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Htlfrnjh .................. Vfqrk Ctqltycnhbrth
Jndtncndtyysq htlfrnjh .................. Hjåby K. Bléth
Htlfrnjhs .................. Vfqrk Ahblvfy
Hjpfkb Nfhujycrb
Cgtwbfkbcns gj bcnjxybrfv .................. Vähb Äyy Uävåk
Ränb Igbutkm
Lbpfqy jåkjérb .................. Lfqfy Ejkdthnjy
Gjbcr ajnjuhfabq .................. Äyy Vjyhj Létqrjåc
Htlfrnjh heccrjuj bplfybz .................. Kblbz Djhjybyf
Htlfrnjh heccrjuj Bynthytn-bplfybz .................. Fktrcfylh Cdbyjd
Bplfntkm .................. Léelbn C. Cbutk
Ukfdysq htlfrnjh .................. Léjhlé Rkär
Ntöybxtcrbq lbhtrnjh .................. Hbxfhl D. Ömñrfåb
Gjvjoybrb ntöybxtcrjuj lbhtrnjhf .................. Rkj Äkkbc
Htlrjkktubz .................. Fktrcfylh Atkmlvfy
Léthtvb A. Rehnby
Ränkby .Ltqdbc
Rfhf Uäkkc
Yf jåkjért: Ryan McVay/Taxi/Getty Images
Åñhj vtéleyfhjlysö byajhvfwbjyysö ghjuhfvv Ujce-lfhcndtyyjuj ltgfhnfvtynf CIF bplftn gznm äktrnhjyysö éehyfkjd gjl kjujnbgjv ä–Éehyfk CIF – ≤Ärjyjvb-xtcrbt gthcgtrnbds≥, ≤Ukjåfkmyst ghjåktvs≥, ≤Djghj-cs ltvjrhfnbb≥, ≤Dytiyzz gjkbnbrf CIF≥ b ≤CIF: jåotcndj b wtyyjcnb≥. Jyb gjcdzotys fyfkbpe jcyjdysö ghjåktv, c rjnjhsvb cnfkrbdfñncz Cjtlbytyyst Infns b vtéleyfhjlyjt cjjåotcndj, f nfrét fyfkbpe jåotcndf, wtyyjcntq, bltq b bycnbnenjd CIF. Rfélsq bp éehyfkjd bvttn dsöjlyst lfyyst: njv, cjjndtncndeñobq xbcke ktn jn yfxfkf bplfybz, b yjvth, cjjndtncndeñobq jxthtlyjve yjvthe éehyfkf, bplfdftvjuj d ntreotv ujle.
Yjdsq éehyfk bplftncz tétvtczxyj yf fyukbqcrjv zpsrt, f xthtp 2-4 ytltkb dsöjlbn d gthtdjlfö yf ahfywep-crbq, gjhneufkmcrbq, heccrbq b bcgfycrbq zpsrb. Jnltkm-yst yjvthf geåkbreñncz nfrét yf fhfåcrjv b rbnfqcrjv, f nfrét yf lheubö zpsrfö gj vtht ytjåöjlbvjcnb.
Vytybz, dscrfpsdftvst d änbö éehyfkfö, yt jåzpfntkm-yj jnhféfñn dpukzls bkb gjkbnbre ghfdbntkmcndf CIF. Ujcelfhcndtyysq ltgfhnfvtyn CIF yt ytctn jndtncndty-yjcnb pf cjlthéfybt cfqnjd Bynthytnf, yf rjnjhst tcnm ccskrb d éehyfkfö, bkb ljcneg r nfrbv cfqnfv; äne jndtncndtyyjcnm ytcen bö bplfntkb. Éehyfkmyst cnfnmb, ajnjuhfabb b bkkñcnhfwbb vjéyj djcghjbpdjlbnm b gthtdjlbnm pf ghtltkfvb Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd, tckb vfnt-hbfks yt cjghjdjélfñncz xtnrbv erfpfybtv yf juhfybxt-ybz, yfkfuftvst fdnjhcrbv ghfdjv. D gjcktlytv ckexft ytjåöjlbvj gjkexbnm hfphtitybt e dkfltkmwtd fdnjhcrbö ghfd, egjvzyensö d éehyfkt.
Ntreobt bkb ghtlsleobt yjvthf éehyfkjd, f nfrét fyjyc åeleobö éehyfkjd vjéyj yfqnb d ytcrjkmrbö äktrnhjyysö ajhvfnfö yf cnhfybwt Åñhj vtéleyfhjl-ysö byajhvfwbjyysö ghjuhfvv d Bynthytnt ≤http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/journals.htm.≥. Rjvvtynfhbb b pfvtxfybz yfghfdkzqnt d gjcjkmcndj CIF d dfitq cnhfyt bkb d ht-lfrwbñ gj flhtce:
Editor, eJournal USA: Society & Values IIP/T/SV U.S. Department of State 301 4th St. S.W. Washington, D.C. 20547 United States of America E-mail:[email protected]
JÅOTCNDJB WTYYJCNB
Jåotcndj b wtyyjcnb / Yjzåhm 2005 ujlf
Ghbukfiftv dfc jpyfrjvbnmcz c yjdsv yjvthjv Äktrnhjyyjuj éehyfkf CIF. Åkfujlfhbv dfc pf nj, xnj ds ghjzdkztnt bynthtc r dscitve jåhfpjdfybñ d Cjtlbytyysö
Infnfö. Cjtlbytyyst Infns – pfvtxfntkmyjt vtcnj lkz pfyznbq b ghbjåhtntybz pyfybq^ Ghjikjq jctymñ vjq csy ghbcnegbk r extåt d rjkktlét, nfr xnj z pyfñ, rfrjt änj djkyeñott dhtvz lkz cneltynjd b xktyjd bö ctvtq. Xnj ås ds yb öjntkb bpexfnm, ult ås ds yb öjntkb exbnmcz – d åjkmijv eybdthcbntnt, vfktymrjv bkb chtlytv gj hfpvthe rjkktlét, ds yfqltnt d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö gjbcnbyt ytjuhfybxtyysq dsåjh djpvjéyjcntq lkz gjkextybz jåhfpjdfybz. Yflttvcz, xnj lfyysq éehyfk gjvjétn dfv cltkfnm gthdsq ifu d änjv yfghfdktybb.
Yfkbxbt åkfujghbznysö djpvjéyjcntq gjkextybz jåhfpjdfybz änj kbim jlby fhuevtyn d gjkmpe njuj, xnjås exbnmcz d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö. D änjq cnhfyt e cneltynjd tcnm gjkyfz cdjåjlf byntkktrnefkmyjuj gjbcrf, gjkbnbxtcrjq gjktvbrb b jnrhsnjuj htkbubjpyjuj, fhnbcnbxtcrjuj b öeljétcndtyyjuj cfvjdshfétybz. Rhjvt njuj, extåf d depfö änjq cnhfys cgjcjåcndetn erhtgktybñ lheéås b dpfbvjgjybvfybz chtlb cneltynjd hfpkbxysö cnhfy b rekmneh.
Gjxnb dct rjkktléb b eybdthcbntns d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö dsbuhsdfñn jn njuj drkflf, rjnjhsq dyjczn d extåyst pfdtltybz byjcnhfyyst cneltyns. D 20042005 extåyjv ujle d eybdthcbntnfö b rjkktléfö CIF exbkbcm 565 000 cneltynjd bp 190 cnhfy. Gjvbvj dctuj ghjxtuj, vyjubt fvthbrfycrbt eybdthcbntns gjåeélfñn cdjbö cneltynjd hfcibhznm ujhbpjyns ghbjåhtnftvsö pyfybq b yf cjåcndtyyjv jgsnt pyfrjvbnmcz c åjufncndjv
lheubö rekmneh, exfcndez d ghjuhfvvfö gjtpljr pf uhfybwe b jåextybz d pfheåtéysö cnhfyfö.
Yflttvcz, xnj änjn yjvth Äktrnhjyyjuj éehyfkf gjvjétn dfv ghbyznm htitybt dkbnmcz d hzls cktleñotuj gjrjktybz byjcnhfyysö cneltynjd, gjkexfñobö jåhfpjdfybt d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö. C eljdjkmcndbtv jéblftv njuj vjvtynf, rjulf cvjétv jrfpfnm dfv hfleiysq ghbtv^
C bcrhtyybv edfétybtv,
Rfhty ÖmñpPfvtcnbntkm ujcelfhcndtyyjuj ctrhtnfhz CIF
gj djghjcfv jåotcndtyyjq lbgkjvfnbb b cdzpzv c jåotcndtyyjcnmñ
LJÅHJ GJÉFKJDFNM^
Rfhty Ömñp, pfvtcnbntkm ujcelfhcndtyyjuj ctrhtnfhz CIF gj djghjcfv geåkbxyjq lbgkjvfnbb b cdzpzv c jåotcndtyyjcnmñ
i Ä-éehyfk CIF
Öjxe gjåkfujlfhbnm dfc pf ghjzdkztvsq dfvb bynthtc r fvthbrfycrjq cbcntvt dscituj jåhfpjdfybz. Vs ujhlbvcz yfibvb eybdthcbntnfvb b rjkktléfvb. Jyb lfñn
jåhfpjdfybt cktleñotve gjrjktybñ vbhjdsö kblthjd.Rfélsq ujl d Cjtlbytyyst Infns ghbtpéfñn exbnmcz cjnyb
nsczx cneltynjd cj dctuj vbhf. Byjcnhfyyst cneltyns dyjczn cdjñ cgtwbabre d cbcntve
jåhfpjdfybz änjq cnhfys, jåjufofz cneltyxtcreñ ébpym d rjkktléfö.
D Fvthbrt dscitt jåhfpjdfybt cnhjbncz byfxt, xtv d lheubö cnhfyfö. D Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö ltqcndetn cbcntvf, lkz rjnjhjq öfhfrnthty dscjrbq ehjdtym ltwtynhfkbpfwbb. Änf cbcntvf ghtljcnfdkztn cneltynfv ibhjrbq lbfgfpjy dsåjhf vtcnf lkz gjkextybz jåhfpjdfybz – jn åjkmibö eybdthcbntnjd lj vtcnysö ldeöujlbxysö rjkktlétq, ghjatccbjyfkmyjntöybxtcrbö exbkbo b ntöybrevjd. Ytcvjnhz yf nj, xnj Vbybcnthcndj jåhfpjdfybz CIF jrfpsdftn dscitve jåhfpjdfybñ gjllthére b ghtljcnfdkztn tve abyfycbhjdfybt, vs yt zdkztvcz wtynhfkmysv jhufyjv eghfdktybz. Rjkktléb b eybdthcbntns gj åjkmitq xfcnb aeyrwbjybheñn yf jcyjdt cfvjeghfdktybz b jåkflfñn pyfxbntkmyjq ytpfdbcbvjcnmñ b cdjåjljq.
D yytiytv ujle vjz cnfhifz ljxm yfxfkf exbnmcz yf gthdjv rehct d rjkktlét. Vyt åskj uhecnyj jnnjuj, xnj jyf etöfkf bp ljvf, yj d nj ét dhtvz änj åsk njn cfvsq vjvtyn d ébpyb, rjulf cthlwt ghtbcgjkyztncz xedcndjv ujhljcnb. Z öjxe, xnjås dct hjlbntkb bvtkb djpvjéyjcnm bcgsnfnm gjljåyjt xedcndj. Jlybv bp jcyjdysö yfibö ghbjhbntnjd d Vbybcnthcndt jåhfpjdfybz CIF zdkztncz hfcibhtybt djpvjéyjcntq. Vs ghjzd
kztv ndthleñ ghbdthétyyjcnm jrfpfybñ abyfycjdjq gjvjob rfr vjéyj åjkmitve xbcke exfoböcz c ntv, xnjås cåskfcm bö vtxnf j gjkextybb dscituj jåhfpjdfybz.
Ytlfdyj z cjplfkf yjdeñ rjvbccbñ, ghbpdfyyeñ cjltqcndjdfnm yfv d hfphfåjnrt yfwbjyfkmyjq cnhfntubb ghtljcnfdktybz åjktt ibhjrbö djpvjéyjcntq d jåkfcnb dscituj jåhfpjdfybz. D eckjdbzö ctujlyziytq ukjåfkmyjq ärjyjvbrb kexibt hfåjxbt vtcnf jnlfñncz yfbåjktt rdfkbabwbhjdfyysv hfåjnybrfv. Jrjkj 80 ghjwtynjd xbckf hfåjxbö vtcn d yfbåjktt hfpdbdfñoböcz jåkfcnzö nhtåeñn jåhfpjdfybz, dsöjlzotuj pf ghtltks chtlytuj. F gjnjve d yfcnjzott dhtvz rfr ybrjulf ghtélt dféyj bvtnm dscitt jåhfpjdfybt.
D änjv yjvtht éehyfkf lftncz åtuksq jåpjh cfvsö hfpyjjåhfpysö djpvjéyjcntq lkz gjkextybz dscituj jåhfpjdfybz, bvtñoböcz d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö. Yfltñcm, xnj jy åeltn dfv gjktpysv, f tckb e dfc gjzdzncz ljgjkybntkmyst djghjcs, z yfcnjzntkmyj cjdtneñ dfv gjctnbnm dtåcfqn http://www.educationusa.state.gov.
DDTLTYBT
Vbybcnh jåhfpjdfybz CIF Vfhufhtn Cgtkkbyuc
ii
Vfhufhtn CgtkkbyucVbybcnh jåhfpjdfybz CIF
� Ä-éehyfk CIFJåotcndj b wtyyjcnb / Yjzåhm 2005 ujlf
JÅ ÄNJV DSGECRT
Fvthbrfycrbt eybdthcbntns b rjkktléb, chtlb rjnjhsö vjéyj yfqnb cfvst hfpyst nbgs extåysö pfdtltybq b d rjnjhsö ghtlkfuftncz gjbcnbyt ytjuhfybxtyysq yfåjh
extåysö ghjuhfvv b jåkfcntq cgtwbfkbpfwbb, jnhféfñn vyjujjåhfpbt, njkthfynyjt jnyjitybt r cneltynfv bp hfpysö cnhfy, ghtlcnfdkzñobö hfpyst rekmnehs, b cnhtvktybt r cjdthitycnde – nj tcnm kexitt, xnj ghbceot lfyyjq cnhfyt d wtkjv. Vs yflttvcz, xnj änjn éehyfk gjvjétn gjntywbfkmysv byjcnhfyysv cneltynfv, f nfrét bö hjlbntkzv b rjycekmnfynfv kexit jpyfrjvbnmcz c fvthbrfycrjq cbcntvjq dscituj jåhfpjdfybz. Rhjvt njuj, ghtlkfuftvst cnfnmb gjpdjkzn gjkexbnm åjktt gjkyjt ghtlcnfdktybt jå extåt b gjdctlytdyjq ébpyb cneltynjd d rjkktléfö b eybdthcbntnfö CIF.
Ckeifz nhelyst ktrwbb gj öbvbb, ghbjåhtnfz jgsn ghfrnbxtcrjq hfåjns yf cnfébhjdrt, gjdsifz cdjt jåhfpjdfybt gjchtlcndjv pfjxyjuj jåextybz b d hfvrfö rehcjd, ghtlkfuftvsö yf Bynthytnt, bkb ét cnhtvzcm r ljcnbétybñ cjdthitycndf d bcgjkybntkmcrjv bcreccndt bkb d ébdjgbcb, cneltyns d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö vjuen yfqnb ghjuhfvvs b extåyst pfdtltybz, rjnjhst gjpdjkzn bv gjkyjcnmñ htfkbpjdfnm cdjq gjntywbfk.
Cbcntvf dscituj jåhfpjdfybz CIF jnkbxftncz jn åjkmibycndf lheubö cbcntv ntv, xnj yt zdkztncz jåotyfwbjyfkmyjq. Rjycnbnewbz CIF cjöhfyztn pf infnfvb dct aeyrwbb eghfdktybz, rjyrhtnyj yt jöfhfrnthbpjdfyyst rfr atlthfkmyst. Gjänjve d åjkmibycndt ckexftd infns ytcen jndtncndtyyjcnm pf exhtéltybt eybdthcbntnjd b lheubö dscibö extåysö pfdtltybq, eghfdktybt bvb b bö htuekbhjdfybt.
Infns lfñn hfphtitybt yf cjplfybt extåysö pfdtltybq, yj yt lfñn bv ybrfrjq frrhtlbnfwbb b yt ufhfynbheñn rfxtcndf bö hfåjns. Dvtcnj infnjd, frrhtlbnfwbtq pfybvfñncz xfcnyst ytrjvvthxtcrbt jhufybpfwbb. Jlyf bp åjrjdsö dhtpjr gjcdzotyf änjq ntvt.
D lfyyjv éehyfkt lftncz jgbcfybt hfpkbxysö dbljd dscibö extåysö pfdtltybq CIF, gjckt xtuj gjvtofñncz cnfnmb, d rjnjhsö ghbdjlbncz åjktt gjlhjåyfz byajhvfwbz jå jnltkmysö extåysö ghjuhfvvfö eybdthcbntnjd, f nfrét cnfnmb j ≤ghtlvtnt bkb jåkfcnb cgtwbfkbpfwbb≥, cneltyxtcrjq ébpyb b hfpkbxysv fvthbrfycrbv cnbkzv jåextybz. Geåkbreñncz vyjujxbcktyyst ajnj b ghtlkfufñncz ldf dbltjvfnthbfkf lkz åjkmitq yfukzlyjcnb. Rhjvt njuj, vs ghtlcnfdkztv byajhvfwbñ j htcehcfö lkz cneltynjd, rjnjhsv yeéyf gjvjom ghb dsåjht rjkktléf, gjlfxt pfzdktybq b jåtcgtxtybb abyfycbhjdfybz jåextybz d CIF. Rjycekmnfwbjyyst wtynhs gj djghjcfv jåhfpjdfybz, ltqcndeñobt d hfvrfö ghjuhfvvs ≤Jåhfpjdfybt d CIF≥, b tt dtåcfqn [http://www.educationusa.state.gov/] döjlzn d xbckj yfbåjktt gjktpysö
htcehcjd. Vs cjdtnetv gjntywbfkmysv byjcnhfyysv cneltynfv b fcgbhfynfv yfxbyfnm ghjwtcc gjlfxb pfzdktybz, gj rhfqytq vtht, pf ujl lj rhfqytuj chjrf ghbtvf pfzdktybq c ntv, xnjås gjkexbnm b ghtlcnfdbnm dct ytjåöjlbvst ljrevtyns j ghjqltyysö rehcfö b ecgtdftvjcnb, f nfrét clfnm ytjåöjlbvst ntcns.
Ghb cjcnfdktybb änjuj yjvthf Äktrnhjyyjuj éehyfkf CIF: Jåotcndj b wtyyjcnb yfv gjcnjzyyj yfgjvbyfkb j njv åjkmijv pyfxtybb, rjnjhjt bvttn lkz kñltq jgsn extås d rjkktlét. Dct, c rtv vs ujdjhbkb, åtp bcrkñxtybz ghtlkfufkb yfv, xnjås vs yfgbcfkb jå bö rjkktlét bkb j rjkktlét, d rjnjhjv exbncz bkb exbkcz rnjnj bp xktyjd bö ctvmb. Pfdzpsdfñobt d cneltyxtcrbt ujls xtkjdtxtcrbt cdzpb, rjnjhst jcnfñncz ébdsvb yf ghjnzétybb vyjubö ktn, zdkzñncz dféysv yfgjvbyfybtv j njq hjkb, rjnjheñ buhftn jgsn extås d ébpyb xtkjdtrf. Båj änj gthbjl cnfyjdktybz kbxyjcnb, htitybz ckjéysö byntkktrnefkmysö pflfx b gjbcrf jåoyjcnb dpukzljd b bynthtcjd.
Vs dscjrj wtybv frnbdyeñ gjllthére, jrfpfyyeñ änjve dsgecre éehyfkf ltcznrfvb rjkktlétq, eybdthcbntnjd b lheubö extåysö pfdtltybq, rjnjhst ghtljcnfdkzkb yfv byajhvfwbñ, gjcskfkb ajnjuhfabb b gbcfkb lkz yfc cnfnmb. Yfif pflfxf cjcnjzkf d njv, xnjås, gj djpvjéyjcnb, lfnm xbnfntkñ vfrcbvfkmyj gjkyeñ rfhnbye dscituj jåhfpjdfybz d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö. Jlyfrj bcgjkmpjdfybt yfvb rjyrhtnyjq byajhvfwbb bkb ajnjuhfabq yt cktletn bcnjkrjdsdfnm rfr jljåhtybt rfrjujnj extåyjuj pfdtltybz bkb rfrjqnj jhufybpfwbb.
Dsöjl änjuj yjvthf éehyfkf åsk ghbehjxty r ghjdtltybñ Vtéleyfhjlyjq ytltkb jåhfpjdfybz, ghtlcnfdkzñotq cjåjq cjdvtcnyeñ bybwbfnbde Ujcelfhcndtyyjuj ltgfhnfvtynf CIF b Vbybcnthcndf jåhfpjdfybz CIF, rjnjhfz bvtkf cdjtq wtkmñ cjltqcndbt ghjuhfvvfv, kexit gjlujnfdkbdfñobv fvthbrfywtd r eckjdbzv ukjåfkmyjq ärjyjvbrb b ghbdktrfñobv åeleobö kblthjd pfheåtéysö cnhfy r extåt, ghbjåhtntybñ pyfybq b jåvtye jgsnjv d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö. Vtéleyfhjlyfz ytltkz jåhfpjdfybz 2005 ujlf ghjdjlbkfcm c 14 gj 19 yjzåhz.
� Jåotcndj b wtyyjcnb / Yjzåhm 2005 ujlfÄ-éehyfk CIF
è Ljåhjgjéfkjdfnm^
Rfhty Ömñp, pfvtcnbntkm ujcelfhcndtyyjuj ctRhtnfhz cIf gj djghjcfv geåkbxyjq lbgkjvfnbb b cdzpzv c jåotcndtyyjcnmñ
èè Ddtltybt
vfhufhtn cgtkkbyuc, vbybcnh jåhfpjdfybz cIf
èèè Jåänjvdsgecrt
Nbgsextåysöpfdtltybq
4 InfncrbteybdthcbntnsdCjtlbytyysöInfnfö
hjåthn Ö. åhebybyRc, ghtpbltyn vbyytcjncRjuj eybdthcbntnf
D nbgbxyjv eybdthcbntnt infnf jåexfñncz ltcznrb nsczx cneltynjd b ghtlkfufñncz cjnyb rehcjd.
