improve plant safety
Recommendations to maintain plant safety
2 Utilise embedded diagnostics
It is essential to have confidence in the operational effectiveness and correct functioning of the installed safety systems Embedded automatic diagnostic featuresof control systems instrumentation and control elements increase this confidence and allow plant personnel to focus on production Data derived from a testing and diagnostic framework canautomatically reveal the appropriate communication strategies and coordinate the interaction ofthe personnel communications asset management and maintenance functions
Recommendations to maintain plant safety 3 Rationalise and prioritise alarms Alarms are often the first layer of protection and provide the first indication that there is a potential unsafe condition on the site However too many process alarms occurring at once can decrease the integrity of the alerts and the effectiveness of the operator response An effective and efficient alarm management system promotes both safety and performance Alarm rationalisation based on industry standards applies layers of protection to link the alarm priority with the time required to respond effectively to an alarm before the plant must undergo a costly shutdown This reduces nuisance trips by enabling operators to attend only to alarms associated with real dangers
Recommendations to maintain plant safety 4 Do not bypass inhibit-and-bypass management functionality Highlighting significant deviations from the normal operational state and adjusting the online plant safety case requires a robust management system to monitor record and report the status on all inhibit events and override conditions This allows for handover shift reports and key performance indicators to detect patterns and trends as well as status reports identifying and explaining the application of a bypass It also enables automatic removal of specified bypasses after a configurable period and advises when the plant achieves a steady operational state Inhibit and bypass management functions communicate with all electronic systems facilitate the systematic recording of events from other systems and provide a formal rule-based interpretation of the overall plant inhibit condition They initiate reports and display the operational status of the plant emergency systems
1
CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
1 Identification - Name of the substance or preparation - Name address and telephone of the companysupplier
2 Composition and information on ingredients
3 Hazard identification
4 First-air measures
5 Fire-fighting measures
6 spillage accidental release measures
7 Handling and storage
8 Exposure controls and personal protection
9 Physical and chemical properties
10 Stability and Reactivity
11 Toxicological information
12 Ecological information
13 Disposal considerations
14 Transport information
15 National regulations and references
16 Other information
EXAMPLE (Word file)
Example of MSDS worddoc
2 Anticipation
bull Anticipationrecognition of potential or actual hazards through knowledge of
bull ndashMaterials
bull ndashOperations
bull ndashProcesses
bull ndashConditions1048714
Scope of IH activities encompasses the ldquocradle-to-graverdquo concept (research through waste disposal)
3 Evaluation
bull Evaluation of environmental factors through
ndashMeasurement of exposure intensity
ndashDetermination of exposure frequency and duration
ndashComparison with regulatory professional and internal standards
bull Judgment weigh all factors
EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
Sampling and Measurement
bull OSHA and NIOSH publish sampling and analysis procedures appropriate for particular substances
bull ASTM has standards on instrumentation sampling and analytical procedures
bull ACGIH publishes a book on Air sampling instruments
4 Control
bull Employ methods to eliminate or reduce exposure resulting in elimination or reduction of the occurrence of occupational disease through
ndashEngineering (including process) interventions
ndashAdministrativeprogrammatic measures
ndashPersonal protective equipment (PPE)
Opportunities for Control
Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
bull Substitution ndash replacing a hazardous materials with a non-hazardous one
bull Isolation ndash use a barrier between a source of contaminants and workers
bull Ventilation ndash general or dilution ventilation and local exhaust ventilation
2 Work practices and Administrative controls
bull Housekeeping ndash regular cleaningbull Materials handling or Transfer procedures ndash to
remove generation of hazards during process of transferring (eg loadingunloading generates dust transferring liquids generates vaporsspills)
bull Leak detection programs ndash visual inspections auto sensors systems
bull Training ndash staffbull Modifying the work ndash limiting exposure periods
share activities between workersbull Personal hygiene ndash cleaning skins eyes change
cloths ete
OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES bull In the workplace workers are exposed to chemical
hazards in various activities such as transfer storage handling and use in the workstation and waste disposal
bull For the safe handling of chemicals it is necessary to take several preventive measures
bull Technical measures can be instituted to eliminate or reduced the worker exposure
bull The priority is to eliminate whenever possible very hazardous chemical form the workplace by substitute with less hazardous chemical or process
If substitution is not possible prevent exposure to the chemicals by implementing engineering control Measures that should be considered in engineering controls ( but not limited to ) are
1 enclosure or isolation
2 wet methods
3 use of industrial ventilation system
4 change of process
bull It must be remembered that personal protective equipment should always be the last to be considered
bull In some situations where substitution and engineering controls is not reasonably practicable and reliance has to be placed with personal protective equipment
bull For technical measure to be effective safe work practices and procedures should be developed and implemented hand in hand with the technical measures
Technical measures are but not limited tobull isolation of ignition sourcesbull development of procedures to cover handling use
operating procedures during manufacture transport storage use and disposal of chemicals
bull development and implementation of safe system of work such as permit to work system modification procedure maintenance and repair procedure inspection and testing
bull housekeeping bull hygiene facilitiesbull emergency procedure and facilitiesbull posting of warning sign
47
3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
bull Dust masks and respirators
bull Glasses goggles and face shields
bull Hearing protectionbull Glovesbull Foot protectionbull Head protectionbull Aprons or full-body suits
48
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
49
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
50
Hazardous Materials First Aid
bull Eyes Flush with water for 15 minutes
bull Skin Wash with soap and water
bull Inhalation Move to fresh air
bull Swallowing Get emergency medical assistance
51
Spills and Leaks
bull Evacuate the areabull Notify a supervisor or
the emergency response team
bull Remove ignition sources (if safe to do so)
bull Stay awaybull Call 9-9-9
2 Evaluation of chemical hazards
Qm=Mass rate of volatile material
Accumulation rate is lsquo0rsquo
Applying ideal gas law m=mass ρ=density v=volatile species b=bulk speciesRg=ideal gas constantT and P absolute temp and pressureM=molecular weight of volatile speciesmvVb=C=QmkQv
Vapor Pressure
Given two substances of the same volume which one has more potential hazard
ndashExample Motor oil vs ether
Ether has more potential hazard than motor oil due to its high vapor pressure and volatility
Examples of Health Effects
Asphyxiants Carbon dioxide carbon monoxide
Irritants Chlorine formaldehyde
Anesthetics Toluene benzene
Hepatotoxins Carbon tetrachloride chlorobenzene
Nephrotoxins Toluene xylene
Neurotoxins Carbon disulfide
Hematopoietictoxins Benzene carbon monoxide
Pulmonarytoxins Nitrogen dioxide phosgene
Carcinogens Benzene vinyl chloride monomer
Ideal Gas Law
Conversion of Units
VP and Concentration
Selection of methods to control identified hazard
Table 3-9 Chemical Plant Control Techniques
Generalized form
In many cases Psat raquo ρ
Eq3-12
KA is often very small compared to displacement and can be neglected
Control of identified hazard
Purposes of Industrial Ventilation
bull Control of toxic air contaminants to
acceptable levels
bull Control of noxious odors
bull Control of heat and humidity for comfort
and health
bull Prevention of fire and explosions
Types of Industrial Ventilation1 General ventilationndashControl of temperature humidity and odors
2 Dilution ventilationndashMaintain control of low toxicity gases and vapors below acceptable levels through dilution of concentration
3 Local exhaust ventilationndashCapturing and removing contaminants at or near their sources of emissionndashPrevents the transmission of contaminant to workerndashGiven priority in ldquoHierarchy of Controlsrdquo
Ventilation Terminology
Air velocity at the hood or slot opening n important design parameter
Air velocity through the cross-section of the duct
Basic Ventilation Equation
WhereQ = air flow rate (ft3min)A = cross-sectional area of duct or opening (ft2)V = average air velocity (ftmin)
Example
ndashIf fan is unchanged and number of hoods is
doubled then the resulting hood face velocities
will be 12 original velocity (possibly reducing air
velocity to less-than-needed capture velocity)
Hood Proximity and Exhaust Volume
Use of Enclosures
Direction of Air Movement
Direction of Air Movement
Eq 3-3
- Industrial Hygiene 1 Background 2 Objectives of IH 3 Type of HI control 4 Estimation of evaporation rate ventilation rate of volatiles
- Origin of Hygiene
- What Is Industrial Hygiene
- Some Occupational Hazards
- Slide 5
- Government Regulations
- Government Regulations
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS PLANT SAFETY
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Recommendations to maintain plant safety
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
- Example of MSDS worddoc
- 2 Anticipation
- 3 Evaluation
- EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
- Slide 37
- Sampling and Measurement
- 4 Control
- Opportunities for Control
- Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
- 2 Work practices and Administrative controls
- OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Technical measures are but not limited to
- 3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Slide 49
- Hazardous Materials First Aid
- Spills and Leaks
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
- Slide 83
- Slide 84
- Slide 85
- Slide 86
- Slide 87
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
-
Recommendations to maintain plant safety
1 Monitor equipment proactively
Proactive equipment condition monitoring can extend to all assets and processes that are critical to safe plant performance
Data from asset management systems can be integrated into an overall plant safety view This allows modification of the safety envelope model and real-time updating of plant safety dashboards providing a measure of overall integrity
of the plant This can also integrate condition management computerised maintenance management condition-based maintenance (CBM) and reliability-centred models ndash all of which contribute to operations and maintenance (RCORCM) solutions that improve plant safety
Recommendations to maintain plant safety
2 Utilise embedded diagnostics
It is essential to have confidence in the operational effectiveness and correct functioning of the installed safety systems Embedded automatic diagnostic featuresof control systems instrumentation and control elements increase this confidence and allow plant personnel to focus on production Data derived from a testing and diagnostic framework canautomatically reveal the appropriate communication strategies and coordinate the interaction ofthe personnel communications asset management and maintenance functions
Recommendations to maintain plant safety 3 Rationalise and prioritise alarms Alarms are often the first layer of protection and provide the first indication that there is a potential unsafe condition on the site However too many process alarms occurring at once can decrease the integrity of the alerts and the effectiveness of the operator response An effective and efficient alarm management system promotes both safety and performance Alarm rationalisation based on industry standards applies layers of protection to link the alarm priority with the time required to respond effectively to an alarm before the plant must undergo a costly shutdown This reduces nuisance trips by enabling operators to attend only to alarms associated with real dangers
Recommendations to maintain plant safety 4 Do not bypass inhibit-and-bypass management functionality Highlighting significant deviations from the normal operational state and adjusting the online plant safety case requires a robust management system to monitor record and report the status on all inhibit events and override conditions This allows for handover shift reports and key performance indicators to detect patterns and trends as well as status reports identifying and explaining the application of a bypass It also enables automatic removal of specified bypasses after a configurable period and advises when the plant achieves a steady operational state Inhibit and bypass management functions communicate with all electronic systems facilitate the systematic recording of events from other systems and provide a formal rule-based interpretation of the overall plant inhibit condition They initiate reports and display the operational status of the plant emergency systems
1
CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
1 Identification - Name of the substance or preparation - Name address and telephone of the companysupplier
2 Composition and information on ingredients
3 Hazard identification
4 First-air measures
5 Fire-fighting measures
6 spillage accidental release measures
7 Handling and storage
8 Exposure controls and personal protection
9 Physical and chemical properties
10 Stability and Reactivity
11 Toxicological information
12 Ecological information
13 Disposal considerations
14 Transport information
15 National regulations and references
16 Other information
EXAMPLE (Word file)
Example of MSDS worddoc
2 Anticipation
bull Anticipationrecognition of potential or actual hazards through knowledge of
bull ndashMaterials
bull ndashOperations
bull ndashProcesses
bull ndashConditions1048714
Scope of IH activities encompasses the ldquocradle-to-graverdquo concept (research through waste disposal)
3 Evaluation
bull Evaluation of environmental factors through
ndashMeasurement of exposure intensity
ndashDetermination of exposure frequency and duration
ndashComparison with regulatory professional and internal standards
bull Judgment weigh all factors
EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
Sampling and Measurement
bull OSHA and NIOSH publish sampling and analysis procedures appropriate for particular substances
bull ASTM has standards on instrumentation sampling and analytical procedures
bull ACGIH publishes a book on Air sampling instruments
4 Control
bull Employ methods to eliminate or reduce exposure resulting in elimination or reduction of the occurrence of occupational disease through
ndashEngineering (including process) interventions
ndashAdministrativeprogrammatic measures
ndashPersonal protective equipment (PPE)
Opportunities for Control
Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
bull Substitution ndash replacing a hazardous materials with a non-hazardous one
bull Isolation ndash use a barrier between a source of contaminants and workers
bull Ventilation ndash general or dilution ventilation and local exhaust ventilation
2 Work practices and Administrative controls
bull Housekeeping ndash regular cleaningbull Materials handling or Transfer procedures ndash to
remove generation of hazards during process of transferring (eg loadingunloading generates dust transferring liquids generates vaporsspills)
bull Leak detection programs ndash visual inspections auto sensors systems
bull Training ndash staffbull Modifying the work ndash limiting exposure periods
share activities between workersbull Personal hygiene ndash cleaning skins eyes change
cloths ete
OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES bull In the workplace workers are exposed to chemical
hazards in various activities such as transfer storage handling and use in the workstation and waste disposal
bull For the safe handling of chemicals it is necessary to take several preventive measures
bull Technical measures can be instituted to eliminate or reduced the worker exposure
bull The priority is to eliminate whenever possible very hazardous chemical form the workplace by substitute with less hazardous chemical or process
If substitution is not possible prevent exposure to the chemicals by implementing engineering control Measures that should be considered in engineering controls ( but not limited to ) are
1 enclosure or isolation
2 wet methods
3 use of industrial ventilation system
4 change of process
bull It must be remembered that personal protective equipment should always be the last to be considered
bull In some situations where substitution and engineering controls is not reasonably practicable and reliance has to be placed with personal protective equipment
bull For technical measure to be effective safe work practices and procedures should be developed and implemented hand in hand with the technical measures
Technical measures are but not limited tobull isolation of ignition sourcesbull development of procedures to cover handling use
operating procedures during manufacture transport storage use and disposal of chemicals
bull development and implementation of safe system of work such as permit to work system modification procedure maintenance and repair procedure inspection and testing
bull housekeeping bull hygiene facilitiesbull emergency procedure and facilitiesbull posting of warning sign
47
3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
bull Dust masks and respirators
bull Glasses goggles and face shields
bull Hearing protectionbull Glovesbull Foot protectionbull Head protectionbull Aprons or full-body suits
48
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
49
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
50
Hazardous Materials First Aid
bull Eyes Flush with water for 15 minutes
bull Skin Wash with soap and water
bull Inhalation Move to fresh air
bull Swallowing Get emergency medical assistance
51
Spills and Leaks
bull Evacuate the areabull Notify a supervisor or
the emergency response team
bull Remove ignition sources (if safe to do so)
bull Stay awaybull Call 9-9-9
2 Evaluation of chemical hazards
Qm=Mass rate of volatile material
Accumulation rate is lsquo0rsquo
Applying ideal gas law m=mass ρ=density v=volatile species b=bulk speciesRg=ideal gas constantT and P absolute temp and pressureM=molecular weight of volatile speciesmvVb=C=QmkQv
Vapor Pressure
Given two substances of the same volume which one has more potential hazard
ndashExample Motor oil vs ether
Ether has more potential hazard than motor oil due to its high vapor pressure and volatility
Examples of Health Effects
Asphyxiants Carbon dioxide carbon monoxide
Irritants Chlorine formaldehyde
Anesthetics Toluene benzene
Hepatotoxins Carbon tetrachloride chlorobenzene
Nephrotoxins Toluene xylene
Neurotoxins Carbon disulfide
Hematopoietictoxins Benzene carbon monoxide
Pulmonarytoxins Nitrogen dioxide phosgene
Carcinogens Benzene vinyl chloride monomer
Ideal Gas Law
Conversion of Units
VP and Concentration
Selection of methods to control identified hazard
Table 3-9 Chemical Plant Control Techniques
Generalized form
In many cases Psat raquo ρ
Eq3-12
KA is often very small compared to displacement and can be neglected
Control of identified hazard
Purposes of Industrial Ventilation
bull Control of toxic air contaminants to
acceptable levels
bull Control of noxious odors
bull Control of heat and humidity for comfort
and health
bull Prevention of fire and explosions
Types of Industrial Ventilation1 General ventilationndashControl of temperature humidity and odors
2 Dilution ventilationndashMaintain control of low toxicity gases and vapors below acceptable levels through dilution of concentration
3 Local exhaust ventilationndashCapturing and removing contaminants at or near their sources of emissionndashPrevents the transmission of contaminant to workerndashGiven priority in ldquoHierarchy of Controlsrdquo
Ventilation Terminology
Air velocity at the hood or slot opening n important design parameter
Air velocity through the cross-section of the duct
Basic Ventilation Equation
WhereQ = air flow rate (ft3min)A = cross-sectional area of duct or opening (ft2)V = average air velocity (ftmin)
Example
ndashIf fan is unchanged and number of hoods is
doubled then the resulting hood face velocities
will be 12 original velocity (possibly reducing air
velocity to less-than-needed capture velocity)
Hood Proximity and Exhaust Volume
Use of Enclosures
Direction of Air Movement
Direction of Air Movement
Eq 3-3
- Industrial Hygiene 1 Background 2 Objectives of IH 3 Type of HI control 4 Estimation of evaporation rate ventilation rate of volatiles
- Origin of Hygiene
- What Is Industrial Hygiene
- Some Occupational Hazards
- Slide 5
- Government Regulations
- Government Regulations
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS PLANT SAFETY
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Recommendations to maintain plant safety
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
- Example of MSDS worddoc
- 2 Anticipation
- 3 Evaluation
- EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
- Slide 37
- Sampling and Measurement
- 4 Control
- Opportunities for Control
- Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
- 2 Work practices and Administrative controls
- OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Technical measures are but not limited to
- 3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Slide 49
- Hazardous Materials First Aid
- Spills and Leaks
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
- Slide 83
- Slide 84
- Slide 85
- Slide 86
- Slide 87
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
-
Recommendations to maintain plant safety
2 Utilise embedded diagnostics
It is essential to have confidence in the operational effectiveness and correct functioning of the installed safety systems Embedded automatic diagnostic featuresof control systems instrumentation and control elements increase this confidence and allow plant personnel to focus on production Data derived from a testing and diagnostic framework canautomatically reveal the appropriate communication strategies and coordinate the interaction ofthe personnel communications asset management and maintenance functions
Recommendations to maintain plant safety 3 Rationalise and prioritise alarms Alarms are often the first layer of protection and provide the first indication that there is a potential unsafe condition on the site However too many process alarms occurring at once can decrease the integrity of the alerts and the effectiveness of the operator response An effective and efficient alarm management system promotes both safety and performance Alarm rationalisation based on industry standards applies layers of protection to link the alarm priority with the time required to respond effectively to an alarm before the plant must undergo a costly shutdown This reduces nuisance trips by enabling operators to attend only to alarms associated with real dangers
Recommendations to maintain plant safety 4 Do not bypass inhibit-and-bypass management functionality Highlighting significant deviations from the normal operational state and adjusting the online plant safety case requires a robust management system to monitor record and report the status on all inhibit events and override conditions This allows for handover shift reports and key performance indicators to detect patterns and trends as well as status reports identifying and explaining the application of a bypass It also enables automatic removal of specified bypasses after a configurable period and advises when the plant achieves a steady operational state Inhibit and bypass management functions communicate with all electronic systems facilitate the systematic recording of events from other systems and provide a formal rule-based interpretation of the overall plant inhibit condition They initiate reports and display the operational status of the plant emergency systems
1
CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
1 Identification - Name of the substance or preparation - Name address and telephone of the companysupplier
2 Composition and information on ingredients
3 Hazard identification
4 First-air measures
5 Fire-fighting measures
6 spillage accidental release measures
7 Handling and storage
8 Exposure controls and personal protection
9 Physical and chemical properties
10 Stability and Reactivity
11 Toxicological information
12 Ecological information
13 Disposal considerations
14 Transport information
15 National regulations and references
16 Other information
EXAMPLE (Word file)
Example of MSDS worddoc
2 Anticipation
bull Anticipationrecognition of potential or actual hazards through knowledge of
bull ndashMaterials
bull ndashOperations
bull ndashProcesses
bull ndashConditions1048714
Scope of IH activities encompasses the ldquocradle-to-graverdquo concept (research through waste disposal)
3 Evaluation
bull Evaluation of environmental factors through
ndashMeasurement of exposure intensity
ndashDetermination of exposure frequency and duration
ndashComparison with regulatory professional and internal standards
bull Judgment weigh all factors
EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
Sampling and Measurement
bull OSHA and NIOSH publish sampling and analysis procedures appropriate for particular substances
bull ASTM has standards on instrumentation sampling and analytical procedures
bull ACGIH publishes a book on Air sampling instruments
4 Control
bull Employ methods to eliminate or reduce exposure resulting in elimination or reduction of the occurrence of occupational disease through
ndashEngineering (including process) interventions
ndashAdministrativeprogrammatic measures
ndashPersonal protective equipment (PPE)
Opportunities for Control
Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
bull Substitution ndash replacing a hazardous materials with a non-hazardous one
bull Isolation ndash use a barrier between a source of contaminants and workers
bull Ventilation ndash general or dilution ventilation and local exhaust ventilation
2 Work practices and Administrative controls
bull Housekeeping ndash regular cleaningbull Materials handling or Transfer procedures ndash to
remove generation of hazards during process of transferring (eg loadingunloading generates dust transferring liquids generates vaporsspills)
bull Leak detection programs ndash visual inspections auto sensors systems
bull Training ndash staffbull Modifying the work ndash limiting exposure periods
share activities between workersbull Personal hygiene ndash cleaning skins eyes change
cloths ete
OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES bull In the workplace workers are exposed to chemical
hazards in various activities such as transfer storage handling and use in the workstation and waste disposal
bull For the safe handling of chemicals it is necessary to take several preventive measures
bull Technical measures can be instituted to eliminate or reduced the worker exposure
bull The priority is to eliminate whenever possible very hazardous chemical form the workplace by substitute with less hazardous chemical or process
If substitution is not possible prevent exposure to the chemicals by implementing engineering control Measures that should be considered in engineering controls ( but not limited to ) are
1 enclosure or isolation
2 wet methods
3 use of industrial ventilation system
4 change of process
bull It must be remembered that personal protective equipment should always be the last to be considered
bull In some situations where substitution and engineering controls is not reasonably practicable and reliance has to be placed with personal protective equipment
bull For technical measure to be effective safe work practices and procedures should be developed and implemented hand in hand with the technical measures
Technical measures are but not limited tobull isolation of ignition sourcesbull development of procedures to cover handling use
