5th cimac cascades busan 2014 go green go gas rr … · such information, which must not be taken...
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03/11/2014
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Go green, gas gas –the answer to all (emission) problems?
5th CIMAC Cascades 2014 Busan“GAS ENGINES - THE VIABLE ALTERNATIVE
23rd of October 2014
Peter Koch
Senior development engineer, Bergen Engines AS
Emissions
Demand for reduced NOx, CO2, SOx and PM
● Exhaust after-treatment for diesel engines
● Gas engine concepts
Economy
● Lower fuel consumption
● Lower OPEX (e.g. EHM initiatives)
● Low energy loss concepts
Technology
● Trends toward more specialised vessels with more flexible propulsion
systems (e.g. diesel-/gas-electric, hybrid drive)
● Move to deeper waters and more harsh environment operation
Regulations
● Stronger environmental focus through IMO Tier III and EPA
● Stronger safety focus (e.g. SOLAS, NORSOK and others)
(Marine) engines market drivers
Private data unless stated otherwise
Bergen Engines ASA Rolls-Royce Power Systems Company
Kleiner’s law(s)
“Make sure the dog
wants to eat the
dog food. No
matter how
ground-breaking a
new technology,
how large a
potential
market, make
certain customers
actually want it.”
(Eugene Kleiner)
NOx (+HC)
SOx
PM
CO2
EEDI
The diesel dilemma ���� “Go Gas”
Private data unless stated otherwise
Bergen Engines ASA Rolls-Royce Power Systems Company
Methane, methane, meth0 ���� GWP*
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
CO
2 e
qu
. in
g/k
Wh
CH4 emissions in g/kWh
Net decrease in
GHG emissions
Net increase in
GHG emissions
GHG/GWP:
• CO2 equivalent of CH4 = 25 (see IPCC for more information)
Private data unless stated otherwise
Bergen Engines ASA Rolls-Royce Power Systems Company
*Beetlejuice ���� © Warner Bros. Entertainment, Inc.
03/11/2014
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Methane, methane, meth0 ���� GWP*
GHG/GWP:
• CO2 equivalent of CH4 = 25 (see IPCC for more information)
-35%
-30%
-25%
-20%
-15%
-10%
-5%
0%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ch
an
ge
in C
O2
em
issi
on
to
ba
seli
ne
CH4 emissions in g/kWh
800 g/kWh CO2 750 g/kWh CO2 700 g/kWh CO2 675 g/kWh CO2
650 g/kWh CO2 625 g/kWh CO2 600 g/kWh CO2 575 g/kWh CO2
550 g/kWh CO2 500 g/kWh CO2
Private data unless stated otherwise
Bergen Engines ASA Rolls-Royce Power Systems Company
*Beetlejuice ���� © Warner Bros. Entertainment, Inc.
Methane, methane, meth0 ���� GWP
-30-20-10
0
10203040
200 190 180 170 160 150
0 3 6 9 12
Gas engine fuel consumption (ISO w/o pumps) in g/kWh
%
2006 2009 2011 2013
Methane slip in g/kWh @ mcr
Methane slip isolines in g/kWh
Re
du
ctio
no
fG
HG
in
% c
om
pa
red
to
the
resp
ect
ive
die
sel
en
gin
em
od
el
SFC and GHG basics
Natural gas:
• Lower heating value (LHV) of 36MJ/Nm3
• Methane number of 70
GHG/GWP:
• CO2 equivalent of CH4 = 25 (see IPCC for more information)
Explanatory note
Gas engine with fuel consumption of 170 g/kWh
(~45% thermal efficiency)
Methane slip of the engine is 6 g/kWh (8 g/kWh)
� Total greenhouse gas (CO2 + CH4) emissions on
a lower (higher) level than for a comparable diesel
engine � 5% reduction (increase)
Private data unless stated otherwise
Bergen Engines ASA Rolls-Royce Power Systems Company
Methane slip in g/kWh @ E2 cycle
CH4 slip ���� engine (process) control
Gas admission
• Scavenging process – valve overlap
Combustion chamber design
• Crevices / fireland
Combustion process
• Quenching
• Turbulence – Lean mixture zones
• Boundary layer � “at the walls”
• Delayed combustion / misfiring
• Active throttle control
IV
EV
GAV
TDC
BDC
Private data unless stated otherwise
Bergen Engines ASA Rolls-Royce Power Systems Company
Private data unless stated otherwise
Bergen Engines ASA Rolls-Royce Power Systems Company
Lean burn gas engine control
03/11/2014
3
p in
ba
r
time after ignition in ms
Misfiring Regular Transition Reg-to-knock Knocking
lambda
Lean burn gas engine controlH
ea
t re
lea
se
time after ignition in ms
Misfire Regular Transition Knocking/Preignition
Private data unless stated otherwise
Bergen Engines ASA Rolls-Royce Power Systems Company
Transient behaviour – diesel vs. gas*
MN
HV
Private data unless stated otherwise
Bergen Engines ASA Rolls-Royce Power Systems Company
* Port injection Gas engines; CIMAC WG17; Transient response behaviour of gas engines; April 2011
� Specification for marine diesel fuel
� ISO 8217:2012 � 5th edition
� 4 distillate & 11 residual fuel categories
� Natural gas ���� “work in progress”
The Natural gas market/infrastructure
60
70
80
90
100
80 85 90 95 100
Me
tha
ne
nu
mb
er
Engine load in %
BE SI gas engine Other SI gas engine ex. DF engine ex.