6 Åjkmijqxfcnysqeybdthcbntncjåibhyjq
yfexyj-bccktljdfntkmcrjqåfpjq
létqvc dfuyth, ghtpbltyn eybdthcbntnf Ävjhb
Ljcnegyjcnm chtlcnd bp xfcnysö ajyljd gjpdjkztn xfcnysv eybdthcbntnfv ghjdjlbnm cvtkst yfexyst bpscrfybz d yjdtqibö jåkfcnzö.
8 VtcnystldeöujlbxystrjkktlébCIF:
rkñxrdscitvejåhfpjdfybñlkzvyjubö
léjhlé h. åjuup, ghtpbltyn fvthbRfycRjq fccjwbfwbb vtcnysÖ ldeÖujlbxysÖ Rjkktlétq
Ldeöujlbxyst vtcnyst rjkktléb – ghbdktrfntkmyfz fkmnthyfnbdf lkz ntö, rnj öjxtn gjckt jrjyxfybz chtlytq irjks ghjljkéfnm jåhfpjdfybt d extåyjv pfdtltybb, rjnjhjt yföjlbncz åkbprj jn ljvf, b ghb änjv cärjyjvbnm pyfxbntkmyst chtlcndf.
10 Cbkf,jåeckjdktyyfzhfpyjjåhfpbtv:
ytpfdbcbvsqctrnjhdscitujjåhfpjdfybzCIF
hbxfhl ÄRvfy, ghtpbltyn cjdtnf ytpfdbcbvsÖ Rjkktlétq
D ytåjkmibö xfcnysö rjkktléfö jåextybt dtltncz d jåcnfyjdrt ntcyjuj rjynfrnf vtéle exfobvbcz b ghtgjlfdfntkzvb.
12 Dscibtextåystpfdtltybzcghtjåkflfñobv
xbckjvghtlcnfdbntktqvtymibycnd
D änbö rjkktléfö jcjåjt dybvfybt eltkztncz exfobvcz, ghtlcnfdkzñobv vtymibycndf, d njv xbckt fahjfvthbrfywfv, kfnbyjfvthbrfywfv b fvthbrfycrbv byltqwfv.
15 GznmltcznktncgecnzgjcktltkfÅhfeyf:gjxt-
venhflbwbjyyjfahj-fvthbrfycrbtrjkktléb
beybdthcbntnsgj-ghtéytveytjåöjlbvs
åtdthkb lÄybtk ntqnev, ghtpbltyn Rjkktléf cgtkvfyf
Ghtgjlfdfntkm ujdjhbn jå eybrfkmyjq hjkb gjljåysö extåysö pfdtltybq d ajhvbhjdfybb cfvjcjpyfybz fahjfvthbrfycrbö cneltynjd.
17 Htkbubjpystrjkktléb
lÄdbl v. j’Rjyytkk, ghtpbltyn RfnjkbxtcRjuj eybdthcbntnf fvthbRb
D htkbubjpysö extåysö pfdtltybzö ghjatccjhf eåtéltys, xnj jåextybt d rjyntrcnt dths jåjufoftn dscitt jåhfpjdfybt.
20 Cgtwbfkmystdscibtextåystpfdtltybz
vfqRk létq Ahblvfy, cjnhelybR åñhj vtéleyfhjlysÖ byAjhvfwbjyysÖ ghjuhfvv ujcelfhcndtyyjuj ltgfhnfvtynf cIfRjkktléb, eltkzñobt ukfdyjt dybvfybt ghtlvtnfv, cdzpfyysv c bcreccndjv, åbpytcjv bkb djtyysvb yferfvb, zdkzñn cjåjq njkmrj ytcrjkmrj ghbvthjd extåysö pfdtltybq cj cgtwbfkbpbhjdfyysvb ghjuhfvvfvb jåextybz.Åjrjdst dhtprb: Rkfccbabrfwbz rjkktlétq; kexibt dscibt extåyst pfdtltybz Fvthbrb; dtleobt ghjuhfvvs jåextybz åbpytce b byétythysv yferfv; ≤Kbuf gkñof≥ – d ytt döjlzn cnfhtqibt b cfvst ghtcnbéyst fvthbrfycrbt
DJGHJCS LTVJRHFNBBUJCELFHCNDTYYSQ LTGFHNFVTYN CIF / YJZÅHM 2005 UJLF / NJV 10 / YJVTH 2
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RjkktlébbeybdthcbntnsdCjtlbytyysöInfnfö
� Ä-éehyfk CIFJåotcndj b wtyyjcnb / Yjzåhm 2005 ujlf
eybdthcbntns b rjkktléb; ≤Jåhfpjdfybt d CIF≥; Jnvtxftv Vtéleyfhjlyeñ ytltkñ jåhfpjdfybz
26 Ajnj:Cneltyxtcrfzébpym
Dpukzytvgjåkbét
31 Ghjuhfvvsbpextybzvtéleyfhjlysöjnyjit-
ybqdGtyycbkmdfycrjveybdthcbntnt
vfqRk létq Ahblvfy, cjnhelybR åñhj vtéleyfhjlysÖ byAjhvfwbjyysÖ ghjuhfvv ujcelfhcndtyyjuj ltgfhnfvtynf cIfVtélbcwbgkbyfhyfz ghjuhfvvf gjpdjkztn ujnjdbnm cneltynjd lkz hfåjns d kñåjq xfcnb cdtnf.Åjrjdfz dhtprf: Rhfnrbq jåpjh frrhtlbnfwbb dscibö extåysö pfdtltybq d CIF
33 Byjcnhfyystcneltynsjåhtnfñnyjdsqljvb
cnfdzngthtlcjåjqukjåfkmystpflfxb
hbxfhl Öjklty, åsdIbq lbhtRnjh gj cdzpzv c jåotcndtyyjcnmñ d ÄhkÖfvRjkktlét
Exfobtcz bp Faufybcnfyf b Rtybb hfccrfpsdfñn j cdjtq ébpyb b ecnhtvktybzö.
35 Ltzntkmyjcnmyfjåotcndtyyjvgjghbot
hjåby k. qtuth, cjnhelybR åñhj vtéleyfhjlysÖ byAjhvfwbjyysÖ ghjuhfvv ujcelfhcndtyyjuj ltgfhnfvtynf cIfDj vyjubö rjkktléfö e cneltynjd tcnm djpvjéyjcnm gjghjåjdfnm ctåz yf jåotcndtyyjv gjghbot; exfcndez d ljåhjdjkmxtcrbö bybwbfnbdfö b jrfpsdfz gjllthére vtcnyjve yfctktybñ, cneltyns vjuen jåexfnmcz yf ghfrnbrt b hfpdbdfnm d cdjtv cjpyfybb gjnhtåyjcnm ckeétybz jåotcnde.
38 Hfpyjjåhfpbtdjpvjéyjcntqgjkextybzjåhfpj-
dfybzyfghbvthtctvbrjyrhtnysörjkktlétq
Htpñvt ljrkflf, gjlujnjdktyyjuj cjnhelybrfvb gjcjkmcnd CIF, rjnjhst yt zdkzñncz fvthbrfycrbvb uhfélfyfvb, j djpvjéyjcnzö jåextybz lkz byjcnhfyysö cneltynjd d ctvb fvthbrfycrbö rjkktléfö.
Rfrltqcndetncbcntvf
42 Dsåjhjcyjdyjqcgtwbfkbpfwbbdrjkktlét
kbylf njåfI, lbhtRnjh cneltyxtcRjq ckeéås bycnbnenf vtéleyfhjlyjuj jåhfpjdfybz
Cgtwbfkbcn lftn ghfrnbxtcrbt cjdtns cneltynfv d rjkktléfö, rfr ghfdbkmyj dsåhfnm lkz ctåz, xnj bvtyyj bpexfnm.Åjrjdst dhtprb: Dsåjh cgtwbfkbpfwbb d rjkktlét b dsåjh jåkfcnb hfåjns, Extåysq ujl, Nhtåjdfybz lkz gjkextybz cntgtyb åfrfkfdhf, Gjktpyst dtåcfqns
50 Pfyznbzdfelbnjhbzödntxtybtgthdsöxtnshtö
ktnjåextybz
kbylf njåfI, lbhtRnjh cneltyxtcRjq ckeéås bycnbnenf vtéleyfhjlyjuj jåhfpjdfybz
Fdnjh hfccrfpsdftn j njv, xnj jéblfñn jn cneltynjd d rjkktlét, b j ntö ghtlvtnfö, rjnjhst bv yeéyj åeltn bpexfnm.Åjrjdfz dhtprf: Cbcntvf jwtyjr
53 CnjbvjcnmjåhfpjdfybzdCjtlbytyysöInfnfö
byjcnhfyyst cneltyns d gjbcRfÖ Abyfycbhjdfybz extås d cIf bvtñn ljcneg R byAjhvfwbjyysv htcehcfv.Åjrjdfz dhtprf: Gkfnf pf jåextybt b lheubt gkfntéb gj chfdytybñ c jåobvb hfcöjlfvb yf dscitt jåhfpjdfybtYf cötvt: Ghbvthysq åñlétn jåextybz d rjkktlét
56 Djpvjéystbcnjxybrbabyfycjdjqgjvjob
vfhnbyf Iekmwt, cgtwbfkbcn gj djghjcfv Rekmnehs d utythfkmyjv Rjycekmcndt cIf d ufvåehut, uthvfybz
Abyfycjdfz gjvjom jåsxyj åjktt ljcnegyf fcgbhfynfv, xtv cneltynfv.
57 CjtlbytyystInfnshflsghbdtncndjdfnmbyj-
cnhfyysöcneltynjddvtcnysöldeöujlbxysö
rjkktléfö
létyybAth åthxfv, ≤Rjvvmñybnb Rjkktlé nfqvc≥, fvthbRfycRfz fccjwbfwbz vtcnysÖ ldeÖujlbxysÖ Rjkktlétq
D lfyyjq cnfnmt, ahfuvtyns rjnjhjq dpzns bp ufptns ≤Rjvvmñybnb Rjkktlé Nfqvc≥, tcntcndtyyj, htxm bltn ukfdysv jåhfpjv j vtcnysö rjkktléfö, yj ghbdtncndbt ≤Ljåhj gjéfkjdfnm^≥ jåhfotyj rj dctv byjcnhfyysv cneltynfv dj dctö fvthbrfycrbö depfö.Åjrjdfz dhtprf: Xnj nfrjt rjycekmnfyn byjcnhfyysö cneltynjd?
59 Åbåkbjuhfabz
61 HtcehcsBynthytnf
DBLtJJy-kFqy
Xnj pyfXbn åsnm byjcnhfyysv cneltynjv d fvthbrt
Ahfuvtyns dbltjabkmvf Lfhvencrjuj Rjkktléf hfccrfpsdfñn j gthdsö vtczwfö ghtåsdfybz byjcnhfyysö cneltynjd d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö.
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� Jåotcndj b wtyyjcnb / Yjzåhm 2005 ujlfÄ-éehyfk CIF
INFNCRBT EYBDTHCBNTNS D CJTLBYTYYSÖ INFNFÖ
Hjåthn Ö. Åhebybyrc
Nbgs extåysö pfdtltybq
Cneltyns byétythyjuj afrekmntnf Eybdthcbntnf infnf Fhbpjyf hfåjnfñn yfl cjplfybtv vjltkb cfvjktnf-hjåjnf, eljcnjtyyjq dgjcktlcndbb yf jlyjv bp rjyrehcjd ghtvbb gjåtlbntkz.
Infncrbt eybdthcbntns jåsxyj ghbybvfñn nsczxb cneltynjd b ghtlkfufñn cntgtyb gj cjnyzv lbcwbgkby d hfpkbxysö jåkfcnzö. Hjåthn Ö. Åhebybyrc hfccrfpsdftn j cnherneht åjkmibö eybdthcbntnjd infnjd, öfhfrntht bö abyfycbhjdfybz b pyfrjvbn xbnfntkz c djpvjéyjcnzvb, rjnjhst jyb ghtljcnfdkzñn byjcnhfyysv cneltynfv b extysv. Jy zdkztncz ghtpbltynjv Vbyytcjncrjuj eybdthcbntnf c 2002 u. b cjcnjbn xktyjv Cjdtnf ghjuhfvvs cnbgtylbq Aekåhfqnf.
Rhegyst infncrbt eybdthcbntns d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö änj eybdthcbntns, hfcgjkjétyyst d infnfö b gjkexfñobt jn ybö hfpyeñ gjllthére. Änb eybdthcbntns
ghtlcnfdkzñn cjåjq djkyeñobt, lbyfvbxyst b gjkmpeñobtcz jxtym dscjrjq htgenfwbtq wtynhs dscituj jåhfpjdfybz c eybrfkmysvb nhflbwbzvb b ukeåjrbvb cdzpzvb c yfctktybtv infnf. Yj änb eybdthcbntns nfrét ghbdktrfñn d cdjb hzls nfkfyns cj dctq cnhfys b cj dctuj vbhf.
Jåsxyj eybdthcbntns gjljåyjuj nbgf ghbybvfñn ltcznrb nsczx cneltynjd. Jyb gjcnfdkzñn åjkmibycndj dsgecrybrjd cj cntgtyzvb dsit åfrfkfdhf b c ghjatccbjyfkmysvb lbgkjvfvb d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö, f nfrét pyfxbntkmyjt xbckj dsgecr
ybrjd cj cntgtyzvb åfrfkfdhjd. Jåotq öfhfrnthyjq xthnjq åjkmibö infncrbö eybdthcbntnjd zdkztncz nfrét yfkbxbt d ybö ibhjrjuj lbfgfpjyf extåysö ghjuhfvv. D rfxtcndt ghbvthf vjue ghbdtcnb dscitt extåyjt pfdtltybt, d rjnjhjv z hfåjnfñ – Vbyytcjncrbq eybdthcbntn. D tuj cneltyxtcrjv ujhjlrt yfcxbnsdftncz 50 000 cneltynjd. D änjv eybdthcbntnt ghtlkfufñncz cgtwbfkbpfwbb gj cjnyzv lbcwbgkby, b jy pfybvftn dtleott gjkjétybt d ytdhjkjubb b nhfycgkfynfwbjyyjq öbhehubb, ärjyjvbrt b gjkbnjkjubb, cjplfybb yjdsö vfnthbfkjd b yfyjntöyjkjubb, ctkmcrjöjpzqcndtyysö yferfö b ärjkjubb.
Infncrbt eybdthcbntns buhfñn jxtym dféyeñ hjkm d ärjyjvbxtcrjv, rekmnehyjv b jåotcndtyyjv hfpdbnbb, b vyjubt bp ybö dtlen åjkmieñ bccktljdfntkmcreñ hfåjne. Änb eybdthcbntns döjlzn d xbckj jcyjdysö yfexyjbccktljdfntkmcrbö exhtéltybq d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö b ghbybvfñn exfcnbt d vtéleyfhjlysö bccktljdfntkmcrbö ghjuhfvvfö d hfpysö cnhfyfö vbhf. Wtksq hzl ifujd atlthfkmyjuj ghfdbntkmcndf, bvtdibö vtcnj dj dnjhjq gjkjdbyt ÖÈÖ dtrf, jåtcgtxbk infnfv htcehcs yf exhtéltybt b cnhjbntkmcndj eybdthcbntnjd. Gjzdbdibtcz d htpekmnfnt änjuj infnyst eybdthcbntns ghbpdfys jödfnbnm cdjtq ltzntkmyjcnmñ yfctktybt infnf, d rjnjhjv jyb hfcgjkjétys, b gjvjxm tve d tuj ltkfö, yfghbvth, d jåextybb yjdsv ntöyjkjub
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zv, jrfpfybb gjllthérb ctkmcrjve öjpzqcnde, dj dpfbvjltqcndbb c yfxfkmysvb b chtlybvb irjkfvb, f nfrét dj dpfbvjltqcndbb c ntvb, rnj ajhvbhetn gjkbnbre infnf b gjkbnbre yf vtcnfö.
Cntgtym byntycbdyjcnb yfexyjq hfåjns d infncrbö eybdthcbntnfö hfpyfz. Rfr ghfdbkj, uhfyns b rjynhfrns, ghbceélftvst yf ghjdtltybt yfexysö bccktljdfybq cfvsv ghtcnbéysv infncrbv eybdthcbntnfv, tétujlyj cjcnfdkzñn cjnyb vbkkbjyjd ljkkfhjd. Jåütv gjvjob, gjkexftvjq jn infnjd, hfpysq. Eybdthcbntns infnf c åjkmibvb åñlétnfvb yf ghjdtltybt yfexysö bccktljdfybq jåsxyj gjkexfñn jn 10 lj 30 ghjwtynjd cdjbö åñlétnjd jn infnf, d rjnjhjv jyb hfcgjkjétys. Jcnfkmyfz xfcnm bö åñlétnf gjcnegftn d ajhvt gkfns pf jåextybt b lheubö gkfntétq, uhfynjd/rjynhfrnjd b lfhjd.
Åkfujlfhz ceotcndeñotq abyfycjdjq cnherneht d åjkmibö infncrbö eybdthcbntnfö vyjubt fcgbhfyns gjkexfñn abyfycjdeñ gjvjom, hfåjnfz fccbcntynfvb d hfvrfö bccktljdfntkmcrbö uhfynjd b rjynhfrnjd. Ytcvjnhz yf nj, xnj vyjubt infncrbt eybdthcbntns cnhtvzncz r gjkextybñ åjkmituj abyfycbhjdfybz yf cneltyxtcrbt jåvtys, ljcneg gjcktlybö r abyfycjdjq gjvjob, ghtljcnfdkztvjq dyt ghtltkjd dsitegjvzyenjuj abyfycbhjdfybz yfexysö bccktljdfybq b abyfycbhjdfybz d ajhvt uhfynjd, yjcbn jxtym juhfybxtyysq öfhfrnth. Gjcrjkmre cneltyns gthdsö xtnshtö rehcjd jåsxyj yt pfybvfñncz yfexyjq hfåjnjq, ghtljcnfdktybt cnbgtylbq byjcnhfyysv cneltynfv, cnhtvzobvcz r gjkextybñ cntgtyb åfrfkfdhf, dtcmvf juhfybxtyj.
Åjkmibt infncrbt eybdthcbntns yföjlzncz d hfpysö hfqjyfö – b cjdctv d ytåjkmibö ujhjlrfö b d ujhjlfö c vyjujvbkkbjyysv yfctktybtv. Vyjubt eybdthcbntns bvtñn rfvgecs, rjnjhst hfpåhjcfys gj dctq nthhbnjhbb infnf. Rhjvt njuj, dj vyjubö infnfö yfcxbnsdftncz ytcrjkmrj infncrbö eybdthcbntnjd.
Eghfdkzñn infncrbvb eybdthcbntnfvb cjdtns gjgtxbntktq, rjnjhst ljkéys d njq bkb byjq cntgtyb jnxbnsdfnmcz gthtl infncrbvb eghfdkzñobvb jhufyfvb. D jnkbxbt jn vyjubö lheubö cnhfy änb fvthbrfycrbt eybdthcbntns yt gjlxbyzñncz
vbybcnhe jåhfpjdfybz CIF, b jceotcndktybt vth d jåkfcnb jåhfpjdfybz ltktubhetncz infnfv. Yj pltcm tcnm jlyj dféyjt bcrkñxtybt – xfcnbxyj bp atlthfkmysö bcnjxybrjd gjcnegftn abyfycjdfz gjvjom cneltynfv, b xthtp atlthfkmyst dtljvcndf, nfrbt rfr Yfwbjyfkmysq yfexysq ajyl, Yfwbjyfkmyst bycnbnens plhfdjjöhfytybz b vyjubt lheubt atlthfkmyst futyncndf bltn abyfycbhjdfybt bccktljdfntkmcrjq ltzntkmyjcnb.
Ytrjnjhst nhflbwbb infncrbö eybdthcbntnjd d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö pyfxbntkmyj jnkbxfñncz jn nhflbwbq d lheubö cnhfyfö. Lfét d änbö extåysö pfdtltybzö, gjkexfñobö abyfycjdeñ gjllthére jn infnf, cneltyns jåsxyj xfcnbxyj gkfnzn pf jåhfpjdfybt b gjrhsdfñn lheubt gkfntéb, cdzpfyyst c extåjq, ghbxtv änb hfcöjls gjcnjzyyj hfcnen. D yfcnjzott dhtvz cneltyns jåsxyj åthen pfqvs d åfyrt b nfrbv jåhfpjv gjvjufñn ctåt pfgkfnbnm pf jåhfpjdfybt. Dct åjkmit b åjkmit chtlcnd bp xfcnysö abyfycjdsö bcnjxybrjd bltn yf abyfycbhjdfybt yfexysö ghjtrnjd, ghtljcnfdktybt cnbgtylbq b pfhfåjnyeñ gkfne ghjatccjhjd. Yfrjytw, åjkmijq bynthtc e cneltynjd, dsgecrybrjd b hzljdsö uhfélfy dspsdfñn cneltyxtcrbt cgjhnbdyst cjhtdyjdfybz, b ghjdtltybt gjljåysö cgjhnbdysö vthjghbznbq ghbyjcbn
ljgjkybntkmysq ljöjl.Chtlb dctö eybdthcbntnjd CIF åjkmibt eybdthcbntns inf
njd xfcnj bvtñn cfvsq dscjrbq ghjwtyn byjcnhfyysö cneltynjd b yfexysö cjnhelybrjd. E yfc d Vbyytcjncrjv eybdthcbntnt yfcxbnsdftncz åjktt 4500 byjcnhfyysö cneltynjd b yfexysö cjnhelybrjd ghbåkbpbntkmyj bp 130 cnhfy. Vbyytcjncrbq eybdthcbntn ghtljcnfdkztn rjycekmnfwbb byjcnhfyysv cneltynfv gj ñhblbxtcrbv b kbxysv djghjcfv, gjvjufz bv dsåhfnm rehcs, cjhbtynbhjdfnmcz d yjdsö eckjdbzö b gjyznm fvthbrfycreñ rekmnehe djjåot b eybdthcbntncreñ rekmnehe d xfcnyjcnb, f nfrét gj djghjcfv bvvbuhfwbb b dbpjdjuj htébvf, ljgjkybntkmyjuj bpextybz fyukbqcrjuj zpsrf b hfpdbnbz jnyjitybq c kñlmvb hfpysö rekmneh. Dj vyjubö eybdthcbntnfö infnjd tcnm fyfkjubxyst ghjuhfvvs, gjvjufñobt byjcnhfyysv cneltynfv hfpjåhfnmcz d rféeotqcz gjlxfc ckjéyjq eybdthcbntncrjq flvbybcnhfnbdyjq cbcntvt b frfltvbxtcrbö nhtåjdfybzö. Ghfdlf, vfcinfås änbö eckeu hfpyst d hfpysö extåysö pfdtltybzö.