operating procedures during manufacture transport storage use and disposal of chemicals
bull development and implementation of safe system of work such as permit to work system modification procedure maintenance and repair procedure inspection and testing
bull housekeeping bull hygiene facilitiesbull emergency procedure and facilitiesbull posting of warning sign
47
3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
bull Dust masks and respirators
bull Glasses goggles and face shields
bull Hearing protectionbull Glovesbull Foot protectionbull Head protectionbull Aprons or full-body suits
48
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
49
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
50
Hazardous Materials First Aid
bull Eyes Flush with water for 15 minutes
bull Skin Wash with soap and water
bull Inhalation Move to fresh air
bull Swallowing Get emergency medical assistance
51
Spills and Leaks
bull Evacuate the areabull Notify a supervisor or
the emergency response team
bull Remove ignition sources (if safe to do so)
bull Stay awaybull Call 9-9-9
2 Evaluation of chemical hazards
Qm=Mass rate of volatile material
Accumulation rate is lsquo0rsquo
Applying ideal gas law m=mass ρ=density v=volatile species b=bulk speciesRg=ideal gas constantT and P absolute temp and pressureM=molecular weight of volatile speciesmvVb=C=QmkQv
Vapor Pressure
Given two substances of the same volume which one has more potential hazard
ndashExample Motor oil vs ether
Ether has more potential hazard than motor oil due to its high vapor pressure and volatility
Examples of Health Effects
Asphyxiants Carbon dioxide carbon monoxide
Irritants Chlorine formaldehyde
Anesthetics Toluene benzene
Hepatotoxins Carbon tetrachloride chlorobenzene
Nephrotoxins Toluene xylene
Neurotoxins Carbon disulfide
Hematopoietictoxins Benzene carbon monoxide
Pulmonarytoxins Nitrogen dioxide phosgene
Carcinogens Benzene vinyl chloride monomer
Ideal Gas Law
Conversion of Units
VP and Concentration
Selection of methods to control identified hazard
Table 3-9 Chemical Plant Control Techniques
Generalized form
In many cases Psat raquo ρ
Eq3-12
KA is often very small compared to displacement and can be neglected
Control of identified hazard
Purposes of Industrial Ventilation
bull Control of toxic air contaminants to
acceptable levels
bull Control of noxious odors
bull Control of heat and humidity for comfort
and health
bull Prevention of fire and explosions
Types of Industrial Ventilation1 General ventilationndashControl of temperature humidity and odors
2 Dilution ventilationndashMaintain control of low toxicity gases and vapors below acceptable levels through dilution of concentration
3 Local exhaust ventilationndashCapturing and removing contaminants at or near their sources of emissionndashPrevents the transmission of contaminant to workerndashGiven priority in ldquoHierarchy of Controlsrdquo
Ventilation Terminology
Air velocity at the hood or slot opening n important design parameter
Air velocity through the cross-section of the duct
Basic Ventilation Equation
WhereQ = air flow rate (ft3min)A = cross-sectional area of duct or opening (ft2)V = average air velocity (ftmin)
Example
ndashIf fan is unchanged and number of hoods is
doubled then the resulting hood face velocities
will be 12 original velocity (possibly reducing air
velocity to less-than-needed capture velocity)
Hood Proximity and Exhaust Volume
Use of Enclosures
Direction of Air Movement
Direction of Air Movement
Eq 3-3
- Industrial Hygiene 1 Background 2 Objectives of IH 3 Type of HI control 4 Estimation of evaporation rate ventilation rate of volatiles
- Origin of Hygiene
- What Is Industrial Hygiene
- Some Occupational Hazards
- Slide 5
- Government Regulations
- Government Regulations
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS PLANT SAFETY
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Recommendations to maintain plant safety
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
- Example of MSDS worddoc
- 2 Anticipation
- 3 Evaluation
- EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
- Slide 37
- Sampling and Measurement
- 4 Control
- Opportunities for Control
- Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
- 2 Work practices and Administrative controls
- OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Technical measures are but not limited to
- 3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Slide 49
- Hazardous Materials First Aid
- Spills and Leaks
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
- Slide 83
- Slide 84
- Slide 85
- Slide 86
- Slide 87
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
-
Recommendations to maintain plant safety 3 Rationalise and prioritise alarms Alarms are often the first layer of protection and provide the first indication that there is a potential unsafe condition on the site However too many process alarms occurring at once can decrease the integrity of the alerts and the effectiveness of the operator response An effective and efficient alarm management system promotes both safety and performance Alarm rationalisation based on industry standards applies layers of protection to link the alarm priority with the time required to respond effectively to an alarm before the plant must undergo a costly shutdown This reduces nuisance trips by enabling operators to attend only to alarms associated with real dangers
Recommendations to maintain plant safety 4 Do not bypass inhibit-and-bypass management functionality Highlighting significant deviations from the normal operational state and adjusting the online plant safety case requires a robust management system to monitor record and report the status on all inhibit events and override conditions This allows for handover shift reports and key performance indicators to detect patterns and trends as well as status reports identifying and explaining the application of a bypass It also enables automatic removal of specified bypasses after a configurable period and advises when the plant achieves a steady operational state Inhibit and bypass management functions communicate with all electronic systems facilitate the systematic recording of events from other systems and provide a formal rule-based interpretation of the overall plant inhibit condition They initiate reports and display the operational status of the plant emergency systems
1
CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
1 Identification - Name of the substance or preparation - Name address and telephone of the companysupplier
2 Composition and information on ingredients
3 Hazard identification
4 First-air measures
5 Fire-fighting measures
6 spillage accidental release measures
7 Handling and storage
8 Exposure controls and personal protection
9 Physical and chemical properties
10 Stability and Reactivity
11 Toxicological information
12 Ecological information
13 Disposal considerations
14 Transport information
15 National regulations and references
16 Other information
EXAMPLE (Word file)
Example of MSDS worddoc
2 Anticipation
bull Anticipationrecognition of potential or actual hazards through knowledge of
bull ndashMaterials
bull ndashOperations
bull ndashProcesses
bull ndashConditions1048714
Scope of IH activities encompasses the ldquocradle-to-graverdquo concept (research through waste disposal)
3 Evaluation
bull Evaluation of environmental factors through
ndashMeasurement of exposure intensity
ndashDetermination of exposure frequency and duration
ndashComparison with regulatory professional and internal standards
bull Judgment weigh all factors
EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
Sampling and Measurement
bull OSHA and NIOSH publish sampling and analysis procedures appropriate for particular substances
bull ASTM has standards on instrumentation sampling and analytical procedures
bull ACGIH publishes a book on Air sampling instruments
4 Control
bull Employ methods to eliminate or reduce exposure resulting in elimination or reduction of the occurrence of occupational disease through
ndashEngineering (including process) interventions
ndashAdministrativeprogrammatic measures
ndashPersonal protective equipment (PPE)
Opportunities for Control
Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
bull Substitution ndash replacing a hazardous materials with a non-hazardous one
bull Isolation ndash use a barrier between a source of contaminants and workers
bull Ventilation ndash general or dilution ventilation and local exhaust ventilation
2 Work practices and Administrative controls
bull Housekeeping ndash regular cleaningbull Materials handling or Transfer procedures ndash to
remove generation of hazards during process of transferring (eg loadingunloading generates dust transferring liquids generates vaporsspills)
bull Leak detection programs ndash visual inspections auto sensors systems
bull Training ndash staffbull Modifying the work ndash limiting exposure periods
share activities between workersbull Personal hygiene ndash cleaning skins eyes change
cloths ete
OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES bull In the workplace workers are exposed to chemical
hazards in various activities such as transfer storage handling and use in the workstation and waste disposal
bull For the safe handling of chemicals it is necessary to take several preventive measures
bull Technical measures can be instituted to eliminate or reduced the worker exposure
bull The priority is to eliminate whenever possible very hazardous chemical form the workplace by substitute with less hazardous chemical or process
If substitution is not possible prevent exposure to the chemicals by implementing engineering control Measures that should be considered in engineering controls ( but not limited to ) are
1 enclosure or isolation
2 wet methods
3 use of industrial ventilation system
4 change of process
bull It must be remembered that personal protective equipment should always be the last to be considered
bull In some situations where substitution and engineering controls is not reasonably practicable and reliance has to be placed with personal protective equipment
bull For technical measure to be effective safe work practices and procedures should be developed and implemented hand in hand with the technical measures
Technical measures are but not limited tobull isolation of ignition sourcesbull development of procedures to cover handling use
operating procedures during manufacture transport storage use and disposal of chemicals
bull development and implementation of safe system of work such as permit to work system modification procedure maintenance and repair procedure inspection and testing
bull housekeeping bull hygiene facilitiesbull emergency procedure and facilitiesbull posting of warning sign
47
3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
bull Dust masks and respirators
bull Glasses goggles and face shields
bull Hearing protectionbull Glovesbull Foot protectionbull Head protectionbull Aprons or full-body suits
48
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
49
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
50
Hazardous Materials First Aid
bull Eyes Flush with water for 15 minutes
bull Skin Wash with soap and water
bull Inhalation Move to fresh air
bull Swallowing Get emergency medical assistance
51
Spills and Leaks
bull Evacuate the areabull Notify a supervisor or
the emergency response team
bull Remove ignition sources (if safe to do so)
bull Stay awaybull Call 9-9-9
2 Evaluation of chemical hazards
Qm=Mass rate of volatile material
Accumulation rate is lsquo0rsquo
Applying ideal gas law m=mass ρ=density v=volatile species b=bulk speciesRg=ideal gas constantT and P absolute temp and pressureM=molecular weight of volatile speciesmvVb=C=QmkQv
Vapor Pressure
Given two substances of the same volume which one has more potential hazard
ndashExample Motor oil vs ether
Ether has more potential hazard than motor oil due to its high vapor pressure and volatility
Examples of Health Effects
Asphyxiants Carbon dioxide carbon monoxide
Irritants Chlorine formaldehyde
Anesthetics Toluene benzene
Hepatotoxins Carbon tetrachloride chlorobenzene
Nephrotoxins Toluene xylene
Neurotoxins Carbon disulfide
Hematopoietictoxins Benzene carbon monoxide
Pulmonarytoxins Nitrogen dioxide phosgene
Carcinogens Benzene vinyl chloride monomer
Ideal Gas Law
Conversion of Units
VP and Concentration
Selection of methods to control identified hazard
Table 3-9 Chemical Plant Control Techniques
Generalized form
In many cases Psat raquo ρ
Eq3-12
KA is often very small compared to displacement and can be neglected
Control of identified hazard
Purposes of Industrial Ventilation
bull Control of toxic air contaminants to
acceptable levels
bull Control of noxious odors
bull Control of heat and humidity for comfort
and health
bull Prevention of fire and explosions
Types of Industrial Ventilation1 General ventilationndashControl of temperature humidity and odors
2 Dilution ventilationndashMaintain control of low toxicity gases and vapors below acceptable levels through dilution of concentration
3 Local exhaust ventilationndashCapturing and removing contaminants at or near their sources of emissionndashPrevents the transmission of contaminant to workerndashGiven priority in ldquoHierarchy of Controlsrdquo
Ventilation Terminology
Air velocity at the hood or slot opening n important design parameter
Air velocity through the cross-section of the duct
Basic Ventilation Equation
WhereQ = air flow rate (ft3min)A = cross-sectional area of duct or opening (ft2)V = average air velocity (ftmin)
Example
ndashIf fan is unchanged and number of hoods is
doubled then the resulting hood face velocities
will be 12 original velocity (possibly reducing air
velocity to less-than-needed capture velocity)
Hood Proximity and Exhaust Volume
Use of Enclosures
Direction of Air Movement
Direction of Air Movement
Eq 3-3
- Industrial Hygiene 1 Background 2 Objectives of IH 3 Type of HI control 4 Estimation of evaporation rate ventilation rate of volatiles
- Origin of Hygiene
- What Is Industrial Hygiene
- Some Occupational Hazards
- Slide 5
- Government Regulations
- Government Regulations
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS PLANT SAFETY
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Recommendations to maintain plant safety
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
- Example of MSDS worddoc
- 2 Anticipation
- 3 Evaluation
- EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
- Slide 37
- Sampling and Measurement
- 4 Control
- Opportunities for Control
- Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
- 2 Work practices and Administrative controls
- OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Technical measures are but not limited to
- 3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Slide 49
- Hazardous Materials First Aid
- Spills and Leaks
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
- Slide 83
- Slide 84
- Slide 85
- Slide 86
- Slide 87
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
-
Recommendations to maintain plant safety 4 Do not bypass inhibit-and-bypass management functionality Highlighting significant deviations from the normal operational state and adjusting the online plant safety case requires a robust management system to monitor record and report the status on all inhibit events and override conditions This allows for handover shift reports and key performance indicators to detect patterns and trends as well as status reports identifying and explaining the application of a bypass It also enables automatic removal of specified bypasses after a configurable period and advises when the plant achieves a steady operational state Inhibit and bypass management functions communicate with all electronic systems facilitate the systematic recording of events from other systems and provide a formal rule-based interpretation of the overall plant inhibit condition They initiate reports and display the operational status of the plant emergency systems
1
CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
1 Identification - Name of the substance or preparation - Name address and telephone of the companysupplier
2 Composition and information on ingredients
3 Hazard identification
4 First-air measures
5 Fire-fighting measures
6 spillage accidental release measures
7 Handling and storage
8 Exposure controls and personal protection
9 Physical and chemical properties
10 Stability and Reactivity
11 Toxicological information
12 Ecological information
13 Disposal considerations
14 Transport information
15 National regulations and references
16 Other information
EXAMPLE (Word file)
Example of MSDS worddoc
2 Anticipation
bull Anticipationrecognition of potential or actual hazards through knowledge of
bull ndashMaterials
bull ndashOperations
bull ndashProcesses
bull ndashConditions1048714
Scope of IH activities encompasses the ldquocradle-to-graverdquo concept (research through waste disposal)
3 Evaluation
bull Evaluation of environmental factors through
ndashMeasurement of exposure intensity
ndashDetermination of exposure frequency and duration
ndashComparison with regulatory professional and internal standards
bull Judgment weigh all factors
EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
Sampling and Measurement
bull OSHA and NIOSH publish sampling and analysis procedures appropriate for particular substances
bull ASTM has standards on instrumentation sampling and analytical procedures
bull ACGIH publishes a book on Air sampling instruments
4 Control
bull Employ methods to eliminate or reduce exposure resulting in elimination or reduction of the occurrence of occupational disease through
ndashEngineering (including process) interventions
ndashAdministrativeprogrammatic measures
ndashPersonal protective equipment (PPE)
Opportunities for Control
Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
bull Substitution ndash replacing a hazardous materials with a non-hazardous one
bull Isolation ndash use a barrier between a source of contaminants and workers
bull Ventilation ndash general or dilution ventilation and local exhaust ventilation
2 Work practices and Administrative controls
bull Housekeeping ndash regular cleaningbull Materials handling or Transfer procedures ndash to
remove generation of hazards during process of transferring (eg loadingunloading generates dust transferring liquids generates vaporsspills)
bull Leak detection programs ndash visual inspections auto sensors systems
bull Training ndash staffbull Modifying the work ndash limiting exposure periods
share activities between workersbull Personal hygiene ndash cleaning skins eyes change
cloths ete
OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES bull In the workplace workers are exposed to chemical
hazards in various activities such as transfer storage handling and use in the workstation and waste disposal
bull For the safe handling of chemicals it is necessary to take several preventive measures
bull Technical measures can be instituted to eliminate or reduced the worker exposure
bull The priority is to eliminate whenever possible very hazardous chemical form the workplace by substitute with less hazardous chemical or process
If substitution is not possible prevent exposure to the chemicals by implementing engineering control Measures that should be considered in engineering controls ( but not limited to ) are
1 enclosure or isolation
2 wet methods
3 use of industrial ventilation system
4 change of process
bull It must be remembered that personal protective equipment should always be the last to be considered
bull In some situations where substitution and engineering controls is not reasonably practicable and reliance has to be placed with personal protective equipment
bull For technical measure to be effective safe work practices and procedures should be developed and implemented hand in hand with the technical measures
Technical measures are but not limited tobull isolation of ignition sourcesbull development of procedures to cover handling use
operating procedures during manufacture transport storage use and disposal of chemicals
bull development and implementation of safe system of work such as permit to work system modification procedure maintenance and repair procedure inspection and testing
bull housekeeping bull hygiene facilitiesbull emergency procedure and facilitiesbull posting of warning sign
47
3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
bull Dust masks and respirators
bull Glasses goggles and face shields
bull Hearing protectionbull Glovesbull Foot protectionbull Head protectionbull Aprons or full-body suits
48
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
49
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
50
Hazardous Materials First Aid
bull Eyes Flush with water for 15 minutes
bull Skin Wash with soap and water
bull Inhalation Move to fresh air
bull Swallowing Get emergency medical assistance
51
Spills and Leaks
bull Evacuate the areabull Notify a supervisor or
the emergency response team
bull Remove ignition sources (if safe to do so)
bull Stay awaybull Call 9-9-9
2 Evaluation of chemical hazards
Qm=Mass rate of volatile material
Accumulation rate is lsquo0rsquo
Applying ideal gas law m=mass ρ=density v=volatile species b=bulk speciesRg=ideal gas constantT and P absolute temp and pressureM=molecular weight of volatile speciesmvVb=C=QmkQv
Vapor Pressure
Given two substances of the same volume which one has more potential hazard
ndashExample Motor oil vs ether
Ether has more potential hazard than motor oil due to its high vapor pressure and volatility
Examples of Health Effects
Asphyxiants Carbon dioxide carbon monoxide
Irritants Chlorine formaldehyde
Anesthetics Toluene benzene
Hepatotoxins Carbon tetrachloride chlorobenzene
Nephrotoxins Toluene xylene
Neurotoxins Carbon disulfide
Hematopoietictoxins Benzene carbon monoxide
Pulmonarytoxins Nitrogen dioxide phosgene
Carcinogens Benzene vinyl chloride monomer
Ideal Gas Law
Conversion of Units
VP and Concentration
Selection of methods to control identified hazard
Table 3-9 Chemical Plant Control Techniques
Generalized form
In many cases Psat raquo ρ
Eq3-12
KA is often very small compared to displacement and can be neglected
Control of identified hazard
Purposes of Industrial Ventilation
bull Control of toxic air contaminants to
acceptable levels
bull Control of noxious odors
bull Control of heat and humidity for comfort
and health
bull Prevention of fire and explosions
Types of Industrial Ventilation1 General ventilationndashControl of temperature humidity and odors
2 Dilution ventilationndashMaintain control of low toxicity gases and vapors below acceptable levels through dilution of concentration
3 Local exhaust ventilationndashCapturing and removing contaminants at or near their sources of emissionndashPrevents the transmission of contaminant to workerndashGiven priority in ldquoHierarchy of Controlsrdquo
Ventilation Terminology
Air velocity at the hood or slot opening n important design parameter
Air velocity through the cross-section of the duct
Basic Ventilation Equation
WhereQ = air flow rate (ft3min)A = cross-sectional area of duct or opening (ft2)V = average air velocity (ftmin)
Example
ndashIf fan is unchanged and number of hoods is
doubled then the resulting hood face velocities
will be 12 original velocity (possibly reducing air
velocity to less-than-needed capture velocity)
Hood Proximity and Exhaust Volume
Use of Enclosures
Direction of Air Movement
Direction of Air Movement
Eq 3-3
- Industrial Hygiene 1 Background 2 Objectives of IH 3 Type of HI control 4 Estimation of evaporation rate ventilation rate of volatiles
- Origin of Hygiene
- What Is Industrial Hygiene
- Some Occupational Hazards
- Slide 5
- Government Regulations
- Government Regulations
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS PLANT SAFETY
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Recommendations to maintain plant safety
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
- Example of MSDS worddoc
- 2 Anticipation
- 3 Evaluation
- EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
- Slide 37
- Sampling and Measurement
- 4 Control
- Opportunities for Control
- Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
- 2 Work practices and Administrative controls
- OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Technical measures are but not limited to
- 3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Slide 49
- Hazardous Materials First Aid
- Spills and Leaks
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
- Slide 83
- Slide 84
- Slide 85
- Slide 86
- Slide 87
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
-
1
CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
1 Identification - Name of the substance or preparation - Name address and telephone of the companysupplier
2 Composition and information on ingredients
3 Hazard identification
4 First-air measures
5 Fire-fighting measures
6 spillage accidental release measures
7 Handling and storage
8 Exposure controls and personal protection
9 Physical and chemical properties
10 Stability and Reactivity
11 Toxicological information
12 Ecological information
13 Disposal considerations
14 Transport information
15 National regulations and references
16 Other information
EXAMPLE (Word file)
Example of MSDS worddoc
2 Anticipation
bull Anticipationrecognition of potential or actual hazards through knowledge of
bull ndashMaterials
bull ndashOperations
bull ndashProcesses
bull ndashConditions1048714
Scope of IH activities encompasses the ldquocradle-to-graverdquo concept (research through waste disposal)
3 Evaluation
bull Evaluation of environmental factors through
ndashMeasurement of exposure intensity
ndashDetermination of exposure frequency and duration
ndashComparison with regulatory professional and internal standards
bull Judgment weigh all factors
EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
Sampling and Measurement
bull OSHA and NIOSH publish sampling and analysis procedures appropriate for particular substances
bull ASTM has standards on instrumentation sampling and analytical procedures
bull ACGIH publishes a book on Air sampling instruments
4 Control
bull Employ methods to eliminate or reduce exposure resulting in elimination or reduction of the occurrence of occupational disease through
ndashEngineering (including process) interventions
ndashAdministrativeprogrammatic measures
ndashPersonal protective equipment (PPE)
Opportunities for Control
Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
bull Substitution ndash replacing a hazardous materials with a non-hazardous one
bull Isolation ndash use a barrier between a source of contaminants and workers
bull Ventilation ndash general or dilution ventilation and local exhaust ventilation
2 Work practices and Administrative controls
bull Housekeeping ndash regular cleaningbull Materials handling or Transfer procedures ndash to
remove generation of hazards during process of transferring (eg loadingunloading generates dust transferring liquids generates vaporsspills)
bull Leak detection programs ndash visual inspections auto sensors systems
bull Training ndash staffbull Modifying the work ndash limiting exposure periods
share activities between workersbull Personal hygiene ndash cleaning skins eyes change
cloths ete
OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES bull In the workplace workers are exposed to chemical
hazards in various activities such as transfer storage handling and use in the workstation and waste disposal
bull For the safe handling of chemicals it is necessary to take several preventive measures
bull Technical measures can be instituted to eliminate or reduced the worker exposure
bull The priority is to eliminate whenever possible very hazardous chemical form the workplace by substitute with less hazardous chemical or process
If substitution is not possible prevent exposure to the chemicals by implementing engineering control Measures that should be considered in engineering controls ( but not limited to ) are
1 enclosure or isolation
2 wet methods
3 use of industrial ventilation system
4 change of process
bull It must be remembered that personal protective equipment should always be the last to be considered
bull In some situations where substitution and engineering controls is not reasonably practicable and reliance has to be placed with personal protective equipment
bull For technical measure to be effective safe work practices and procedures should be developed and implemented hand in hand with the technical measures
Technical measures are but not limited tobull isolation of ignition sourcesbull development of procedures to cover handling use
operating procedures during manufacture transport storage use and disposal of chemicals
bull development and implementation of safe system of work such as permit to work system modification procedure maintenance and repair procedure inspection and testing
bull housekeeping bull hygiene facilitiesbull emergency procedure and facilitiesbull posting of warning sign