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
47 48 49 50 51 52
Me
tha
ne
Nu
mb
er
MN
(A
VL)
LHV in MJ/kgArun(Indonesia) Arzew(Algeria)
Badak(Indonesia) Bintulu(Malaysia)
Bonny(Nigeria) Das Island(Emirates)
Lumut(Brunei) Point Fortin(Trinidad & Tobago)
Ras Laffan(Qatar) Skida(Algeria)
Snøhvit(Norway) Withnell(Australia)
Methane Average(USA)
Typical(Russia)
CO2N2
C4H10
C3H8
C2H6
H2
Private data unless stated otherwise
Bergen Engines ASA Rolls-Royce Power Systems Company
*JRC-IE; Liquefied Natural Gas for Europe – Some Important Issues for Consideration, 2009
P1 = Publicly available data DF engine #1 P2 = Publicly available data DF engine #2
Comparison of transient behavior (constant speed)
Private data unless stated otherwise
Bergen Engines ASA Rolls-Royce Power Systems Company
03/11/2014
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Variable speed and dynamic load capability
Marine mechanical drive key enablers
PSV in rough weather DP operation
� 30 knots wind and 3m wave height
Example of variable speed up-loading and
subsequent pitch reversal at rated speed 750 rpm
Engine speed in rpm on the 1st axis Engine power in % on the 2nd axis
x-axis � 4 minutes trend @ 10 s time resolution
Private data unless stated otherwise
Bergen Engines ASA Rolls-Royce Power Systems Company
35 m long
14,5 m wide
13,5 knots
68 tons Bollard pull
1 x 80 m3 Gas tanks and ancillaries
Acon gas monitoring safety system
2 x RRM US35 CP azimuth thrusters
2 x C26:33L6PG @ 1705kW = 2286 bhp
Marine mechanical drive*“0 first tugboat in the world to run purely on natural gas” M/T Borgøy
Private data unless stated otherwise
Bergen Engines ASA Rolls-Royce Power Systems Company
*Pictures partly copyright of Sanmar A.Ş.
0 and the “Oscars” go to M/S ”Stavangerfjord” – M/S ”Bergensfjord”
Marine mechanical drive
170 m long
27,5 m wide
25 000 GT
600 cars
1500 passengers
25 knots
2 x RRM Promas system
4 x B3540V12PG @ 5.600kW = 7.616 bhp
Over 4500 operating hours (17.03.14)
Overall true efficiency based upon thermal energy input at 47% (~50% with WHR)
Private data unless stated otherwise
Bergen Engines ASA Rolls-Royce Power Systems Company
The LNG “argument clinic”*
Yes, it is.Yes, it is.Yes, it is.Yes, it is.No, it isn’t.No, it isn’t.No, it isn’t.No, it isn’t.
*Monty Python’s Flying Circus ���� © BBC & Python Pictures / The Ten Commandments ���� © Paramount Pictures & Motion Picture Associates, Inc.
• Costs
• Emissions
• Operation
• Reliability
• Bunkering / Infrastructure
• Installation
• Safety
• Conversion 0
Private data unless stated otherwise
Bergen Engines ASA Rolls-Royce Power Systems Company