D eckjdbzö hfcneotq rjyrehtywbb c lheubvb cnhfyfvb d ghbdktxtybb byjcnhfyysö cneltynjd yb jlby bp åjkmibö eybdthcbntnjd d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö yt vjétn gjpdjkbnm ctåt jnyjcbnmcz r bynthtce, rjnjhsq ghjzdkzñn byjcnhfyyst cneltyns r extåt d Fvthbrt, rfr r xtvenj cfvj cjåjq hfpevtñotvecz. Ctqxfc infncrbt eybdthcbntns eltkzñn dct åjkmit b åjkmit dybvfybz ghbdktxtybñ d cdjb felbnjhbb kexibö cneltynjd cj dctuj vbhf. B tckb ds gjcnfdbkb gthtl cjåjq cvtkeñ wtkm ghbjåhtcnb pyfybz d cfvsö gthtljdsö jåkfcnzö yferb b djpvjéyjcnm hfåjnfnm ndjhxtcrb, z yfcnjzntkmyj cjdtneñ dfv bpexbnm åjufnst djpvjéyjcnb, ghtljcnfdkztvst rhegysvb infncrbvb eybdthcbntnfvb d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö. ■
Vytybz, dscrfpsdftvst d lfyyjq cnfnmt, yt jåzpfntkmyj jnhféfñn dpukzls bkb gjkbnbre ghfdbntkmcndf CIF.
Öjrrtq c ifqåjq zdkztncz jlybv bp vyjubö dbljd cgjhnf, rjnjhsvb pfybvfñncz d Vbyytcjncrjv eybdthcbntnt.
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� Jåotcndj b wtyyjcnb / Yjzåhm 2005 ujlfÄ-éehyfk CIF
Létqvc Dfuyth, ghtpbltyn eybdthcbntnf Ävjhb d Fnkfynt, infn Léjhlébf, cxbnftn, xnj xfcnyst eybdthcbntns c jåibhyjq yfexyjbccktljdfntkmcrjq åfpjq jåkflfñn åjkmitq abyfycjdjq ytpfdbcbvjcnmñ, xtv infncrbt extåyst pfdtltybz, b gjänjve crjhtt vjuen ghtlkjébnm cneltynfv åjktt bynthtcyst extåyst ghjuhfvvs.
Åjkmijt hfpyjjåhfpbt cbcntvs fvthbrfycrjuj jåhfpjdfybz – änj jlyf bp cbkmysö tt cnjhjy. D Fvthbrt vjéyj yfqnb extåyjt pfdtltybt yf kñåjq drec: jn ytåjkmibö
rjkktlétq cj dctuj ytcrjkmrbvb cjnyzvb cneltynjd lj åjkmibö infncrbö eybdthcbntnjd c ltcznrfvb nsczx cneltynjd, b jn ldeöujlbxysö vtcnysö rjkktlétq c ghjuhfvvfvb ghjatccbjyfkmyjntöybxtcrjuj jåextybz lj abyfycbhetvsö xfcnysv jåhfpjv eybdthcbntnjd c jåibhyjq yfexyjbccktljdfntkmcrjq åfpjq. Rjyrhtnysq dsåjh extåyjuj pfdtltybz dj vyjujv jghtltkztncz gkfyfvb cneltynjd d jnyjitybb bö åeleotq ghjatccbjyfkmyjq ltzntkmyjcnb, bö abyfycjdsvb djpvjéyjcnzvb b utjuhfabtq. Lheubvb ckjdfvb, jy pfdbcbn jn njuj, r xtve e xtkjdtrf ghbpdfybt, rfrbvb chtlcndfvb jy hfcgjkfuftn b öjxtn kb jy etpéfnm
bp ljvf. D rjywt rjywjd, dféytt dctuj, xnjås extåyjt pfdtltybt cjjndtncndjdfkj ecnhtvktybzv cfvjuj cneltynf.
92 bp 100 rhegytqibö fvthbrfycrbö eybdthcbntnjd zdkzñncz infncrbvb, nj tcnm abyfycbheñncz rfrbvkbåj jlybv bp gznbltcznb jnltkmysö infnjd, f yt atlthfkmysv ghfdbntkmcndjv, f 77 ghjwtynjd cneltynjd d cnhfyt jåexfñncz d änbö extåysö pfdtltybzö. B dct ét d åjkmibycndt htqnbyujd xfcnyst eybdthcbntns pfybvfñn gjxnb dct bp 25 gthdsö vtcn, pf bcrkñxtybtv nhtöxtnshtö. Nfr xnj jxtdblyj, xnj xfcnyst eybdthcbntns c jåibhyjq yfexyjbccktljdfntkmcrjq åfpjq dscjrj jwtybdfñncz rfr d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö, nfr b dj dctv vbht.
Yj xnj vs bvttv d dble, rjulf ujdjhbv j ≤xfcnyjv eybdthcbntnt c jåibhyjq yfexyjbccktljdfntkmcrjq åfpjq≥, b xnj d ybö nfrjuj ghbdktrfntkmyjuj?
Xfcnyst eybdthcbntns, dtleobt åjkmieñ bccktljdfntkmcreñ hfåjne, ghtlkfufñn ghjuhfvvs ghjatccbjyfkmyjuj jåextybz (yfghbvth, d jåkfcnzö ñhbcgheltywbb, vtlbwbys b byétythyjuj ltkf) yfhfdyt c ghjuhfvvfvb jåextybz, dtleobvb r gjkextybñ ljrnjhcrjq cntgtyb (Ph.D.). Xktys ghjatccjhcrjghtgjlfdfntkmcrjuj cjcnfdf, gjvbvj ghtgjlfdfybz, vyjuj
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dhtvtyb eltkzñn yfexyjq hfåjnt. Yf cfvjv ltkt, pfhfåjnyfz gkfnf b ghjldbétybt gj ckeéåt ghjatccjhjd d änbö pfdtltybzö jghtltkztncz d hfdyjq vtht rfxtcndjv bö ghtgjlfdfybz, yfexyjq ltzntkmyjcnmñ b bccktljdfntkmcrjq hfåjnjq. Yj d infncrbö eybdthcbntnfö njét tcnm ghjuhfvvs ghjatccbjyfkmyjuj jåextybz, ghjuhfvvs jåextybz yf gjkextybt ljrnjhcrjq cntgtyb b nfr ét eltkztncz ljcnfnjxyjt dybvfybt yfert b bccktljdfybzv. Nfr xtv ét jnkbxfñncz xfcnyst pfdtltybz?
Cfvjt ukfdyjt cjcnjbn d njv, xnj xfcnyst eybdthcbntns jåsxyj åjktt ytpfdbcbvs d abyfycjdjv jnyjitybb. Bö åñlétn yt pfdbcbn jn pfrjyjlfntkmysö jhufyjd infnf, f chtlcndf gjcnegfñn jn dsgecrybrjd, åkfujndjhbntkmysö ajyljd b yfexysö b lheubö
ghjatccbjyfkmysö jhufybpfwbq, rjnjhst gjvjufñn eybdthcbntnfv, abyfycbhez ghjuhfvvs, cnbgtylbb, cjlthéfybt plfybq b ghjatccjhcrbt ljkéyjcnb. Öjnz xbckj gjljåysö bcnjxybrjd abyfycbhjdfybz d infncrbö eybdthcbntnfö djphfcnftn, yfkbxbt bö ctqxfc ghtljcnfdkztn xfcnysv eybdthcbntnfv åjkmit djpvjéyjcntq lkz cjöhfytybz kblthcndf b lkz cjplfybz cgtwbfkbpbhjdfyysö extåysö wtynhjd b cgtwbfkmysö ghjuhfvv d wtkzö ghjdtltybz bccktljdfybq d yjdsö gthcgtrnbdysö jåkfcntq. B bvtyyj änj ubårjcnm gjpdjkztn cneltynfv dtcnb yfexyeñ hfåjne d nfrbö jåkfcnzö, rjnjhst dhzl kb yfqlen gjllthére d lheubö vtcnfö.
Gjljåysv ét jåhfpjv abyfycjdfz ytpfdbcbvjcnm xfcnysö eybdthcbntnjd jn infncrbö bcnjxybrjd jnrhsdftn bv åjkmit djpvjéyjcntq lkz jnrhsnbz abkbfkjd d lheubö cnhfyfö. R ghbvthe, ébntkb infnf Léjhlébz dhzl kb cjukfczncz yf bcgjkmpjdfybt bö yfkjujdsö chtlcnd lkz jnrhsnbz extåyjuj wtynhf d Kjyljyt. Yj, crjhtt dctuj, jyb jåhfleñncz, tckb nfrjq wtynh jnrhjtn xfcnysq eybdthcbntn Ävjhb. D wtkjv, xfcnysv eybdthcbntnfv ghjot jnrhsdfnm pf uhfybwtq bccktljdfntkmcrbt wtynhs, f nfrét jhufybpfwbb gj jrfpfybñ eckeu cneltynfv bkb ghtljcnfdktybñ jåhfpjdfybz. E eybdthcbntnf Ävjhb, r ghbvthe, tcnm ghjuhfvvs gj vtéleyfhjlyjve plhfdjjöhfytybñ d hfpysö cnhfyfö Fahbrb, yf Rfdrfpt b d Fpbb. Åbpytcghjuhfvvs ltqcndeñn d hfpysö cnhfyfö Tdhjgs b Fpbb. Änb ghjuhfvvs gjpdjkzñn fvthbrfycrbv ghjatccjhfv b cneltynfv rfr d Fvthbrt, nfr b pf uhfybwtq, ghbdktrfnm r cjnhelybxtcnde kexibö cgtwbfkbcnjd bp lheubö cnhfy.
Yfrjytw, åjkmibycndj xfcnysö eybdthcbntnjd d jåibhyjq yfexyjbccktljdfntkmcrjq åfpjq yf hfpvthfv ytcrjkmrj vtymit, xtv infncrbt, elfxyj cjxtnfz åjkmibt htcehcs b ytåjkmijt xbckj ghtgjlfdfntktq b cneltynjd. Öjnz d kñåjv bp yfibö xfcnysö b infncrbö extåysö pfdtltybq ghtljcnfdkzñncz ghtrhfcyst djpvjéyjcnb lkz jåextybz b bccktljdfntkmcrjq hfåjns, d xfcnysö eybdthcbntnfö rfvgecs gjvtymit, f gjnjve extysv, hfåjnfñobv d hfpysö jåkfcnzö, ktuxt jåofnmcz – afrekmntns b rfatlhs, rfr ghfdbkj, yföjlzncz lheu jn lheuf yf hfccnjzybb gtitq ghjuekrb. Dféytqibt jnrhsnbz ctqxfc cjdthifñncz bvtyyj d öjlt vtélbcwbgkbyfhyjuj cjnhelybxtcndf, nfr xnj, djpvjéyj, ukfdyjq wtyyjcnmñ xfcnysö eybdthcbntnjd zdkztncz bö cgjcjåyjcnm gjllthébdfnm b cnbvekbhjdfnm cjnhelybxtcndj rfr dyenhb eybdthcbntnf, nfr b gj dctve vbhe pf tuj ghtltkfvb. ■
Vytybz, dscrfpsdftvst d lfyyjq cnfnmt, yt jåzpfntkmyj jnhféfñn dpukzls bkb gjkbnbre ghfdbntkmcndf CIF.
Byjcnhfyyst cneltyns bcgsnsdfñn yf ghjxyjcnm b vfytdhtyyjcnm cjplfyyjuj bvb hjåjnf d Vfccfxectncrjv ntöyjkjubxtcrjv bycnbnent.
D eybdthcbntnt Ävjhb d Fnkfynt, infn Léjhlébz, cneltynrf pfybvftncz yf cdtétv djpleöt.
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Rjkktléb c ldeöujlbxysv chjrjv jåextybz lfñn exfobvcz djpvjéyjcnm yfxbyfnm cdjt dscitt jåhfpjdfybt d ntö hfqjyfö, ult jyb ébden, ghbxtv xfcnj c vtymibvb hfcöjlfvb, xtv d extåyjv pfdtltybb c xtnshtöujlbxysv chjrjv jåextybz. Ghtpbltyn Fvthbrfycrjq fccjwbfwbb vtcnysö rjkktlétq Léjhlé H. Åjuup d jåobö xthnfö hfccrfpsdftn jå jcjåtyyjcnzö vtcnysö rjkktlétq, rjnjhst ghtdhfofñn bö d ghbdktrfntkmyeñ fkmnthyfnbde lkz cneltynjd.
Dct åjkmit b åjkmit exfoböcz d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö cxbnfñn, xnj vtcnyst rjkktléb vjuen åsnm ≤rkñxjv≥ r dscitve jåhfpjdfybñ. Pfxtnyst åfkks (bkb rhtlbns),
rjnjhst cneltyns yfåbhfñn pf ldf ujlf extås d ybö, pfxbnsdfñncz gjnjv ghb ghjljkétybb jåhfpjdfybz yf gjkextybt cntgtyb åfrfkfdhf d frrhtlbnjdfyysö xtnshtöujlbxysö rjkktléfö. Vtcnyst rjkktléb, ult gkfnf pf jåextybt ybét, lfñn djpvjéyjcnm cneltynfv cärjyjvbnm chtlcndf, rjnjhst jyb ljkéys gjnhfnbnm yf jåhfpjdfybt. Åjktt njuj, gjctofz vtcnyst rjkktléb, yföjlzobtcz d ytgjchtlcndtyyjq åkbpjcnb jn ljvf, cneltyns vjuen gjkexfnm gjllthére ctvmb. Änb rjkktléb nfrét gjpdjkzñn gjkexbnm ghjatccbjyfkmyst cntgtyb vkflituj ehjdyz bkb ét ghjagjlujnjdre lkz hfåjns d jåkfcnzö, yt nhtåeñobö cntgtyb.
Rhjvt njuj, egjvzyenst rjkktléb ghtlkfufñn rehcs lfkmytqituj jåextybz b bylbdblefkmyjuj hfpdbnbz lkz dphjcksö.
Vtcnyst rjkktléb zdkzñncz cfvsv åjkmibv b cfvsv åscnhj hfcneobv ctrnjhjv dscituj jåhfpjdfybz d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö. D yfcnjzott dhtvz yf nthhbnjhbb cnhfys yfcxbnsdftncz gjxnb 1200 vtcnysö rjkktlétq, bvtñobö htubjyfkmyeñ frrhtlbnfwbñ. Jyb jåckeébdfñn åjktt 11 vbkkbjyjd cneltynjd (ghbåkbpbntkmyj 46 ghjwtynjd dctö bvtñoböcz d CIF cneltynjd gthdsö xtnshtö ktn jåextybz yf cntgtym åfrfkfdhf).
Vtcnyst rjkktléb CIF ghtlkfufñn byjcnhfyysv cneltynfv pyfxbntkmyst dsujls, drkñxfz djpvjéyjcnb ecjdthitycndjdfnm pyfybt fyukbqcrjuj zpsrf b jåhtcnb åjktt ukeåjrjt gjybvfybt fvthbrfycrjq rekmnehs.
Gjvbvj dctuj ghjxtuj vtcnyst rjkktléb jåkflfñn cktleñobvb ghtbveotcndfvb:
Vtymibt hfcöjls yf jgkfne jåextybz. Jyb pyfxbntkmyj ybét, xtv d rjkktléfö c xtnshtöujlbxysv chjrjv jåextybz b eybdthcbntnfö b cjcnfdkzñn jrjkj 5000 ljkkfhjd CIF d ujl gj chfdytybñ c 12 00020 000 ljkkfhjd CIF bkb åjkmit d extåysö pfdtltybzö c xtnshtöujlbxysv chjrjv jåextybz.
Djpvjéyjcnm kturjuj gthtdjlf d rjkktlé bkb eybdthcbntn. D Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö ceotcndetn cbcntvf ≤2+2≥,
VTCNYST LDEÖUJLBxYSTRJKKTLÉB CIF
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ghtlcnfdkzñofz cjåjq äaatrnbdyeñ cbcntve ≤cjxktytybz≥ vtéle rjkktlétv c ldeöujlbxysv chjrjv jåextybz b rjkktlétv c xtnshtöujlbxysv chjrjv jåextybz bkb eybdthcbntnjv. E åjkmibycndf vtcnysö rjkktlétq bvtñncz cjukfitybz c rjkktléfvb c xtnshtöujlbxysv chjrjv jåextybz b eybdthcbntnfvb. Änb cjukfitybz ufhfynbheñn, xnj pfxtnyst åfkks (rhtlbns), gjkextyyst d vtcnyjv rjkktlét, åelen pfxbnsdfnmcz ghb ghjöjéltybb xtnshtöujlbxyjq ghjuhfvvs yf gjkextybt cntgtyb åfrfkfdhf.
Frrhtlbnjdfyyst extåyst pfdtltybz. Dct fvthbrfycrbt vtcnyst rjkktléb, rjkktléb c xtnshtöujlbxysv chjrjv jåextybz b eybdthcbntns frrhtlbneñncz jlybvb b ntvb ét jhufybpfwbzvb. Djn gjxtve eybdthcbntns ghbpyfñn pfxtnyst åfkks (rhtlbns), gjkextyyst d vtcnysö rjkktléfö.
Ibhjrjt hfpyjjåhfpbt ghjuhfvv. D vtcnysö rjkktléfö ceotcndetn juhjvysq dsåjh jåkfcntq cgtwbfkbpfwbb, drkñxfz nfrbt gjgekzhyst ghjatccbb, rfr eghfdktybt åbpytcjv, cgtwbfkbcn gj rjvgmñnthfv, byétyth b vtlbwbycrbq hfåjnybr.
Ghtgjlfdfybt fyukbqcrjuj d rfxtcndt dnjhjuj zpsrf. Åjkmibycndj vtcnysö rjkktlétq ghtlkfufñn ibhjrbq yfåjh rehcjd fyukbqcrjuj zpsrf hfpyjuj ehjdyz b vyjuj ljgjkybntkmysö eckeu lkz njuj, xnjås cneltyns c hfpyjq gjlujnjdrjq vjukb ecgtiyj jdkfltdfnm zpsrjv.
Åkfujghbznyst eckjdbz lkz ghbjåhtntybz pyfybq. Vtcnyst rjkktléb ghtlkfufñn jåextybt d rkfccfö c ytåjkmibv xbckjv cneltynjd, d chtlytv cjcnfdkzñobv vtytt 30 xtkjdtr, xnj gjpdjkztn ghtgjlfdfntkzv kbxyj eltkznm ljcnfnjxyj dybvfybz rféljve jnltkmyjve cneltyne b gjcnjzyyj jrfpsdfnm tve gjllthére d jdkfltybb pyfybzvb. Yf pfyznbzö dscjrfz ecgtdftvjcnm rféljuj cneltynf jåtcgtxbdftncz d htpekmnfnt nfrjuj ghtgjlytctybz vfnthbfkf, rjnjhjt exbnsdftn jcjåtyyjcnb tuj ecdjtybz cneltynfvb b bö gjnhtåyjcnb. Gjvjom, jrfpsdftvfz cneltynfv, drkñxftn ljgjkybntkmyst bylbdblefkmyst pfyznbz, rjycekmnbhjdfybt gj bpexftvsv ghtlvtnfv, dsgjkytybt gbcmvtyysö pflfybq, vthjghbznbz b eckeub d rkeåfö b wtynhfö jåckeébdfybz lkz byjcnhfyysö cneltynjd.
Hfpyjjåhfpbt. Cneltyns vtcnysö rjkktlétq CIF ltvjycnhbheñn åjufntqitt rekmnehyjt hfpyjjåhfpbt b ghbyflktéfn r cfvsv hfpysv änybxtcrbv uheggfv. Jyb vjuen pfgbcfnmcz d cfvst hfpyst rkeås b rheérb b exfcndjdfnm d vthjghbznbzö, endthélfñobö änj hfpyjjåhfpbt, öfhfrnthyjt lkz fvthbrfycrjuj jåotcndf.
Ljcneg r rekmneht CIF. Gjcrjkmre vtcnyst rjkktléb jnhféfñn ébpym hfqjyjd, d rjnjhsö jyb hfcgjkjétys, b xenrj htfubheñn yf ytt, jyb dctulf hfpdbdfñn ukeåjrbt cdzpb c vtcnysv yfctktybtv. Änj gjpdjkztn byjcnhfyysv cneltynfv d änbö rjkktléfö jåofnmcz c fvthbrfywfvb yfghzveñ b ghbjåhtnfnm cfvjt ytgjchtlcndtyyjt pyfybt jå bö rekmneht.
Vtcnyst rjkktléb åsdfñn cfvsö hfpysö hfpvthjd b hfcgjkjétys d cfvsö hfpysö hfqjyfö. Gjljåyj lheubv extåysv pfdtltybzv d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö, vtcnyst rjkktléb pyfxbntkmyj jnkbxfñncz lheu jn lheuf. Ytrjnjhst bp ybö
åjkmibt, yföjlzncz d rhegysö ujhjlfö b bvtñn vyjuj rfvgecjd, hfpåhjcfyysö gj åjkmijq nthhbnjhbb, f lheubt ujhfplj vtymit, hfcgjkjétys d ctkmcrjq vtcnyjcnb b jåckeébdfñn chfdybntkmyj ytåjkmijt xbckj cneltynjd. D wtkjv, rjkbxtcndj b hfcgjkjétybt vtcnysö rjkktlétq nfrjdj, xnj 90 ghjwtynjd yfctktybz CIF vjukb ås eljåyj gjctofnm bö.
Dslfñobtcz åsdibt gbnjvws. D xbckj åsdibö gbnjvwtd vtcnysö rjkktlétq döjlzn ueåthyfnjh Rfkbajhybb Fhyjkml Idfhwtytuuth b åsdibq ueåthyfnjh infnf Vähbktyl Gähhbc Uktyltybyu, rjvfylbh cjplfyyjuj YFCF rjcvbxtcrjuj xtkyjrf ≤Ifnnk≥ Fqkby Rjkkbyp, ghjlñcth/htébccth rbyjcthbfkf ≤Pdtplyst djqys≥ Léjhlé Kerfc, rbyjfrnths Njv Öäyrc b Rkbyn Bcndel, vjltkmth Rfkdby Rkfqy, extysq, bpexfñobq utyjv xtkjdtrf, Rhtqu Dtynth b ukfdysq dhfx ujcelfhcndtyyjq ckeéås plhfdjjöhfytybz Hbxfhl Rfhvjyf.
Ljgjkybntkmyeñ byajhvfwbñ jå extåt d vtcnysö rjkktléfö CIF cv. gj äktrnhjyyjve flhtce: http://www.CC-USA.org bkb d A Guide to Studying at U.S. Community Colleges (Cghfdjxybr gj extåt d vtcnysö rjkktléfö CIF), rjnjhsq bvttncz d vtcnysö rjycekmnfwbjyysö wtynhfö ≤Jåhfpjdfybt d CIF≥. ■
Vytybz, dscrfpsdftvst d lfyyjq cnfnmt, yt jåzpfntkmyj jnhféfñn dpukzls bkb gjkbnbre ghfdbntkmcndf CIF.