47
3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
bull Dust masks and respirators
bull Glasses goggles and face shields
bull Hearing protectionbull Glovesbull Foot protectionbull Head protectionbull Aprons or full-body suits
48
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
49
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
50
Hazardous Materials First Aid
bull Eyes Flush with water for 15 minutes
bull Skin Wash with soap and water
bull Inhalation Move to fresh air
bull Swallowing Get emergency medical assistance
51
Spills and Leaks
bull Evacuate the areabull Notify a supervisor or
the emergency response team
bull Remove ignition sources (if safe to do so)
bull Stay awaybull Call 9-9-9
2 Evaluation of chemical hazards
Qm=Mass rate of volatile material
Accumulation rate is lsquo0rsquo
Applying ideal gas law m=mass ρ=density v=volatile species b=bulk speciesRg=ideal gas constantT and P absolute temp and pressureM=molecular weight of volatile speciesmvVb=C=QmkQv
Vapor Pressure
Given two substances of the same volume which one has more potential hazard
ndashExample Motor oil vs ether
Ether has more potential hazard than motor oil due to its high vapor pressure and volatility
Examples of Health Effects
Asphyxiants Carbon dioxide carbon monoxide
Irritants Chlorine formaldehyde
Anesthetics Toluene benzene
Hepatotoxins Carbon tetrachloride chlorobenzene
Nephrotoxins Toluene xylene
Neurotoxins Carbon disulfide
Hematopoietictoxins Benzene carbon monoxide
Pulmonarytoxins Nitrogen dioxide phosgene
Carcinogens Benzene vinyl chloride monomer
Ideal Gas Law
Conversion of Units
VP and Concentration
Selection of methods to control identified hazard
Table 3-9 Chemical Plant Control Techniques
Generalized form
In many cases Psat raquo ρ
Eq3-12
KA is often very small compared to displacement and can be neglected
Control of identified hazard
Purposes of Industrial Ventilation
bull Control of toxic air contaminants to
acceptable levels
bull Control of noxious odors
bull Control of heat and humidity for comfort
and health
bull Prevention of fire and explosions
Types of Industrial Ventilation1 General ventilationndashControl of temperature humidity and odors
2 Dilution ventilationndashMaintain control of low toxicity gases and vapors below acceptable levels through dilution of concentration
3 Local exhaust ventilationndashCapturing and removing contaminants at or near their sources of emissionndashPrevents the transmission of contaminant to workerndashGiven priority in ldquoHierarchy of Controlsrdquo
Ventilation Terminology
Air velocity at the hood or slot opening n important design parameter
Air velocity through the cross-section of the duct
Basic Ventilation Equation
WhereQ = air flow rate (ft3min)A = cross-sectional area of duct or opening (ft2)V = average air velocity (ftmin)
Example
ndashIf fan is unchanged and number of hoods is
doubled then the resulting hood face velocities
will be 12 original velocity (possibly reducing air
velocity to less-than-needed capture velocity)
Hood Proximity and Exhaust Volume
Use of Enclosures
Direction of Air Movement
Direction of Air Movement
Eq 3-3
- Industrial Hygiene 1 Background 2 Objectives of IH 3 Type of HI control 4 Estimation of evaporation rate ventilation rate of volatiles
- Origin of Hygiene
- What Is Industrial Hygiene
- Some Occupational Hazards
- Slide 5
- Government Regulations
- Government Regulations
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS PLANT SAFETY
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Recommendations to maintain plant safety
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
- Example of MSDS worddoc
- 2 Anticipation
- 3 Evaluation
- EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
- Slide 37
- Sampling and Measurement
- 4 Control
- Opportunities for Control
- Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
- 2 Work practices and Administrative controls
- OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Technical measures are but not limited to
- 3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Slide 49
- Hazardous Materials First Aid
- Spills and Leaks
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
- Slide 83
- Slide 84
- Slide 85
- Slide 86
- Slide 87
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
-
CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
1 Identification - Name of the substance or preparation - Name address and telephone of the companysupplier
2 Composition and information on ingredients
3 Hazard identification
4 First-air measures
5 Fire-fighting measures
6 spillage accidental release measures
7 Handling and storage
8 Exposure controls and personal protection
9 Physical and chemical properties
10 Stability and Reactivity
11 Toxicological information
12 Ecological information
13 Disposal considerations
14 Transport information
15 National regulations and references
16 Other information
EXAMPLE (Word file)
Example of MSDS worddoc
2 Anticipation
bull Anticipationrecognition of potential or actual hazards through knowledge of
bull ndashMaterials
bull ndashOperations
bull ndashProcesses
bull ndashConditions1048714
Scope of IH activities encompasses the ldquocradle-to-graverdquo concept (research through waste disposal)
3 Evaluation
bull Evaluation of environmental factors through
ndashMeasurement of exposure intensity
ndashDetermination of exposure frequency and duration
ndashComparison with regulatory professional and internal standards
bull Judgment weigh all factors
EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
Sampling and Measurement
bull OSHA and NIOSH publish sampling and analysis procedures appropriate for particular substances
bull ASTM has standards on instrumentation sampling and analytical procedures
bull ACGIH publishes a book on Air sampling instruments
4 Control
bull Employ methods to eliminate or reduce exposure resulting in elimination or reduction of the occurrence of occupational disease through
ndashEngineering (including process) interventions
ndashAdministrativeprogrammatic measures
ndashPersonal protective equipment (PPE)
Opportunities for Control
Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
bull Substitution ndash replacing a hazardous materials with a non-hazardous one
bull Isolation ndash use a barrier between a source of contaminants and workers
bull Ventilation ndash general or dilution ventilation and local exhaust ventilation
2 Work practices and Administrative controls
bull Housekeeping ndash regular cleaningbull Materials handling or Transfer procedures ndash to
remove generation of hazards during process of transferring (eg loadingunloading generates dust transferring liquids generates vaporsspills)
bull Leak detection programs ndash visual inspections auto sensors systems
bull Training ndash staffbull Modifying the work ndash limiting exposure periods
share activities between workersbull Personal hygiene ndash cleaning skins eyes change
cloths ete
OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES bull In the workplace workers are exposed to chemical
hazards in various activities such as transfer storage handling and use in the workstation and waste disposal
bull For the safe handling of chemicals it is necessary to take several preventive measures
bull Technical measures can be instituted to eliminate or reduced the worker exposure
bull The priority is to eliminate whenever possible very hazardous chemical form the workplace by substitute with less hazardous chemical or process
If substitution is not possible prevent exposure to the chemicals by implementing engineering control Measures that should be considered in engineering controls ( but not limited to ) are
1 enclosure or isolation
2 wet methods
3 use of industrial ventilation system
4 change of process
bull It must be remembered that personal protective equipment should always be the last to be considered
bull In some situations where substitution and engineering controls is not reasonably practicable and reliance has to be placed with personal protective equipment
bull For technical measure to be effective safe work practices and procedures should be developed and implemented hand in hand with the technical measures
Technical measures are but not limited tobull isolation of ignition sourcesbull development of procedures to cover handling use
operating procedures during manufacture transport storage use and disposal of chemicals
bull development and implementation of safe system of work such as permit to work system modification procedure maintenance and repair procedure inspection and testing
bull housekeeping bull hygiene facilitiesbull emergency procedure and facilitiesbull posting of warning sign
47
3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
bull Dust masks and respirators
bull Glasses goggles and face shields
bull Hearing protectionbull Glovesbull Foot protectionbull Head protectionbull Aprons or full-body suits
48
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
49
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
50
Hazardous Materials First Aid
bull Eyes Flush with water for 15 minutes
bull Skin Wash with soap and water
bull Inhalation Move to fresh air
bull Swallowing Get emergency medical assistance
51
Spills and Leaks
bull Evacuate the areabull Notify a supervisor or
the emergency response team
bull Remove ignition sources (if safe to do so)
bull Stay awaybull Call 9-9-9
2 Evaluation of chemical hazards
Qm=Mass rate of volatile material
Accumulation rate is lsquo0rsquo
Applying ideal gas law m=mass ρ=density v=volatile species b=bulk speciesRg=ideal gas constantT and P absolute temp and pressureM=molecular weight of volatile speciesmvVb=C=QmkQv
Vapor Pressure
Given two substances of the same volume which one has more potential hazard
ndashExample Motor oil vs ether
Ether has more potential hazard than motor oil due to its high vapor pressure and volatility
Examples of Health Effects
Asphyxiants Carbon dioxide carbon monoxide
Irritants Chlorine formaldehyde
Anesthetics Toluene benzene
Hepatotoxins Carbon tetrachloride chlorobenzene
Nephrotoxins Toluene xylene
Neurotoxins Carbon disulfide
Hematopoietictoxins Benzene carbon monoxide
Pulmonarytoxins Nitrogen dioxide phosgene
Carcinogens Benzene vinyl chloride monomer
Ideal Gas Law
Conversion of Units
VP and Concentration
Selection of methods to control identified hazard
Table 3-9 Chemical Plant Control Techniques
Generalized form
In many cases Psat raquo ρ
Eq3-12
KA is often very small compared to displacement and can be neglected
Control of identified hazard
Purposes of Industrial Ventilation
bull Control of toxic air contaminants to
acceptable levels
bull Control of noxious odors
bull Control of heat and humidity for comfort
and health
bull Prevention of fire and explosions
Types of Industrial Ventilation1 General ventilationndashControl of temperature humidity and odors
2 Dilution ventilationndashMaintain control of low toxicity gases and vapors below acceptable levels through dilution of concentration
3 Local exhaust ventilationndashCapturing and removing contaminants at or near their sources of emissionndashPrevents the transmission of contaminant to workerndashGiven priority in ldquoHierarchy of Controlsrdquo
Ventilation Terminology
Air velocity at the hood or slot opening n important design parameter
Air velocity through the cross-section of the duct
Basic Ventilation Equation
WhereQ = air flow rate (ft3min)A = cross-sectional area of duct or opening (ft2)V = average air velocity (ftmin)
Example
ndashIf fan is unchanged and number of hoods is
doubled then the resulting hood face velocities
will be 12 original velocity (possibly reducing air
velocity to less-than-needed capture velocity)
Hood Proximity and Exhaust Volume
Use of Enclosures
Direction of Air Movement
Direction of Air Movement
Eq 3-3
- Industrial Hygiene 1 Background 2 Objectives of IH 3 Type of HI control 4 Estimation of evaporation rate ventilation rate of volatiles
- Origin of Hygiene
- What Is Industrial Hygiene
- Some Occupational Hazards
- Slide 5
- Government Regulations
- Government Regulations
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS PLANT SAFETY
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Recommendations to maintain plant safety
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
- Example of MSDS worddoc
- 2 Anticipation
- 3 Evaluation
- EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
- Slide 37
- Sampling and Measurement
- 4 Control
- Opportunities for Control
- Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
- 2 Work practices and Administrative controls
- OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Technical measures are but not limited to
- 3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Slide 49
- Hazardous Materials First Aid
- Spills and Leaks
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
- Slide 83
- Slide 84
- Slide 85
- Slide 86
- Slide 87
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
-
Example of MSDS worddoc
2 Anticipation
bull Anticipationrecognition of potential or actual hazards through knowledge of
bull ndashMaterials
bull ndashOperations
bull ndashProcesses
bull ndashConditions1048714
Scope of IH activities encompasses the ldquocradle-to-graverdquo concept (research through waste disposal)
3 Evaluation
bull Evaluation of environmental factors through
ndashMeasurement of exposure intensity
ndashDetermination of exposure frequency and duration
ndashComparison with regulatory professional and internal standards
bull Judgment weigh all factors
EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
Sampling and Measurement
bull OSHA and NIOSH publish sampling and analysis procedures appropriate for particular substances
bull ASTM has standards on instrumentation sampling and analytical procedures
bull ACGIH publishes a book on Air sampling instruments
4 Control
bull Employ methods to eliminate or reduce exposure resulting in elimination or reduction of the occurrence of occupational disease through
ndashEngineering (including process) interventions
ndashAdministrativeprogrammatic measures
ndashPersonal protective equipment (PPE)
Opportunities for Control
Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
bull Substitution ndash replacing a hazardous materials with a non-hazardous one
bull Isolation ndash use a barrier between a source of contaminants and workers
bull Ventilation ndash general or dilution ventilation and local exhaust ventilation
2 Work practices and Administrative controls
bull Housekeeping ndash regular cleaningbull Materials handling or Transfer procedures ndash to
remove generation of hazards during process of transferring (eg loadingunloading generates dust transferring liquids generates vaporsspills)
bull Leak detection programs ndash visual inspections auto sensors systems
bull Training ndash staffbull Modifying the work ndash limiting exposure periods
share activities between workersbull Personal hygiene ndash cleaning skins eyes change
cloths ete
OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES bull In the workplace workers are exposed to chemical
hazards in various activities such as transfer storage handling and use in the workstation and waste disposal
bull For the safe handling of chemicals it is necessary to take several preventive measures
bull Technical measures can be instituted to eliminate or reduced the worker exposure
bull The priority is to eliminate whenever possible very hazardous chemical form the workplace by substitute with less hazardous chemical or process
If substitution is not possible prevent exposure to the chemicals by implementing engineering control Measures that should be considered in engineering controls ( but not limited to ) are
1 enclosure or isolation
2 wet methods
3 use of industrial ventilation system
4 change of process
bull It must be remembered that personal protective equipment should always be the last to be considered
bull In some situations where substitution and engineering controls is not reasonably practicable and reliance has to be placed with personal protective equipment
bull For technical measure to be effective safe work practices and procedures should be developed and implemented hand in hand with the technical measures
Technical measures are but not limited tobull isolation of ignition sourcesbull development of procedures to cover handling use
operating procedures during manufacture transport storage use and disposal of chemicals
bull development and implementation of safe system of work such as permit to work system modification procedure maintenance and repair procedure inspection and testing
bull housekeeping bull hygiene facilitiesbull emergency procedure and facilitiesbull posting of warning sign
47
3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
bull Dust masks and respirators
bull Glasses goggles and face shields
bull Hearing protectionbull Glovesbull Foot protectionbull Head protectionbull Aprons or full-body suits
48
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
49
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
50
Hazardous Materials First Aid
bull Eyes Flush with water for 15 minutes
bull Skin Wash with soap and water
bull Inhalation Move to fresh air
bull Swallowing Get emergency medical assistance
51
Spills and Leaks
bull Evacuate the areabull Notify a supervisor or
the emergency response team
bull Remove ignition sources (if safe to do so)
bull Stay awaybull Call 9-9-9
2 Evaluation of chemical hazards
Qm=Mass rate of volatile material
Accumulation rate is lsquo0rsquo
Applying ideal gas law m=mass ρ=density v=volatile species b=bulk speciesRg=ideal gas constantT and P absolute temp and pressureM=molecular weight of volatile speciesmvVb=C=QmkQv
Vapor Pressure
Given two substances of the same volume which one has more potential hazard
ndashExample Motor oil vs ether
Ether has more potential hazard than motor oil due to its high vapor pressure and volatility
Examples of Health Effects
Asphyxiants Carbon dioxide carbon monoxide
Irritants Chlorine formaldehyde
Anesthetics Toluene benzene
Hepatotoxins Carbon tetrachloride chlorobenzene
Nephrotoxins Toluene xylene
Neurotoxins Carbon disulfide
Hematopoietictoxins Benzene carbon monoxide
Pulmonarytoxins Nitrogen dioxide phosgene
Carcinogens Benzene vinyl chloride monomer
Ideal Gas Law
Conversion of Units
VP and Concentration
Selection of methods to control identified hazard
Table 3-9 Chemical Plant Control Techniques
Generalized form
In many cases Psat raquo ρ
Eq3-12
KA is often very small compared to displacement and can be neglected
Control of identified hazard
Purposes of Industrial Ventilation
bull Control of toxic air contaminants to
acceptable levels
bull Control of noxious odors
bull Control of heat and humidity for comfort
and health
bull Prevention of fire and explosions
Types of Industrial Ventilation1 General ventilationndashControl of temperature humidity and odors
2 Dilution ventilationndashMaintain control of low toxicity gases and vapors below acceptable levels through dilution of concentration
3 Local exhaust ventilationndashCapturing and removing contaminants at or near their sources of emissionndashPrevents the transmission of contaminant to workerndashGiven priority in ldquoHierarchy of Controlsrdquo
Ventilation Terminology
Air velocity at the hood or slot opening n important design parameter
Air velocity through the cross-section of the duct
Basic Ventilation Equation
WhereQ = air flow rate (ft3min)A = cross-sectional area of duct or opening (ft2)V = average air velocity (ftmin)
Example
ndashIf fan is unchanged and number of hoods is
doubled then the resulting hood face velocities
will be 12 original velocity (possibly reducing air
velocity to less-than-needed capture velocity)
Hood Proximity and Exhaust Volume
Use of Enclosures
Direction of Air Movement
Direction of Air Movement
Eq 3-3
- Industrial Hygiene 1 Background 2 Objectives of IH 3 Type of HI control 4 Estimation of evaporation rate ventilation rate of volatiles
- Origin of Hygiene
- What Is Industrial Hygiene
- Some Occupational Hazards
- Slide 5
- Government Regulations
- Government Regulations
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS PLANT SAFETY
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Recommendations to maintain plant safety
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
- Example of MSDS worddoc
- 2 Anticipation
- 3 Evaluation
- EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
- Slide 37
- Sampling and Measurement
- 4 Control
- Opportunities for Control
- Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
- 2 Work practices and Administrative controls
- OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Technical measures are but not limited to
- 3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Slide 49
- Hazardous Materials First Aid
- Spills and Leaks
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
- Slide 83
- Slide 84
- Slide 85
- Slide 86
- Slide 87
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
-
2 Anticipation
bull Anticipationrecognition of potential or actual hazards through knowledge of
bull ndashMaterials
bull ndashOperations
bull ndashProcesses
bull ndashConditions1048714
Scope of IH activities encompasses the ldquocradle-to-graverdquo concept (research through waste disposal)
3 Evaluation
bull Evaluation of environmental factors through
ndashMeasurement of exposure intensity
ndashDetermination of exposure frequency and duration
ndashComparison with regulatory professional and internal standards
bull Judgment weigh all factors
EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
Sampling and Measurement
bull OSHA and NIOSH publish sampling and analysis procedures appropriate for particular substances
bull ASTM has standards on instrumentation sampling and analytical procedures
bull ACGIH publishes a book on Air sampling instruments
4 Control
bull Employ methods to eliminate or reduce exposure resulting in elimination or reduction of the occurrence of occupational disease through
ndashEngineering (including process) interventions
ndashAdministrativeprogrammatic measures
ndashPersonal protective equipment (PPE)
Opportunities for Control
Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
bull Substitution ndash replacing a hazardous materials with a non-hazardous one
bull Isolation ndash use a barrier between a source of contaminants and workers
bull Ventilation ndash general or dilution ventilation and local exhaust ventilation
2 Work practices and Administrative controls
bull Housekeeping ndash regular cleaningbull Materials handling or Transfer procedures ndash to
remove generation of hazards during process of transferring (eg loadingunloading generates dust transferring liquids generates vaporsspills)
bull Leak detection programs ndash visual inspections auto sensors systems
bull Training ndash staffbull Modifying the work ndash limiting exposure periods
share activities between workersbull Personal hygiene ndash cleaning skins eyes change
cloths ete
OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES bull In the workplace workers are exposed to chemical
hazards in various activities such as transfer storage handling and use in the workstation and waste disposal
bull For the safe handling of chemicals it is necessary to take several preventive measures
bull Technical measures can be instituted to eliminate or reduced the worker exposure
bull The priority is to eliminate whenever possible very hazardous chemical form the workplace by substitute with less hazardous chemical or process
If substitution is not possible prevent exposure to the chemicals by implementing engineering control Measures that should be considered in engineering controls ( but not limited to ) are
1 enclosure or isolation
2 wet methods
3 use of industrial ventilation system
4 change of process
bull It must be remembered that personal protective equipment should always be the last to be considered
bull In some situations where substitution and engineering controls is not reasonably practicable and reliance has to be placed with personal protective equipment
bull For technical measure to be effective safe work practices and procedures should be developed and implemented hand in hand with the technical measures
Technical measures are but not limited tobull isolation of ignition sourcesbull development of procedures to cover handling use
operating procedures during manufacture transport storage use and disposal of chemicals
bull development and implementation of safe system of work such as permit to work system modification procedure maintenance and repair procedure inspection and testing
bull housekeeping bull hygiene facilitiesbull emergency procedure and facilitiesbull posting of warning sign
47
3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
bull Dust masks and respirators
bull Glasses goggles and face shields
bull Hearing protectionbull Glovesbull Foot protectionbull Head protectionbull Aprons or full-body suits
48
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
49
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
50
Hazardous Materials First Aid
bull Eyes Flush with water for 15 minutes
bull Skin Wash with soap and water
bull Inhalation Move to fresh air
bull Swallowing Get emergency medical assistance
51
Spills and Leaks
bull Evacuate the areabull Notify a supervisor or
the emergency response team
bull Remove ignition sources (if safe to do so)
bull Stay awaybull Call 9-9-9
2 Evaluation of chemical hazards
Qm=Mass rate of volatile material
Accumulation rate is lsquo0rsquo
Applying ideal gas law m=mass ρ=density v=volatile species b=bulk speciesRg=ideal gas constantT and P absolute temp and pressureM=molecular weight of volatile speciesmvVb=C=QmkQv
Vapor Pressure
Given two substances of the same volume which one has more potential hazard
ndashExample Motor oil vs ether
Ether has more potential hazard than motor oil due to its high vapor pressure and volatility
Examples of Health Effects
Asphyxiants Carbon dioxide carbon monoxide
Irritants Chlorine formaldehyde
Anesthetics Toluene benzene
Hepatotoxins Carbon tetrachloride chlorobenzene
Nephrotoxins Toluene xylene
Neurotoxins Carbon disulfide
Hematopoietictoxins Benzene carbon monoxide
Pulmonarytoxins Nitrogen dioxide phosgene
Carcinogens Benzene vinyl chloride monomer
Ideal Gas Law
Conversion of Units
VP and Concentration
Selection of methods to control identified hazard
Table 3-9 Chemical Plant Control Techniques
Generalized form
In many cases Psat raquo ρ
Eq3-12
KA is often very small compared to displacement and can be neglected
Control of identified hazard
Purposes of Industrial Ventilation
bull Control of toxic air contaminants to
acceptable levels
bull Control of noxious odors
bull Control of heat and humidity for comfort
and health
bull Prevention of fire and explosions
Types of Industrial Ventilation1 General ventilationndashControl of temperature humidity and odors
2 Dilution ventilationndashMaintain control of low toxicity gases and vapors below acceptable levels through dilution of concentration
3 Local exhaust ventilationndashCapturing and removing contaminants at or near their sources of emissionndashPrevents the transmission of contaminant to workerndashGiven priority in ldquoHierarchy of Controlsrdquo
Ventilation Terminology
Air velocity at the hood or slot opening n important design parameter
Air velocity through the cross-section of the duct
Basic Ventilation Equation
WhereQ = air flow rate (ft3min)A = cross-sectional area of duct or opening (ft2)V = average air velocity (ftmin)
Example
ndashIf fan is unchanged and number of hoods is
doubled then the resulting hood face velocities
will be 12 original velocity (possibly reducing air
velocity to less-than-needed capture velocity)
Hood Proximity and Exhaust Volume
Use of Enclosures
Direction of Air Movement
Direction of Air Movement
Eq 3-3
- Industrial Hygiene 1 Background 2 Objectives of IH 3 Type of HI control 4 Estimation of evaporation rate ventilation rate of volatiles
- Origin of Hygiene
- What Is Industrial Hygiene
- Some Occupational Hazards
- Slide 5
- Government Regulations
- Government Regulations
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS PLANT SAFETY
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Recommendations to maintain plant safety
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
- Example of MSDS worddoc
- 2 Anticipation
- 3 Evaluation
- EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
- Slide 37
- Sampling and Measurement
- 4 Control
- Opportunities for Control
- Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
- 2 Work practices and Administrative controls
- OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Technical measures are but not limited to
- 3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Slide 49
- Hazardous Materials First Aid
- Spills and Leaks
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
- Slide 83
- Slide 84
- Slide 85
- Slide 86
- Slide 87
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
-
3 Evaluation
bull Evaluation of environmental factors through
ndashMeasurement of exposure intensity
ndashDetermination of exposure frequency and duration
ndashComparison with regulatory professional and internal standards
bull Judgment weigh all factors
EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
Sampling and Measurement
bull OSHA and NIOSH publish sampling and analysis procedures appropriate for particular substances
bull ASTM has standards on instrumentation sampling and analytical procedures
bull ACGIH publishes a book on Air sampling instruments
4 Control
bull Employ methods to eliminate or reduce exposure resulting in elimination or reduction of the occurrence of occupational disease through
ndashEngineering (including process) interventions
ndashAdministrativeprogrammatic measures
ndashPersonal protective equipment (PPE)
Opportunities for Control
Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
bull Substitution ndash replacing a hazardous materials with a non-hazardous one
bull Isolation ndash use a barrier between a source of contaminants and workers
bull Ventilation ndash general or dilution ventilation and local exhaust ventilation
2 Work practices and Administrative controls
bull Housekeeping ndash regular cleaningbull Materials handling or Transfer procedures ndash to
remove generation of hazards during process of transferring (eg loadingunloading generates dust transferring liquids generates vaporsspills)
bull Leak detection programs ndash visual inspections auto sensors systems
bull Training ndash staffbull Modifying the work ndash limiting exposure periods
share activities between workersbull Personal hygiene ndash cleaning skins eyes change
cloths ete
OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES bull In the workplace workers are exposed to chemical
hazards in various activities such as transfer storage handling and use in the workstation and waste disposal
bull For the safe handling of chemicals it is necessary to take several preventive measures
bull Technical measures can be instituted to eliminate or reduced the worker exposure
bull The priority is to eliminate whenever possible very hazardous chemical form the workplace by substitute with less hazardous chemical or process
If substitution is not possible prevent exposure to the chemicals by implementing engineering control Measures that should be considered in engineering controls ( but not limited to ) are
1 enclosure or isolation
2 wet methods
3 use of industrial ventilation system
4 change of process
bull It must be remembered that personal protective equipment should always be the last to be considered
bull In some situations where substitution and engineering controls is not reasonably practicable and reliance has to be placed with personal protective equipment
bull For technical measure to be effective safe work practices and procedures should be developed and implemented hand in hand with the technical measures
Technical measures are but not limited tobull isolation of ignition sourcesbull development of procedures to cover handling use
operating procedures during manufacture transport storage use and disposal of chemicals
bull development and implementation of safe system of work such as permit to work system modification procedure maintenance and repair procedure inspection and testing
bull housekeeping bull hygiene facilitiesbull emergency procedure and facilitiesbull posting of warning sign
47
3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
bull Dust masks and respirators
bull Glasses goggles and face shields
bull Hearing protectionbull Glovesbull Foot protectionbull Head protectionbull Aprons or full-body suits
48
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
49
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
50
Hazardous Materials First Aid
bull Eyes Flush with water for 15 minutes
bull Skin Wash with soap and water
bull Inhalation Move to fresh air
bull Swallowing Get emergency medical assistance
51
Spills and Leaks
bull Evacuate the areabull Notify a supervisor or
the emergency response team
bull Remove ignition sources (if safe to do so)
bull Stay awaybull Call 9-9-9
2 Evaluation of chemical hazards
Qm=Mass rate of volatile material
Accumulation rate is lsquo0rsquo
Applying ideal gas law m=mass ρ=density v=volatile species b=bulk speciesRg=ideal gas constantT and P absolute temp and pressureM=molecular weight of volatile speciesmvVb=C=QmkQv
Vapor Pressure
Given two substances of the same volume which one has more potential hazard
ndashExample Motor oil vs ether
Ether has more potential hazard than motor oil due to its high vapor pressure and volatility
Examples of Health Effects
Asphyxiants Carbon dioxide carbon monoxide
Irritants Chlorine formaldehyde
Anesthetics Toluene benzene
Hepatotoxins Carbon tetrachloride chlorobenzene
Nephrotoxins Toluene xylene
Neurotoxins Carbon disulfide
Hematopoietictoxins Benzene carbon monoxide
Pulmonarytoxins Nitrogen dioxide phosgene
Carcinogens Benzene vinyl chloride monomer
Ideal Gas Law
Conversion of Units
VP and Concentration
Selection of methods to control identified hazard
Table 3-9 Chemical Plant Control Techniques
Generalized form
In many cases Psat raquo ρ
Eq3-12
KA is often very small compared to displacement and can be neglected
Control of identified hazard
Purposes of Industrial Ventilation
bull Control of toxic air contaminants to
acceptable levels
bull Control of noxious odors
bull Control of heat and humidity for comfort
and health
bull Prevention of fire and explosions
Types of Industrial Ventilation1 General ventilationndashControl of temperature humidity and odors
2 Dilution ventilationndashMaintain control of low toxicity gases and vapors below acceptable levels through dilution of concentration
3 Local exhaust ventilationndashCapturing and removing contaminants at or near their sources of emissionndashPrevents the transmission of contaminant to workerndashGiven priority in ldquoHierarchy of Controlsrdquo
Ventilation Terminology
Air velocity at the hood or slot opening n important design parameter
Air velocity through the cross-section of the duct
Basic Ventilation Equation
WhereQ = air flow rate (ft3min)A = cross-sectional area of duct or opening (ft2)V = average air velocity (ftmin)
Example
ndashIf fan is unchanged and number of hoods is
doubled then the resulting hood face velocities
will be 12 original velocity (possibly reducing air
velocity to less-than-needed capture velocity)
Hood Proximity and Exhaust Volume
Use of Enclosures
Direction of Air Movement
Direction of Air Movement
Eq 3-3
- Industrial Hygiene 1 Background 2 Objectives of IH 3 Type of HI control 4 Estimation of evaporation rate ventilation rate of volatiles
- Origin of Hygiene
- What Is Industrial Hygiene
- Some Occupational Hazards
- Slide 5
- Government Regulations
- Government Regulations
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS PLANT SAFETY
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Recommendations to maintain plant safety
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
- Example of MSDS worddoc
- 2 Anticipation
- 3 Evaluation
- EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
- Slide 37
- Sampling and Measurement
- 4 Control
- Opportunities for Control
- Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
- 2 Work practices and Administrative controls
- OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Technical measures are but not limited to
- 3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Slide 49
- Hazardous Materials First Aid
- Spills and Leaks
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
- Slide 83
- Slide 84
- Slide 85
- Slide 86
- Slide 87
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
-
EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
Sampling and Measurement
bull OSHA and NIOSH publish sampling and analysis procedures appropriate for particular substances
bull ASTM has standards on instrumentation sampling and analytical procedures
bull ACGIH publishes a book on Air sampling instruments
4 Control
bull Employ methods to eliminate or reduce exposure resulting in elimination or reduction of the occurrence of occupational disease through
ndashEngineering (including process) interventions
ndashAdministrativeprogrammatic measures
ndashPersonal protective equipment (PPE)
Opportunities for Control
Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
bull Substitution ndash replacing a hazardous materials with a non-hazardous one
bull Isolation ndash use a barrier between a source of contaminants and workers
bull Ventilation ndash general or dilution ventilation and local exhaust ventilation
2 Work practices and Administrative controls
bull Housekeeping ndash regular cleaningbull Materials handling or Transfer procedures ndash to
remove generation of hazards during process of transferring (eg loadingunloading generates dust transferring liquids generates vaporsspills)
bull Leak detection programs ndash visual inspections auto sensors systems
bull Training ndash staffbull Modifying the work ndash limiting exposure periods
share activities between workersbull Personal hygiene ndash cleaning skins eyes change
cloths ete
OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES bull In the workplace workers are exposed to chemical
hazards in various activities such as transfer storage handling and use in the workstation and waste disposal
bull For the safe handling of chemicals it is necessary to take several preventive measures
bull Technical measures can be instituted to eliminate or reduced the worker exposure
bull The priority is to eliminate whenever possible very hazardous chemical form the workplace by substitute with less hazardous chemical or process
If substitution is not possible prevent exposure to the chemicals by implementing engineering control Measures that should be considered in engineering controls ( but not limited to ) are
1 enclosure or isolation
2 wet methods
3 use of industrial ventilation system
4 change of process
bull It must be remembered that personal protective equipment should always be the last to be considered
bull In some situations where substitution and engineering controls is not reasonably practicable and reliance has to be placed with personal protective equipment
bull For technical measure to be effective safe work practices and procedures should be developed and implemented hand in hand with the technical measures
Technical measures are but not limited tobull isolation of ignition sourcesbull development of procedures to cover handling use
operating procedures during manufacture transport storage use and disposal of chemicals
bull development and implementation of safe system of work such as permit to work system modification procedure maintenance and repair procedure inspection and testing
bull housekeeping bull hygiene facilitiesbull emergency procedure and facilitiesbull posting of warning sign
47
3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
bull Dust masks and respirators
bull Glasses goggles and face shields
bull Hearing protectionbull Glovesbull Foot protectionbull Head protectionbull Aprons or full-body suits
48
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
49
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
50
Hazardous Materials First Aid
bull Eyes Flush with water for 15 minutes
bull Skin Wash with soap and water
bull Inhalation Move to fresh air
bull Swallowing Get emergency medical assistance
51
Spills and Leaks
bull Evacuate the areabull Notify a supervisor or
the emergency response team
bull Remove ignition sources (if safe to do so)
bull Stay awaybull Call 9-9-9
2 Evaluation of chemical hazards
Qm=Mass rate of volatile material
Accumulation rate is lsquo0rsquo
Applying ideal gas law m=mass ρ=density v=volatile species b=bulk speciesRg=ideal gas constantT and P absolute temp and pressureM=molecular weight of volatile speciesmvVb=C=QmkQv
Vapor Pressure
Given two substances of the same volume which one has more potential hazard
ndashExample Motor oil vs ether
Ether has more potential hazard than motor oil due to its high vapor pressure and volatility
Examples of Health Effects
Asphyxiants Carbon dioxide carbon monoxide
Irritants Chlorine formaldehyde
Anesthetics Toluene benzene
Hepatotoxins Carbon tetrachloride chlorobenzene
Nephrotoxins Toluene xylene
Neurotoxins Carbon disulfide
Hematopoietictoxins Benzene carbon monoxide
Pulmonarytoxins Nitrogen dioxide phosgene
Carcinogens Benzene vinyl chloride monomer
Ideal Gas Law
Conversion of Units
VP and Concentration
Selection of methods to control identified hazard
Table 3-9 Chemical Plant Control Techniques
Generalized form
In many cases Psat raquo ρ
Eq3-12
KA is often very small compared to displacement and can be neglected
Control of identified hazard
Purposes of Industrial Ventilation
bull Control of toxic air contaminants to
acceptable levels
bull Control of noxious odors
bull Control of heat and humidity for comfort
and health
bull Prevention of fire and explosions
Types of Industrial Ventilation1 General ventilationndashControl of temperature humidity and odors
2 Dilution ventilationndashMaintain control of low toxicity gases and vapors below acceptable levels through dilution of concentration
3 Local exhaust ventilationndashCapturing and removing contaminants at or near their sources of emissionndashPrevents the transmission of contaminant to workerndashGiven priority in ldquoHierarchy of Controlsrdquo
Ventilation Terminology
Air velocity at the hood or slot opening n important design parameter
Air velocity through the cross-section of the duct
Basic Ventilation Equation
WhereQ = air flow rate (ft3min)A = cross-sectional area of duct or opening (ft2)V = average air velocity (ftmin)
Example
ndashIf fan is unchanged and number of hoods is
doubled then the resulting hood face velocities
will be 12 original velocity (possibly reducing air
velocity to less-than-needed capture velocity)
Hood Proximity and Exhaust Volume
Use of Enclosures
Direction of Air Movement
Direction of Air Movement
Eq 3-3
- Industrial Hygiene 1 Background 2 Objectives of IH 3 Type of HI control 4 Estimation of evaporation rate ventilation rate of volatiles
- Origin of Hygiene
- What Is Industrial Hygiene
- Some Occupational Hazards
- Slide 5
- Government Regulations
- Government Regulations
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS PLANT SAFETY
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Recommendations to maintain plant safety
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
- Example of MSDS worddoc
- 2 Anticipation
- 3 Evaluation
- EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
- Slide 37
- Sampling and Measurement
- 4 Control
- Opportunities for Control
- Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
- 2 Work practices and Administrative controls
- OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Technical measures are but not limited to
- 3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Slide 49
- Hazardous Materials First Aid
- Spills and Leaks
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
- Slide 83
- Slide 84
- Slide 85
- Slide 86
- Slide 87
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
-
Sampling and Measurement
bull OSHA and NIOSH publish sampling and analysis procedures appropriate for particular substances
bull ASTM has standards on instrumentation sampling and analytical procedures
bull ACGIH publishes a book on Air sampling instruments
4 Control
bull Employ methods to eliminate or reduce exposure resulting in elimination or reduction of the occurrence of occupational disease through
ndashEngineering (including process) interventions
ndashAdministrativeprogrammatic measures
ndashPersonal protective equipment (PPE)
Opportunities for Control
Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
bull Substitution ndash replacing a hazardous materials with a non-hazardous one
bull Isolation ndash use a barrier between a source of contaminants and workers
bull Ventilation ndash general or dilution ventilation and local exhaust ventilation
2 Work practices and Administrative controls
bull Housekeeping ndash regular cleaningbull Materials handling or Transfer procedures ndash to
remove generation of hazards during process of transferring (eg loadingunloading generates dust transferring liquids generates vaporsspills)
bull Leak detection programs ndash visual inspections auto sensors systems
bull Training ndash staffbull Modifying the work ndash limiting exposure periods
share activities between workersbull Personal hygiene ndash cleaning skins eyes change
cloths ete
OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES bull In the workplace workers are exposed to chemical
hazards in various activities such as transfer storage handling and use in the workstation and waste disposal
bull For the safe handling of chemicals it is necessary to take several preventive measures
bull Technical measures can be instituted to eliminate or reduced the worker exposure
bull The priority is to eliminate whenever possible very hazardous chemical form the workplace by substitute with less hazardous chemical or process
If substitution is not possible prevent exposure to the chemicals by implementing engineering control Measures that should be considered in engineering controls ( but not limited to ) are
1 enclosure or isolation
2 wet methods
3 use of industrial ventilation system
4 change of process
bull It must be remembered that personal protective equipment should always be the last to be considered
bull In some situations where substitution and engineering controls is not reasonably practicable and reliance has to be placed with personal protective equipment
bull For technical measure to be effective safe work practices and procedures should be developed and implemented hand in hand with the technical measures
Technical measures are but not limited tobull isolation of ignition sourcesbull development of procedures to cover handling use
operating procedures during manufacture transport storage use and disposal of chemicals
bull development and implementation of safe system of work such as permit to work system modification procedure maintenance and repair procedure inspection and testing
bull housekeeping bull hygiene facilitiesbull emergency procedure and facilitiesbull posting of warning sign
47
3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
bull Dust masks and respirators
bull Glasses goggles and face shields
bull Hearing protectionbull Glovesbull Foot protectionbull Head protectionbull Aprons or full-body suits
48
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
49
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
50
Hazardous Materials First Aid
bull Eyes Flush with water for 15 minutes
bull Skin Wash with soap and water
bull Inhalation Move to fresh air
bull Swallowing Get emergency medical assistance
51
Spills and Leaks
bull Evacuate the areabull Notify a supervisor or
the emergency response team
bull Remove ignition sources (if safe to do so)
bull Stay awaybull Call 9-9-9
2 Evaluation of chemical hazards
Qm=Mass rate of volatile material
Accumulation rate is lsquo0rsquo
Applying ideal gas law m=mass ρ=density v=volatile species b=bulk speciesRg=ideal gas constantT and P absolute temp and pressureM=molecular weight of volatile speciesmvVb=C=QmkQv
Vapor Pressure
Given two substances of the same volume which one has more potential hazard
ndashExample Motor oil vs ether
Ether has more potential hazard than motor oil due to its high vapor pressure and volatility
Examples of Health Effects
Asphyxiants Carbon dioxide carbon monoxide
Irritants Chlorine formaldehyde
Anesthetics Toluene benzene
Hepatotoxins Carbon tetrachloride chlorobenzene
Nephrotoxins Toluene xylene
Neurotoxins Carbon disulfide
Hematopoietictoxins Benzene carbon monoxide
Pulmonarytoxins Nitrogen dioxide phosgene
Carcinogens Benzene vinyl chloride monomer
Ideal Gas Law
Conversion of Units
VP and Concentration
Selection of methods to control identified hazard
Table 3-9 Chemical Plant Control Techniques
Generalized form
In many cases Psat raquo ρ
Eq3-12
KA is often very small compared to displacement and can be neglected
Control of identified hazard
Purposes of Industrial Ventilation
bull Control of toxic air contaminants to
acceptable levels
bull Control of noxious odors
bull Control of heat and humidity for comfort
and health
bull Prevention of fire and explosions
Types of Industrial Ventilation1 General ventilationndashControl of temperature humidity and odors
2 Dilution ventilationndashMaintain control of low toxicity gases and vapors below acceptable levels through dilution of concentration
3 Local exhaust ventilationndashCapturing and removing contaminants at or near their sources of emissionndashPrevents the transmission of contaminant to workerndashGiven priority in ldquoHierarchy of Controlsrdquo
Ventilation Terminology
Air velocity at the hood or slot opening n important design parameter
Air velocity through the cross-section of the duct
Basic Ventilation Equation
WhereQ = air flow rate (ft3min)A = cross-sectional area of duct or opening (ft2)V = average air velocity (ftmin)
Example
ndashIf fan is unchanged and number of hoods is
doubled then the resulting hood face velocities
will be 12 original velocity (possibly reducing air
velocity to less-than-needed capture velocity)
Hood Proximity and Exhaust Volume
Use of Enclosures
Direction of Air Movement
Direction of Air Movement
Eq 3-3
- Industrial Hygiene 1 Background 2 Objectives of IH 3 Type of HI control 4 Estimation of evaporation rate ventilation rate of volatiles
- Origin of Hygiene
- What Is Industrial Hygiene
- Some Occupational Hazards
- Slide 5
- Government Regulations
- Government Regulations
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS PLANT SAFETY
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Recommendations to maintain plant safety
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
- Example of MSDS worddoc
- 2 Anticipation
- 3 Evaluation
- EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
- Slide 37
- Sampling and Measurement
- 4 Control
- Opportunities for Control
- Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
- 2 Work practices and Administrative controls
- OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Technical measures are but not limited to
- 3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Slide 49
- Hazardous Materials First Aid
- Spills and Leaks
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
- Slide 83
- Slide 84
- Slide 85
- Slide 86
- Slide 87
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
-
4 Control
bull Employ methods to eliminate or reduce exposure resulting in elimination or reduction of the occurrence of occupational disease through
ndashEngineering (including process) interventions
ndashAdministrativeprogrammatic measures
ndashPersonal protective equipment (PPE)
Opportunities for Control
Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
bull Substitution ndash replacing a hazardous materials with a non-hazardous one
bull Isolation ndash use a barrier between a source of contaminants and workers
bull Ventilation ndash general or dilution ventilation and local exhaust ventilation
2 Work practices and Administrative controls
bull Housekeeping ndash regular cleaningbull Materials handling or Transfer procedures ndash to
remove generation of hazards during process of transferring (eg loadingunloading generates dust transferring liquids generates vaporsspills)
bull Leak detection programs ndash visual inspections auto sensors systems
bull Training ndash staffbull Modifying the work ndash limiting exposure periods
share activities between workersbull Personal hygiene ndash cleaning skins eyes change
cloths ete
OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES bull In the workplace workers are exposed to chemical
hazards in various activities such as transfer storage handling and use in the workstation and waste disposal
bull For the safe handling of chemicals it is necessary to take several preventive measures
bull Technical measures can be instituted to eliminate or reduced the worker exposure
bull The priority is to eliminate whenever possible very hazardous chemical form the workplace by substitute with less hazardous chemical or process
If substitution is not possible prevent exposure to the chemicals by implementing engineering control Measures that should be considered in engineering controls ( but not limited to ) are
1 enclosure or isolation
2 wet methods
3 use of industrial ventilation system
4 change of process
bull It must be remembered that personal protective equipment should always be the last to be considered
bull In some situations where substitution and engineering controls is not reasonably practicable and reliance has to be placed with personal protective equipment
bull For technical measure to be effective safe work practices and procedures should be developed and implemented hand in hand with the technical measures
Technical measures are but not limited tobull isolation of ignition sourcesbull development of procedures to cover handling use
operating procedures during manufacture transport storage use and disposal of chemicals
bull development and implementation of safe system of work such as permit to work system modification procedure maintenance and repair procedure inspection and testing
bull housekeeping bull hygiene facilitiesbull emergency procedure and facilitiesbull posting of warning sign
47
3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
bull Dust masks and respirators
bull Glasses goggles and face shields
bull Hearing protectionbull Glovesbull Foot protectionbull Head protectionbull Aprons or full-body suits
48
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
49
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
50
Hazardous Materials First Aid
bull Eyes Flush with water for 15 minutes
bull Skin Wash with soap and water
bull Inhalation Move to fresh air
bull Swallowing Get emergency medical assistance
51
Spills and Leaks
bull Evacuate the areabull Notify a supervisor or
the emergency response team
bull Remove ignition sources (if safe to do so)
bull Stay awaybull Call 9-9-9
2 Evaluation of chemical hazards
Qm=Mass rate of volatile material
Accumulation rate is lsquo0rsquo
Applying ideal gas law m=mass ρ=density v=volatile species b=bulk speciesRg=ideal gas constantT and P absolute temp and pressureM=molecular weight of volatile speciesmvVb=C=QmkQv
Vapor Pressure
Given two substances of the same volume which one has more potential hazard
ndashExample Motor oil vs ether
Ether has more potential hazard than motor oil due to its high vapor pressure and volatility
Examples of Health Effects
Asphyxiants Carbon dioxide carbon monoxide
Irritants Chlorine formaldehyde
Anesthetics Toluene benzene
Hepatotoxins Carbon tetrachloride chlorobenzene
Nephrotoxins Toluene xylene
Neurotoxins Carbon disulfide
Hematopoietictoxins Benzene carbon monoxide
Pulmonarytoxins Nitrogen dioxide phosgene
Carcinogens Benzene vinyl chloride monomer
Ideal Gas Law
Conversion of Units
VP and Concentration
Selection of methods to control identified hazard
Table 3-9 Chemical Plant Control Techniques
Generalized form
In many cases Psat raquo ρ
Eq3-12
KA is often very small compared to displacement and can be neglected
Control of identified hazard
Purposes of Industrial Ventilation
bull Control of toxic air contaminants to
acceptable levels
bull Control of noxious odors
bull Control of heat and humidity for comfort
and health
bull Prevention of fire and explosions
Types of Industrial Ventilation1 General ventilationndashControl of temperature humidity and odors
2 Dilution ventilationndashMaintain control of low toxicity gases and vapors below acceptable levels through dilution of concentration
3 Local exhaust ventilationndashCapturing and removing contaminants at or near their sources of emissionndashPrevents the transmission of contaminant to workerndashGiven priority in ldquoHierarchy of Controlsrdquo
Ventilation Terminology
Air velocity at the hood or slot opening n important design parameter
Air velocity through the cross-section of the duct
Basic Ventilation Equation
WhereQ = air flow rate (ft3min)A = cross-sectional area of duct or opening (ft2)V = average air velocity (ftmin)
Example
ndashIf fan is unchanged and number of hoods is
doubled then the resulting hood face velocities
will be 12 original velocity (possibly reducing air
velocity to less-than-needed capture velocity)
Hood Proximity and Exhaust Volume
Use of Enclosures
Direction of Air Movement
Direction of Air Movement
Eq 3-3
- Industrial Hygiene 1 Background 2 Objectives of IH 3 Type of HI control 4 Estimation of evaporation rate ventilation rate of volatiles
- Origin of Hygiene
- What Is Industrial Hygiene
- Some Occupational Hazards
- Slide 5
- Government Regulations
- Government Regulations
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS PLANT SAFETY