Cneltynfv Wtynhfkmyjuj gblvjyncrjuj rjkktléf d infnt Ctdthyfz Rfhjkbyf yhfdbncz bö cneltyxtcrfz ébpym.
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Xfcnyst rjkktléb c xtnshtöujlbxysv chjrjv jåextybz jåtcgtxbdfñn vyjujjåhfpysq jgsn gjkextybz jåhfpjdfybz ghtélt dctuj lkz cneltynjd, pfybvfñoböcz gj ghjuhfvvt jåextybz yf cntgtym åfrfkfdhf. Ghtpbltyn Cjdtnf ytpfdbcbvsö rjkktlétq Hbxfhl Ärvfy hfccrfpsdftn j njv, xnj jnkbxftn xfcnyst bkb ytpfdbcbvst rjkktléb jn infncrbö rjkktlétq.
Cfvjq pfvtxfntkmyjq öfhfrnthyjq xthnjq dscituj jåhfpjdfybz CIF zdkztncz tuj hfpyjjåhfpbt. Ghfdbntkmcndj änjq cnhfys yt rjynhjkbhetn yb extåyst ghjuhfvvs, yb
vtnjls ghtgjlfdfybz d rjkktléfö b eybdthcbntnfö CIF. Hjkm infncrbö jhufyjd eghfdktybz nfrét dtcmvf ytpyfxbntkmyf. B bvtyyj ≤ytpfdbcbvsq≥ bkb ≤xfcnysq≥ ctrnjh dscituj jåhfpjdfybz zdkztn cjåjq cfvjt cbkmyjt hfpyjjåhfpbt abkjcjacrbö gjlöjljd r jåhfpjdfybñ, extåysö ghjuhfvv b nhflbwbq. Änjn ctrnjh jödfnsdftn jrjkj 600 ytåjkmibö rjkktlétq b eybdthcbntnjd, drkñxfz d ctåz vyjubt bp cfvsö edféftvsö dscibö extåysö pfdtltybq d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö.
Jåhfnbnt dybvfybt yf cktleñobt öfhfrnthyst xthns, cdbltntkmcndeñobt j yfkbxbb hfpyjjåhfpbz chtlb xfcnysö rjkktlétq b eybdthcbntnjd: d rjkktlét Ehcbyec d in. Gtycbkmdfybz ghtlkfuftncz vtélbcwbgkbyfhyfz ghjuhfvvf lkz gthdjrehcybrjd, pyfrjvzofz bö c cfvsvb hfpysvb nhelfvb gj uevfybnfhysv b jåotcndtyyjgjkbnbxtcrbv yferfv; d rjkktlét Ejhhtyf Ebkcjyf d in. Ctdthyfz Rfhjkbyf jn dctö cneltynjd nhtåetncz dsgjkytybt abpbxtcrjq hfåjns gj cjlthéfybñ lfyyjuj extåyjuj pfdtltybz d ljkéyjv gjhzlrt, b änj cxbnftncz jlybv bp dféysö rjvgjytynjd extåyjuj ghjwtccf; d Yjhnktylcrjv
rjkktlét d in. Dbcrjycby tuj herjdjlcndj jxtym vyjuj ltkftn lkz njuj, xnjås ghbdbnm cdjbö djcgbnfyybrjd åthtéyjt jnyjitybt r jrheéfñotq chtlt; d rjkktlét FylthcjyfÅhjllecf d in. Pfgflyfz Dbhlébybz yfåbhfñn cneltynjd bp rhjitxysö ujhjlrjd, hfpåhjcfyysö gj öjkvfv Pfgflyjq Dbhlébybb, b ujnjdzn vyjubö bp ybö r yfexyjq b vtlbwbycrjq rfhmtht; d jcyjdfyyjv rdfrthfvb rjkktlét Ähkötv, rjnjhsq yföjlbncz d in. Bylbfyf, ljcnbétybt rjyctycecf chtlb dctö cneltynjd jcnftncz jcyjdyjq ajhvjq ghbyznbz htitybq; étycrbq rjkktlé Cblfh Rhtcn d in. Gtycbkmdfybz, jghjdthuftn cnthtjnbgyjt ghtlcnfdktybt j njv, xnj étyobyfv yt lfyj ghtecgtnm d yfert, – vyjubt bp tuj dsgecrybw cnfkb extysvb.
Ytcvjnhz yf dct bö hfpkbxbz, änb 600 ytpfdbcbvsö rjkktlétq b eybdthcbntnjd bvtñn hzl jåobö xthn:• Dct egjvzyenst rjkktléb b eybdthcbntns zdkzñncz ljdjkmyj
vfktymrbvb, b xbckj cneltynjd d ybö htlrj ghtdsiftn 3000.• Dct änb extåyst pfdtltybz d jcyjdyjv bkb gjkyjcnmñ jhbtynb
hjdfys yf ghjöjéltybt cneltynfvb xtnshtöujlbxyjuj åfpjdjuj eybdthcbntncrjuj rehcf yf gjkextybt cntgtyb åfrfkfdhf, b d ybö jxtym vfkj fcgbhfyncrbö ghjuhfvv.
• Dct xktys ghjatccjhcrjghtgjlfdfntkmcrjuj cjcnfdf ghjzdkzñn ndthleñ ghbdthétyyjcnm gtlfujubxtcrjq ltzntkmyjcnb. Ytcvjnhz yf nj, xnj åjkmibycndj bp ghjatccjhjd pfybvftncz yfexyjq hfåjnjq, jyb cxbnfñn tt dnjhjcntgtyyjq gj jnyjitybñ r cdjtq jcyjdyjq jåzpfyyjcnb – ghtgjlfdfybñ, b ghjdjlzn ljkubt xfcs cj cneltynfvb rfr d felbnjhbb, nfr b pf tt ghtltkfvb.
• Vtnjlbrf ghtgjlfdfybz yjcbn bynthfrnbdysq öfhfrnth, frnbdyj djdktrfz cneltynjd d ghjwtcc jåextybz.
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Cneltynrf bp Pbvåfådt jnvtxftn jrjyxfybt tñ Rjkktléf Vjeyn-Öjkbjr d in. Vfccfxectnc.
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• Gjcrjkmre d änbö extåysö pfdtltybzö cxbnfñn, xnj pyfxbntkmyfz xfcnm extåyjuj ghjwtccf bvttn vtcnj pf ghtltkfvb felbnjhbb, cjplfñncz jxtym vyjuj djpvjéyjcntq lkz jåotybz vtéle cneltynfvb b vtéle cneltynfvb b ghjatccjhfvb; änj jåotybt hfccvfnhbdftncz rfr dféysq vtöfybpv gthtlfxb pyfybq d extåysö ghjuhfvvfö.
• Änb extåyst pfdtltybz jnrhsnj ujdjhzn j cdjbö cbcntvfö wtyyjcntq, ktéfobö d jcyjdt bö ltzntkmyjcnb. Byjulf bvb zdkzñncz wtyyjcnb htkbubjpyjq ltyjvbyfwbb, cjplfditq lfyysq rjkktlé, bkb ét yfkbxbt jghtltktyyjuj jnujkjcrf egjvzyensö wtyyjcntq, tckb dthjbcgjdtlfybt, j rjnjhjv bltn htxm, eét yt buhftn htifñotq hjkb d extåyjv ghjwtcct. Byjulf d cbcntvt wtyyjcnzö yföjlbn jnhfétybt rjyrhtnyfz gtlfujubxtcrfz abkjcjabz. Yfghbvth, abkjcjabz ≤dtkbrbö rybu≥ åjktt dctuj djgkjotyf d extåysö ghjuhfvvfö Rjkktléf Cd. Bjfyyf c tuj ldevz jnltktybzvb d infnt Vähbktyl b infnt YmñVtrcbrj. F ≤hfåjxfz≥ abkjcjabz djgkjotyf d Rjkktlét Ejhhtyf Ebkcjyf b Rjkktlét Åthbf d in. Rtynerrb, ult, gjvbvj extås, cneltyns ljkéys hfåjnfnm, gjvjufz nfrbv jåhfpjv cjlthéfnm lfyyjt extåyjt pfdtltybt.
• D änbö extåysö pfdtltybzö ghtgjlfdfybt jåotcndtyyjgjkbnbxtcrbö b uevfybnfhysö lbcwbgkby cxbnftncz xhtpdsxfqyj
dféysv, båj jyj gjvjuftn cajhvbhjdfnm bp dsgecrybrjd jndtncndtyysö uhfélfy cdjtq cnhfys, b ytdféyj, rfreñ rjyrhtnyeñ ghjatccbñ jyb ghbjåhtnfñn.Ghjwtcc ghbjåhtntybz dscituj jåhfpjdfybz, ghtlcnfdkztvsq
änbvb extåysvb pfdtltybzvb, bcrkñxbntkmyj äaatrnbdty. Yfghbvth, cnfnbcnbxtcrbt lfyyst j ghjwtynt exfoböcz, pfrfyxbdfñobö gjkysq rehc jåextybz gj ghjuhfvvfv c gjkextybtv cntgtyb, gjrfpsdfñn, xnj d ytåjkmibö xfcnysö rjkktléfö bö åjkmit, xtv d infncrbö, åjktt rhegysö eybdthcbntnfö. B änj yfåkñlftncz yt njkmrj chtlb cfvsö nfkfynkbdsö cneltynjd, yj b chtlb cneltynjd, gjcnegfñobö d rjkktlé bkb eybdthcbntn c åjktt ybprbvb jwtyrfvb, gjkextyysvb gj jrjyxfybb chtlytq irjks, bkb åjktt ybprbvb gjrfpfntkzvb gj jnåjhjxyjve ntcne SAT [http://www.collegeboard.com]. Åjktt dscjrbq ghjwtyn exfoböcz, pfrfyxbdfñobq gjkysq rehc jåextybz gj ghjuhfvvfv c gjkextybtv cntgtyb, jnvtxftncz nfrét d lheubö cjwbfkmyjärjyjvbxtcrbö uheggfö, lkz rjnjhsö öfhfrnthys ybprbt jåobt gjrfpfntkb gjkextybz dscituj jåhfpjdfybz rfr nfrjdjuj. R änbv uheggfv, yfghbvth, jnyjczncz cneltyns, zdkzñobtcz gthdsv gjrjktybtv d cdjtq ctvmt, gjkexfñobv jåhfpjdfybt d rjkktlét, cneltyns, rjnjhst gjvbvj extås dsyeéltys tot b hfåjnfnm gjkysq hfåjxbq ltym, bkb cneltyns, ghtlcnfdkzñobt hfpkbxyst vtymibycndf.
Jåüzcytybt åjktt dscjrjq äaatrnbdyjcnb ytåjkmibö xfcnysö dscibö extåysö pfdtltybq, gj chfdytybñ c lheubvb extåysvb pfdtltybzvb, vjéyj yfqnb d njv, xnj cfvb cneltyns pltcm ≤exfcndeñn d ghjwtcct ghbjåhtntybz pyfybq≥. Léjhlé Reö, herjdjlbntkm Yfwbjyfkmyjuj jåcktljdfybz cneltyxtcrjq frnbdyjcnb d extåyjv ghjwtcct, rjnjhjt ghjdjlbncz d cjnyzö rjkktlétq b eybdthcbntnjd, jnvtxftn, xnj ecgtö cneltynf d rjkktlét pfdbcbn jn njuj, yfcrjkmrj öjhjij jy pyftn ghtgjlfdfntkz, exfcndetn kb jy d hfåjnt rheérjd b lheubö cneltyxtcrbö vthjghbznbzö, ghjöjlbn kb jy ghfrnbre, pfgbcfkcz kb jy yf ctvbyfhs, ult jn ytuj nhtåetncz tuj frnbdyjt exfcnbt, ecnyst dscnegktybz b vyjuj gbcmvtyysö hfåjn. D vfksö extåysö pfdtltybzö ceotcndetn åjkmifz dthjznyjcnm njuj, xnj änb afrnjhs ghbcencndeñn, xtv d åjkmibö.
Ytåjkmibt ytpfdbcbvst dscibt extåyst pfdtltybz vjéyj yfqnb dtplt d Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd – d rhegysö ujhjlfö, vfktymrbö, f nfrét d ctkmcrbö hfqjyfö. Änb rjkktléb jöjnyj ghbybvfñn cneltynjd bp cfvsö hfpysö ckjtd jåotcndf, ghbdyjczobö d lbcreccbb yf ctvbyfhfö hfpyjjåhfpbt, nfkfyn b yjdsq dpukzl yf dtob. Dscjrj wtyzncz b cneltyns, ltncndj b irjkmyst ujls rjnjhsö ghjikb d lheubö cnhfyfö, (ghfdlf, jåextybt dctulf dtltncz yf fyukbqcrjv zpsrt).
Ljgjkybntkmyeñ byajhvfwbñ j kñåjv bp änbö extåysö pfdtltybq vjéyj kturj gjkexbnm yf bö dtåcfqnfö. Cjdtn ytpfdbcbvsö rjkktlétq cjlthébn yf cdjtv dtåcfqnt [http://www.cic.org/] ccskrb yf åjkmibycndj bp änbö extåysö pfdtltybq. ■
Vytybz, dscrfpsdftvst d lfyyjq cnfnmt, yt jåzpfntkmyj jnhféfñn dpukzls b gjkbnbre ghfdbntkmcndf CIF.
Cneltyns Rjkktléf Eäkkckb d in. Vfccfxectnc dvtcnt cj cdjbv ghtgjlfdfntktv exfcndeñn d 24-xfcjdjv vfhfajyt – xntybb ghjbpdt-ltybq Itrcgbhf.
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Cneltyns pyfvtybnjuj Jåthkbycrjuj vepsrfkmyjuj rjkktléf d in. Jufqj htgtnbheñn c fhutynbycrbvb vepsrfynfvb ghtlcnfdktybt jgths. Änjn rjkktlé nfrét cybcrfk ctåt ckfde ntv, xnj jlybv bp gthdsö cnfk ghbybvfnm étyoby b fahj-fvthbrfywtd b ghbceélfnm bv cntgtyb.
�� Jåotcndj b wtyyjcnb / Yjzåhm 2005 ujlfÄ-éehyfk CIF
D änjq cnfnmt, vfnthbfk lkz rjnjhjq dpzn c dtåcfqnjd b bp lheubö bcnjxybrjd, lftncz byajhvfwbz j rjkktléfö c ghtjåkflfñobv xbckjv cneltynjd, ghtlcnfdkzñobö vtymibycndf: fahjfvthbrfywtd, kfnbyjfvthbrfywtd b fvthbrfycrbö byltqwtd.
Rjkktléb b eybdthcbntns, d rjnjhsö exfncz ghtbveotcndtyyj ghtlcnfdbntkb vtymibycnd – änj tot jlby nbg extåysö pfdtltybq. Chtlb ybö vjuen åsnm infncrbt,
xfcnyst, htkbubjpyst, vtcnyst rjkktléb, yj dct jyb ltkfñn jcjåsq frwtyn yf jåhfpjdfybb vtymibycnd. Bcnjhbxtcrb nfr ckjébkjcm, xnj jyb d jcyjdyjv jåckeébdfñn rjyrhtnysq ltvjuhfabxtcrbq rjynbyutyn cneltynjd, yj änj yt pyfxbn, xnj d ybö yt vjuen exbnmcz cneltyns, yt ghbyflktéfobt r vtymibycndfv. Lfyyst eybdthcbntns jnhféfñn d ctåt bynthtcs jåotcndf d wtkjv. Nhtvz uheggfvb dscibö extåysö pfdtltybq, gjlgflfñ
obö gjl äne rfntujhbñ, zdkzñncz nhflbwbjyyj ytuhbnzycrbt, kfnbyjfvthbrfycrbt rjkktléb b eybdthcbntns b extåyst bycnbnens, jåckeébdfñobt fvthbrfycrbö byltqwtd. Dct jyb jåütlbytys d fccjwbfwbb b rjycjhwbevs. Ceotcndeñn b lheubt jhufybpfwbb, rjnjhst gjvjufñn dscibv extåysv pfdtltybzv jödfnsdfnm vtymibycndf.
Nhflbwbjyyjytuhbnzycrbtrjkktlébbeybdthcbntns
Djn, xnj ujdjhbncz d Bybwbfnbdt Åtkjuj ljvf d jnyjitybb nhflbwbjyyj ytuhbnzycrbö rjkktlétq b eybdthcbntnjd:
Lkz fahjfvthbrfycrjuj yfctktybz, hfdyj rfr b lkz dctuj yfhjlf änjq cnhfys, änb eybdthcbntns zdkzñncz jlybv bp bcnjxybrjd pfvtxfntkmysö ljcnbétybq b dtkbrjq ujhljcnb.
DSCIBT ExTÅYST pFDTLTYBz C GHTJÅKFLFñoBV xBCKJV
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Vfhibheñobq jhrtcnh Eybdthcbntnf Uhävåkbyu d in. Kebpbfyf; åkfujlfhz cdjbv bcrkñxbntkmyj ébdsv dscnegktybzv cnfk bpdtcnty gj dctq cnhfyt.
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Pfrjy j dscitv jåhfpjdfybb jn 1965 u. c dytctyysvb d ytuj gjghfdrfvb jghtltkztn nhflbwbjyyj ytuhbnzycrjt extåyjt pfdtltybt rfr ≤ ... kñåjq ckjébdibqcz d cbke bcnjhbxtcrbö ghbxby fahjfvthbrfycrbq rjkktlé bkb eybdthcbntn, exhtéltyysq lj 1964 u., jcyjdysv yfpyfxtybtv rjnjhjuj åskj b jcnftncz ghtljcnfdktybt jåhfpjdfybz fahjfvthbrfywfv. Bysvb ckjdfvb, änj extåyjt pfdtltybt, frrhtlbnjdfyyjt jåotyfwbjyfkmysv cthnbabrfwbjyysv futyncndjv, rjnjhjt ghbpyftncz vbybcnhjv jåhfpjdfybz rfr fdnjhbntnyjt b yfltéyjt d jnyjitybb jwtyrb rfxtcndf ghtlkfuftvjuj jåextybz, bkb, gj vytybñ änjuj futyncndf, ghtlghbybvfñott hfpevyst ifub yf genb r ljcnbétybñ frrhtlbnfwbb≥.
Ghjdjpukfifz 11–17 ctynzåhz 2005 u. Ytltktq nhflbwbjyyj fahjfvthbrfycrbö rjkktlétq b eybdthcbntnjd, Ghtpbltyn Léjhlé Åei djplfk ljkéyjt änbv extåysv pfdtltybzv jn bvtyb dctq cnhfys pf bö dscjrbt cnfylfhns rfxtcndf jåhfpjdfybz, djcgbnfybt gjlhfcnfñobö gjrjktybq d leöt ljcnbétybz ecgtöf b cjltqcndbt dsgjkytybñ dpznjuj yf ctåz fvthbrfycrjq yfwbtq jåzpfntkmcndf jåtcgtxbnm dctv hfdyjt jåhfpjdfybt. Jy crfpfk: ≤Ljåbdfzcm dscjrbö cnfylfhnjd rfxtcndf jåhfpjdfybz b jåtcgtxbdfz dctv fvthbrfywfv hfdyst djpvjéyjcnb tuj gjkextybz, änb dscjrj wtybvst extåyst pfdtltybz gjvjufñn jåtcgtxbnm nfrjt gjkjétybt, ghb rjnjhjv dct yfib uhfélfyt cvjuen gjkyjcnmñ htfkbpjdsdfnm cdjq gjntywbfk b edthtyyj cvjnhtnm d åeleott, rjnjhjt ghbytctn åkfujcjcnjzybt b jceotcndktybt yfltél≥. Lfktt jy crfpfk: ≤Vs gj ghtéytve cnhtvbvcz r cjplfybñ nfrjuj jåotcndf, d rjnjhjv rfélsq xtkjdtr cvjétn djgkjnbnm d ébpym dtkbrjt ghtlyfpyfxtybt Fvthbrb≥.
Åjkmibycndj bp ytuhbnzycrbö 105 eybdthcbntnjd hfcgjkjétys d ñujdjcnjxysö infnfö, d Atlthfkmyjv jrheut Rjkevåbz b yf Dbhubycrbö jcnhjdfö. Chtlb ybö 40 infncrbö xtnshtöujlbxysö rjkktléf, 11 infncrbö ldeöujlbxysö, 49 xfcnysö xtnshtöujlbxysö extåysö pfdtltybq b 5 xfcnysö ldeöujlbxysö rjkktlétq. Ljgjkybntkmyeñ byajhvfwbñ j ybö vjéyj gjxthgyenm bp cnfnmb, gjcdzotyyjq Ytltkt nhflbwbjyyj fahjfvthbrfycrbö rjkktlétq b eybdthcbntnjd gj flhtce: http://usinfo.state.gov/scv/Archive/2005/Sep/26-256508.html.
kfnbyjfvthbrfycrbtrjkktlébbeybdthcbntns
Fccjwbfwbz rjkktlétq b eybdthcbntnjd, jåckeébdfñobö ghtbveotcndtyyj dsöjlwtd bp Kfnbycrjq Fvthbrb, åskf cjplfyf d 1986 u. Njulf d ytt djikb 18 dscibö extåysö pfdtltybq, cnfdibö exhtlbntkzvb änjq fccjwbfwbb. D yfcnjzott dhtvz d Fccjwbfwbb ghtlcnfdktyj cdsit 400 rjkktlétq b eybdthcbntnjd,
cnhtvzoböcz jödfnbnm dscibv jåhfpjdfybtv bcgfyjzpsxysö fvthbrfywtd d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö, GeähnjHbrj, Kfnbycrjq Fvthbrt b Bcgfybb. Ytcvjnhz yf nj, xnj extåyst pfdtltybz Fccjwbfwbb kfnbyjfvthbrfycrbö rjkktlétq cjcnfdkzñn vtytt 10 ghjwtynjd dctö dscibö extåysö pfdtltybq cnhfys, d ybö jåexftncz åjktt nhtö xtndthntq bcgfyjzpsxysö cneltynjd CIF. Fccjwbfwbz zdkztncz tlbycndtyyjq yfwbjyfkmyjq jhufybpfwbtq, ghtlcnfdkzñotq dscibt extåyst pfdtltybz, jåckeébdfñobt bcgfyjzpsxysö fvthbrfywtd. D 205 rjkktléfö, döjlzobö d äne jhufybpfwbñ, 25 ghjwtynjd cneltynjd zdkzñncz bcgfyjzpsxysvb. D lheubö rjkktléföxktyfö Fccjwbfwbb yf bcgfyjzpsxysö fvthbrfywtd ghböjlbncz vtytt 25 ghjwtynjd jn jåotuj xbckf cneltynjd. Cv.: http://www.hacu.net/hacu/Default_EN.asp.