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Recommendations to maintain plant safety
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
- Example of MSDS worddoc
- 2 Anticipation
- 3 Evaluation
- EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
- Slide 37
- Sampling and Measurement
- 4 Control
- Opportunities for Control
- Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
- 2 Work practices and Administrative controls
- OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Technical measures are but not limited to
- 3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Slide 49
- Hazardous Materials First Aid
- Spills and Leaks
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
- Slide 83
- Slide 84
- Slide 85
- Slide 86
- Slide 87
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
-
Opportunities for Control
Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
bull Substitution ndash replacing a hazardous materials with a non-hazardous one
bull Isolation ndash use a barrier between a source of contaminants and workers
bull Ventilation ndash general or dilution ventilation and local exhaust ventilation
2 Work practices and Administrative controls
bull Housekeeping ndash regular cleaningbull Materials handling or Transfer procedures ndash to
remove generation of hazards during process of transferring (eg loadingunloading generates dust transferring liquids generates vaporsspills)
bull Leak detection programs ndash visual inspections auto sensors systems
bull Training ndash staffbull Modifying the work ndash limiting exposure periods
share activities between workersbull Personal hygiene ndash cleaning skins eyes change
cloths ete
OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES bull In the workplace workers are exposed to chemical
hazards in various activities such as transfer storage handling and use in the workstation and waste disposal
bull For the safe handling of chemicals it is necessary to take several preventive measures
bull Technical measures can be instituted to eliminate or reduced the worker exposure
bull The priority is to eliminate whenever possible very hazardous chemical form the workplace by substitute with less hazardous chemical or process
If substitution is not possible prevent exposure to the chemicals by implementing engineering control Measures that should be considered in engineering controls ( but not limited to ) are
1 enclosure or isolation
2 wet methods
3 use of industrial ventilation system
4 change of process
bull It must be remembered that personal protective equipment should always be the last to be considered
bull In some situations where substitution and engineering controls is not reasonably practicable and reliance has to be placed with personal protective equipment
bull For technical measure to be effective safe work practices and procedures should be developed and implemented hand in hand with the technical measures
Technical measures are but not limited tobull isolation of ignition sourcesbull development of procedures to cover handling use
operating procedures during manufacture transport storage use and disposal of chemicals
bull development and implementation of safe system of work such as permit to work system modification procedure maintenance and repair procedure inspection and testing
bull housekeeping bull hygiene facilitiesbull emergency procedure and facilitiesbull posting of warning sign
47
3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
bull Dust masks and respirators
bull Glasses goggles and face shields
bull Hearing protectionbull Glovesbull Foot protectionbull Head protectionbull Aprons or full-body suits
48
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
49
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
50
Hazardous Materials First Aid
bull Eyes Flush with water for 15 minutes
bull Skin Wash with soap and water
bull Inhalation Move to fresh air
bull Swallowing Get emergency medical assistance
51
Spills and Leaks
bull Evacuate the areabull Notify a supervisor or
the emergency response team
bull Remove ignition sources (if safe to do so)
bull Stay awaybull Call 9-9-9
2 Evaluation of chemical hazards
Qm=Mass rate of volatile material
Accumulation rate is lsquo0rsquo
Applying ideal gas law m=mass ρ=density v=volatile species b=bulk speciesRg=ideal gas constantT and P absolute temp and pressureM=molecular weight of volatile speciesmvVb=C=QmkQv
Vapor Pressure
Given two substances of the same volume which one has more potential hazard
ndashExample Motor oil vs ether
Ether has more potential hazard than motor oil due to its high vapor pressure and volatility
Examples of Health Effects
Asphyxiants Carbon dioxide carbon monoxide
Irritants Chlorine formaldehyde
Anesthetics Toluene benzene
Hepatotoxins Carbon tetrachloride chlorobenzene
Nephrotoxins Toluene xylene
Neurotoxins Carbon disulfide
Hematopoietictoxins Benzene carbon monoxide
Pulmonarytoxins Nitrogen dioxide phosgene
Carcinogens Benzene vinyl chloride monomer
Ideal Gas Law
Conversion of Units
VP and Concentration
Selection of methods to control identified hazard
Table 3-9 Chemical Plant Control Techniques
Generalized form
In many cases Psat raquo ρ
Eq3-12
KA is often very small compared to displacement and can be neglected
Control of identified hazard
Purposes of Industrial Ventilation
bull Control of toxic air contaminants to
acceptable levels
bull Control of noxious odors
bull Control of heat and humidity for comfort
and health
bull Prevention of fire and explosions
Types of Industrial Ventilation1 General ventilationndashControl of temperature humidity and odors
2 Dilution ventilationndashMaintain control of low toxicity gases and vapors below acceptable levels through dilution of concentration
3 Local exhaust ventilationndashCapturing and removing contaminants at or near their sources of emissionndashPrevents the transmission of contaminant to workerndashGiven priority in ldquoHierarchy of Controlsrdquo
Ventilation Terminology
Air velocity at the hood or slot opening n important design parameter
Air velocity through the cross-section of the duct
Basic Ventilation Equation
WhereQ = air flow rate (ft3min)A = cross-sectional area of duct or opening (ft2)V = average air velocity (ftmin)
Example
ndashIf fan is unchanged and number of hoods is
doubled then the resulting hood face velocities
will be 12 original velocity (possibly reducing air
velocity to less-than-needed capture velocity)
Hood Proximity and Exhaust Volume
Use of Enclosures
Direction of Air Movement
Direction of Air Movement
Eq 3-3
- Industrial Hygiene 1 Background 2 Objectives of IH 3 Type of HI control 4 Estimation of evaporation rate ventilation rate of volatiles
- Origin of Hygiene
- What Is Industrial Hygiene
- Some Occupational Hazards
- Slide 5
- Government Regulations
- Government Regulations
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS PLANT SAFETY
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Recommendations to maintain plant safety
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
- Example of MSDS worddoc
- 2 Anticipation
- 3 Evaluation
- EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
- Slide 37
- Sampling and Measurement
- 4 Control
- Opportunities for Control
- Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
- 2 Work practices and Administrative controls
- OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Technical measures are but not limited to
- 3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Slide 49
- Hazardous Materials First Aid
- Spills and Leaks
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
- Slide 83
- Slide 84
- Slide 85
- Slide 86
- Slide 87
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
-
Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
bull Substitution ndash replacing a hazardous materials with a non-hazardous one
bull Isolation ndash use a barrier between a source of contaminants and workers
bull Ventilation ndash general or dilution ventilation and local exhaust ventilation
2 Work practices and Administrative controls
bull Housekeeping ndash regular cleaningbull Materials handling or Transfer procedures ndash to
remove generation of hazards during process of transferring (eg loadingunloading generates dust transferring liquids generates vaporsspills)
bull Leak detection programs ndash visual inspections auto sensors systems
bull Training ndash staffbull Modifying the work ndash limiting exposure periods
share activities between workersbull Personal hygiene ndash cleaning skins eyes change
cloths ete
OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES bull In the workplace workers are exposed to chemical
hazards in various activities such as transfer storage handling and use in the workstation and waste disposal
bull For the safe handling of chemicals it is necessary to take several preventive measures
bull Technical measures can be instituted to eliminate or reduced the worker exposure
bull The priority is to eliminate whenever possible very hazardous chemical form the workplace by substitute with less hazardous chemical or process
If substitution is not possible prevent exposure to the chemicals by implementing engineering control Measures that should be considered in engineering controls ( but not limited to ) are
1 enclosure or isolation
2 wet methods
3 use of industrial ventilation system
4 change of process
bull It must be remembered that personal protective equipment should always be the last to be considered
bull In some situations where substitution and engineering controls is not reasonably practicable and reliance has to be placed with personal protective equipment
bull For technical measure to be effective safe work practices and procedures should be developed and implemented hand in hand with the technical measures
Technical measures are but not limited tobull isolation of ignition sourcesbull development of procedures to cover handling use
operating procedures during manufacture transport storage use and disposal of chemicals
bull development and implementation of safe system of work such as permit to work system modification procedure maintenance and repair procedure inspection and testing
bull housekeeping bull hygiene facilitiesbull emergency procedure and facilitiesbull posting of warning sign
47
3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
bull Dust masks and respirators
bull Glasses goggles and face shields
bull Hearing protectionbull Glovesbull Foot protectionbull Head protectionbull Aprons or full-body suits
48
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
49
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
50
Hazardous Materials First Aid
bull Eyes Flush with water for 15 minutes
bull Skin Wash with soap and water
bull Inhalation Move to fresh air
bull Swallowing Get emergency medical assistance
51
Spills and Leaks
bull Evacuate the areabull Notify a supervisor or
the emergency response team
bull Remove ignition sources (if safe to do so)
bull Stay awaybull Call 9-9-9
2 Evaluation of chemical hazards
Qm=Mass rate of volatile material
Accumulation rate is lsquo0rsquo
Applying ideal gas law m=mass ρ=density v=volatile species b=bulk speciesRg=ideal gas constantT and P absolute temp and pressureM=molecular weight of volatile speciesmvVb=C=QmkQv
Vapor Pressure
Given two substances of the same volume which one has more potential hazard
ndashExample Motor oil vs ether
Ether has more potential hazard than motor oil due to its high vapor pressure and volatility
Examples of Health Effects
Asphyxiants Carbon dioxide carbon monoxide
Irritants Chlorine formaldehyde
Anesthetics Toluene benzene
Hepatotoxins Carbon tetrachloride chlorobenzene
Nephrotoxins Toluene xylene
Neurotoxins Carbon disulfide
Hematopoietictoxins Benzene carbon monoxide
Pulmonarytoxins Nitrogen dioxide phosgene
Carcinogens Benzene vinyl chloride monomer
Ideal Gas Law
Conversion of Units
VP and Concentration
Selection of methods to control identified hazard
Table 3-9 Chemical Plant Control Techniques
Generalized form
In many cases Psat raquo ρ
Eq3-12
KA is often very small compared to displacement and can be neglected
Control of identified hazard
Purposes of Industrial Ventilation
bull Control of toxic air contaminants to
acceptable levels
bull Control of noxious odors
bull Control of heat and humidity for comfort
and health
bull Prevention of fire and explosions
Types of Industrial Ventilation1 General ventilationndashControl of temperature humidity and odors
2 Dilution ventilationndashMaintain control of low toxicity gases and vapors below acceptable levels through dilution of concentration
3 Local exhaust ventilationndashCapturing and removing contaminants at or near their sources of emissionndashPrevents the transmission of contaminant to workerndashGiven priority in ldquoHierarchy of Controlsrdquo
Ventilation Terminology
Air velocity at the hood or slot opening n important design parameter
Air velocity through the cross-section of the duct
Basic Ventilation Equation
WhereQ = air flow rate (ft3min)A = cross-sectional area of duct or opening (ft2)V = average air velocity (ftmin)
Example
ndashIf fan is unchanged and number of hoods is
doubled then the resulting hood face velocities
will be 12 original velocity (possibly reducing air
velocity to less-than-needed capture velocity)
Hood Proximity and Exhaust Volume
Use of Enclosures
Direction of Air Movement
Direction of Air Movement
Eq 3-3
- Industrial Hygiene 1 Background 2 Objectives of IH 3 Type of HI control 4 Estimation of evaporation rate ventilation rate of volatiles
- Origin of Hygiene
- What Is Industrial Hygiene
- Some Occupational Hazards
- Slide 5
- Government Regulations
- Government Regulations
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS PLANT SAFETY
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Recommendations to maintain plant safety
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
- Example of MSDS worddoc
- 2 Anticipation
- 3 Evaluation
- EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
- Slide 37
- Sampling and Measurement
- 4 Control
- Opportunities for Control
- Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
- 2 Work practices and Administrative controls
- OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Technical measures are but not limited to
- 3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Slide 49
- Hazardous Materials First Aid
- Spills and Leaks
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
- Slide 83
- Slide 84
- Slide 85
- Slide 86
- Slide 87
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
-
2 Work practices and Administrative controls
bull Housekeeping ndash regular cleaningbull Materials handling or Transfer procedures ndash to
remove generation of hazards during process of transferring (eg loadingunloading generates dust transferring liquids generates vaporsspills)
bull Leak detection programs ndash visual inspections auto sensors systems
bull Training ndash staffbull Modifying the work ndash limiting exposure periods
share activities between workersbull Personal hygiene ndash cleaning skins eyes change
cloths ete
OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES bull In the workplace workers are exposed to chemical
hazards in various activities such as transfer storage handling and use in the workstation and waste disposal
bull For the safe handling of chemicals it is necessary to take several preventive measures
bull Technical measures can be instituted to eliminate or reduced the worker exposure
bull The priority is to eliminate whenever possible very hazardous chemical form the workplace by substitute with less hazardous chemical or process
If substitution is not possible prevent exposure to the chemicals by implementing engineering control Measures that should be considered in engineering controls ( but not limited to ) are
1 enclosure or isolation
2 wet methods
3 use of industrial ventilation system
4 change of process
bull It must be remembered that personal protective equipment should always be the last to be considered
bull In some situations where substitution and engineering controls is not reasonably practicable and reliance has to be placed with personal protective equipment
bull For technical measure to be effective safe work practices and procedures should be developed and implemented hand in hand with the technical measures
Technical measures are but not limited tobull isolation of ignition sourcesbull development of procedures to cover handling use
operating procedures during manufacture transport storage use and disposal of chemicals
bull development and implementation of safe system of work such as permit to work system modification procedure maintenance and repair procedure inspection and testing
bull housekeeping bull hygiene facilitiesbull emergency procedure and facilitiesbull posting of warning sign
47
3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
bull Dust masks and respirators
bull Glasses goggles and face shields
bull Hearing protectionbull Glovesbull Foot protectionbull Head protectionbull Aprons or full-body suits
48
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
49
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
50
Hazardous Materials First Aid
bull Eyes Flush with water for 15 minutes
bull Skin Wash with soap and water
bull Inhalation Move to fresh air
bull Swallowing Get emergency medical assistance
51
Spills and Leaks
bull Evacuate the areabull Notify a supervisor or
the emergency response team
bull Remove ignition sources (if safe to do so)
bull Stay awaybull Call 9-9-9
2 Evaluation of chemical hazards
Qm=Mass rate of volatile material
Accumulation rate is lsquo0rsquo
Applying ideal gas law m=mass ρ=density v=volatile species b=bulk speciesRg=ideal gas constantT and P absolute temp and pressureM=molecular weight of volatile speciesmvVb=C=QmkQv
Vapor Pressure
Given two substances of the same volume which one has more potential hazard
ndashExample Motor oil vs ether
Ether has more potential hazard than motor oil due to its high vapor pressure and volatility
Examples of Health Effects
Asphyxiants Carbon dioxide carbon monoxide
Irritants Chlorine formaldehyde
Anesthetics Toluene benzene
Hepatotoxins Carbon tetrachloride chlorobenzene
Nephrotoxins Toluene xylene
Neurotoxins Carbon disulfide
Hematopoietictoxins Benzene carbon monoxide
Pulmonarytoxins Nitrogen dioxide phosgene
Carcinogens Benzene vinyl chloride monomer
Ideal Gas Law
Conversion of Units
VP and Concentration
Selection of methods to control identified hazard
Table 3-9 Chemical Plant Control Techniques
Generalized form
In many cases Psat raquo ρ
Eq3-12
KA is often very small compared to displacement and can be neglected
Control of identified hazard
Purposes of Industrial Ventilation
bull Control of toxic air contaminants to
acceptable levels
bull Control of noxious odors
bull Control of heat and humidity for comfort
and health
bull Prevention of fire and explosions
Types of Industrial Ventilation1 General ventilationndashControl of temperature humidity and odors
2 Dilution ventilationndashMaintain control of low toxicity gases and vapors below acceptable levels through dilution of concentration
3 Local exhaust ventilationndashCapturing and removing contaminants at or near their sources of emissionndashPrevents the transmission of contaminant to workerndashGiven priority in ldquoHierarchy of Controlsrdquo
Ventilation Terminology
Air velocity at the hood or slot opening n important design parameter
Air velocity through the cross-section of the duct
Basic Ventilation Equation
WhereQ = air flow rate (ft3min)A = cross-sectional area of duct or opening (ft2)V = average air velocity (ftmin)
Example
ndashIf fan is unchanged and number of hoods is
doubled then the resulting hood face velocities
will be 12 original velocity (possibly reducing air
velocity to less-than-needed capture velocity)
Hood Proximity and Exhaust Volume
Use of Enclosures
Direction of Air Movement
Direction of Air Movement
Eq 3-3
- Industrial Hygiene 1 Background 2 Objectives of IH 3 Type of HI control 4 Estimation of evaporation rate ventilation rate of volatiles
- Origin of Hygiene
- What Is Industrial Hygiene
- Some Occupational Hazards
- Slide 5
- Government Regulations
- Government Regulations
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS PLANT SAFETY
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Recommendations to maintain plant safety
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
- Example of MSDS worddoc
- 2 Anticipation
- 3 Evaluation
- EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
- Slide 37
- Sampling and Measurement
- 4 Control
- Opportunities for Control
- Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
- 2 Work practices and Administrative controls
- OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Technical measures are but not limited to
- 3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Slide 49
- Hazardous Materials First Aid
- Spills and Leaks
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
- Slide 83
- Slide 84
- Slide 85
- Slide 86
- Slide 87
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
-
OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES bull In the workplace workers are exposed to chemical
hazards in various activities such as transfer storage handling and use in the workstation and waste disposal
bull For the safe handling of chemicals it is necessary to take several preventive measures
bull Technical measures can be instituted to eliminate or reduced the worker exposure
bull The priority is to eliminate whenever possible very hazardous chemical form the workplace by substitute with less hazardous chemical or process
If substitution is not possible prevent exposure to the chemicals by implementing engineering control Measures that should be considered in engineering controls ( but not limited to ) are
1 enclosure or isolation
2 wet methods
3 use of industrial ventilation system
4 change of process
bull It must be remembered that personal protective equipment should always be the last to be considered
bull In some situations where substitution and engineering controls is not reasonably practicable and reliance has to be placed with personal protective equipment
bull For technical measure to be effective safe work practices and procedures should be developed and implemented hand in hand with the technical measures
Technical measures are but not limited tobull isolation of ignition sourcesbull development of procedures to cover handling use
operating procedures during manufacture transport storage use and disposal of chemicals
bull development and implementation of safe system of work such as permit to work system modification procedure maintenance and repair procedure inspection and testing
bull housekeeping bull hygiene facilitiesbull emergency procedure and facilitiesbull posting of warning sign
47
3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
bull Dust masks and respirators
bull Glasses goggles and face shields
bull Hearing protectionbull Glovesbull Foot protectionbull Head protectionbull Aprons or full-body suits
48
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
49
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
50
Hazardous Materials First Aid
bull Eyes Flush with water for 15 minutes
bull Skin Wash with soap and water
bull Inhalation Move to fresh air
bull Swallowing Get emergency medical assistance
51
Spills and Leaks
bull Evacuate the areabull Notify a supervisor or
the emergency response team
bull Remove ignition sources (if safe to do so)
bull Stay awaybull Call 9-9-9
2 Evaluation of chemical hazards
Qm=Mass rate of volatile material
Accumulation rate is lsquo0rsquo
Applying ideal gas law m=mass ρ=density v=volatile species b=bulk speciesRg=ideal gas constantT and P absolute temp and pressureM=molecular weight of volatile speciesmvVb=C=QmkQv
Vapor Pressure
Given two substances of the same volume which one has more potential hazard
ndashExample Motor oil vs ether
Ether has more potential hazard than motor oil due to its high vapor pressure and volatility
Examples of Health Effects
Asphyxiants Carbon dioxide carbon monoxide
Irritants Chlorine formaldehyde
Anesthetics Toluene benzene
Hepatotoxins Carbon tetrachloride chlorobenzene
Nephrotoxins Toluene xylene
Neurotoxins Carbon disulfide
Hematopoietictoxins Benzene carbon monoxide
Pulmonarytoxins Nitrogen dioxide phosgene
Carcinogens Benzene vinyl chloride monomer
Ideal Gas Law
Conversion of Units
VP and Concentration
Selection of methods to control identified hazard
Table 3-9 Chemical Plant Control Techniques
Generalized form
In many cases Psat raquo ρ
Eq3-12
KA is often very small compared to displacement and can be neglected
Control of identified hazard
Purposes of Industrial Ventilation
bull Control of toxic air contaminants to
acceptable levels
bull Control of noxious odors
bull Control of heat and humidity for comfort
and health
bull Prevention of fire and explosions
Types of Industrial Ventilation1 General ventilationndashControl of temperature humidity and odors
2 Dilution ventilationndashMaintain control of low toxicity gases and vapors below acceptable levels through dilution of concentration
3 Local exhaust ventilationndashCapturing and removing contaminants at or near their sources of emissionndashPrevents the transmission of contaminant to workerndashGiven priority in ldquoHierarchy of Controlsrdquo
Ventilation Terminology
Air velocity at the hood or slot opening n important design parameter
Air velocity through the cross-section of the duct
Basic Ventilation Equation
WhereQ = air flow rate (ft3min)A = cross-sectional area of duct or opening (ft2)V = average air velocity (ftmin)
Example
ndashIf fan is unchanged and number of hoods is
doubled then the resulting hood face velocities
will be 12 original velocity (possibly reducing air
velocity to less-than-needed capture velocity)
Hood Proximity and Exhaust Volume
Use of Enclosures
Direction of Air Movement
Direction of Air Movement
Eq 3-3
- Industrial Hygiene 1 Background 2 Objectives of IH 3 Type of HI control 4 Estimation of evaporation rate ventilation rate of volatiles
- Origin of Hygiene
- What Is Industrial Hygiene
- Some Occupational Hazards
- Slide 5
- Government Regulations
- Government Regulations
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS PLANT SAFETY
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Recommendations to maintain plant safety
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
- Example of MSDS worddoc
- 2 Anticipation
- 3 Evaluation
- EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
- Slide 37
- Sampling and Measurement
- 4 Control
- Opportunities for Control
- Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
- 2 Work practices and Administrative controls
- OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Technical measures are but not limited to
- 3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Slide 49
- Hazardous Materials First Aid
- Spills and Leaks
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
- Slide 83
- Slide 84
- Slide 85
- Slide 86
- Slide 87
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
-
If substitution is not possible prevent exposure to the chemicals by implementing engineering control Measures that should be considered in engineering controls ( but not limited to ) are
1 enclosure or isolation
2 wet methods
3 use of industrial ventilation system
4 change of process
bull It must be remembered that personal protective equipment should always be the last to be considered
bull In some situations where substitution and engineering controls is not reasonably practicable and reliance has to be placed with personal protective equipment
bull For technical measure to be effective safe work practices and procedures should be developed and implemented hand in hand with the technical measures
Technical measures are but not limited tobull isolation of ignition sourcesbull development of procedures to cover handling use
operating procedures during manufacture transport storage use and disposal of chemicals
bull development and implementation of safe system of work such as permit to work system modification procedure maintenance and repair procedure inspection and testing
bull housekeeping bull hygiene facilitiesbull emergency procedure and facilitiesbull posting of warning sign
47
3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
bull Dust masks and respirators
bull Glasses goggles and face shields
bull Hearing protectionbull Glovesbull Foot protectionbull Head protectionbull Aprons or full-body suits
48
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
49
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
50
Hazardous Materials First Aid
bull Eyes Flush with water for 15 minutes
bull Skin Wash with soap and water
bull Inhalation Move to fresh air
bull Swallowing Get emergency medical assistance
51
Spills and Leaks
bull Evacuate the areabull Notify a supervisor or
the emergency response team
bull Remove ignition sources (if safe to do so)
bull Stay awaybull Call 9-9-9
2 Evaluation of chemical hazards