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Ghtpbltyn Åei ghbpyfk ne dféyeñ hjkm, rjnjheñ buhfñn rjkktléb b eybdthcbntns d jåobyfö fvthbrfycrbö byltqwtd, b 3 bñkz 2002 u. gjlgbcfk flvbybcnhfnbdysq erfp 13270 b Bybwbfnbde Åtkjuj ljvf jå änbö extåysö pfdtltybzö. Ghtpbltyn crfpfk:
Rjkktléb b eybdthcbntns fvthbrfycrbö byltqwtd cjltqcndeñn cjöhfytybñ bcxtpfñobö zpsrjdsö b rekmnehysö nhflbwbq. Tcntcndtyyj, xnj änb rjkktléb b eybdthcbntns nfrét ghtljcnfdkzñn nsczxfv cneltynjd dscitt jåhfpjdfybt, ghjatccbjyfkmyjt jåextybt b lheubt chtlcndf ärjyjvbxtcrjuj hfpdbnbz yf nthhbnjhbzö, ult ghjébdfñn byltqws. ...Dct fvthbrfyws pfckeébdfñn gjkextybz cfvjuj kexituj jåhfpj
Cgjhnbdyst pfyznbz cneltynjd d Rjkktlét Cfynf-At d in. Ymñ-Vtrcbrj, d rjnjhjv exfncz ghtbveotcndtyyj kfnbyjfvthbrfyws.
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dfybz, drkñxfz ntö, rnj exbncz d rjkktléfö b eybdthcbntnfö fvthbrfycrbö byltqwtd.
D Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö yfcxbnsdftncz 34 rjkktléf b eybdthcbntnf, ghbpyfyysö atlthfkmysvb dkfcnzvb d rfxtcndt extåysö pfdtltybq fvthbrfycrbö byltqwtd. Hfcgjkjétyyst d jcyjdyjv yf Chtlytv Pfgflt b Ñujdjcnjrt, änb rjkktléb b eybdthcbntns jåckeébdfñn ghbåkbpbntkmyj 30 000 cneltynjd, pfybvfñoböcz yf jxysö jnltktybzö bkb gjctofñobö jnltkmyst ktrwbb b ctvbyfhs. Änb rjkktléb b eybdthcbntns ghtlkfufñn ldeöujlbxyst ghjuhfvvs, gjpdjkzñobt cnfnm rfylblfnfvb d åfrfkfdhs åjktt xtv gj 200 lbcwbgkbyfv. F ytrjnjhst bp ybö ghtlkfufñn ghjuhfvvs jåextybz c ghbcdjtybtv cntgtytq åfrfkfdhf b vfubcnhf. Rhjvt njuj, egjvzyenst rjkktléb b eybdthcbntns hfphfåjnfkb 200 extåysö ghjuhfvv ghjatccbjyfkmyjq gjlujnjdrb c gjkextybtv cthnbabrfnf. Ytcvjnhz yf nj, xnj änb jcjåst
extåyst pfdtltybz ghbybvfñn njkmrj rjhtyysö fvthbrfywtd, jyb ltvjycnhbheñn jlby bp eybrfkmysö fcgtrnjd dctq cbcntvs dscituj jåhfpjdfybz d CIF. Ljgjkybntkmyeñ byajhvfwbñ j rjkktléfö b eybdthcbntnfö fvthbrfycrbö byltqwtd vjéyj gjkexbnm gj äktrnhjyyjve flhtce: http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/ releases/2002/07/20020703-16.html. ■
Vytybz, dscrfpsdftvst d lfyyjq cnfnmt, yt jåzpfntkmyj jnhféfñn dpukzls b gjkbnbre ghfdbntkmcndf CIF.
Cneltyns bp Öfcrtkkcrjuj byltqcrjuj eybdthcbntnf d in. Rfypfc erhfifñn nhfycgfhfyn gthtl gfhfljv.
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�� Ä-éehyfk CIFJåotcndj b wtyyjcnb / Yjzåhm 2005 ujlf
Åtdthkb Läybtk Ntqnev gbitn j hjkb nhflbwbjyyj ytuhbnzycrbö rjkktlétq d ajhvbhjdfybb cneltynjdfahjfvthbrfywtd rfr kbxyjcntq b ghtljcnfdktybb bv djpvjéyjcnb dcnhtxfnmcz cj cneltynfvb hfpyjuj änybxtcrjuj b cjwbfkmyjuj ghjbcöjéltybz, bp hfpysö rekmneh b c hfpysvb ecnfyjdrfvb b dpukzlfvb. Jyf zdkztncz ghtpbltynjv Rjkktléf Cgtkvfyf d u. Fnkfynt, in. Léjhlébz, b fdnjhjv rybub ≤Gjxtve dct ytuhbnzycrbt ltnb dctulf cblzn dvtcnt d irjkmyjq cnjkjdjq b lheubt åtctls j hfct≥ (Åtqcbr åerc, 2003).
Z hjlbkfcm d 1954 u., dctuj xthtp nhb vtczwf gjckt njuj, rfr htitybtv Dthöjdyjuj celf gj ltke Åhfey ghjnbd Cjdtnf gj jåhfpjdfybñ åskf jåüzdktyf ytpfrjyyjq cbc
ntvf ctuhtufwbb d irjkfö gj ghbywbge ≤hfpltkmyjt, yj hfdyjt≥ jåextybt. Z gjzdbkfcm yf cdtn d u. Nfkkföfccb, in. Akjhblf, ult vjq jntw hfåjnfk ghtgjlfdfntktv dj Akjhblcrjv ctkmcrjöjpzqcndtyyjv b gjkbntöybxtcrjv eybdthcbntnt. Jy öjntk exbnmcz d Eybdthcbntnt infnf Akjhblf b gjkexbnm nfv ljrnjhcreñ cntgtym, yj d 1954 u. d infnt Akjhblf dct tot yt ghbybvfkb ytuhjd d fcgbhfynehe. Dvtcnj änjuj tve jgkfnbkb ghjtpl d
infn Gtycbkmdfybz. D 1957 u. tve jy pfdthibk cdjt jåextybt d infncrjv eybdthcbntnt, b tve åskf ghbcdjtyf extyfz cntgtym. Xthtp ujl jy cnfk gthdsv ghjatccjhjvytuhjv d Åhbléejnthcrjv infncrjv rjkktlét d u. Åhbléejntht, in. Vfccfxectnc. Nfv z b hjckf. Ctqxfc ghtpbltynjv d Åhbléejnthcrjv infncrjuj rjkktléf dgthdst zdkztncz ghtlcnfdbntkm wdtnyjuj yfctktybz, f d atdhfkt 2004 u., z, fahjfvthbrfyrf, dscnegbkf cj dcnegbntkmyjq htxmñ yf rjyathtywbb gj djghjcfv dscituj jåhfpjdfybz, rjnjhfz ghjdjlbkfcm d infnt Akjhblf. D 1954 u. ytdjpvjéyj åskj lfét ghtlcnfdbnm ctåt yb nfrjuj ghtpbltynf, yb nfrjuj jhfnjhf.
Z vyjuj ktn hfåjnfkf ghtgjlfdfntktv b dscnegfkf ghjnbd hfcbpvf d extåysö pfdtltybzö, d rjnjhsö ghtbveotcndtyyj hfåjnfkb åtkst. Ctqxfc z ltdznsq gj cxtne ghtpbltyn Rjkktléf Cgtkvfyf, cnfhtqituj nhflbwbjyyj ytuhbnzycrjuj rjkktléf. F gjnjve z vjue gjyjdjve cvjnhtnm yf htitybt gj ltke Åhfey ghjnbd Cjdtnf gj jåhfpjdfybñ b kexit gjybvfnm tuj pyfxtybt. Gjljåyj vyjubv lheubv nhflbwbjyyj ≤xthysv≥ rjkktléfv b eybdthcbntnfv, Rjkktlée Cgtkvfyf ghböjlbncz rjyrehbhjdfnm d åjhmåt pf ≤cdjbö≥ cneltynjd c ghtbveotcndtyyj ≤åtksvb≥
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gjxtve nhflbwbjyyj fahj-fvthbrfycrbt rjkktléb b eybdthcbntns gj-ghtéytve ytjåöjlbvs
Åtdthkb Läybtk Ntqnev
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extåysvb pfdtltybzvb, rjnjhst hfymit yt ghbybvfkb bö r ctåt yf extåe. Jlyfrj hjcn rjyrehtywbb ecrjhbk yfcnegktybt gjkjébntkmysö gthtvty d Rjkktlét Cgtkvfyf. Gjckt ltkf Åhfeyf ghtgjlfdfntktq cnfkb dct åjkmit b åjkmit gjåeélfnm äythubxytt pfybvfnmcz bccktljdfybzvb, bplfdfnm åjkmit rybu b geåkbrjdfnm åjkmit yfexysö cnfntq, åskb ghtljcnfdktys yjdst djpvjéyjcnb lkz yfexyjq ltzntkmyjcnb d wtkjv. Ecgtiyst rfvgfybb gj cåjhe chtlcnd jåtcgtxbkb abyfycjdeñ cnfåbkmyjcnm, b yf nthhbnjhbb rjkktléf åskb gjcnhjtys yjdst jåotébnbz b extåyst rjhgecf. Dct änj ghbdtkj r cjplfybñ nfrjq frfltvbxtcrjq fnvjcaths, rjnjhfz ntgthm tétujlyj ghbdktrftn d yfi rjkktlé ghbåkbpbntkmyj 4000 nfkfynkbdsö ltdeitr b pfcnfdkztn bö cjgthybxfnm pf 525 vtcn yf yfitv gthdjv rehct.
Gjxtve ét nhflbwbjyyj ytuhbnzycrbt rjkktléb yfgjljåbt Rjkktléf Cgtkvfyf gjghtéytve yt njkmrj gjlöjlzn vyjubv cgjcjåysv vjkjlsv fahjfvthbrfywfv, yj jcnfñncz fkmnthyfnbdjq, rjnjhjq jyb jnlfñn ghtlgjxntybt? D dsåjht rjkktléf yföjlbn jnhfétybt dfif kbxyjcnm – änj ytrjt pfzdktybt j njv, rfrbv ds dblbnt ctåz, rtv ds ctqxfc zdkztntcm b rtv yflttntcm cnfnm. Cneltynjd ghbdktrftn extåyfz fnvjcathf, rjnjhfz gjvjuftn bv endthlbnm ctåz b hfpdbnm cdjb nfkfyns; cneltynjd ghbdktrfñn extåyst pfdtltybz, ult jyb xedcndeñn ctåz d wtynht extåyjuj ghjwtccf.
Ytcrjkmrj ktn yfpfl, pfybvfzcm bpextybtv ajhvbhjdfybz xedcndf hfcjdjq ghbyflktéyjcnb e cneltynjd ytuhbnzycrbö rjkktlétq, dshjcibö d ghtbveotcndtyyj åtksö hfqjyfö, z cghfibdfkf bö, gjxtve jyb htibkb gjqnb exbnmcz bvtyyj nelf, relf gjikb. Djn xnj crfpfkf j cdjtv jgsnt extås d fahjfvthbrfycrjv rjkktlét jlyf cneltynrf: ≤Gjybvftnt, rjulf z ble gj rfvgece b pyfñ, xnj änjn eybdthcbntn gjcnhjbkb lkz vtyz, z ltqcndbntkmyj cxfcnkbdf≥. D Fvthbrt yt nfr vyjuj vtcn, j rjnjhsö ytuhbnzyrf vjukf ås crfpfnm nfrjt. Ytkmpz ytljjwtybdfnm pyfxtybz cfvjendthéltybz ghb dsåjht rjkktléf.
Ytcvjnhz yf nj, xnj ctujlyz åjkmibycndj cneltyxtcrbö ujhjlrjd jnkbxfñncz åjkmibv hfpyjjåhfpbtv, xtv änj d 1954 u., extåyst pfdtltybz dct tot yt gjybvfñn ghjcneñ bcnbye – ytjå
öjlbvj cjplfdfnm dctv cdjbv cneltynfv åkfujghbznyst eckjdbz lkz vfrcbvfkmyjuj hfcrhsnbz bö byntkktrnefkmyjuj gjntywbfkf b ajhvbhjdfybz kblthcrbö rfxtcnd. Bysvb ckjdfvb, änj eckjdbz, cgjcjåcndeñobt endthéltybñ cfvjcjpyfybz, jghtltktyyjq jåoyjcnb b kblthcrbö rfxtcnd, jåtcgtxbdfñn ytjåöjlbvst ghtlgjcskrb lkz äaatrnbdyjuj ghbjåhtntybz pyfybq yf dctö ehjdyzö jåhfpjdfybz.
Ghtndjhtybt änbö, rfpfkjcm ås, ghjcnsö bcnby d ébpym nhtåetn, xnjås vs pflfdfkb lheu lheue nhelyst djghjcs: Yf rjuj hfccxbnfys cjplfyyst yfvb eckjdbzö? Rjuj vs egecnbkb, hbcez jåoeñ rfhnbye jåhfpjdfybz? Rfrbt åkfujghbznyst djpvjéyjcnb bvtñncz lkz ajhvbhjdfybz jåoyjcnb b gjåeéltybz r lbfkjue chtlb cneltynjd, ghbyflktéfobö r hfpysv cjwbjrekmnehysv uheggfv b ghblthébdfñoböcz hfpysö njxtr phtybz? Rfrbv jåhfpjv gjdscbnm jåoeñ frnbdyjcnm cneltynjd d extåyjv ghjwtcct b yfexbnm bö kblbhjdfnm d cfvsö hfpysö cbnefwbzö?
Rfr cgtwbfkbcnf d jåkfcnb hfcjdsö jnyjitybq, vtyz xfcnj cghfibdfñn, gjxtve z djpukfdkzñ hfåjne cnjkm ≤jlyjhjlyjuj≥ extåyjuj pfdtltybz, rfr Rjkktlé Cgtkvfyf. Hfpevttncz, änjn djghjc cnhjbncz yf kjéyjq ghtlgjcskrt. Ytcvjnhz yf nj, xnj 97 ghjwtynjd yfibö cneltynjd jnyjczncz r rfntujhbb ≤fahj fvthbrfywtd≥, rjynbyutyn cneltynjd ljcnfnjxyj hfpyjjåhfpty. D Rjkktlét Cgtkvfyf exfncz cneltyns bp dctö htubjyjd Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd b vyjubö pfheåtéysö cnhfy, bp ghbujhjljd b ctkmcrbö hfqjyjd, d rjnjhsö d jcyjdyjv ébden åtkst, f nfrét bp ujhjlcrbö ytuhbnzycrbö rdfhnfkjd. Pltcm ghtlcnfdktys dct cjcnfdyst xfcnb fahbrfycrjq ≤lbfcgjhs≥, b vyjujjåhfpbt jgsnf, f nfrét åjkmijq ghjwtyn ltdeitrcneltynjr, rjnjhst exfncz d änjv rjkktlét, cjplftn vyjuj åkfujghbznysö djpvjéyjcntq lkz lbfkjuf. Ceotcndetn jghtltktyysq gthbjl d hfpdbnbb cfvjcjpyfybz vjkjlsö kñltq, ghtlcnfdkzñobö wdtnyjt yfctktybt, rjulf ≤dyenhbuheggjdjq≥ lbfkju vjétn bvtnm nfrjt ét åjkmijt pyfxtybt, b, gjéfkeq, gjhjq lfét åjkmitt pyfxtybt, xtv ≤vtéuheggjdjq≥ lbfkju. B d fahjfvthbrfycrbö extåysö pfdtltybzö vjéyj cjplfnm eckjdbz, rjulf dtlencz jåf egjvzyensö lbfkjuf.
E vyjubö bp yfc tcnm bltfkmyjt ghtlcnfdktybt j rjkktléfö, ult dct cneltyns åelen bvtnm djpvjéyjcnm b cnbveks ljåbdfnmcz dscjrbö gjrfpfntktq d extåt. Änj ghtlcnfdktybt j vyjujänybxtcrbö cjjåotcndfö, ult jnyjitybz vtéle kñlmvb cnhjzncz yf ghbywbgfö hfdtycndf b cghfdtlkbdjcnb. Änj ghtlcnfdktybt jå jåhfpjdfybb, cnbvekbheñotv yt njkmrj byntkktrnefkmyjt hfpdbnbt gentv ajhvbhjdfybz e cneltynjd cgjcjåyjcnb rhbnbxtcrb vsckbnm, zcyj ujdjhbnm, xtnrj gbcfnm, evtkj fhuevtynbhjdfnm, yj b lfñotv cneltynfv yfdsrb b jgsn exfcnbz d ébpyb jåotcndf, rjnjhjt jnkbxftncz bcrkñxbntkmysv vyjujjåhfpbtv. Cnjkm bltfkmysö eckjdbq lkz jåhfpjdfybz d ibhjrjv vfcinfåt ybrjulf yt ceotcndjdfkj d Fvthbrt – lf b ybult d vbht, yfcrjkmrj z gjybvfñ. Yj änf vtxnf pfrkñxftn d ctåt jåobt jxthnfybz åeleotuj. ■
Vytybz, dscrfpsdftvst d lfyyjq cnfnmt, yt jåzpfntkmyj jnhféfñn dpukzls bkb gjkbnbre ghfdbntkmcndf CIF.
Cneltyns jnlsöfñn c lhepmzvb d jåotébnbb.
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�� Ä-éehyfk CIFJåotcndj b wtyyjcnb / Yjzåhm 2005 ujlf
D Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö htkbubjpyst rjkktléb b eybdthcbntns gjcdjtve cjxtnfñn htkbubjpyst b frfltvbxtcrbt rjvgjytyns. D änjv jxthrt Lädbl J’Rjyytkk, ghtpbltyn Rfnjkbxtcrjuj eybdthcbntnf Fvthbrb b ghtlctlfntkm yf Rjyathtywbb Ufhdfhlcrjuj eybdthcbntnf j gthcgtrnbdfö htkbubjpysö rjkktlétq, bpkfuftn cdjñ njxre phtybz yf nj, rfr htkbubjpyst rjkktléb jåjufofñn dscitt jåhfpjdfybt. Pf änbv jxthrjv cktleñn jgbcfybz lheubö htkbubjpysö extåysö pfdtltybq, rjnjhst zhrj ltvjycnhbheñn hfpybwe d gjlöjlfö r jåhfpjdfybñ chtlb ybö. Ntv, rnj bynthtcetncz rjyrhtnyjq cnhfntubtq bkb abkjcjacrjq rjywtgwbtq jåhfpjdfybz njuj bkb byjuj extåyjuj pfdtltybz, cktletn yfghzveñ cdzpfnmcz c ybv lkz gjkextybz bcxthgsdfñotq byajhvfwbb. Vs drkñxbkb änb cdtltybz d yfcnjzobq éehyfk lkz njuj, xnjås ghtljcnfdbnm xbnfntkzv bcnjxybrb byajhvfwbb, f yt htrkfvbhjdfnm bkb jljåhznm rfreñkbåj rjyrhtnyeñ ljrnhbye bkb ghjuhfvve.
D eckjdbzö cbkmyjuj cjgthybxtcndf pf ghbdktxtybt cneltynjd rjkktléb b eybdthcbntns d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö ljkéys ltvjycnhbhjdfnm cdjtq gjntywbfkmyjq rkbtyne
ht jcjåst öfhfrnthbcnbrb, rjnjhst ltkfñn änb extåyst pfdtltybz eybrfkmysvb b ljcnjqysvb bö dybvfybz. Rféljt dscitt extåyjt pfdtltybt jåzpfntkmyj ghtntyletn yf ≤cfvjt dscjrjt rfxtcndj jåhfpjdfybz≥ b ≤cfveñ kexieñ ghjuhfvve jåextybz≥ d njq bkb byjq lbcwbgkbyt. Jlyfrj tcnm kb tot xnjnj lheujt, gjpdjkzñott yfukzlyj gjrfpfnm yfkbxbt e lfyyjuj extåyjuj pfdtltybz cdjtuj ≤jnkbxbntkmyjuj ghbpyfrf≥? Ghjnbdjgjcnfdkzz ctåz cdtncrbv rjkktléfv, htkbubjpyst dscibt extåyst pfdtltybz cxbnfñn, xnj änbv jnkbxbntkmysv ghbpyfrjv zdkztncz dthf.
Ltkj d njv, xnj rjkktlé, ytgjchtlcndtyyj bcgsnsdfñobq yf ctåt dkbzybt rfrjqkbåj rjyrhtnyjq htkbubb bkb dths, ljdjlbn lj cdtltybz cdtncrjuj extyjuj vbhf, xnj htkbubjpyjt dscitt extåyjt pfdtltybt bvttn ghtlcnfdktybt j cdjtq eybrfkmyjq hjkb b ytgjöjétcnb yf lheubö d frfltvbxtcrjq chtlt b edthtyj d njv, xnj bvtyyj c gjvjomñ dths dyjcbn d dscitt jåhfpjdfybt dtcjvsq drkfl.
HTKBUBJpYST RJKKTLÉBLädbl J’Rjyytkk, ghtpbltyn Rfnjkbxtcrjuj eybdthcbntnf Fvthbrb
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Jåhfpjdfybt ghjkbdftn cdtn yf nfqye ceotcndjdfybt xtkjdtrf, fgtkkbhez r hfpeve. Jyj ghjcdtoftn ev. Htkbubjpyjt jåhfpjdfybt ltkftn änj gjlheujve – jyj jghtltkztn jcyjdyst gfhfvtnhs ceotcndjdfybz xtkjdtrf xthtp Åjuf, rjnjhsq jnrhsdftn ctåz b hfpeve, b dtht. Jyj ghjcdtoftn ev b leie. Gjchtlcndjv htkbubjpyjuj jåhfpjdfybz vs ljöjlbv lj bcnbys, gjcnbébvjq hfpevjv, yj ljcnegyjq cthlwe dtheñotuj b tuj leit b jcvscktyyjq yf åjktt ukeåjrjv ehjdyt. Jlyféls z ghjxbnfk, xnj ≤htkbubz – änj, ghtélt dctuj, yt djghjc j afrnfö, f djghjc j cvsckfö≥.
Htkbubjpyst rjkktléb gsnfñncz ghtlcnfdbnm hfpev b dthe yt jnltkmyj lheu jn lheuf, f rfr cdzpfyyst, öjnz b jnkbxyst, rjvgjytynf tlbyjq bcnbys. Bynthtcyj jnvtnbnm, xnj e bcnjrf ytrjnjhsö cfvsö edféftvsö dscibö extåysö pfdtltybq d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö, extåysö pfdtltybq, ljcnbuibö cfvsö dscjrbö htpekmnfnjd d ghtgjlfdfybb b yfert, cnjzn htkbubjpyst rjyatccbb. Jlyfrj gj rfrbvnj ghbxbyfv c ntxtybtv dhtvtyb htkbubjpyfz jhbtynfwbz änbö frfltvbxtcrbö exhtéltybq cnfkf jckfåtdfnm, b gjzdbkbcm ldt hfpkbxysö vjltkb b ldf hfpkbxysö
gjlöjlf r dscitve jåhfpjdfybñ – ceueåj cdtncrfz vjltkm/cdtncrbq gjlöjl b htkbubjpyfz vjltkm/htkbubjpysq gjlöjl.
Rjulf cneltyns b bö hjlbntkb dsåbhfñn htkbubjpysq rjkktlé bkb eybdthcbntn, jyb dsåbhfñn extåyjt pfdtltybt, bvtñott xtnrj dshfétyyeñ gjpbwbñ b vbccbñ, rjnjhst ukeåjrj eöjlzn cdjbvb rjhyzvb d ne bkb byeñ htkbubjpyeñ nhflbwbñ. Änf nhflbwbz ljkéyf pfnhfubdfnm dct fcgtrns lfyyjuj extåyjuj pfdtltybz b ghjybpsdfnm dcñ tuj hfåjne b dct tuj vthjghbznbz. Egjvzyenfz nhflbwbz ljkéyf xtnrj ghjcvfnhbdfnmcz rfr yf pfyznbzö d extåyjq felbnjhbb, nfr b d ébpyb cneltynjd yf rfvgect. Ghjatccjhf b lheujq gthcjyfk änjuj rjkktléf bkb eybdthcbntnf ljkéys ghjzdkznm ndthleñ ghbdthétyyjcnm jceotcndktybñ änjq vbccbb, f yt ghjcnj nthgbvj jnyjcbnmcz r ytq rfr r gecnjq ajhvfkmyjcnb, zrjås yt ghbyjczotq gjxnb ybrfrjq gjkmps extåyjve ghjwtcce b dsgjkytybñ lheubö pflfx lfyyjuj extåyjuj pfdtltybz. Tckb nj bkb byjt dscitt extåyjt pfdtltybt yf cfvjv ltkt zdkztncz htkbubjpysv, nj b dyenhb ytuj b pf tuj ghtltkfvb dctv åeltn zcyj, xnj änj htkbubjpyjt extåyjt pfdtltybt b xnj tuj vbccbz ltqcndbntkmyj ghblftn ≤ljgjkybntkmyeñ wtyyjcnm≥ gjkexftvjve d ytv dscitve jåhfpjdfybñ. Åjktt njuj, änf ≤ljgjkybntkmyfz wtyyjcnm≥ ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq ytxnj nfrjt, xnj ltqcndbntkmyj bynthtcetn kñltq, xnj ghbdktrftn bö d änj extåyjt pfdtltybt b lftn bv nj, xnj jyb djcghbybvfñn rfr ytxnj eybrfkmyjt, nj, xnj jyb ltqcndbntkmyj öjnzn. Änj bvttn åjkmijt pyfxtybt rfr d bö jåhfpjdfybb, nfr b d bö ébpyb. Cgjcjåyjcnm htkbubjpysö rjkktlétq rjyrehbhjdfnm yf hsyrt jåhfpjdfybz d rfxtcndt htkbubjpysö b frfltvbxtcrb åjktt cbkmysö extåysö pfdtltybq b ghtlkfufnm kñlzv nj, xnj jyb ltqcndbntkmyj öjnzn, yfljkuj jåtcgtxbn änbv rjkktléfv dsébdfybt b cgjcjåyjcnm dsgjkyznm cdjñ vbccbñ, xnj, d rjytxyjv cxtnt, gjckeébn hfcibhtybñ gjlkbyyjuj hfpyjjåhfpbz, zdkzñotujcz jnkbxbntkmyjq jcjåtyyjcnmñ fvthbrfycrjuj dscituj jåhfpjdfybz.
Bvtyyj nfrjuj gjlöjlf ghblthébdftncz Rfnjkbxtcrbq eybdthcbntn Fvthbrb d u. Dfibyunjyt, Atlthfkmysq jrheu Rjkevåbz, – jåotyfwbjyfkmysq eybdthcbntn Rfnjkbxtcrjq wthrdb d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö. ■
Vytybz, dscrfpsdftvst d lfyyjq cnfnmt, yt jåzpfntkmyj jnhféfñn dpukzls b gjkbnbre ghfdbntkmcndf CIF.
Yf nhtybhjdrt dj dhtvz ghjdtltybz yfwbjyfkm-yjuj nehybhf CIF gj åfcrtnåjke cneltynrf Eybdthcbntnf Åäqkjhf bp Ctyn-Dbyctynf, Jcnhjdf Dtcn-Bylbz, gjljikf gjujdjhbnm c xktyfvb cdjtq rjvfyls bp ntöfccrjq irjks ñéyj-åfgnbcncrjq jhbtynfwbb.
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�� Ä-éehyfk CIFJåotcndj b wtyyjcnb / Yjzåhm 2005 ujlf
Rävåäkkcrbq eybdthcbntn, dscitt extåyjt pfdtltybt ñéysö åfgnbcnjd (ghjntcnfynjd) d in. Ctdthyfz Rfhjkbyf, dblbn cdjt ghtlyfpyfxtybt d njv, xnjås cgjcjåcndjdfnm ajhvbhjdfybñ wtkjcnyjq, öhbcnbfycrb jhbtynbhjdfyyjq kbxyjcnb, rjnjhfz öfhfrnthbpetncz tlbycndjv ntkf, evf b leöf. Änj ghtlgjkfuftn cgjcjåyjcnm dsyjcbnm rhbnbxtcrbt ceéltybz, dscjreñ jwtyre byntkktrnefkmyjuj, rekmnehyjuj b htkbubjpyjuj yfcktlbz, pfåjne j pljhjdmt ntkf, xenrjt jnyjitybt r vbhe, gjybvfybt gjnhtåyjcntq jåotcndf, b hfåjne c kñlmvb. Eybdthcbntn dblbn ghbpdfybt xtkjdtrf d njv, xnjås ébnm dthjñ b vbkjcnmñ Åjuf, yt bcgsnsdfz rjyakbrnf vtéle ébpymñ d cdtnt dths b ébpymñ d cdtnt hfpevf.
Eybdthcbntn Åhfyltqcf d in. Vfccfxectnc ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq jlby bp cfvsö vjkjlsö xfcnysö eybdthcbntnjd c jåibhyjq yfexyjbccktljdfntkmcrjq åfpjq, f nfrét tlbycndtyysq eybdthcbntn d änjq cnhfyt, rjnjhjve jrfpsdfñn abyfycjdeñ gjllthére fvthbrfycrbt tdhtb. Cjukfcyj ljrevtyne, d rjnjhjv jghtltkztncz jcyjdyjt ghtlyfpyfxtybt extåyjuj pfdtltybz, eybdthcbntn åsk jcyjdfy d 1948 ujle ghb gjllthért dctq fvthbrfycrjq tdhtqcrjq jåobys rfr djgkjotybt tt dscibö änbxtcrbö b rekmnehysö wtyyjcntq, f nfrét rfr dshfétybt åkfujlfhyjcnb Cjtlbytyysv Infnfv d ajhvt, cdbltntkmcndeñotq j nhflbwbjyyjq ghbdthétyyjcnb tdhttd jåhfpjdfybñ. Yt ghbyflktéf yb r rfrjve htkbubjpyjve, bltjkjubxtcrjve bkb gjkbnbxtcrjve yfghfdktybñ b jöjnyj ghbybvfz cneltynjd b ghtgjlfdfntktq kñåjq yfwbjyfkmyjcnb, htkbubb b gjkbnbxtcrjq jhbtynfwbb, Eybdthcbntn Åhfyltqcf dyjcbn drkfl d rekmnehyjt vyjujjåhfpbt Fvthbrb, ghtljcnfdkzz dctv hfdyst djpvjéyjcnb b cdjåjle cfvjdshfétybz.
Nböjjrtfycrbq kñnthfycrbq rjkktlé d in. Dfibyunjy åsk jcyjdfy gjctktywfvbkñnthfyfvb. Änjn rjkktlé gjcnfdbk gthtl cjåjq wtkm lfnm jåhfpjdfybt ntv, rnj gjcdznbk cdjñ ébpym Åjue, b jxtym ujhlbncz cdjtq eybrfkmyjq extåyjq ghjuhfvvjq, d rjnjhjq gjlxthrbdftncz ytjåöjlbvfz hjkm dctö tt äktvtynjd b frnbdyfz hjkm cneltynjd d ghbjåhtntybb pyfybq.
Öfhnajhlcrfz leöjdyfz ctvbyfhbz d in. Rjyytrnbren åskf jcyjdfyf ghjntcnfyncrjq öhbcnbfycrjq ltyjvbyfwbtq – rjyuhtufwbjybcnfvb – gehbnfyfvb, rjnjhst dscnegfkb pf ytpfdbcbvjcnm vtcnysö rjyuhtufwbq, n.t. ghböjljd, jn fyukbrfycrjq wthrdb. D yfcnjzott dhtvz d ljgjkytybt r ghjuhfvvfv gj bpextybñ öhbcnbfycndf d änjq ctvbyfhbb tcnm vfubcnthcrfz ghjuhfvvf gj bckfve c gjkextybtv pdfybz rfgtkkfyf, rjnjheñ ghtlkfuftn Wtynh gj bpextybñ bckfvf b öhbcnbfyjvecekmvfycrbö jnyjitybq. Ghtlyfpyfxtybtv änjq leöjdyjq ctvbyfhbb zdkztncz ckeétybt Åjue gjchtlcndjv jåhfpjdfybz, n.t. gjlujnjdrb herjdjlbntktq, cneltynjd, extysö, f nfrét cfvbö htkbubjpysö extåysö pfdtltybq r gjybvfybñ cjdhtvtyyjuj vyjujrjyatccbjyfkmyjuj b gkñhfkbcnbxtcrjuj vbhf b ébpyb d änjv vbht c dthjq. Änf wtkm jceotcndkztncz d hfvrfö jåextybz, ghjdtltybz yfexysö bccktljdfybq, byajhvbhjdfybz jåotcndtyyjcnb b djdktxtybz kñltq d lbfkju, f nfrét gentv endthéltybz dths d cjwbfkmyjv rjyntrcnt b jnrhsnjuj bpextybz rfr hfpyjukfcbq, nfr b njxtr cjghbrjcyjdtybz.
�0 Jåotcndj b wtyyjcnb / Yjzåhm 2005 ujlfÄ-éehyfk CIF
D Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö tcnm rjkktléb, d rjnjhsö cneltyns ukeåjrj bpexfñn njkmrj jlye jåkfcnm. Fdnjh änjq cnfnmb lftn rhfnreñ öfhfrnthbcnbre ytcrjkmrbö extåysö pfdtltybq, eltkzñobö jcyjdyjt dybvfybt bcreccnde, åbpytce bkb djtyyjve ltke. Vfqrk Ahblvfy – cjnhelybr Åñhj vtéleyfhjlysö byajhvfwbjyysö ghjuhfvv Ujcelfhcndtyyjuj ltgfhnfvtynf CIF.
Åjkmibycndj fvthbrfycrbö eybdthcbntnjd ghtlkfufñn ibhjrbq lbfgfpjy ghtlvtnjd b lbcwbgkby. Yj ytrjnjhst, yfghjnbd, cajrecbhjdfys yf xtvnj jlyjv b cnhjzn cdjb
extåyst gkfys cjjndtncndeñobv jåhfpjv. Cgtwbfkbpbhezcm d rjyrhtnysö, xtnrj jxthxtyysö jåkfcnzö, nfrbö rfr bpjåhfpbntkmyst bcreccndf bkb bcgjkybntkmcrjt vfcnthcndj, åbpytc bkb djtyyjt ltkj, änb extåyst pfdtltybz jcjåjuj ghjabkz ghtlkfufñn cneltynfv djpvjéyjcnm cjchtljnjxbnm cdjb ecbkbz yf xtvnj jlyjv. Gjljåysq gjlöjl yt zdkztncz bltfkmysv lkz rféljuj
cneltynf, yj lkz ytrjnjhsö bpextybt ghfdbkmyj dsåhfyyjq ghjatccbb hfcrhsdftn bö bcrkñxbntkmyst cgjcjåyjcnb, gjpdjkztn bv ghbjåhtcnb jghtltktyyst yfdsrb b lftn bv ifyc jåotybz c ctåt gjljåysvb cdthcnybrfvb. Ybét cktletn jgbcfybt dct kbim ytcrjkmrbö gjljåysö extåysö pfdtltybq.
Yföjlzofzcz d YmñQjhrt Léekmzhlcrfz vepsrfkmyfz irjkf ghtlkfuftn cdjbv cneltynfv ghjatccbjyfkmyeñ gjlujnjdre d vepsrt, f nfrét d lheubö cwtybxtcrbö bcreccndfö – nfywt b lhfvt. Jyf yfåbhftn cneltynjd bp 43 infnjd CIF b 43 pfheåtéysö cnhfy, b xnjås nelf gjgfcnm cjbcrfntkb ljkéys ghjqnb åjkmijq rjyrehc. D xbckt tt pyfvtybnsö gbnjvwtd nfrbt bcgjkybntkb rkfccbxtcrjq vepsrb, rfr Bwöfr Gthkvfy, QjQj Vf b Gbyxfc Perthvfy, léfpjdst vepsrfyns Ntkjybec Vjyr b Ebynjy Vfhcfkbc b djrfkbcns – rkfccbxtcrjt cjghfyj Ktjynby Ghfqc b léfpjdfz gtdbwf c bcrkñxbntkmyj ukeåjrbv ujkjcjv Ybyf Cbvjy. C 1971 u. änf irjkf yföjlbncz d Kbyrjkmyjdcrjv wtynht cwtybxtcrbö bcreccnd (Kbyrjkmywtynht), rjnjhsq nfr
CGTwBFKmYST DSCIBT ExTÅYST pFDTLTYBz
Vfqrk Ahblvfy
Ckeifntkb rehcf gj ghjtrnbhjdfybñ cgenybrjd d Djtyyj-vjhcrjq frfltvbb CIF d in. Vähbktyl hfåjnfñn yfl pflfybtv dvtcnt cj cdjbv ghtgjlfdfntktv. Exfcnybrb änjq ghjuhfvvs pfgecnbkb yf jhåbne eét ldf cgenybrf.
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�� Ä-éehyfk CIFJåotcndj b wtyyjcnb / Yjzåhm 2005 ujlf
ét zdkztncz hjlysv ljvjv lkz ≤Vtnhjgjkbntyjgthf≥, YmñQjhrcrjuj abkfhvjybxtcrjuj jhrtcnhf, ≤Léfpf d Kbyrjkmywtynht≥ b djcmvb lheubö öeljétcndtyysö jhufybpfwbq.
Jnyjcbntkmyj yjdjt dscitt extåyjt pfdtltybt Cfdfyycrbq rjkktlé bcreccndf b lbpfqyf cj infårdfhnbhjq d u. Cfdfyyt, in. Léjhlébz, ujnjdbn cneltynjd r rfhmtht d hfpkbxysö dblfö bpjåhfpbntkmyjuj b bcgjkybntkmcrjuj bcreccndf, lbpfqyt, pjlxtcndt b bcnjhbb bcreccndf b fhöbntrnehs. Nfrfz jhbtynfwbz gjpdjkztn Cfdfyycrjve rjkktlée ghtlkfufnm cneltynfv cgtwbfkbpbhjdfnmcz gj ghtlvtnfv, rjnjhst yt dctulf yfqltim d lheubö rjkktléfö b eybdthcbntnfö – htrkfvf, lbpfqy, vekmnbgkbrfwbz, rjvvthxtcrfz ajnjuhfabz. B vyjubt cneltyns, rjnjhst öjnzn ghbjåhtcnb änb ghjatccbb, dscjrj wtyzn djpvjéyjcnm rjywtynhbhjdfyyjuj bpextybz bvtyyj njuj, xnj jnyjczncz r bö åeleotq cgtwbfkmyjcnb. Ujdjhz ckjdfvb ghtpbltynf änjuj rjkktléf Gjks C. Ejkktc, ≤cneltyns Cfdfyycrjuj rjkktléf cjxtnfñn ndjhxtcrjt dbltybt c ntöybxtcrbv vfcnthcndjv c wtkmñ ghtdhfotybz öeljétcndtyysö pfvsckjd d ghjatccbjyfkmyst yfdsrb, rjnjhst vjuen jåtcgtxbnm ceotcndjdfybt d åeleotv≥.
Cneltynjd, cnhtvzoböcz ghbjåhtcnb cgtwbfkmyjcnm d jåkfcnb lbpfqyf, bpjåhfpbntkmyjuj bkb bcgjkybntkmcrjuj bcreccndf, ghbdktrfñn nfrbt extåyst pfdtltybz, rfr Cfdfyycrbq rjkktlé b Léekmzhlcrfz irjkf. Lheubt ét cnfhfñncz ghbjåhtcnb yfdsrb, gjpdjkzñobt ghtecgtnm d vbht åbpytcf bkb ét d cnhtvbntkmyj hfpdbdfñotvcz ntöyjkjubxtcrjv ctrnjht. Xfcnj änb cneltyns åsdfñn cnfhit b eét ultnj hfåjnfñn. Bö gjnhtåyjcnb eljdktndjhztn wtksq hzl rjvvthxtcrbö xfcnysö dscibö extåysö pfdtltybq. Nfrbt extåyst pfdtltybz, rfr Eybdthcbntn LtDhfq, e rjnjhjuj åjktt 70 rfvgecjd b rjnjhsq dtltn nfrét jåextybt d htébvt jykfqy, ghtlkfufñn cdjbv cneltynfv ghfrnbxtcrbt pfyznbz, rjnjhst xfcnj dtlen ghtgjlfdfntkb yf gjkcnfdrb, zdkzñobtcz cgtwbfkbcnfvb dscjrjuj rkfccf d cdjbö jåkfcnzö b hfåjnfñobt dyt eybdthcbntnf. Rjvvthxtcrbt extåyst pfdtltybz jåsxyj ghbcgjcfåkbdfñncz r gkjnysv uhfabrfv hfåjns cdjbö cneltynjd, e vyjubö bp rjnjhsö ctvmb, ghjdjlz pfyznbz d dtxthytt dhtvz b gj ceååjnfv b djcrhtctymzv, f nfrét gjåeélfz exfoböcz pfgbcsdfnmcz yf vtymitt xbckj rehcjd bkb ytgjkyst ghjuhfvvs. Gjkmpeñncz gjgekzhyjcnmñ nfrbt lbcwbgkbys, rfr byajhvfnbrf, ghjuhfvvbhjdfybt, åbpytc b lheubt dscjrjntöyjkjubxtcrbt jåkfcnb. Ytrjnjhst fvthbrfycrbt hfåjnjlfntkb jgkfxbdfñn cdjbv cjnhelybrfv gjkyjcnmñ bkb xfcnbxyj hfcöjls yf lfkmytqitt jåhfpjdfybt b gjkextybt vfubcnthcrjq cntgtyb, xfot dctuj, d jåkfcnb eghfdktybz åbpytcjv.
Åjkmibycndj eybdthcbntnjd CIF zdkzñncz kbåj xfcnysvb extåysvb pfdtltybzvb, kbåj abyfycbheñncz infnjv bkb ét byjulf vtcnysvb jhufyfvb dkfcnb. Jlyfrj atlthfkmyjt ghfdbntkmcndj eghfdkztn djtyysvb exbkbofvb, drkñxfz Djtyyeñ frfltvbñ CIF, döjlzoeñ d cjcnfd Ceöjgenysö cbk, Djtyyjdjpleiyjt exbkbot b Djtyyjvjhcreñ frfltvbñ (Djtyyjvjhcrjt exbkbot) CIF, f nfrét Frfltvbñ Åthtujdjq jöhfys b Vjhtöjlyjt exbkbot njhujdjuj akjnf.
Yfghbvth, ghbtv d Djtyyjvjhcreñ frfltvbñ CIF d u. Fyyfgjkbct, in. Vähbktyl, zdkztncz jxtym cnhjubv, ghbxtv rfltns
Léfp-jhrtcnh Léekmzhlcrjq irjks gjl herjdjlcndjv tuj öeljétcndtyyjuj herjdjlbntkz Dbrnjhf Ujbytcf.
D Cfdfyycrjv rjkktlét bcreccndf b lbpfqyf d in. Léjhlébz ghtgj-lfdfntkm b cneltyn yf pfyznbzö gj vekmnbgkbrfwbb.
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C hfphtitybz Cfdfyycrjuj rjkktléf bcreccndf b lbpfqyf
�� Jåotcndj b wtyyjcnb / Yjzåhm 2005 ujlfÄ-éehyfk CIF
(bpdtcnyst gjl yfpdfybtv ufhltvfhbys) yfpyfxfñncz d änj extåyjt pfdtltybt xktyjv Rjyuhtccf, ghtpbltynjv b dbwtghtpbltynjv Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd, f nfrét vbybcnhjv Djtyyjvjhcrjuj akjnf. Ufhltvfhbys ljkéys jndtxfnm nhtåjdfybzv, ghtlüzdkztvsv r bö djphfcne, abpbxtcrjve pljhjdmñ b ehjdyñ pyfybq, f nfrét yt cjcnjznm d åhfrt. Tot jlybv nhtåjdfybzv zdkztncz yfkbxbt e ufhltvfhbyjd uhfélfycndf CIF; ghfdlf, d bynthtcfö hfpdbnbz vtéleyfhjlysö jnyjitybq b jnyjitybq vtéle djtyyjvjhcrbvb akjnfvb d äne frfltvbñ vjuen ghbybvfnmcz lj 60 cneltynjd bp pfheåtéysö cnhfy, gjbvtyyj yfpdfyysö vbybcnhjv jåjhjys. C 1976 u. ghfdj gjcnegfnm yf extåe d lfyyeñ frfltvbñ gjkexbkb étyobys, rjnjhst d dsgecrt 2009 ujlf åelen cjcnfdkznm jlye gzneñ jn jåotuj xbckf exfoböcz.
Rfélsq ufhltvfhby exbncz åtcgkfnyj, gjkexftn gbnfybt b ébkmt gkñc tétvtczxyeñ cnbgtylbñ. D extåyjq ghjuhfvvt änjuj exbkbof ltkftncz frwtyn yf vfntvfnbre, byétythyst yferb, b ghbjåhtntybt djtyyjvjhcrbö yfdsrjd, f d rfxtcndt ghtlvtnf cgtwbfkbpfwbb vyjubt ufhltvfhbys dsåbhfñn lbcwbgkbys, cdzpfyyst c vjhtöjlcndjv, nfrbt rfr jrtfyjuhfabz, fähjrjcvbxtcrfz ntöybrf bkb rjhfåtkmyfz fhöbntrnehf. Lheubt d cdjtq extåt eltkzñn jcyjdyjt dybvfybt bcnjhbb, ärjyjvbxtcrjq yfert bkb lheubv bvtñobvcz d extåyjq ghjuhfvvt ghtlvtnfv. Dsgecrybrb gjkexfñn pdfybt kbåj äycbyf DVC CIF, kbåj dnjhjuj ktqntyfynf djtyyjvjhcrjq fdbfwbb DVC CIF b jåzpfys jnckeébnm yf frnbdyjq djtyyjq ckeéåt yt vtytt itcnb ktn.