Qm=Mass rate of volatile material
Accumulation rate is lsquo0rsquo
Applying ideal gas law m=mass ρ=density v=volatile species b=bulk speciesRg=ideal gas constantT and P absolute temp and pressureM=molecular weight of volatile speciesmvVb=C=QmkQv
Vapor Pressure
Given two substances of the same volume which one has more potential hazard
ndashExample Motor oil vs ether
Ether has more potential hazard than motor oil due to its high vapor pressure and volatility
Examples of Health Effects
Asphyxiants Carbon dioxide carbon monoxide
Irritants Chlorine formaldehyde
Anesthetics Toluene benzene
Hepatotoxins Carbon tetrachloride chlorobenzene
Nephrotoxins Toluene xylene
Neurotoxins Carbon disulfide
Hematopoietictoxins Benzene carbon monoxide
Pulmonarytoxins Nitrogen dioxide phosgene
Carcinogens Benzene vinyl chloride monomer
Ideal Gas Law
Conversion of Units
VP and Concentration
Selection of methods to control identified hazard
Table 3-9 Chemical Plant Control Techniques
Generalized form
In many cases Psat raquo ρ
Eq3-12
KA is often very small compared to displacement and can be neglected
Control of identified hazard
Purposes of Industrial Ventilation
bull Control of toxic air contaminants to
acceptable levels
bull Control of noxious odors
bull Control of heat and humidity for comfort
and health
bull Prevention of fire and explosions
Types of Industrial Ventilation1 General ventilationndashControl of temperature humidity and odors
2 Dilution ventilationndashMaintain control of low toxicity gases and vapors below acceptable levels through dilution of concentration
3 Local exhaust ventilationndashCapturing and removing contaminants at or near their sources of emissionndashPrevents the transmission of contaminant to workerndashGiven priority in ldquoHierarchy of Controlsrdquo
Ventilation Terminology
Air velocity at the hood or slot opening n important design parameter
Air velocity through the cross-section of the duct
Basic Ventilation Equation
WhereQ = air flow rate (ft3min)A = cross-sectional area of duct or opening (ft2)V = average air velocity (ftmin)
Example
ndashIf fan is unchanged and number of hoods is
doubled then the resulting hood face velocities
will be 12 original velocity (possibly reducing air
velocity to less-than-needed capture velocity)
Hood Proximity and Exhaust Volume
Use of Enclosures
Direction of Air Movement
Direction of Air Movement
Eq 3-3
- Industrial Hygiene 1 Background 2 Objectives of IH 3 Type of HI control 4 Estimation of evaporation rate ventilation rate of volatiles
- Origin of Hygiene
- What Is Industrial Hygiene
- Some Occupational Hazards
- Slide 5
- Government Regulations
- Government Regulations
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS PLANT SAFETY
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Recommendations to maintain plant safety
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
- Example of MSDS worddoc
- 2 Anticipation
- 3 Evaluation
- EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
- Slide 37
- Sampling and Measurement
- 4 Control
- Opportunities for Control
- Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
- 2 Work practices and Administrative controls
- OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Technical measures are but not limited to
- 3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Slide 49
- Hazardous Materials First Aid
- Spills and Leaks
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
- Slide 83
- Slide 84
- Slide 85
- Slide 86
- Slide 87
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
-
bull It must be remembered that personal protective equipment should always be the last to be considered
bull In some situations where substitution and engineering controls is not reasonably practicable and reliance has to be placed with personal protective equipment
bull For technical measure to be effective safe work practices and procedures should be developed and implemented hand in hand with the technical measures
Technical measures are but not limited tobull isolation of ignition sourcesbull development of procedures to cover handling use
operating procedures during manufacture transport storage use and disposal of chemicals
bull development and implementation of safe system of work such as permit to work system modification procedure maintenance and repair procedure inspection and testing
bull housekeeping bull hygiene facilitiesbull emergency procedure and facilitiesbull posting of warning sign
47
3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
bull Dust masks and respirators
bull Glasses goggles and face shields
bull Hearing protectionbull Glovesbull Foot protectionbull Head protectionbull Aprons or full-body suits
48
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
49
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
50
Hazardous Materials First Aid
bull Eyes Flush with water for 15 minutes
bull Skin Wash with soap and water
bull Inhalation Move to fresh air
bull Swallowing Get emergency medical assistance
51
Spills and Leaks
bull Evacuate the areabull Notify a supervisor or
the emergency response team
bull Remove ignition sources (if safe to do so)
bull Stay awaybull Call 9-9-9
2 Evaluation of chemical hazards
Qm=Mass rate of volatile material
Accumulation rate is lsquo0rsquo
Applying ideal gas law m=mass ρ=density v=volatile species b=bulk speciesRg=ideal gas constantT and P absolute temp and pressureM=molecular weight of volatile speciesmvVb=C=QmkQv
Vapor Pressure
Given two substances of the same volume which one has more potential hazard
ndashExample Motor oil vs ether
Ether has more potential hazard than motor oil due to its high vapor pressure and volatility
Examples of Health Effects
Asphyxiants Carbon dioxide carbon monoxide
Irritants Chlorine formaldehyde
Anesthetics Toluene benzene
Hepatotoxins Carbon tetrachloride chlorobenzene
Nephrotoxins Toluene xylene
Neurotoxins Carbon disulfide
Hematopoietictoxins Benzene carbon monoxide
Pulmonarytoxins Nitrogen dioxide phosgene
Carcinogens Benzene vinyl chloride monomer
Ideal Gas Law
Conversion of Units
VP and Concentration
Selection of methods to control identified hazard
Table 3-9 Chemical Plant Control Techniques
Generalized form
In many cases Psat raquo ρ
Eq3-12
KA is often very small compared to displacement and can be neglected
Control of identified hazard
Purposes of Industrial Ventilation
bull Control of toxic air contaminants to
acceptable levels
bull Control of noxious odors
bull Control of heat and humidity for comfort
and health
bull Prevention of fire and explosions
Types of Industrial Ventilation1 General ventilationndashControl of temperature humidity and odors
2 Dilution ventilationndashMaintain control of low toxicity gases and vapors below acceptable levels through dilution of concentration
3 Local exhaust ventilationndashCapturing and removing contaminants at or near their sources of emissionndashPrevents the transmission of contaminant to workerndashGiven priority in ldquoHierarchy of Controlsrdquo
Ventilation Terminology
Air velocity at the hood or slot opening n important design parameter
Air velocity through the cross-section of the duct
Basic Ventilation Equation
WhereQ = air flow rate (ft3min)A = cross-sectional area of duct or opening (ft2)V = average air velocity (ftmin)
Example
ndashIf fan is unchanged and number of hoods is
doubled then the resulting hood face velocities
will be 12 original velocity (possibly reducing air
velocity to less-than-needed capture velocity)
Hood Proximity and Exhaust Volume
Use of Enclosures
Direction of Air Movement
Direction of Air Movement
Eq 3-3
- Industrial Hygiene 1 Background 2 Objectives of IH 3 Type of HI control 4 Estimation of evaporation rate ventilation rate of volatiles
- Origin of Hygiene
- What Is Industrial Hygiene
- Some Occupational Hazards
- Slide 5
- Government Regulations
- Government Regulations
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS PLANT SAFETY
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Recommendations to maintain plant safety
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
- Example of MSDS worddoc
- 2 Anticipation
- 3 Evaluation
- EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
- Slide 37
- Sampling and Measurement
- 4 Control
- Opportunities for Control
- Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
- 2 Work practices and Administrative controls
- OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Technical measures are but not limited to
- 3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Slide 49
- Hazardous Materials First Aid
- Spills and Leaks
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
- Slide 83
- Slide 84
- Slide 85
- Slide 86
- Slide 87
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
-
Technical measures are but not limited tobull isolation of ignition sourcesbull development of procedures to cover handling use
operating procedures during manufacture transport storage use and disposal of chemicals
bull development and implementation of safe system of work such as permit to work system modification procedure maintenance and repair procedure inspection and testing
bull housekeeping bull hygiene facilitiesbull emergency procedure and facilitiesbull posting of warning sign
47
3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
bull Dust masks and respirators
bull Glasses goggles and face shields
bull Hearing protectionbull Glovesbull Foot protectionbull Head protectionbull Aprons or full-body suits
48
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
49
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
50
Hazardous Materials First Aid
bull Eyes Flush with water for 15 minutes
bull Skin Wash with soap and water
bull Inhalation Move to fresh air
bull Swallowing Get emergency medical assistance
51
Spills and Leaks
bull Evacuate the areabull Notify a supervisor or
the emergency response team
bull Remove ignition sources (if safe to do so)
bull Stay awaybull Call 9-9-9
2 Evaluation of chemical hazards
Qm=Mass rate of volatile material
Accumulation rate is lsquo0rsquo
Applying ideal gas law m=mass ρ=density v=volatile species b=bulk speciesRg=ideal gas constantT and P absolute temp and pressureM=molecular weight of volatile speciesmvVb=C=QmkQv
Vapor Pressure
Given two substances of the same volume which one has more potential hazard
ndashExample Motor oil vs ether
Ether has more potential hazard than motor oil due to its high vapor pressure and volatility
Examples of Health Effects
Asphyxiants Carbon dioxide carbon monoxide
Irritants Chlorine formaldehyde
Anesthetics Toluene benzene
Hepatotoxins Carbon tetrachloride chlorobenzene
Nephrotoxins Toluene xylene
Neurotoxins Carbon disulfide
Hematopoietictoxins Benzene carbon monoxide
Pulmonarytoxins Nitrogen dioxide phosgene
Carcinogens Benzene vinyl chloride monomer
Ideal Gas Law
Conversion of Units
VP and Concentration
Selection of methods to control identified hazard
Table 3-9 Chemical Plant Control Techniques
Generalized form
In many cases Psat raquo ρ
Eq3-12
KA is often very small compared to displacement and can be neglected
Control of identified hazard
Purposes of Industrial Ventilation
bull Control of toxic air contaminants to
acceptable levels
bull Control of noxious odors
bull Control of heat and humidity for comfort
and health
bull Prevention of fire and explosions
Types of Industrial Ventilation1 General ventilationndashControl of temperature humidity and odors
2 Dilution ventilationndashMaintain control of low toxicity gases and vapors below acceptable levels through dilution of concentration
3 Local exhaust ventilationndashCapturing and removing contaminants at or near their sources of emissionndashPrevents the transmission of contaminant to workerndashGiven priority in ldquoHierarchy of Controlsrdquo
Ventilation Terminology
Air velocity at the hood or slot opening n important design parameter
Air velocity through the cross-section of the duct
Basic Ventilation Equation
WhereQ = air flow rate (ft3min)A = cross-sectional area of duct or opening (ft2)V = average air velocity (ftmin)
Example
ndashIf fan is unchanged and number of hoods is
doubled then the resulting hood face velocities
will be 12 original velocity (possibly reducing air
velocity to less-than-needed capture velocity)
Hood Proximity and Exhaust Volume
Use of Enclosures
Direction of Air Movement
Direction of Air Movement
Eq 3-3
- Industrial Hygiene 1 Background 2 Objectives of IH 3 Type of HI control 4 Estimation of evaporation rate ventilation rate of volatiles
- Origin of Hygiene
- What Is Industrial Hygiene
- Some Occupational Hazards
- Slide 5
- Government Regulations
- Government Regulations
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS PLANT SAFETY
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Recommendations to maintain plant safety
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
- Example of MSDS worddoc
- 2 Anticipation
- 3 Evaluation
- EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
- Slide 37
- Sampling and Measurement
- 4 Control
- Opportunities for Control
- Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
- 2 Work practices and Administrative controls
- OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Technical measures are but not limited to
- 3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Slide 49
- Hazardous Materials First Aid
- Spills and Leaks
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
- Slide 83
- Slide 84
- Slide 85
- Slide 86
- Slide 87
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
-
47
3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
bull Dust masks and respirators
bull Glasses goggles and face shields
bull Hearing protectionbull Glovesbull Foot protectionbull Head protectionbull Aprons or full-body suits
48
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
49
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
50
Hazardous Materials First Aid
bull Eyes Flush with water for 15 minutes
bull Skin Wash with soap and water
bull Inhalation Move to fresh air
bull Swallowing Get emergency medical assistance
51
Spills and Leaks
bull Evacuate the areabull Notify a supervisor or
the emergency response team
bull Remove ignition sources (if safe to do so)
bull Stay awaybull Call 9-9-9
2 Evaluation of chemical hazards
Qm=Mass rate of volatile material
Accumulation rate is lsquo0rsquo
Applying ideal gas law m=mass ρ=density v=volatile species b=bulk speciesRg=ideal gas constantT and P absolute temp and pressureM=molecular weight of volatile speciesmvVb=C=QmkQv
Vapor Pressure
Given two substances of the same volume which one has more potential hazard
ndashExample Motor oil vs ether
Ether has more potential hazard than motor oil due to its high vapor pressure and volatility
Examples of Health Effects
Asphyxiants Carbon dioxide carbon monoxide
Irritants Chlorine formaldehyde
Anesthetics Toluene benzene
Hepatotoxins Carbon tetrachloride chlorobenzene
Nephrotoxins Toluene xylene
Neurotoxins Carbon disulfide
Hematopoietictoxins Benzene carbon monoxide
Pulmonarytoxins Nitrogen dioxide phosgene
Carcinogens Benzene vinyl chloride monomer
Ideal Gas Law
Conversion of Units
VP and Concentration
Selection of methods to control identified hazard
Table 3-9 Chemical Plant Control Techniques
Generalized form
In many cases Psat raquo ρ
Eq3-12
KA is often very small compared to displacement and can be neglected
Control of identified hazard
Purposes of Industrial Ventilation
bull Control of toxic air contaminants to
acceptable levels
bull Control of noxious odors
bull Control of heat and humidity for comfort
and health
bull Prevention of fire and explosions
Types of Industrial Ventilation1 General ventilationndashControl of temperature humidity and odors
2 Dilution ventilationndashMaintain control of low toxicity gases and vapors below acceptable levels through dilution of concentration
3 Local exhaust ventilationndashCapturing and removing contaminants at or near their sources of emissionndashPrevents the transmission of contaminant to workerndashGiven priority in ldquoHierarchy of Controlsrdquo
Ventilation Terminology
Air velocity at the hood or slot opening n important design parameter
Air velocity through the cross-section of the duct
Basic Ventilation Equation
WhereQ = air flow rate (ft3min)A = cross-sectional area of duct or opening (ft2)V = average air velocity (ftmin)
Example
ndashIf fan is unchanged and number of hoods is
doubled then the resulting hood face velocities
will be 12 original velocity (possibly reducing air
velocity to less-than-needed capture velocity)
Hood Proximity and Exhaust Volume
Use of Enclosures
Direction of Air Movement
Direction of Air Movement
Eq 3-3
- Industrial Hygiene 1 Background 2 Objectives of IH 3 Type of HI control 4 Estimation of evaporation rate ventilation rate of volatiles
- Origin of Hygiene
- What Is Industrial Hygiene
- Some Occupational Hazards
- Slide 5
- Government Regulations
- Government Regulations
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS PLANT SAFETY
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Recommendations to maintain plant safety
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
- Example of MSDS worddoc
- 2 Anticipation
- 3 Evaluation
- EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
- Slide 37
- Sampling and Measurement
- 4 Control
- Opportunities for Control
- Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
- 2 Work practices and Administrative controls
- OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Technical measures are but not limited to
- 3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Slide 49
- Hazardous Materials First Aid
- Spills and Leaks
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
- Slide 83
- Slide 84
- Slide 85
- Slide 86
- Slide 87
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
-
48
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
49
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
50
Hazardous Materials First Aid
bull Eyes Flush with water for 15 minutes
bull Skin Wash with soap and water
bull Inhalation Move to fresh air
bull Swallowing Get emergency medical assistance
51
Spills and Leaks
bull Evacuate the areabull Notify a supervisor or
the emergency response team
bull Remove ignition sources (if safe to do so)
bull Stay awaybull Call 9-9-9
2 Evaluation of chemical hazards
Qm=Mass rate of volatile material
Accumulation rate is lsquo0rsquo
Applying ideal gas law m=mass ρ=density v=volatile species b=bulk speciesRg=ideal gas constantT and P absolute temp and pressureM=molecular weight of volatile speciesmvVb=C=QmkQv
Vapor Pressure
Given two substances of the same volume which one has more potential hazard
ndashExample Motor oil vs ether
Ether has more potential hazard than motor oil due to its high vapor pressure and volatility
Examples of Health Effects
Asphyxiants Carbon dioxide carbon monoxide
Irritants Chlorine formaldehyde
Anesthetics Toluene benzene
Hepatotoxins Carbon tetrachloride chlorobenzene
Nephrotoxins Toluene xylene
Neurotoxins Carbon disulfide
Hematopoietictoxins Benzene carbon monoxide
Pulmonarytoxins Nitrogen dioxide phosgene
Carcinogens Benzene vinyl chloride monomer
Ideal Gas Law
Conversion of Units
VP and Concentration
Selection of methods to control identified hazard
Table 3-9 Chemical Plant Control Techniques
Generalized form
In many cases Psat raquo ρ
Eq3-12
KA is often very small compared to displacement and can be neglected
Control of identified hazard
Purposes of Industrial Ventilation
bull Control of toxic air contaminants to
acceptable levels
bull Control of noxious odors
bull Control of heat and humidity for comfort
and health
bull Prevention of fire and explosions
Types of Industrial Ventilation1 General ventilationndashControl of temperature humidity and odors
2 Dilution ventilationndashMaintain control of low toxicity gases and vapors below acceptable levels through dilution of concentration
3 Local exhaust ventilationndashCapturing and removing contaminants at or near their sources of emissionndashPrevents the transmission of contaminant to workerndashGiven priority in ldquoHierarchy of Controlsrdquo
Ventilation Terminology
Air velocity at the hood or slot opening n important design parameter
Air velocity through the cross-section of the duct
Basic Ventilation Equation
WhereQ = air flow rate (ft3min)A = cross-sectional area of duct or opening (ft2)V = average air velocity (ftmin)
Example
ndashIf fan is unchanged and number of hoods is
doubled then the resulting hood face velocities
will be 12 original velocity (possibly reducing air
velocity to less-than-needed capture velocity)
Hood Proximity and Exhaust Volume
Use of Enclosures
Direction of Air Movement
Direction of Air Movement
Eq 3-3
- Industrial Hygiene 1 Background 2 Objectives of IH 3 Type of HI control 4 Estimation of evaporation rate ventilation rate of volatiles
- Origin of Hygiene
- What Is Industrial Hygiene
- Some Occupational Hazards
- Slide 5
- Government Regulations
- Government Regulations
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS PLANT SAFETY
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Recommendations to maintain plant safety
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
- Example of MSDS worddoc
- 2 Anticipation
- 3 Evaluation
- EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
- Slide 37
- Sampling and Measurement
- 4 Control
- Opportunities for Control
- Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
- 2 Work practices and Administrative controls
- OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Technical measures are but not limited to
- 3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Slide 49
- Hazardous Materials First Aid
- Spills and Leaks
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
- Slide 83
- Slide 84
- Slide 85
- Slide 86
- Slide 87
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
-
49
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
50
Hazardous Materials First Aid
bull Eyes Flush with water for 15 minutes
bull Skin Wash with soap and water
bull Inhalation Move to fresh air
bull Swallowing Get emergency medical assistance
51
Spills and Leaks
bull Evacuate the areabull Notify a supervisor or
the emergency response team
bull Remove ignition sources (if safe to do so)
bull Stay awaybull Call 9-9-9
2 Evaluation of chemical hazards
Qm=Mass rate of volatile material
Accumulation rate is lsquo0rsquo
Applying ideal gas law m=mass ρ=density v=volatile species b=bulk speciesRg=ideal gas constantT and P absolute temp and pressureM=molecular weight of volatile speciesmvVb=C=QmkQv
Vapor Pressure
Given two substances of the same volume which one has more potential hazard
ndashExample Motor oil vs ether
Ether has more potential hazard than motor oil due to its high vapor pressure and volatility
Examples of Health Effects
Asphyxiants Carbon dioxide carbon monoxide
Irritants Chlorine formaldehyde
Anesthetics Toluene benzene
Hepatotoxins Carbon tetrachloride chlorobenzene
Nephrotoxins Toluene xylene
Neurotoxins Carbon disulfide
Hematopoietictoxins Benzene carbon monoxide
Pulmonarytoxins Nitrogen dioxide phosgene
Carcinogens Benzene vinyl chloride monomer
Ideal Gas Law
Conversion of Units
VP and Concentration
Selection of methods to control identified hazard
Table 3-9 Chemical Plant Control Techniques
Generalized form
In many cases Psat raquo ρ
Eq3-12
KA is often very small compared to displacement and can be neglected
Control of identified hazard
Purposes of Industrial Ventilation
bull Control of toxic air contaminants to
acceptable levels
bull Control of noxious odors
bull Control of heat and humidity for comfort
and health
bull Prevention of fire and explosions
Types of Industrial Ventilation1 General ventilationndashControl of temperature humidity and odors
2 Dilution ventilationndashMaintain control of low toxicity gases and vapors below acceptable levels through dilution of concentration
3 Local exhaust ventilationndashCapturing and removing contaminants at or near their sources of emissionndashPrevents the transmission of contaminant to workerndashGiven priority in ldquoHierarchy of Controlsrdquo
Ventilation Terminology
Air velocity at the hood or slot opening n important design parameter
Air velocity through the cross-section of the duct
Basic Ventilation Equation
WhereQ = air flow rate (ft3min)A = cross-sectional area of duct or opening (ft2)V = average air velocity (ftmin)
Example
ndashIf fan is unchanged and number of hoods is
doubled then the resulting hood face velocities
will be 12 original velocity (possibly reducing air
velocity to less-than-needed capture velocity)
Hood Proximity and Exhaust Volume
Use of Enclosures
Direction of Air Movement
Direction of Air Movement
Eq 3-3
- Industrial Hygiene 1 Background 2 Objectives of IH 3 Type of HI control 4 Estimation of evaporation rate ventilation rate of volatiles
- Origin of Hygiene
- What Is Industrial Hygiene
- Some Occupational Hazards
- Slide 5
- Government Regulations
- Government Regulations
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS PLANT SAFETY
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Recommendations to maintain plant safety
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
- Example of MSDS worddoc
- 2 Anticipation
- 3 Evaluation
- EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
- Slide 37
- Sampling and Measurement
- 4 Control
- Opportunities for Control
- Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
- 2 Work practices and Administrative controls
- OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Technical measures are but not limited to
- 3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Slide 49
- Hazardous Materials First Aid
- Spills and Leaks
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
- Slide 83
- Slide 84
- Slide 85
- Slide 86
- Slide 87
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
-
50
Hazardous Materials First Aid
bull Eyes Flush with water for 15 minutes
bull Skin Wash with soap and water
bull Inhalation Move to fresh air
bull Swallowing Get emergency medical assistance
51
Spills and Leaks
bull Evacuate the areabull Notify a supervisor or
the emergency response team
bull Remove ignition sources (if safe to do so)
bull Stay awaybull Call 9-9-9
2 Evaluation of chemical hazards
Qm=Mass rate of volatile material
Accumulation rate is lsquo0rsquo
Applying ideal gas law m=mass ρ=density v=volatile species b=bulk speciesRg=ideal gas constantT and P absolute temp and pressureM=molecular weight of volatile speciesmvVb=C=QmkQv
Vapor Pressure
Given two substances of the same volume which one has more potential hazard
ndashExample Motor oil vs ether
Ether has more potential hazard than motor oil due to its high vapor pressure and volatility
Examples of Health Effects
Asphyxiants Carbon dioxide carbon monoxide
Irritants Chlorine formaldehyde
Anesthetics Toluene benzene
Hepatotoxins Carbon tetrachloride chlorobenzene
Nephrotoxins Toluene xylene
Neurotoxins Carbon disulfide
Hematopoietictoxins Benzene carbon monoxide
Pulmonarytoxins Nitrogen dioxide phosgene
Carcinogens Benzene vinyl chloride monomer
Ideal Gas Law
Conversion of Units
VP and Concentration
Selection of methods to control identified hazard
Table 3-9 Chemical Plant Control Techniques
Generalized form
In many cases Psat raquo ρ
Eq3-12
KA is often very small compared to displacement and can be neglected
Control of identified hazard
Purposes of Industrial Ventilation
bull Control of toxic air contaminants to
acceptable levels
bull Control of noxious odors
bull Control of heat and humidity for comfort
and health
bull Prevention of fire and explosions
Types of Industrial Ventilation1 General ventilationndashControl of temperature humidity and odors
2 Dilution ventilationndashMaintain control of low toxicity gases and vapors below acceptable levels through dilution of concentration
3 Local exhaust ventilationndashCapturing and removing contaminants at or near their sources of emissionndashPrevents the transmission of contaminant to workerndashGiven priority in ldquoHierarchy of Controlsrdquo
Ventilation Terminology
Air velocity at the hood or slot opening n important design parameter
Air velocity through the cross-section of the duct
Basic Ventilation Equation
WhereQ = air flow rate (ft3min)A = cross-sectional area of duct or opening (ft2)V = average air velocity (ftmin)
Example
ndashIf fan is unchanged and number of hoods is
doubled then the resulting hood face velocities
will be 12 original velocity (possibly reducing air
velocity to less-than-needed capture velocity)
Hood Proximity and Exhaust Volume
Use of Enclosures
Direction of Air Movement
Direction of Air Movement
Eq 3-3
- Industrial Hygiene 1 Background 2 Objectives of IH 3 Type of HI control 4 Estimation of evaporation rate ventilation rate of volatiles
- Origin of Hygiene
- What Is Industrial Hygiene
- Some Occupational Hazards
- Slide 5
- Government Regulations
- Government Regulations
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS PLANT SAFETY
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Recommendations to maintain plant safety