Änf rjhjnrfz cghfdrf kbim erfpsdftn yf yfkbxbt d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö cfvsö hfpysö djpvjéyjcntq lkz gjkextybz dscituj jåhfpjdfybz. Cgtwbfkbpbhjdfyyst dscibt extåyst pfdtltybz ljgjkyzñn rjkktléb b eybdthcbntns, eljdktndjhzz gjnhtåyjcnb d lfkmytqitv jåhfpjdfybb nfrbö ytnhflbwbjyysö rfntujhbq exfoböcz, rfr cneltynsdtxthybrb, ctvtqyst kñlb c ltnmvb b eét hfåjnfñobt kñlb. Ghtlvtns, rjnjhst jyb bpexfñn, åjktt cgtwbfkbpbhjdfys b extåyst ghjuhfvvs åjktt cajrecbhjdfys, xnj gjvjuftn änbv d dscitq cntgtyb wtktecnhtvktyysv cneltynfv d hfpdbnbb cdjbö cgjcjåyjcntq b ljcnbétybb ghjatccbjyfkmysö wtktq. ■
Cneltyn hfåjnftn yfl pflfybtv gj ntktrjvveybrfwbjyysv ntöyjkjubzv d Eybdthcbntnt LtDhfq d u. Ällbcjy, in. Bkkbyjqc.
Cnbd Vfnntj, AP/WWP
�� Ä-éehyfk CIFJåotcndj b wtyyjcnb / Yjzåhm 2005 ujlf
Rjycekmnfyns dctulf cjdtneñn gjntywbfkmysv cneltynfv dsåbhfnm rjkktlé, jcyjdsdfzcm yf cjxtnfybb xtnshtö gfhfvtn
hjd – ghjuhfvvs, hfpvth, cnjbvjcnm b vtcnjgjkjétybt. Chtlb vyjubö vfnthbfkjd, gjvjufñobö cneltynfv cjhbtynbhjdfnmcz d nsczxfö extåysö pfdtltybq CIF, tcnm nfrbt, rjnjhst jghtltkzñn htqnbyu njuj bkb byjuj rjkktléf.
• ≤Gbnthcjyp≥ b ≤Rfgkfy≥ – ldt rjvgfybb, geåkbreñobt byajhvfwbjyyst vfnthbfks jå jåhfpjdfybb. Cghfdjxybr rjvgfybb ≤Gbnthcjyp≥ yfpsdftncz Peterson’s Guide to Competitive Colleges (≤Gjgekzhyst rjkktléb: cghfdjxybr rjvgfybb ≤Gbnthcjyp≥). Rjvgfybz ≤Rfgkfy≥ bplftn Kaplan Publishing’s Most Interesting Colleges (≤Cfvst bynthtcyst rjkktléb: cghfdjxybr bplfntkmcndf ≤Rfgkfy≥), b 2005 – The Unofficial Unbiased Guide to the 331 Most Interesting Colleges (≤331 cfvsq bynthtcysq rjkktlé d CIF: ytjabwbfkmysq jåütrnbdysq cghfdjxybr 2005 ujlf≥).
• Éehyfkbcns, gbieobt d dtleobö ufptnfö nfrét cjcnfdbkb cdjq cgbcjr htrjvtyletvsö extåysö pfdtltybq. Kjhty Gjeg, cgtwbfkbcn gj jåhfpjdfybñ d ufptnt ≤YmñQjhr Nfqvc≥, jåyfhjljdfk Loren Pope’s Colleges That Change Lives, 40 Schools You Should Know About Even if You’re Not a Straight-A Student (Kjhty Gjeg: rjkktléb, cgjcjåyst bpvtybnm dfie ébpym – 40 extåysö pfdtltybq, j rjnjhsö dfv cktletn pyfnm lfét, tckb ds yt jnkbxybr) b Äldfhl Å. Abcrt, åsdibq htlfrnjh Jnltkf jåhfpjdfybz ufptns ≤YmñQjhr Nfqvc≥, dsgecnbk d cdtn Fiske Guide to Colleges (Cghfdjxybr Abcrt gj rjkktléfv). Létq Vännmñp bp ufptns ≤Dfibyunjy Gjcn≥ ghbdjlbn cgbcjr 10 rjkktlétq, ytgjchtlcndtyyj cktleñobö pf cnfhtqibvb b yfbåjktt edféftvsvb fvthbrfycrbvb rjkktléfvb b eybdthcbntnfvb, döjlzobvb d ≤Kbue gkñof≥ d cdjtq rybut Harvard Schmarvard: Getting Beyond the Ivy League to the College That is Best for You (≤Pf ghtltkfvb ≤Kbub gkñof≥ – rjkktlé, rjnjhsq zdkztncz kexibv lkz dfc≥).
• Ajyl Ntvgknjyf d in. Gtycbkmdfybz dsgecrftn The Templeton Guide: Colleges That Encourage Character Development (≤Cghfdjxybr Ntvgknjyf: Rjkktléb, gjjohzñobt ajhvbhjdfybt öfhfrnthf≥).
• Jlby bp cnfhtqibö rjycekmnfynjd gj rjkktléfv Ahtlthbr T. Hfuu yfgbcfk Rugg’s Recommendations on Colleges (≤Rjkktléb: htrjvtylfwbb Hfuuf≥). D änjv cghfdjxybrt cjlthébncz yt njkmrj byajhvfwbz j dtleobö rjkktléfö b eybdthcbntnfö, yj b j kexibö afrekmntnfö b jnltktybzö.
• Yale Daily News’s The Insider’s Guide to the Colleges 2005 (≤Cghfdjxybr bycfqlthf ufptns ≤Qtqk Ltqkb Ymñc≥ j rjkktléfö pf 2005 u.≥) lkz jghtltktybz htqnbyuf åjktt 300 rjkktlétq bcgjkmpetn byajhvfwbñ, gjkextyyeñ jn cfvbö cneltynjd, f yt gjrfpfntkb d jnxtnfö flvbybcnhfwbb.
Gjgekzhyst tétytltkmybrb nfrét ghtlkfufñn cdjb htqnbyub, b jyb ghbdktrfñn åjkmijt dybvfybt. ≤Ñ.C. Ymñc äyl Ejhkl Hbgjhn≥ gjvtcnbk yf cdjbö cnhfybwfö vfnthbfks ≤Kexibt rjkktléb Fvthbrb≥ b ≤Kexibt fcgbhfynehs Fvthbrb≥ [http://www.usnews.com/usnews/home/htm].
Änjn éehyfk ghbdjlbn cdjñ rkfccbabrfwbñ rjkktlétq b jcyjdyeñ byajhvfwbñ j ybö gj hzle rfntujhbq: jåotyfwbjyfkmyst eybdthcbntns (gthtxtym d vfcinfåfö dctq cnhfys); eybdthcbntns, ghtlkfufñobt ghjuhfvvs jåextybz yf gjkextybt cntgtyb vfubcnhf (gthtxtym gj htubjyfv); kexibt extåyst ghjuhfvvs gj åbpytce; kexibt uevfybnfhyst rjkktléb; kexibt extåyst ghj
uhfvvs gj byétythysv yferfv; kexibt eybdthcbntns, lfñobt dctcnjhjyytt jåhfpjdfybt; xtnshtöujlbxyst rjkktléb, d rjnjhsö åjktt 50 ghjwtynjd cneltynjd bpexfñn yt njkmrj uevfybnfhyst ghtlvtns (gthtxtym gj htubjyfv).
B tot jlby htcehc – dtåcfqn Åbåkbjntrb gj jåotcndtyysv yferfv b jåhfpjdfybñ d Bkkbyjqcrjv eybdthcbntnt d u. EhåfytIfvgtqy. Änjn cfqn lftn djpvjéyjcnm cdzpfnmcz cj vyjubvb jykfqyjdsvb ckeéåfvb, pfybvfñobvbcz htqnbyujv rjkktlétq, dsqnb yf lheubt bcnjxybrb byajhvfwbb j rjkktléfö b eybdthcbntnfö b lfét gjgfcnm yf cfqns, yf rjnjhsö chfdybdfñncz hfpyst htqnbyub b jåceélftncz bö wtyyjcnm. [http://www.library.uiuc.edu/edx/rankings.htm]
Rkfccbabrfwbz rjkktlétq
Gj cdtltybzv éehyfkf ≤Ñ.C. Ymñc äyl Ejhkl Hbgjhn≥, bp cnf eybdthcbntnjd, xfcnj yfpsdftvsö ≤cfvsvb kexibvb≥ eybdthcbntnfvb d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö, jlyb zdkzñncz infncrbvb, f lheubt xfcnysvb. Dct jyb bpdtcnys dscjrbv rfxtcndjv cdjbö extåysö ghjuhfvv, htcehcfvb – nfrbvb rfr cjdhtvtyyst, öjhjij jåjheljdfyyst kfåjhfnjhbb b åbåkbjntrb, b ibhjrjq ctnmñ åsdibö gbnjvwtd b cgjycjhjd, cdzpfyysö c änbvb extåysvb pfdtltybzvb. Lfyyst eybdthcbntns ghtlkfufñn ibhjrbq lbfgfpjy ghtlvtnjd cgtwbfkbpfwbb yf ehjdyt åfpjdjuj xtnshtöujlbxyjuj jåextybz, f nfrét jåextybt d jåkfcnzö, gjpdjkzñobö gjkexbnm cntgtym vfubcnhf bkb ljrnjhf. Vyjubt bp egjvzyensö eybdthcbntnjd dtlen jåibhyeñ yfexyjbccktljdfntkmcreñ hfåjne. Cjukfcyj ≤Ñ.C. Ymñc äyl Ejhkl Hbgjhn≥, 20 kexibvb eybdthcbntnfvb d CIF zdkzñncz:
1/2 (ltkzn) Ufhdfhlcrbq eybdthcbntn b Ghbycnjycrbq eybdthcbntn3 Qtkmcrbq eybdthcbntn 4 Gtycbkmdfycrbq eybdthcbntn5/6 (ltkzn) Eybdthcbntn Lmñrf b Cnäyajhlcrbq eybdthcbntn7/8 (ltkzn) Rfkbajhybqcrbq ntöyjkjubxtcrbq bycnbnen b Vfccfxectncrbq ntöyjkjubxtcrbq bycnbnen9/10 (ltkzn) Rjkevåbqcrbq eybdthcbntn b Lfhnvencrbq rjkktlé11 Eybdthcbntn Dfibyunjyf d u. CtynKebct12 CtdthjPfgflysq eybdthcbntn1314 (ltkzn) Rjhytkkcrbq eybdthcbntn b Eybdthcbntn Léjycf Öjgrbycf15/16 (ltkzn) Eybdthcbntn Åhfeyf b Xbrfucrbq eybdthcbntn17 Eybdthcbntn Hfqcf18/19 (ltkzn) Eybdthcbntn YjnhLfv b Eybdthcbntn Dfylthåbknf20/21 (ltkzn) Eybdthcbntn Ävjhb b Rfkbajhybqcrbq eybdthcbntn – d Åthrkb.[http://www.usnews.com/usnews/edu/college/rankings/rankindex_
brief/php]
Cfvst kexibt dscibt extåyst pfdtltybz Fvthbrb
Fiske Guide to Colleges
�� Jåotcndj b wtyyjcnb / Yjzåhm 2005 ujlfÄ-éehyfk CIF
Vyjubt jhufybpfwbb hfcgjkfufñn rjkktléb b eybdthcbntns CIF d jghtltktyyjv gjhzlrt, ghjbpdjlzn bö jwtyre
b fyfkbpbheñn bö. R dctjåotve cjéfktybñ, nt, rnj gsnfñncz yfqnb rfrjqnj rjyctycec chtlb bvtñoböcz gthtxytq, ytbpvtyyj eåtélfñncz d njv, xnj änj ytdjpvjéyj cltkfnm. Jyb htlrj cjcnfdkzñncz gj jlyjve b njve ét ghbywbge ltktybz irjk yf uheggs, gjkmpeñncz jlybv b ntv ét dbljv bcnjxybrjd (yfghbvth, jnxtns flvbybcnhfwbb) bkb ghblthébdfñncz jlyjuj b njuj ét jghtltktybz gjyznbz dscituj rfxtcndf. Nfr, yfghbvth, ybét ghbdjlzncz ldf gthtxyz dtleobö extåysö pfdtltybq d ldeö jåkfcnzö. Änb gthtxyb åskb cjcnfdktys gentv chfdytybz gjhzlrjdsö yjvthjd, lfyysö rjkktléfv b eybdthcbntnfv hfpkbxysvb jhufybpfwbzvb, b dytctybz d gthtxyb ntö, rjnjhst dct erfpfkb d xbckt gthdsö ldflwfnb. Gthtxyb ghbdjlzncz d fkafdbnyjv gjhzlrt.
Byétythystyferb
Änjn gthtxtym åsk gjlujnjdkty yf jcyjdt rkfccbabrfwbb gj gjhzlrjdsv yjvthfv d éehyfkt ≤Ñ.C. Ymñc äyl Ejhkl Hbgjhn≥
≤Kexibt rjkktléb 2005 u.≥ b StudentsReview.com, cjcnfdktyyjq fcgbhfynfvb Vfccfxectncrjuj ntöyjkjubxtcrjuj bycnbnenf, xnjås jndtnbnm yf
≤djghjcs, rjnjhst cneltyns öjntkb ås pflfnm, tckb ås ljcnfnjxyj lkz änjuj pyfkb≥.
Rjhytkkcrbq eybdthcbntn, in. YmñQjhrEybdthcbntn Léjycf Öjgrbycf, in. VähbktylVfccfxectncrbq ntöyjkjubxtcrbq bycnbnen, in. VfccfxectncEybdthcbntn infnf Gtycbkmdfybz, in. GtycbkmdfybzEybdthcbntn Gthlmñ, in. BylbfyfHtyctkthcrbq gjkbntöybxtcrbq bycnbnen, in. YmñQjhr
Eybdthcbntn Hfqcf, in. NtöfcCnäyajhlcrbq eybdthcbntn, in. RfkbajhybzNtöfccrbq ctkmcrjöjpzqcndtyysq b gjkbntöybxtcrbq eybdthcbntn d Rjkktlé Cntqiy, in. NtöfcBkkbyjqcrbq eybdthcbntn d u. EhåfytIfvgtqy, in. BkkbyjqcDbhlébycrbq gjkbntöybxtcrbq bycnbnen b eybdthcbntn infnf, in. Dbhlébybz.
Åbpytc
Änjn gthtxtym åsk gjlujnjdkty yf jcyjdt rkfccbabrfwbb gj gjhzlrjdsv yjvthfv d éehyfkt ≤Ñ.C. Ymñc äyl Ejhkl Hbgjhn≥ ≤Kexibt rjkktléb 2005 u.≥, geåkbrfwbb éehyfkf ≤Åbpytc Ebr≥ ≤Kexibt irjks åbpytcf≥, 2004 u. (gjljåysq vfnthbfk geåkbretncz hfp d ldf ujlf) b rkfccbabrfwbb irjk åbpytcf gj gjhzlrjdsv yjvthfv, dpznjq bp éehyfkf ≤Ajhåc Väufpby≥ d 2003 u., rjnjhfz jgthbhetn rhbnthbtv cfvjq dscjrjq ghbåskb, gjkextyyjq jn bydtcnbwbq, dkjétyysö d jåextybt d rjyrhtnyjv bycnbnent, egjvzyenjv d cgbcrt.
Eybdthcbntn RfhytubVtkkjyf, in. GtycbkmdfybzRjhytkkcrbq eybdthcbntn, in. YmñQjhrEybdthcbntn Ävjhb, in. LéjhlébzVfccfxectncrbq ntöyjkjubxtcrbq bycnbnen, in. VfccfxectncYmñQjhrcrbq (ujhjlcrjq) eybdthcbntn, in. YmñQjhrVbxbufycrbq eybdthcbntn, in. VbxbufyCtdthjrfhjkbycrbq eybdthcbntn d u. XägtkÖbkk, in. Ctdthyfz RfhjkbyfGtycbkmdfycrbq eybdthcbntn, in. GtycbkmdfybzEybdthcbntn infnf Ntöfc d u. Jcnbyt, in. NtöfcDbhlébycrbq eybdthcbntn, in. Dbhlébybz
Dtleobt ghjuhfvvs åfpjdjuj xtnshtöujlbxyjuj rehcf jåextybz d åbpytct b byétythysö yferfö
≤Kbujq gkñof≥ yfpsdfñncz djctvm cnfhtqibö b cfvsö ghtcnbéysö eybdthcbntnjd d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö. Änb dscibt extåyst pfdtltybz pfrkñxbkb cjukfitybt j ghtlüzdktybb jlbyfrjdsö nhtåjdfybq r cdjbv cneltynfvcgjhncvtyfv rfr d cgjhnt, nfr b d extåt. Gjcrjkmre d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö lfyyst rjkktléb åskb cjplfys jlybvb bp gthdsö, e åjkmibycndf bp ybö bvtñncz rhfcbdst, gjcnhjtyyst vyjuj ktn yfpfl cneltyxtcrbt ujhjlrb, d rjnjhsö cnfhbyyst plfybz jådbns gkñojv – jncñlf
yfpdfybt ≤Kbuf gkñof≤. Dct djctvm rjkktlétq jnyjczncz r kexibv extåysv pfdtltybzv d cnhfyt: Eybdthcbntn Åhfeyf, Rjkevåbqcrbq eybdthcbntn, Rjhytkkcrbq eybdthcbntn, Lfhnvencrbq rjkktlé, Ufhdfhlcrbq eybdthcbntn, Gtycbkmdfycrbq eybdthcbntn, Ghbycnjycrbq eybdthcbntn b Qtkmcrbq eybdthcbntn. Bvtyf änbö eybdthcbntnjd b yfpdfybt ≥Kbuf gkñof≤ gjghtéytve fccjwbbheñncz c cfvsvb dscjrbvb ljcnbétybzvb d jåkfcnb fvthbrfycrjuj dscituj jåhfpjdfybz b dctuj, xnj c ybv cdzpfyj.
Dscibt extåyst pfdtltybz ≤Kbub gkñof≥
�� Ä-éehyfk CIFJåotcndj b wtyyjcnb / Yjzåhm 2005 ujlf
“EducationUSA” bkb ≤Jåhfpjdfybt d CIF≥ ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq ukjåfkmyeñ ctnm, d rjnjheñ döjlzn cdsit 450 rjycekmnfwbjyysö b byajhvfwbjyysö wtynhjd d 170 cnhfyfö. Änb wtynhs gjllthébdfñncz Åñhj gj ltkfv jåhfpjdfybz b rekmnehs Ujcelfhcndtyyjuj ltgfhnfvtynf CIF. Wtynhs frnbdyj ghjgfufylbheñn cbcntve dscituj jåhfpjdfybz CIF dj dctv vbht, ghtljcnfdkzz njxyeñ, dctjåütvkñoeñ, jåütrnbdyeñ b cdjtdhtvtyyeñ byajhvfwbñ j djpvjéyjcnzö gjkextybz jåhfpjdfybz d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö b jhbtynbhez kbw, bvtñobö ytjåöjlbvst lbgkjvs b fnntcnfns, d njv, rfr bcgjkmpjdfnm änb djpvjéyjcnb.
D wtynhfö ≤Jåhfpjdfybt d CIF≥ hfåjnfñn ghjatccbjyfkmyst rjycekmnfyns, vyjubt bp rjnjhsö cfvb exbkbcm d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö bkb ghjöjlbkb cjjndtncndeñoeñ gjlujnjdre d Ujcelfhcndtyyjv ltgfhnfvtynt d jåkfcnb dscituj jåhfpjdfybz CIF b bpexfkb rjycekmnfnbdysq ghjwtcc. Tétujlyj änb rjycekmnfyns gjvjufñn ghbåkbpbntkmyj 25 vbkkbjyfv gjntywbfkmysö byjcnhfyysö cneltynjd, hfpujdfhbdfz c ybvb kbxyj b gj ntktajye, kbåj cdzpsdfzcm c ybvb gj äktrnhjyyjq gjxnt b xthtp Bynthytn.
Cjnhelybrb wtynhjd ≤Jåhfpjdfybt d CIF≥ ghtljcnfdkzñn byjcnhfyysv cneltynfv juhjvysq jåütv byajhvfwbb. Eckeub yf dctö änfgfö gjbcrf yeéyjuj bv rjkktléf åtcgkfnys. Rjycekmnfyns pyfñn hfpkbxbz vtéle vyjubvb dblfvb rjkktlétq b eybdthcbntnjd CIF b vjuen gjcjdtnjdfnm, rfr jghtltkbnm extåyjt pfdtltybt, rjnjhjt yfbkexibv jåhfpjv jndtxftn gjnhtåyjcnzv njuj bkb byjuj xtkjdtrf d jåkfcnb jåhfpjdfybz b ghjatccbjyfkmyjq gjlujnjdrb. Jyb pyfñn, rfr jhufybpjdfy ghjwtcc ghbyznbz yf extåe d CIF, b vjuen lfnm rjycekmnfwbñ gj nfrbv djghjcfv, rfr ghjöjéltybt ntcnjd, yfgbcfybt äcct, nhtåjdfybz r öfhfrnthbcnbrfv b djpvjéyjcnb gjkextybz abyfycjdjq gjvjob.
Gjcrjkmre rjycekmnfyns ≤Jåhfpjdfybt d CIF≥ gjcnjzyyj gjkexfñn gjcktlybt cdtltybz jå bpvtytybzö d bvvbuhfwbjyysö pfrjyfö CIF b nhtåjdfybzö d cdzpb c jåtcgtxtybtv åtpjgfcyjcnb, jyb vjuen nfrét hfpüzcybnm, rfr yeéyj jåhfofnmcz pf cneltyxtcrjq dbpjq b rfr ghjöjlbnm cjåtctljdfybt. Vyjubt wtynhs ≤Jåhfpjdfybt d CIF≥ ghtljcnfdkzñn cgtwbfkbpbhjdfyyst eckeub, nfrbt, rfr jhufybpfwbz b ghjdtltybt ctvbyfhjdghfrnbrevjd gj yfgbcfybñ äcct b htpñvt, gj gjlujnjdrt r jnütple b gthtdjle ljrevtynjd yf fyukbqcrbq zpsr b bö pfdthtybñ.