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
- Example of MSDS worddoc
- 2 Anticipation
- 3 Evaluation
- EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
- Slide 37
- Sampling and Measurement
- 4 Control
- Opportunities for Control
- Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
- 2 Work practices and Administrative controls
- OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Technical measures are but not limited to
- 3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Slide 49
- Hazardous Materials First Aid
- Spills and Leaks
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
- Slide 83
- Slide 84
- Slide 85
- Slide 86
- Slide 87
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
-
51
Spills and Leaks
bull Evacuate the areabull Notify a supervisor or
the emergency response team
bull Remove ignition sources (if safe to do so)
bull Stay awaybull Call 9-9-9
2 Evaluation of chemical hazards
Qm=Mass rate of volatile material
Accumulation rate is lsquo0rsquo
Applying ideal gas law m=mass ρ=density v=volatile species b=bulk speciesRg=ideal gas constantT and P absolute temp and pressureM=molecular weight of volatile speciesmvVb=C=QmkQv
Vapor Pressure
Given two substances of the same volume which one has more potential hazard
ndashExample Motor oil vs ether
Ether has more potential hazard than motor oil due to its high vapor pressure and volatility
Examples of Health Effects
Asphyxiants Carbon dioxide carbon monoxide
Irritants Chlorine formaldehyde
Anesthetics Toluene benzene
Hepatotoxins Carbon tetrachloride chlorobenzene
Nephrotoxins Toluene xylene
Neurotoxins Carbon disulfide
Hematopoietictoxins Benzene carbon monoxide
Pulmonarytoxins Nitrogen dioxide phosgene
Carcinogens Benzene vinyl chloride monomer
Ideal Gas Law
Conversion of Units
VP and Concentration
Selection of methods to control identified hazard
Table 3-9 Chemical Plant Control Techniques
Generalized form
In many cases Psat raquo ρ
Eq3-12
KA is often very small compared to displacement and can be neglected
Control of identified hazard
Purposes of Industrial Ventilation
bull Control of toxic air contaminants to
acceptable levels
bull Control of noxious odors
bull Control of heat and humidity for comfort
and health
bull Prevention of fire and explosions
Types of Industrial Ventilation1 General ventilationndashControl of temperature humidity and odors
2 Dilution ventilationndashMaintain control of low toxicity gases and vapors below acceptable levels through dilution of concentration
3 Local exhaust ventilationndashCapturing and removing contaminants at or near their sources of emissionndashPrevents the transmission of contaminant to workerndashGiven priority in ldquoHierarchy of Controlsrdquo
Ventilation Terminology
Air velocity at the hood or slot opening n important design parameter
Air velocity through the cross-section of the duct
Basic Ventilation Equation
WhereQ = air flow rate (ft3min)A = cross-sectional area of duct or opening (ft2)V = average air velocity (ftmin)
Example
ndashIf fan is unchanged and number of hoods is
doubled then the resulting hood face velocities
will be 12 original velocity (possibly reducing air
velocity to less-than-needed capture velocity)
Hood Proximity and Exhaust Volume
Use of Enclosures
Direction of Air Movement
Direction of Air Movement
Eq 3-3
- Industrial Hygiene 1 Background 2 Objectives of IH 3 Type of HI control 4 Estimation of evaporation rate ventilation rate of volatiles
- Origin of Hygiene
- What Is Industrial Hygiene
- Some Occupational Hazards
- Slide 5
- Government Regulations
- Government Regulations
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS PLANT SAFETY
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Recommendations to maintain plant safety
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
- Example of MSDS worddoc
- 2 Anticipation
- 3 Evaluation
- EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
- Slide 37
- Sampling and Measurement
- 4 Control
- Opportunities for Control
- Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
- 2 Work practices and Administrative controls
- OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Technical measures are but not limited to
- 3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Slide 49
- Hazardous Materials First Aid
- Spills and Leaks
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
- Slide 83
- Slide 84
- Slide 85
- Slide 86
- Slide 87
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
-
2 Evaluation of chemical hazards
Qm=Mass rate of volatile material
Accumulation rate is lsquo0rsquo
Applying ideal gas law m=mass ρ=density v=volatile species b=bulk speciesRg=ideal gas constantT and P absolute temp and pressureM=molecular weight of volatile speciesmvVb=C=QmkQv
Vapor Pressure
Given two substances of the same volume which one has more potential hazard
ndashExample Motor oil vs ether
Ether has more potential hazard than motor oil due to its high vapor pressure and volatility
Examples of Health Effects
Asphyxiants Carbon dioxide carbon monoxide
Irritants Chlorine formaldehyde
Anesthetics Toluene benzene
Hepatotoxins Carbon tetrachloride chlorobenzene
Nephrotoxins Toluene xylene
Neurotoxins Carbon disulfide
Hematopoietictoxins Benzene carbon monoxide
Pulmonarytoxins Nitrogen dioxide phosgene
Carcinogens Benzene vinyl chloride monomer
Ideal Gas Law
Conversion of Units
VP and Concentration
Selection of methods to control identified hazard
Table 3-9 Chemical Plant Control Techniques
Generalized form
In many cases Psat raquo ρ
Eq3-12
KA is often very small compared to displacement and can be neglected
Control of identified hazard
Purposes of Industrial Ventilation
bull Control of toxic air contaminants to
acceptable levels
bull Control of noxious odors
bull Control of heat and humidity for comfort
and health
bull Prevention of fire and explosions
Types of Industrial Ventilation1 General ventilationndashControl of temperature humidity and odors
2 Dilution ventilationndashMaintain control of low toxicity gases and vapors below acceptable levels through dilution of concentration
3 Local exhaust ventilationndashCapturing and removing contaminants at or near their sources of emissionndashPrevents the transmission of contaminant to workerndashGiven priority in ldquoHierarchy of Controlsrdquo
Ventilation Terminology
Air velocity at the hood or slot opening n important design parameter
Air velocity through the cross-section of the duct
Basic Ventilation Equation
WhereQ = air flow rate (ft3min)A = cross-sectional area of duct or opening (ft2)V = average air velocity (ftmin)
Example
ndashIf fan is unchanged and number of hoods is
doubled then the resulting hood face velocities
will be 12 original velocity (possibly reducing air
velocity to less-than-needed capture velocity)
Hood Proximity and Exhaust Volume
Use of Enclosures
Direction of Air Movement
Direction of Air Movement
Eq 3-3
- Industrial Hygiene 1 Background 2 Objectives of IH 3 Type of HI control 4 Estimation of evaporation rate ventilation rate of volatiles
- Origin of Hygiene
- What Is Industrial Hygiene
- Some Occupational Hazards
- Slide 5
- Government Regulations
- Government Regulations
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS PLANT SAFETY
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Recommendations to maintain plant safety
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
- Example of MSDS worddoc
- 2 Anticipation
- 3 Evaluation
- EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
- Slide 37
- Sampling and Measurement
- 4 Control
- Opportunities for Control
- Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
- 2 Work practices and Administrative controls
- OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Technical measures are but not limited to
- 3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Slide 49
- Hazardous Materials First Aid
- Spills and Leaks
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
- Slide 83
- Slide 84
- Slide 85
- Slide 86
- Slide 87
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
-
Qm=Mass rate of volatile material
Accumulation rate is lsquo0rsquo
Applying ideal gas law m=mass ρ=density v=volatile species b=bulk speciesRg=ideal gas constantT and P absolute temp and pressureM=molecular weight of volatile speciesmvVb=C=QmkQv
Vapor Pressure
Given two substances of the same volume which one has more potential hazard
ndashExample Motor oil vs ether
Ether has more potential hazard than motor oil due to its high vapor pressure and volatility
Examples of Health Effects
Asphyxiants Carbon dioxide carbon monoxide
Irritants Chlorine formaldehyde
Anesthetics Toluene benzene
Hepatotoxins Carbon tetrachloride chlorobenzene
Nephrotoxins Toluene xylene
Neurotoxins Carbon disulfide
Hematopoietictoxins Benzene carbon monoxide
Pulmonarytoxins Nitrogen dioxide phosgene
Carcinogens Benzene vinyl chloride monomer
Ideal Gas Law
Conversion of Units
VP and Concentration
Selection of methods to control identified hazard
Table 3-9 Chemical Plant Control Techniques
Generalized form
In many cases Psat raquo ρ
Eq3-12
KA is often very small compared to displacement and can be neglected
Control of identified hazard
Purposes of Industrial Ventilation
bull Control of toxic air contaminants to
acceptable levels
bull Control of noxious odors
bull Control of heat and humidity for comfort
and health
bull Prevention of fire and explosions
Types of Industrial Ventilation1 General ventilationndashControl of temperature humidity and odors
2 Dilution ventilationndashMaintain control of low toxicity gases and vapors below acceptable levels through dilution of concentration
3 Local exhaust ventilationndashCapturing and removing contaminants at or near their sources of emissionndashPrevents the transmission of contaminant to workerndashGiven priority in ldquoHierarchy of Controlsrdquo
Ventilation Terminology
Air velocity at the hood or slot opening n important design parameter
Air velocity through the cross-section of the duct
Basic Ventilation Equation
WhereQ = air flow rate (ft3min)A = cross-sectional area of duct or opening (ft2)V = average air velocity (ftmin)
Example
ndashIf fan is unchanged and number of hoods is
doubled then the resulting hood face velocities
will be 12 original velocity (possibly reducing air
velocity to less-than-needed capture velocity)
Hood Proximity and Exhaust Volume
Use of Enclosures
Direction of Air Movement
Direction of Air Movement
Eq 3-3
- Industrial Hygiene 1 Background 2 Objectives of IH 3 Type of HI control 4 Estimation of evaporation rate ventilation rate of volatiles
- Origin of Hygiene
- What Is Industrial Hygiene
- Some Occupational Hazards
- Slide 5
- Government Regulations
- Government Regulations
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS PLANT SAFETY
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Recommendations to maintain plant safety
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
- Example of MSDS worddoc
- 2 Anticipation
- 3 Evaluation
- EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
- Slide 37
- Sampling and Measurement
- 4 Control
- Opportunities for Control
- Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
- 2 Work practices and Administrative controls
- OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Technical measures are but not limited to
- 3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Slide 49
- Hazardous Materials First Aid
- Spills and Leaks
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
- Slide 83
- Slide 84
- Slide 85
- Slide 86
- Slide 87
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
-
Accumulation rate is lsquo0rsquo
Applying ideal gas law m=mass ρ=density v=volatile species b=bulk speciesRg=ideal gas constantT and P absolute temp and pressureM=molecular weight of volatile speciesmvVb=C=QmkQv
Vapor Pressure
Given two substances of the same volume which one has more potential hazard
ndashExample Motor oil vs ether
Ether has more potential hazard than motor oil due to its high vapor pressure and volatility
Examples of Health Effects
Asphyxiants Carbon dioxide carbon monoxide
Irritants Chlorine formaldehyde
Anesthetics Toluene benzene
Hepatotoxins Carbon tetrachloride chlorobenzene
Nephrotoxins Toluene xylene
Neurotoxins Carbon disulfide
Hematopoietictoxins Benzene carbon monoxide
Pulmonarytoxins Nitrogen dioxide phosgene
Carcinogens Benzene vinyl chloride monomer
Ideal Gas Law
Conversion of Units
VP and Concentration
Selection of methods to control identified hazard
Table 3-9 Chemical Plant Control Techniques
Generalized form
In many cases Psat raquo ρ
Eq3-12
KA is often very small compared to displacement and can be neglected
Control of identified hazard
Purposes of Industrial Ventilation
bull Control of toxic air contaminants to
acceptable levels
bull Control of noxious odors
bull Control of heat and humidity for comfort
and health
bull Prevention of fire and explosions
Types of Industrial Ventilation1 General ventilationndashControl of temperature humidity and odors
2 Dilution ventilationndashMaintain control of low toxicity gases and vapors below acceptable levels through dilution of concentration
3 Local exhaust ventilationndashCapturing and removing contaminants at or near their sources of emissionndashPrevents the transmission of contaminant to workerndashGiven priority in ldquoHierarchy of Controlsrdquo
Ventilation Terminology
Air velocity at the hood or slot opening n important design parameter
Air velocity through the cross-section of the duct
Basic Ventilation Equation
WhereQ = air flow rate (ft3min)A = cross-sectional area of duct or opening (ft2)V = average air velocity (ftmin)
Example
ndashIf fan is unchanged and number of hoods is
doubled then the resulting hood face velocities
will be 12 original velocity (possibly reducing air
velocity to less-than-needed capture velocity)
Hood Proximity and Exhaust Volume
Use of Enclosures
Direction of Air Movement
Direction of Air Movement
Eq 3-3
- Industrial Hygiene 1 Background 2 Objectives of IH 3 Type of HI control 4 Estimation of evaporation rate ventilation rate of volatiles
- Origin of Hygiene
- What Is Industrial Hygiene
- Some Occupational Hazards
- Slide 5
- Government Regulations
- Government Regulations
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS PLANT SAFETY
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Recommendations to maintain plant safety
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
- Example of MSDS worddoc
- 2 Anticipation
- 3 Evaluation
- EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
- Slide 37
- Sampling and Measurement
- 4 Control
- Opportunities for Control
- Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
- 2 Work practices and Administrative controls
- OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Technical measures are but not limited to
- 3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Slide 49
- Hazardous Materials First Aid
- Spills and Leaks
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
- Slide 83
- Slide 84
- Slide 85
- Slide 86
- Slide 87
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
-
Vapor Pressure
Given two substances of the same volume which one has more potential hazard
ndashExample Motor oil vs ether
Ether has more potential hazard than motor oil due to its high vapor pressure and volatility
Examples of Health Effects
Asphyxiants Carbon dioxide carbon monoxide
Irritants Chlorine formaldehyde
Anesthetics Toluene benzene
Hepatotoxins Carbon tetrachloride chlorobenzene
Nephrotoxins Toluene xylene
Neurotoxins Carbon disulfide
Hematopoietictoxins Benzene carbon monoxide
Pulmonarytoxins Nitrogen dioxide phosgene
Carcinogens Benzene vinyl chloride monomer
Ideal Gas Law
Conversion of Units
VP and Concentration
Selection of methods to control identified hazard
Table 3-9 Chemical Plant Control Techniques
Generalized form
In many cases Psat raquo ρ
Eq3-12
KA is often very small compared to displacement and can be neglected
Control of identified hazard
Purposes of Industrial Ventilation
bull Control of toxic air contaminants to
acceptable levels
bull Control of noxious odors
bull Control of heat and humidity for comfort
and health
bull Prevention of fire and explosions
Types of Industrial Ventilation1 General ventilationndashControl of temperature humidity and odors
2 Dilution ventilationndashMaintain control of low toxicity gases and vapors below acceptable levels through dilution of concentration
3 Local exhaust ventilationndashCapturing and removing contaminants at or near their sources of emissionndashPrevents the transmission of contaminant to workerndashGiven priority in ldquoHierarchy of Controlsrdquo
Ventilation Terminology
Air velocity at the hood or slot opening n important design parameter
Air velocity through the cross-section of the duct
Basic Ventilation Equation
WhereQ = air flow rate (ft3min)A = cross-sectional area of duct or opening (ft2)V = average air velocity (ftmin)
Example
ndashIf fan is unchanged and number of hoods is
doubled then the resulting hood face velocities
will be 12 original velocity (possibly reducing air
velocity to less-than-needed capture velocity)
Hood Proximity and Exhaust Volume
Use of Enclosures
Direction of Air Movement
Direction of Air Movement
Eq 3-3
- Industrial Hygiene 1 Background 2 Objectives of IH 3 Type of HI control 4 Estimation of evaporation rate ventilation rate of volatiles
- Origin of Hygiene
- What Is Industrial Hygiene
- Some Occupational Hazards
- Slide 5
- Government Regulations
- Government Regulations
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS PLANT SAFETY
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Recommendations to maintain plant safety
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
- Example of MSDS worddoc
- 2 Anticipation
- 3 Evaluation
- EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
- Slide 37
- Sampling and Measurement
- 4 Control
- Opportunities for Control
- Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
- 2 Work practices and Administrative controls
- OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Technical measures are but not limited to
- 3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Slide 49
- Hazardous Materials First Aid
- Spills and Leaks
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
- Slide 83
- Slide 84
- Slide 85
- Slide 86
- Slide 87
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
-
Examples of Health Effects
Asphyxiants Carbon dioxide carbon monoxide
Irritants Chlorine formaldehyde
Anesthetics Toluene benzene
Hepatotoxins Carbon tetrachloride chlorobenzene
Nephrotoxins Toluene xylene
Neurotoxins Carbon disulfide
Hematopoietictoxins Benzene carbon monoxide
Pulmonarytoxins Nitrogen dioxide phosgene
Carcinogens Benzene vinyl chloride monomer
Ideal Gas Law
Conversion of Units
VP and Concentration
Selection of methods to control identified hazard
Table 3-9 Chemical Plant Control Techniques
Generalized form
In many cases Psat raquo ρ
Eq3-12
KA is often very small compared to displacement and can be neglected
Control of identified hazard
Purposes of Industrial Ventilation
bull Control of toxic air contaminants to
acceptable levels
bull Control of noxious odors
bull Control of heat and humidity for comfort
and health
bull Prevention of fire and explosions
Types of Industrial Ventilation1 General ventilationndashControl of temperature humidity and odors
2 Dilution ventilationndashMaintain control of low toxicity gases and vapors below acceptable levels through dilution of concentration
3 Local exhaust ventilationndashCapturing and removing contaminants at or near their sources of emissionndashPrevents the transmission of contaminant to workerndashGiven priority in ldquoHierarchy of Controlsrdquo
Ventilation Terminology
Air velocity at the hood or slot opening n important design parameter
Air velocity through the cross-section of the duct
Basic Ventilation Equation
WhereQ = air flow rate (ft3min)A = cross-sectional area of duct or opening (ft2)V = average air velocity (ftmin)
Example
ndashIf fan is unchanged and number of hoods is
doubled then the resulting hood face velocities
will be 12 original velocity (possibly reducing air
velocity to less-than-needed capture velocity)
Hood Proximity and Exhaust Volume
Use of Enclosures
Direction of Air Movement
Direction of Air Movement
Eq 3-3
- Industrial Hygiene 1 Background 2 Objectives of IH 3 Type of HI control 4 Estimation of evaporation rate ventilation rate of volatiles
- Origin of Hygiene
- What Is Industrial Hygiene
- Some Occupational Hazards
- Slide 5
- Government Regulations
- Government Regulations
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS PLANT SAFETY
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Recommendations to maintain plant safety
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
- Example of MSDS worddoc
- 2 Anticipation
- 3 Evaluation
- EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
- Slide 37
- Sampling and Measurement
- 4 Control
- Opportunities for Control
- Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
- 2 Work practices and Administrative controls
- OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Technical measures are but not limited to
- 3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Slide 49
- Hazardous Materials First Aid
- Spills and Leaks
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
- Slide 83
- Slide 84
- Slide 85
- Slide 86
- Slide 87
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
-
Ideal Gas Law
Conversion of Units
VP and Concentration
Selection of methods to control identified hazard
Table 3-9 Chemical Plant Control Techniques
Generalized form
In many cases Psat raquo ρ
Eq3-12
KA is often very small compared to displacement and can be neglected
Control of identified hazard
Purposes of Industrial Ventilation
bull Control of toxic air contaminants to
acceptable levels
bull Control of noxious odors
bull Control of heat and humidity for comfort
and health
bull Prevention of fire and explosions
Types of Industrial Ventilation1 General ventilationndashControl of temperature humidity and odors
2 Dilution ventilationndashMaintain control of low toxicity gases and vapors below acceptable levels through dilution of concentration
3 Local exhaust ventilationndashCapturing and removing contaminants at or near their sources of emissionndashPrevents the transmission of contaminant to workerndashGiven priority in ldquoHierarchy of Controlsrdquo
Ventilation Terminology
Air velocity at the hood or slot opening n important design parameter
Air velocity through the cross-section of the duct
Basic Ventilation Equation
WhereQ = air flow rate (ft3min)A = cross-sectional area of duct or opening (ft2)V = average air velocity (ftmin)
Example
ndashIf fan is unchanged and number of hoods is
doubled then the resulting hood face velocities
will be 12 original velocity (possibly reducing air
velocity to less-than-needed capture velocity)
Hood Proximity and Exhaust Volume
Use of Enclosures
Direction of Air Movement
Direction of Air Movement
Eq 3-3
- Industrial Hygiene 1 Background 2 Objectives of IH 3 Type of HI control 4 Estimation of evaporation rate ventilation rate of volatiles
- Origin of Hygiene
- What Is Industrial Hygiene
- Some Occupational Hazards
- Slide 5
- Government Regulations
- Government Regulations
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS PLANT SAFETY
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Recommendations to maintain plant safety
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
- Example of MSDS worddoc
- 2 Anticipation
- 3 Evaluation
- EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
- Slide 37
- Sampling and Measurement
- 4 Control
- Opportunities for Control
- Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
- 2 Work practices and Administrative controls
- OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Technical measures are but not limited to
- 3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Slide 49
- Hazardous Materials First Aid
- Spills and Leaks
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
- Slide 83
- Slide 84
- Slide 85
- Slide 86
- Slide 87
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
-
Conversion of Units
VP and Concentration
Selection of methods to control identified hazard
Table 3-9 Chemical Plant Control Techniques
Generalized form
In many cases Psat raquo ρ
Eq3-12
KA is often very small compared to displacement and can be neglected
Control of identified hazard
Purposes of Industrial Ventilation
bull Control of toxic air contaminants to
acceptable levels
bull Control of noxious odors
bull Control of heat and humidity for comfort
and health
bull Prevention of fire and explosions
Types of Industrial Ventilation1 General ventilationndashControl of temperature humidity and odors
2 Dilution ventilationndashMaintain control of low toxicity gases and vapors below acceptable levels through dilution of concentration
3 Local exhaust ventilationndashCapturing and removing contaminants at or near their sources of emissionndashPrevents the transmission of contaminant to workerndashGiven priority in ldquoHierarchy of Controlsrdquo
Ventilation Terminology
Air velocity at the hood or slot opening n important design parameter
Air velocity through the cross-section of the duct
Basic Ventilation Equation
WhereQ = air flow rate (ft3min)A = cross-sectional area of duct or opening (ft2)V = average air velocity (ftmin)
Example
ndashIf fan is unchanged and number of hoods is
doubled then the resulting hood face velocities
will be 12 original velocity (possibly reducing air
velocity to less-than-needed capture velocity)
Hood Proximity and Exhaust Volume
Use of Enclosures
Direction of Air Movement
Direction of Air Movement
Eq 3-3
- Industrial Hygiene 1 Background 2 Objectives of IH 3 Type of HI control 4 Estimation of evaporation rate ventilation rate of volatiles
- Origin of Hygiene
- What Is Industrial Hygiene
- Some Occupational Hazards
- Slide 5
- Government Regulations
- Government Regulations
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS PLANT SAFETY
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Recommendations to maintain plant safety
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
- Example of MSDS worddoc
- 2 Anticipation
- 3 Evaluation
- EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
- Slide 37
- Sampling and Measurement
- 4 Control
- Opportunities for Control
- Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
- 2 Work practices and Administrative controls
- OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Technical measures are but not limited to
- 3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Slide 49
- Hazardous Materials First Aid
- Spills and Leaks
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
- Slide 83
- Slide 84
- Slide 85
- Slide 86
- Slide 87
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
-
VP and Concentration
Selection of methods to control identified hazard
Table 3-9 Chemical Plant Control Techniques
Generalized form
In many cases Psat raquo ρ
Eq3-12
KA is often very small compared to displacement and can be neglected
Control of identified hazard
Purposes of Industrial Ventilation
bull Control of toxic air contaminants to
acceptable levels
bull Control of noxious odors
bull Control of heat and humidity for comfort
and health
bull Prevention of fire and explosions
Types of Industrial Ventilation1 General ventilationndashControl of temperature humidity and odors
2 Dilution ventilationndashMaintain control of low toxicity gases and vapors below acceptable levels through dilution of concentration
3 Local exhaust ventilationndashCapturing and removing contaminants at or near their sources of emissionndashPrevents the transmission of contaminant to workerndashGiven priority in ldquoHierarchy of Controlsrdquo
Ventilation Terminology
Air velocity at the hood or slot opening n important design parameter
Air velocity through the cross-section of the duct
Basic Ventilation Equation
WhereQ = air flow rate (ft3min)A = cross-sectional area of duct or opening (ft2)V = average air velocity (ftmin)
Example
ndashIf fan is unchanged and number of hoods is
doubled then the resulting hood face velocities
will be 12 original velocity (possibly reducing air
velocity to less-than-needed capture velocity)
Hood Proximity and Exhaust Volume
Use of Enclosures
Direction of Air Movement
Direction of Air Movement
Eq 3-3
- Industrial Hygiene 1 Background 2 Objectives of IH 3 Type of HI control 4 Estimation of evaporation rate ventilation rate of volatiles
- Origin of Hygiene
- What Is Industrial Hygiene
- Some Occupational Hazards
- Slide 5
- Government Regulations
- Government Regulations
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS PLANT SAFETY
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Recommendations to maintain plant safety
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
- Example of MSDS worddoc
- 2 Anticipation
- 3 Evaluation
- EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
- Slide 37
- Sampling and Measurement
- 4 Control
- Opportunities for Control
- Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
- 2 Work practices and Administrative controls
- OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Technical measures are but not limited to
- 3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Slide 49
- Hazardous Materials First Aid
- Spills and Leaks
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
- Slide 83
- Slide 84
- Slide 85
- Slide 86
- Slide 87
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
-
Selection of methods to control identified hazard
Table 3-9 Chemical Plant Control Techniques
Generalized form
In many cases Psat raquo ρ
Eq3-12
KA is often very small compared to displacement and can be neglected
Control of identified hazard
Purposes of Industrial Ventilation
bull Control of toxic air contaminants to
acceptable levels
bull Control of noxious odors
bull Control of heat and humidity for comfort
and health
bull Prevention of fire and explosions
Types of Industrial Ventilation1 General ventilationndashControl of temperature humidity and odors
2 Dilution ventilationndashMaintain control of low toxicity gases and vapors below acceptable levels through dilution of concentration
3 Local exhaust ventilationndashCapturing and removing contaminants at or near their sources of emissionndashPrevents the transmission of contaminant to workerndashGiven priority in ldquoHierarchy of Controlsrdquo
Ventilation Terminology
Air velocity at the hood or slot opening n important design parameter
Air velocity through the cross-section of the duct
Basic Ventilation Equation
WhereQ = air flow rate (ft3min)A = cross-sectional area of duct or opening (ft2)V = average air velocity (ftmin)
Example
ndashIf fan is unchanged and number of hoods is
doubled then the resulting hood face velocities
will be 12 original velocity (possibly reducing air
velocity to less-than-needed capture velocity)
Hood Proximity and Exhaust Volume
Use of Enclosures
Direction of Air Movement
Direction of Air Movement
Eq 3-3
- Industrial Hygiene 1 Background 2 Objectives of IH 3 Type of HI control 4 Estimation of evaporation rate ventilation rate of volatiles
- Origin of Hygiene
- What Is Industrial Hygiene
- Some Occupational Hazards
- Slide 5
- Government Regulations
- Government Regulations
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS PLANT SAFETY
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Recommendations to maintain plant safety
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
- Example of MSDS worddoc
- 2 Anticipation
- 3 Evaluation
- EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
- Slide 37
- Sampling and Measurement
- 4 Control
- Opportunities for Control
- Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
- 2 Work practices and Administrative controls
- OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Technical measures are but not limited to
- 3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Slide 49
- Hazardous Materials First Aid
- Spills and Leaks
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
- Slide 83
- Slide 84
- Slide 85
- Slide 86
- Slide 87
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
-
Table 3-9 Chemical Plant Control Techniques
Generalized form
In many cases Psat raquo ρ
Eq3-12
KA is often very small compared to displacement and can be neglected
Control of identified hazard
Purposes of Industrial Ventilation
bull Control of toxic air contaminants to
acceptable levels
bull Control of noxious odors
bull Control of heat and humidity for comfort
and health
bull Prevention of fire and explosions
Types of Industrial Ventilation1 General ventilationndashControl of temperature humidity and odors
2 Dilution ventilationndashMaintain control of low toxicity gases and vapors below acceptable levels through dilution of concentration
3 Local exhaust ventilationndashCapturing and removing contaminants at or near their sources of emissionndashPrevents the transmission of contaminant to workerndashGiven priority in ldquoHierarchy of Controlsrdquo
Ventilation Terminology
Air velocity at the hood or slot opening n important design parameter
Air velocity through the cross-section of the duct
Basic Ventilation Equation
WhereQ = air flow rate (ft3min)A = cross-sectional area of duct or opening (ft2)V = average air velocity (ftmin)
Example
ndashIf fan is unchanged and number of hoods is
doubled then the resulting hood face velocities
will be 12 original velocity (possibly reducing air
velocity to less-than-needed capture velocity)
Hood Proximity and Exhaust Volume
Use of Enclosures
Direction of Air Movement
Direction of Air Movement
Eq 3-3
- Industrial Hygiene 1 Background 2 Objectives of IH 3 Type of HI control 4 Estimation of evaporation rate ventilation rate of volatiles
- Origin of Hygiene
- What Is Industrial Hygiene
- Some Occupational Hazards
- Slide 5
- Government Regulations
- Government Regulations
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS PLANT SAFETY
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Recommendations to maintain plant safety
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
- Example of MSDS worddoc
- 2 Anticipation
- 3 Evaluation
- EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
- Slide 37
- Sampling and Measurement
- 4 Control
- Opportunities for Control
- Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
- 2 Work practices and Administrative controls
- OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Technical measures are but not limited to
- 3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Slide 49
- Hazardous Materials First Aid
- Spills and Leaks
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
- Slide 83
- Slide 84
- Slide 85
- Slide 86
- Slide 87
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
-
Generalized form
In many cases Psat raquo ρ
Eq3-12
KA is often very small compared to displacement and can be neglected
Control of identified hazard
Purposes of Industrial Ventilation
bull Control of toxic air contaminants to
acceptable levels
bull Control of noxious odors
bull Control of heat and humidity for comfort
and health
bull Prevention of fire and explosions
Types of Industrial Ventilation1 General ventilationndashControl of temperature humidity and odors
2 Dilution ventilationndashMaintain control of low toxicity gases and vapors below acceptable levels through dilution of concentration
3 Local exhaust ventilationndashCapturing and removing contaminants at or near their sources of emissionndashPrevents the transmission of contaminant to workerndashGiven priority in ldquoHierarchy of Controlsrdquo
Ventilation Terminology
Air velocity at the hood or slot opening n important design parameter
Air velocity through the cross-section of the duct
Basic Ventilation Equation
WhereQ = air flow rate (ft3min)A = cross-sectional area of duct or opening (ft2)V = average air velocity (ftmin)
Example
ndashIf fan is unchanged and number of hoods is
doubled then the resulting hood face velocities
will be 12 original velocity (possibly reducing air
velocity to less-than-needed capture velocity)
Hood Proximity and Exhaust Volume
Use of Enclosures
Direction of Air Movement
Direction of Air Movement
Eq 3-3
- Industrial Hygiene 1 Background 2 Objectives of IH 3 Type of HI control 4 Estimation of evaporation rate ventilation rate of volatiles
- Origin of Hygiene
- What Is Industrial Hygiene
- Some Occupational Hazards
- Slide 5
- Government Regulations
- Government Regulations
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS PLANT SAFETY
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Recommendations to maintain plant safety
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
- Example of MSDS worddoc
- 2 Anticipation
- 3 Evaluation
- EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
- Slide 37
- Sampling and Measurement
- 4 Control
- Opportunities for Control
- Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
- 2 Work practices and Administrative controls
- OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Technical measures are but not limited to
- 3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Slide 49
- Hazardous Materials First Aid
- Spills and Leaks
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
- Slide 83
- Slide 84
- Slide 85
- Slide 86
- Slide 87
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
-
KA is often very small compared to displacement and can be neglected
Control of identified hazard
Purposes of Industrial Ventilation
bull Control of toxic air contaminants to
acceptable levels
bull Control of noxious odors
bull Control of heat and humidity for comfort
and health
bull Prevention of fire and explosions
Types of Industrial Ventilation1 General ventilationndashControl of temperature humidity and odors
2 Dilution ventilationndashMaintain control of low toxicity gases and vapors below acceptable levels through dilution of concentration
3 Local exhaust ventilationndashCapturing and removing contaminants at or near their sources of emissionndashPrevents the transmission of contaminant to workerndashGiven priority in ldquoHierarchy of Controlsrdquo
Ventilation Terminology
Air velocity at the hood or slot opening n important design parameter
Air velocity through the cross-section of the duct
Basic Ventilation Equation
WhereQ = air flow rate (ft3min)A = cross-sectional area of duct or opening (ft2)V = average air velocity (ftmin)
Example
ndashIf fan is unchanged and number of hoods is
doubled then the resulting hood face velocities
will be 12 original velocity (possibly reducing air
velocity to less-than-needed capture velocity)
Hood Proximity and Exhaust Volume
Use of Enclosures
Direction of Air Movement
Direction of Air Movement
Eq 3-3
- Industrial Hygiene 1 Background 2 Objectives of IH 3 Type of HI control 4 Estimation of evaporation rate ventilation rate of volatiles
- Origin of Hygiene
- What Is Industrial Hygiene
- Some Occupational Hazards
- Slide 5
- Government Regulations
- Government Regulations
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS PLANT SAFETY
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Recommendations to maintain plant safety
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
- Example of MSDS worddoc
- 2 Anticipation
- 3 Evaluation
- EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
- Slide 37
- Sampling and Measurement
- 4 Control
- Opportunities for Control
- Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
- 2 Work practices and Administrative controls
- OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Technical measures are but not limited to
- 3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Slide 49
- Hazardous Materials First Aid
- Spills and Leaks
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
- Slide 83
- Slide 84
- Slide 85
- Slide 86
- Slide 87
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
-
Control of identified hazard
Purposes of Industrial Ventilation
bull Control of toxic air contaminants to
acceptable levels
bull Control of noxious odors
bull Control of heat and humidity for comfort
and health
bull Prevention of fire and explosions
Types of Industrial Ventilation1 General ventilationndashControl of temperature humidity and odors
2 Dilution ventilationndashMaintain control of low toxicity gases and vapors below acceptable levels through dilution of concentration
3 Local exhaust ventilationndashCapturing and removing contaminants at or near their sources of emissionndashPrevents the transmission of contaminant to workerndashGiven priority in ldquoHierarchy of Controlsrdquo
Ventilation Terminology
Air velocity at the hood or slot opening n important design parameter
Air velocity through the cross-section of the duct
Basic Ventilation Equation
WhereQ = air flow rate (ft3min)A = cross-sectional area of duct or opening (ft2)V = average air velocity (ftmin)
Example
ndashIf fan is unchanged and number of hoods is
doubled then the resulting hood face velocities
will be 12 original velocity (possibly reducing air
velocity to less-than-needed capture velocity)
Hood Proximity and Exhaust Volume
Use of Enclosures
Direction of Air Movement
Direction of Air Movement
Eq 3-3
- Industrial Hygiene 1 Background 2 Objectives of IH 3 Type of HI control 4 Estimation of evaporation rate ventilation rate of volatiles
- Origin of Hygiene
- What Is Industrial Hygiene
- Some Occupational Hazards
- Slide 5
- Government Regulations
- Government Regulations
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS PLANT SAFETY
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Recommendations to maintain plant safety
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
- Example of MSDS worddoc
- 2 Anticipation
- 3 Evaluation
- EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
- Slide 37
- Sampling and Measurement
- 4 Control
- Opportunities for Control
- Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
- 2 Work practices and Administrative controls
- OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Technical measures are but not limited to
- 3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Slide 49
- Hazardous Materials First Aid
- Spills and Leaks
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
- Slide 83
- Slide 84
- Slide 85
- Slide 86
- Slide 87
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
-
Purposes of Industrial Ventilation
bull Control of toxic air contaminants to
acceptable levels
bull Control of noxious odors
bull Control of heat and humidity for comfort
and health
bull Prevention of fire and explosions
Types of Industrial Ventilation1 General ventilationndashControl of temperature humidity and odors
2 Dilution ventilationndashMaintain control of low toxicity gases and vapors below acceptable levels through dilution of concentration
3 Local exhaust ventilationndashCapturing and removing contaminants at or near their sources of emissionndashPrevents the transmission of contaminant to workerndashGiven priority in ldquoHierarchy of Controlsrdquo
Ventilation Terminology
Air velocity at the hood or slot opening n important design parameter
Air velocity through the cross-section of the duct
Basic Ventilation Equation
WhereQ = air flow rate (ft3min)A = cross-sectional area of duct or opening (ft2)V = average air velocity (ftmin)
Example
ndashIf fan is unchanged and number of hoods is
doubled then the resulting hood face velocities
will be 12 original velocity (possibly reducing air
velocity to less-than-needed capture velocity)
Hood Proximity and Exhaust Volume
Use of Enclosures
Direction of Air Movement
Direction of Air Movement
Eq 3-3
- Industrial Hygiene 1 Background 2 Objectives of IH 3 Type of HI control 4 Estimation of evaporation rate ventilation rate of volatiles
- Origin of Hygiene
- What Is Industrial Hygiene
- Some Occupational Hazards
- Slide 5
- Government Regulations
- Government Regulations
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS PLANT SAFETY
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Recommendations to maintain plant safety
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
- Example of MSDS worddoc
- 2 Anticipation
- 3 Evaluation
- EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
- Slide 37
- Sampling and Measurement
- 4 Control
- Opportunities for Control
- Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
- 2 Work practices and Administrative controls
- OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Technical measures are but not limited to
- 3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Slide 49
- Hazardous Materials First Aid
- Spills and Leaks
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
- Slide 83
- Slide 84
- Slide 85
- Slide 86
- Slide 87
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
-
Types of Industrial Ventilation1 General ventilationndashControl of temperature humidity and odors
2 Dilution ventilationndashMaintain control of low toxicity gases and vapors below acceptable levels through dilution of concentration
3 Local exhaust ventilationndashCapturing and removing contaminants at or near their sources of emissionndashPrevents the transmission of contaminant to workerndashGiven priority in ldquoHierarchy of Controlsrdquo
Ventilation Terminology
Air velocity at the hood or slot opening n important design parameter
Air velocity through the cross-section of the duct
Basic Ventilation Equation
WhereQ = air flow rate (ft3min)A = cross-sectional area of duct or opening (ft2)V = average air velocity (ftmin)
Example
ndashIf fan is unchanged and number of hoods is
doubled then the resulting hood face velocities
will be 12 original velocity (possibly reducing air
velocity to less-than-needed capture velocity)
Hood Proximity and Exhaust Volume
Use of Enclosures
Direction of Air Movement
Direction of Air Movement
Eq 3-3
- Industrial Hygiene 1 Background 2 Objectives of IH 3 Type of HI control 4 Estimation of evaporation rate ventilation rate of volatiles
- Origin of Hygiene
- What Is Industrial Hygiene
- Some Occupational Hazards
- Slide 5
- Government Regulations
- Government Regulations
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS PLANT SAFETY
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Recommendations to maintain plant safety
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
- Example of MSDS worddoc
- 2 Anticipation
- 3 Evaluation
- EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
- Slide 37
- Sampling and Measurement
- 4 Control
- Opportunities for Control
- Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
- 2 Work practices and Administrative controls
- OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Technical measures are but not limited to
- 3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Slide 49
- Hazardous Materials First Aid
- Spills and Leaks
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
- Slide 83
- Slide 84
- Slide 85
- Slide 86
- Slide 87
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
-
Ventilation Terminology
Air velocity at the hood or slot opening n important design parameter
Air velocity through the cross-section of the duct
Basic Ventilation Equation
WhereQ = air flow rate (ft3min)A = cross-sectional area of duct or opening (ft2)V = average air velocity (ftmin)
Example
ndashIf fan is unchanged and number of hoods is
doubled then the resulting hood face velocities
will be 12 original velocity (possibly reducing air
velocity to less-than-needed capture velocity)
Hood Proximity and Exhaust Volume
Use of Enclosures
Direction of Air Movement
Direction of Air Movement
Eq 3-3
- Industrial Hygiene 1 Background 2 Objectives of IH 3 Type of HI control 4 Estimation of evaporation rate ventilation rate of volatiles
- Origin of Hygiene
- What Is Industrial Hygiene
- Some Occupational Hazards
- Slide 5
- Government Regulations
- Government Regulations
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS PLANT SAFETY
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Recommendations to maintain plant safety
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
- Example of MSDS worddoc
- 2 Anticipation
- 3 Evaluation
- EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
- Slide 37
- Sampling and Measurement
- 4 Control
- Opportunities for Control
- Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
- 2 Work practices and Administrative controls
- OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Technical measures are but not limited to
- 3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Slide 49
- Hazardous Materials First Aid
- Spills and Leaks
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
- Slide 83
- Slide 84
- Slide 85
- Slide 86
- Slide 87
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
-
Basic Ventilation Equation
WhereQ = air flow rate (ft3min)A = cross-sectional area of duct or opening (ft2)V = average air velocity (ftmin)
Example
ndashIf fan is unchanged and number of hoods is
doubled then the resulting hood face velocities
will be 12 original velocity (possibly reducing air
velocity to less-than-needed capture velocity)
Hood Proximity and Exhaust Volume
Use of Enclosures
Direction of Air Movement
Direction of Air Movement
Eq 3-3
- Industrial Hygiene 1 Background 2 Objectives of IH 3 Type of HI control 4 Estimation of evaporation rate ventilation rate of volatiles
- Origin of Hygiene
- What Is Industrial Hygiene
- Some Occupational Hazards
- Slide 5
- Government Regulations
- Government Regulations
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS PLANT SAFETY
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Recommendations to maintain plant safety
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
- Example of MSDS worddoc
- 2 Anticipation
- 3 Evaluation
- EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
- Slide 37
- Sampling and Measurement
- 4 Control
- Opportunities for Control
- Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
- 2 Work practices and Administrative controls
- OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Technical measures are but not limited to
- 3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Slide 49
- Hazardous Materials First Aid
- Spills and Leaks
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
- Slide 83
- Slide 84
- Slide 85
- Slide 86
- Slide 87
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
-
Hood Proximity and Exhaust Volume
Use of Enclosures
Direction of Air Movement
Direction of Air Movement
Eq 3-3
- Industrial Hygiene 1 Background 2 Objectives of IH 3 Type of HI control 4 Estimation of evaporation rate ventilation rate of volatiles
- Origin of Hygiene
- What Is Industrial Hygiene
- Some Occupational Hazards
- Slide 5
- Government Regulations
- Government Regulations
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS PLANT SAFETY
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Recommendations to maintain plant safety
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
- Example of MSDS worddoc
- 2 Anticipation
- 3 Evaluation
- EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
- Slide 37
- Sampling and Measurement
- 4 Control
- Opportunities for Control
- Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
- 2 Work practices and Administrative controls
- OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Technical measures are but not limited to
- 3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Slide 49
- Hazardous Materials First Aid
- Spills and Leaks
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
- Slide 83
- Slide 84
- Slide 85
- Slide 86
- Slide 87
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
-
Use of Enclosures
Direction of Air Movement
Direction of Air Movement
Eq 3-3
- Industrial Hygiene 1 Background 2 Objectives of IH 3 Type of HI control 4 Estimation of evaporation rate ventilation rate of volatiles
- Origin of Hygiene
- What Is Industrial Hygiene
- Some Occupational Hazards
- Slide 5
- Government Regulations
- Government Regulations
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS PLANT SAFETY
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Recommendations to maintain plant safety
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
- Example of MSDS worddoc
- 2 Anticipation
- 3 Evaluation
- EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
- Slide 37
- Sampling and Measurement
- 4 Control
- Opportunities for Control
- Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
- 2 Work practices and Administrative controls
- OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Technical measures are but not limited to
- 3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Slide 49
- Hazardous Materials First Aid
- Spills and Leaks
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
- Slide 83
- Slide 84
- Slide 85
- Slide 86
- Slide 87
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
-
Direction of Air Movement
Direction of Air Movement
Eq 3-3
- Industrial Hygiene 1 Background 2 Objectives of IH 3 Type of HI control 4 Estimation of evaporation rate ventilation rate of volatiles
- Origin of Hygiene
- What Is Industrial Hygiene
- Some Occupational Hazards
- Slide 5
- Government Regulations
- Government Regulations
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS PLANT SAFETY
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Recommendations to maintain plant safety
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
- Example of MSDS worddoc
- 2 Anticipation
- 3 Evaluation
- EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
- Slide 37
- Sampling and Measurement
- 4 Control
- Opportunities for Control
- Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
- 2 Work practices and Administrative controls
- OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Technical measures are but not limited to
- 3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Slide 49
- Hazardous Materials First Aid
- Spills and Leaks
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
- Slide 83
- Slide 84
- Slide 85
- Slide 86
- Slide 87
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
-
Direction of Air Movement
Eq 3-3
- Industrial Hygiene 1 Background 2 Objectives of IH 3 Type of HI control 4 Estimation of evaporation rate ventilation rate of volatiles
- Origin of Hygiene
- What Is Industrial Hygiene
- Some Occupational Hazards
- Slide 5
- Government Regulations
- Government Regulations
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS PLANT SAFETY
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Recommendations to maintain plant safety
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
- Example of MSDS worddoc
- 2 Anticipation
- 3 Evaluation
- EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
- Slide 37
- Sampling and Measurement
- 4 Control
- Opportunities for Control
- Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
- 2 Work practices and Administrative controls
- OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Technical measures are but not limited to
- 3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Slide 49
- Hazardous Materials First Aid
- Spills and Leaks
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
- Slide 83
- Slide 84
- Slide 85
- Slide 86
- Slide 87
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
-
Eq 3-3
- Industrial Hygiene 1 Background 2 Objectives of IH 3 Type of HI control 4 Estimation of evaporation rate ventilation rate of volatiles
- Origin of Hygiene
- What Is Industrial Hygiene
- Some Occupational Hazards
- Slide 5
- Government Regulations
- Government Regulations
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS PLANT SAFETY
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Recommendations to maintain plant safety
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
- Example of MSDS worddoc
- 2 Anticipation
- 3 Evaluation
- EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
- Slide 37
- Sampling and Measurement
- 4 Control
- Opportunities for Control
- Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
- 2 Work practices and Administrative controls
- OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Technical measures are but not limited to
- 3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Slide 49
- Hazardous Materials First Aid
- Spills and Leaks
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
- Slide 83
- Slide 84
- Slide 85
- Slide 86
- Slide 87
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
-
- Industrial Hygiene 1 Background 2 Objectives of IH 3 Type of HI control 4 Estimation of evaporation rate ventilation rate of volatiles
- Origin of Hygiene
- What Is Industrial Hygiene
- Some Occupational Hazards
- Slide 5
- Government Regulations
- Government Regulations
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Additional points on chemical plant safety THE SEVEN GREATEST THREATS TO PROCESS PLANT SAFETY
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Slide 24
- Slide 25
- Recommendations to maintain plant safety
- Slide 27
- Slide 28
- Slide 29
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- CHEMICAL (or MATERIAL) SAFETY DATA SHEET
- Example of MSDS worddoc
- 2 Anticipation
- 3 Evaluation
- EnvironmentalOccupational Health Paradigm
- Slide 37
- Sampling and Measurement
- 4 Control
- Opportunities for Control
- Types of Controls 1 Engineering controls
- 2 Work practices and Administrative controls
- OPERATIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMMES
- Slide 44
- Slide 45
- Technical measures are but not limited to
- 3 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Hazardous Chemicals
- Slide 49
- Hazardous Materials First Aid
- Spills and Leaks
- Slide 52
- Slide 53
- Slide 54
- Slide 55
- Slide 56
- Slide 57
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
- Slide 60
- Slide 61
- Slide 62
- Slide 63
- Slide 64
- Slide 65
- Slide 66
- Slide 67
- Slide 68
- Slide 69
- Slide 70
- Slide 71
- Slide 72
- Slide 73
- Slide 74
- Slide 75
- Slide 76
- Slide 77
- Slide 78
- Slide 79
- Slide 80
- Slide 81
- Slide 82
- Slide 83
- Slide 84
- Slide 85
- Slide 86
- Slide 87
- Slide 88
- Slide 89
-