Jnvtxftv ytltkñ vtéleyfhjlyjuj
jåhfpjdfybzYtltkz vtéleyfhjlyjuj jåhfpjdfybz – öjhjibq gjdjl tot
hfp gjhfpvsikznm j rjkjccfkmyjq gjkmpt vtéleyfhjlyjuj jåhfpjdfybz b cneltyxtcrbö jåvtyjd. Änf cjdvtcnyfz bybwbfnbdf Ujcelfhcndtyyjuj ltgfhnfvtynf CIF b Vbybcnthcndf jåhfpjdfybz CIF zdkztncz xfcnmñ yfibö ecbkbq d jceotcndktybb ghjuhfvv, ujnjdzobö fvthbrfywtd r eckjdbzv ukjåfkmyjq ärjyjvbrb b ghbdktrfñobö åeleobö kblthjd bp lheubö cnhfy exbnmcz d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö, xnjås ajhvbhjdfnm yjdst yfdsrb b jåvtybdfnmcz jgsnjv.
Vs gjjohztv exfcnbt dctö jnltkmysö kbw b dct exhtéltybz, jhufybpfwbb b dtljvcndf, pfbynthtcjdfyyst d vthjghbznbzö, ghjdjlbvsö d hfvrfö vtéleyfhjlyjuj jåhfpjdfybz b jåvtyf, drkñxfz irjks, rjkktléb b eybdthcbntns, gjcjkmcndf, vtéleyfhjlyst jhufybpfwbb, ghtlghbznbz, jåütlbytybz b vtcnyst jhufybpfwbb.
[http://iew.state.gov/]
Yfqlbnt åkbéfqibq r dfv wtynh ≤Jåhfpjdfybt d CIF≥ gj äktrnhjyyjve flhtce: http://educationusa.state,gov/.
�� Jåotcndj b wtyyjcnb / Yjzåhm 2005 ujlfÄ-éehyfk CIF
Eybdthcbntncrfz ébpym
Gthdjrehcybrfv Ufhdfhlcrjuj eybdthcbntnf d in. Vfccfxectnc yhfdbncz bö cnjkjdfz
Dsgjkyznm gjkextyyjt d rjkktlét pflfybt ktuxt, tckb yfqnb eljåyjt vtcnj lkz hfåjns. Änb cneltyns Rjkktléf Cgtkvfyf yfckfélf-ñncz öjhjitq gjujljq d in. Léjhlébz.
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Ctcnhs bp Ihb Kfyrb Nöfhfyuf b Ähfyuf Ueytnbkktrt yf ajyt ltrjhfwbq r jgtht ≤Åjutvf≥ d Rjkktlét Rjydthc d in. Ñéyfz Rfhjkbyf. Dj dhtvz änjq gjcnfyjdrb, cgecnz ytcrjkmrj ytltkm gjckt weyfvb, jyb cjåhfkb 8 000 ljkkfhjd CIF c ntv, xnjås gjvjxm gjcnhflfdibv jn änjuj cnböbqyjuj åtlcndbz, b yfltñncz cjåhfnm tot åjkmit.
Cneltyns Cfdfyycrjuj rjkktléf bcreccndf b lbpfqyf, cktdf, exfcndeñn d ghjtrnt ≤Ébdjt bcreccndj≥ dj dhtvz ghjdtltybz d in. Léjhlébz tétujlyjuj cneltyxtcrjuj atcnbdfkz bcreccnd ≤Hbceyrb yf fcafkmnt≥.
Cktdf, xtvgbjyfn étyoby gj aenåjke ghjåeélftn leö cjgthybxtcndf d buhjrfö bp Eybdthcbntnf YjnhLfv b Rfkbajhybqcrjuj eybdthcbntnf d KjcFylétktct.
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Änjn cneltyn ghfrnbretncz d yfgbcfybb rbnfqcrbö bthjukbajd d Rjkktlét Lädblcjyf d in. Ctdthyfz Rfhjkbyf.
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�� Ä-éehyfk CIFJåotcndj b wtyyjcnb / Yjzåhm 2005 ujlf
Rehcfyns Djtyyjdjpleiyjuj exbkbof d in. Rjkjhflj ghfplyeñn jrjyxfybt änjuj extåyjuj pfdtltybz.
Cneltynsgjkbnjkjub Wtynhfkmyjuj Vbxbufycrjuj eybdthcbntnf, cktdf, jåhfofñncz r pfrjyjlfntkzv infnf Vbxbufy c cthmtpysv ghtlkjétybtv j gthtcvjnht ltåfnbhetvjq ghjuhfvvs ghbceéltybz cnbgtylbq yf jcyjdt frfltvbxtcrbö ljcnbétybq.
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Vepsrfyns jhrtcnhf Eybdthcbntnf Léjhlébb c åjkmibv djjleitdktybtv buhfñn yf åfcrtnåjkmyjv nehybht.
Cneltynrf Vähbktylcrjuj eybdthcbntnf hfåjnftn yfl ghjtrnjv ljvf, rjnjhsq jåtcgtxbdftncz äktrnhjäythubtq c gjvjomñ cjkytxysö åfnfhtq, ghtlcnfdktyyjuj yf jåotyfwbjyfkmysq rjyrehc cneltyxtcrbö hfåjn. Vjltkb ytrjnjhsö yjdsö ntöyjkjubq åskb ghjltvjycnhbhjdfys nsczxfv kñltq, cjåhfdiböcz yf Yfwbjyfkmyjv vjkkt d wtynht Dfibyunjyf.
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�� Ä-éehyfk CIFJåotcndj b wtyyjcnb / Yjzåhm 2005 ujlf
Vtélbcwbgkbyfhyfz ghjuhfvvf d jlyjv bp yfibö dtleobö eybdthcbntnjd ghtlkfuftn cneltynfv, ghjzdkzñobv bynthtc r vtéleyfhjlysv jnyjitybzv, djpvjéyjcnm bpexfnm äne jåkfcnm, cnfdz gthtl cjåjq rjyrhtnyst wtkb b jlyjdhtvtyyj ujnjdz ctåz r hfåjnt d åbpytct, d cbcntvt eghfdktybz, extåysö pfdtltybzö b lheubö jåkfcnzö d cdjtq cnhfyt b pf heåtéjv. Vfqrk Létq Ahblvfy zdkztncz cjnhelybrjv Åñhj vtéleyfhjlysö byajhvfwbjyysö ghjuhfvv Ujcelfhcndtyyjuj ltgfhnfvtynf CIF.
Cneltyns d eybdthcbntnfö CIF jåsxyj htifñn djghjc j cgtwbfkbpfwbb r rjywe cdjtuj dnjhjuj ujlf jåextybz. D gjcktlytt dhtvz cfvsv gjgekzhysv ghtlvtnjv cgtwbf
kbpfwbb d Gtycbkmdfycrjv eybdthcbntnt d u. Abkfltkmabz cnfkb vtéleyfhjlyst jnyjitybz, båj vfcinfås ärjyjvbxtcrjq, gjkbnbxtcrjq b rekmnehyjq ukjåfkbpfwbb hfcnen. Ghjuhfvvf bpextybz vtéleyfhjlysö jnyjitybq – vtélbcwbgkbyfhyfz b nhtåetn jn cneltynjd dsgjkytybz extåysö ghjuhfvv gj hfpysv ghtlvtnfv b yfgbcfybz rehcjdjq hfåjns jåütvjv d 3040 cnhfybw gjl herjdjlcndjv ghtgjlfdfntkz.
Yt dct cneltyns, rnj öjnzn cgtwbfkbpbhjdfnmcz gj änjve ghtlvtne, gjkexfñn nfreñ djpvjéyjcnm. Jyb jnåbhfñncz gj frfltvbxtcrbv gjrfpfntkzv. E ybö ljkéyf åsnm chtlyzz jwtyrf 2,8 (gj irfkt 4.0) b jyb ljkéys ghjckeifnm dct nhtåetvst ghjuhfvvjq rehcs gj gjkbnjkjubb, bcnjhbb pfgflyjq wbdbkbpfwbb b vbrhj b vfrhjärjyjvbrt b clfnm gj ybö ärpfvtys. Gjckt njuj, rfr cneltynfv hfphtifñn cgtwbfkbpbhjdfnmcz gj ghtlvtne vtéleyfhjlyst jnyjitybz, jyb ljkéys ghjqnb jcyjdyjq rehc, d rjnjhjv ltkftncz frwtyn yf ntjhbb vtéleyfhjlysö jnyjitybq, vbhjdjq ärjyjvbrt, bcnjhbb lbgkjvfnbb b vtéleyfhjlyjq gjkbnbrt, f gjnjv dsåhfnm åjktt eprbt cgtwbfkmyst ghtlvtns bp endthéltyyjuj cgbcrf rehcjd, cjcnfdktyyjuj gj htrjvtylfwbzv Rjkktléf bcreccnd b yfer b irjks åbpytcf Dfhnjyf. Änj lftn cneltynfv juhjvysq yfåjh dfhbfynjd, rjulf jyb cjcnfdkzñn bylbdblefkmyst ghjuhfvvs extås – jn Djcnjxyjq Fpbb lj fynhjgjkjubb b vtéleyfhjlysö abyfycjd. Yfkbxbt nfrjuj ibhjrjuj dsåjhf ghtlvtnjd ghb bpextybb vtéleyfhjlysö jnyjitybq ghbdjlbn r njve, xnj cneltyns dshféfñn étkfybt cgtwbfkbpbhjdfnmcz tot d rfrjqkbåj jåkfcnb – d bcnjhbb, gjkbnjkjubb bkb ärjyjvbrt.
VTÉLEYFHJLYST JNYJITYBz D GTYCBKmDFYCRJV EYBDTHCBNTNT
Vfqrk Létq Ahblvfy
Cneltyns Gtycbkmdfycrjuj eybdthcbntnf (cktdf yfghfdj) Kbdbz Hehfhé-Ömñutyc, Vjöfvvfl fkm-Fkb b Vännmñ Ahbi cgtwbfkbpbheñncz yf bpextybb vtéleyfhjlysö jnyjitybq.
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Dct, e rjuj jcyjdyjq cgtwbfkbpfwbtq zdkzñncz vtéleyfhjlyst jnyjitybz, gbien lbgkjvyeñ hfåjne gj ntvt, cdzpfyyjq c vtéleyfhjlysvb jnyjitybzvb. D xbckt cfvsö gjcktlybö ntv: ≤Hjkm bcnjhbxtcrjq gfvznb d ldecnjhjyybö jnyjitybzö vtéle Zgjybtq b Rbnftv b Zgjybtq b Ñéyjq Rjhttq≥ b ≤Nhfycyfwbjyfkmyst rjhgjhfwbb b vtéleyfhjlyjt ghfdj, htuekbheñott jåkfcnm ltkjdsö jnyjitybq≥.
Cneltyn gjcktlytuj rehcf bp Njhjynj, Rfyflf, Vännmñ Ahbi pföjntk bpexfnm vtéleyfhjlyst jnyjitybz, gjnjve xnj änj lfdfkj tve djpvjéyjcnm bpexfnm cfvsq ibhjrbq rheu ghtlvtnjd. Nfrjt gjkjétybt dtotq jy yfpdfk ≤lbdthcbabrfwbz åfps pyfybq≥. Tve jxtym gjyhfdbkcz jlby bp dsåhfyysö bv rehcjd yf afrekmntnt éehyfkbcnbrb. Änjn rehc yfpsdftncz ≤CVB b ghtpbltyncndj≥. Cneltyns gjkexbkb chtlcndf gjtöfnm b gjpfybvfnmcz d jlye bp ghtpbltyncrbö åbåkbjntr – gj cdjtve dsåjhe. Ahbi gjtöfk d Åbåkbjntre b veptq Léjyf A. Rtyytlb d Åjcnjyt, ult gjlujnjdbk dscnegktybt yf ctvbyfht j cdzpb vtéle ghjdjlbvjq Rtyytlb gjkbnbrjq ≤öjkjlyjq djqys≥ b tuj gjkbnbrjq d jåkfcnb uhfélfycrbö ghfd. Dgjcktlcndbb änjn ljrkfl åsk jgeåkbrjdfy d cneltyxtcrjv éehyfkt.
Cneltyn nhtnmtuj rehcf Vjöfvvfl fkmFkb, bvtñobq ldjqyjt uhfélfycndj CIF b Redtqnf b dsåhfdibq ctåt ldf jcyjdysö ghtlvtnf cgtwbfkbpfwbb, ljåfdkztn, xnj vtéleyfhjlyst jnyjitybz gjvjufñn tve ≤kbrdblbhjdfnm hfphsd≥ vtéle tuj ldevz rekmnehfvb b ldevz cnbkzvb ébpyb. Ldf yfghfdktybz cgtwbfkbpfwbb – vtéleyfhjlyst jnyjitybz b ahfywepcrbq zpsr
– dsåhfkf b Kbdbz HehfhéÖmñutyc, uhfélfyrf CIF b Åtkmubb, ctvmz rjnjhjq gjkexbkf d Fvthbrt gjkbnbxtcrjt eåtébot. Vtéleyfhjlyst jnyjitybz ghtlcnfdkzñncz tq cfvjq hfpevyjq cgtwbfkbpfwbtq lkz gjlujnjdrb r njve, xtv jyf öjxtn pfybvfnmcz d åeleotv – vtéleyfhjlyjve ghfde d ghbvtytybb r åtétywfv.
Cneltyns, dsåhfdibt vtéleyfhjlyst jnyjitybz jcyjdysv ghtlvtnjv cgtwbfkbpfwbb ghbybvfñn exfcnbt d vyjujxbcktyysö vthjghbznbzö, yjczobö frfltvbxtcrbq, jåotcndtyysq b ghjatccbjyfkmysq öfhfrnth, gjpdjkzñobq bv gjlujnjdbnmcz d cdjtq åeleotq rfhmtht. Cgjycjhjv vyjubö bp änbö vthjghbznbq zdkztncz cjplfyyfz b eghfdkztvfz cneltynfvb Cneltyxtcrfz fccjwbfwbz vtéleyfhjlysö jnyjitybq. Tt ysytiybq ghtpbltyn HehfhéÖmñutyc jnvtxftn, xnj änf jhufybpfwbz rfélsq ujl ghjdjlbn gjtplrb d YmñQjhr b Dfibyunjy, ult cneltyns frnbdyj jåofñncz c ghtgjlfdfntkzvb ñhblbxtcrbö afrekmntnjd b fcgbhfyneh dtleobö eybdthcbntnjd.
Dsgecrybrb Gtycbkmdfycrjuj eybdthcbntnf, cgtwbfkbpbhjdfdibtcz d vtéleyfhjlysö jnyjitybzö, yfhfcödfn. Jyb frnbdyj hfåjnfñn dj vyjubö jåkfcnzö. Jlby bp lbhtrnjhjd Ghjuhfvvs bpextybz vtéleyfhjlysö jnyjitybq Ahäyr Gkäynty cxbnftn, xnj ≤bvttncz åjkmijq cghjc yf ntö, rnj jåkflftn pyfybzvb d änjq jåkfcnb, evttn gbcfnm b bcgjkmpjdfnm lheubt gjktpyst yfdsrb lkz jwtyrb ghjbcöjlzobö d vbht bpvtytybq. Änb kñlb yeéys d åbpytct, d ujcelfhcndtyysö exhtéltybzö, d extåysö pfdtltybzö b lheubö jåkfcnzö e ctåz d cnhfyt, nfr b pf heåtéjv≥. ■
RHFNRBq JÅpJH FRRHTLBNFwBB DSCIBÖ ExTÅYSÖ pFDTLTYBq D CIF
≤Frrhtlbnfwbz ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq ytpfdbcbvsq fyfkbp rfxtcndf dscituj jåhfpjdfybz, d ghjwtcct rjnjhjuj dybvfntkmyj bpexftncz hfåjnf rjkktlétq b eybdthcbntnjd, f nfrét cjlthéfybt extåysö ghjuhfvv d wtkzö ufhfynbb cnfylfhnjd ghtgjlfdfybz b bö gjdsitybz. Frrhtlbnfwbz d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö ceotcndetn eét åjktt 100 ktn, b ghbxbyjq tt ddtltybz zdbkfcm pfåjnf j pfobnt pljhjdmz b åtpjgfcyjcnb uhfélfy b ckeétybt bynthtcfv jåotcndf.
D Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö frrhtlbnfwbz jceotcndkztncz xfcnysvb ytrjvvthxtcrbvb jhufybpfwbzvb, cgtwbfkmyj ghtlyfpyfxtyysvb lkz änjq wtkb. Fyfkbp rfxtcndf dscituj jåhfpjdfybz d CIF yt döjlbn d rjvgtntywbñ jhufyjd ujcelfhcndtyyjq dkfcnb. D lheubö cnhfyfö vthjghbznbz, cdzpfyyst c frrhtlbnfwbtq extåysö pfdtltybq b ufhfynbtq rfxtcndf, jåsxyj ghjdjlzncz ujcelfhcndtyysvb cnhernehfvb.
Jhufybpfwbb, jndtncndtyyst pf frrhtlbnfwbñ, bpexfñn rjkktléb b eybdthcbntns d 50 infnfö, f nfrét d hzlt lheubö cnhfy. Änb jhufybpfwbb hfccvfnhbdfñn nsczxb ghjuhfvv gjlujnjdrb gj cfvsv hfpysv ghjatccbzv b cgtwbfkmyjcnzv, drkñxfz ghfdj, åbpytc, vtlbwbye, cjwbfkmyst eckeub, fgntxyjt ltkj, uevfybnfhyst yferb, bcreccndj b éehyfkbcnbre≤.
Ceotcndeñn nhb dblf jhufybpfwbq, jndtncndtyysö pf frrhtlbnfwbñ: htubjyfkmyst, jåotyfwbjyfkmyst b jhufybpfwbb, pfybvfñobtcz jghtltktyysvb ghjatccbzvb. Frrhtlbnfwbz ghtcktletn cktleñobt wtkb: jåtcgtxtybt ufhfynbb rfxtcndf, jghtltktybt yfkbxbz ljcnegf r atlthfkmysv ajylfv, eghjotybt gthtöjlf bp jlyjuj extåyjuj pfdtltybz d lheujt b erhtgktybt ljdthbz hfåjnjlfntkz r ljrevtynfv jå jåhfpjdfybb bkb kbwtypbzv, dslfyysv ntv bkb bysv extåysv pfdtltybtv.
[http://www.chea.org/pdf/overview_US_accred_8-03.pdf ]
Léelbn BnjyGhtpbltyn Cjdtnf gj djghjcfv frrhtlbnfwbb d jåkfcnb dscituj jåhfpjdfybz
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Ytpfdbcbvsq uevfybnfhysq rjkktlé Ähköfv d Hbxvjylt, infn Bylbfyf, cnhtvbncz ghtljcnfdbnm jåhfpjdfybt, jndtxfñott cfvsv dscjrbv cnfylfhnfv. Cjplfyysq rdfrthfvb rjkktlé cnfhftncz djcgbnsdfnm cdjbö gbnjvwtd d leöt gjbcrf bcnbys b edfétybz r ytq. Ghtgjlfdfntkb gjjohzñn d cneltynfö frnbdyjcnm b kñåjpyfntkmyjcnm, f nfrét cjxtnfybt byntkktrnefkmysö ecnhtvktybq c ébpymñ, d rjnjhjq jyb jncnfbdfñn wtyyjcnb ukjåfkmyjuj jåhfpjdfybz, vbhyjuj hfphtitybz rjyakbrnjd b hfdtycndf kñltq b dscjrj vjhfkmyjt gjdtltybt rfr d rjkktlét, nfr b gjckt tuj jrjyxfybz. Hbxfhl Öjklty lj dsöjlf yf gtycbñ djpukfdkzk jnltk gj cdzpzv c jåotcndtyyjcnmñ d rjkktlét Ähköfv.
Jcnfyjdbnt kñåjuj byjcnhfyyjuj cneltynf d rjkktlét Ähköfv b ds vjétnt åsnm edthtys, xnj gthtl dfvb xtkjdtr c zcysv dbltybtv åeleotuj. Ytåjkmijq xfcnysq
uevfybnfhysq rjkktlé jåsxyj ghbdktrftn cneltynjd, cnhtvz
oböcz yfqnb ghjcnst b vbhyst htitybz vbhjdsö ghjåktv. B åjkmibycndj bp ybö yt ljéblfñncz gjkextybz cntgtyb lkz njuj, xnjås pfyznmcz bö htitybtv. Léfdfl Ctgtöhb Léjz bp Faufybcnfyf b Bdtnn Bccfh bp Rtybb d bö xbckt. Jåf eét yfikb vyjuj cgjcjåjd, rfr ghbvtybnm cdjb pyfybz, xnjås htibnm cjwbfkmyst b gjkbnbxtcrbt ghjåktvs dj dctv vbht.
Byjcnhfyyst cneltyns xfcnj kbxyj cnfkrbdfñncz c ytcghfdtlkbdjcnmñ yf hjlbyt, b änj gjlcntubdftn bö r ltqcndbzv. Léfdfl – ébdjq ghbvth njuj, rfr yfltélf b cnfhfybt cgjcjåys ghtdpjqnb rféeobtcz bcrkñxbntkmyj nhelysvb jåcnjzntkmcndf. D rjywt 1990ö ujljd vfkj, xnj cdtnbkj vfkmxbre, csye ytuhfvjnysö b ybobö vecekmvfyibbnjd, ébditve d öfjct Rfåekf b ghbrjdfyyjve r bydfkblyjve rhtcke bppf gjkbjvbtkbnf. Ghfdzobt nfkbås yt gjjohzkb jåhfpjdfybt d wtkjv, f jcjåtyyj jåhfpjdfybt ltdeitr b bydfkbljd. Bnfkmzycrbq dhfx bp Rhfcyjuj rhtcnf pfvtnbk cgjcjåyjuj vfkmxbrf b nfqyj jhufybpjdfk lkz ytuj jåextybt c htgtnbnjhfvb. Léfdfle kturj lfdfkbcm zpsrb b
BYJCNHFYYST CNELTYNS JÅHTNFñN YJDSq LJV B CNFDzN
GTHTL CJÅJq UKJÅFKmYST pFLFxBHbxfhl Öjklty
Frwtyn yf ckeétybb kñlzv b frnbdyjq gjpbwbb d ébpyb, ghbceobt rdfrthcrjq nhflbwbb, ghbdktr-kb faufycrjuj cneltynf Léfdflf Léjqe b rtybq-creñ cneltynre Bdtnn Bccfh d rjkktlé Ähköfv d u. Hbxvjylt, infn Bylbfyf.
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rjvgmñnths. R nhbyflwfnb ujlfv jy hfåjnfk d jnltktybb Rhfcyjuj Rhtcnf ghjuhfvvbcnjv b cnfk levfnm j njv, rfr cltkfnm cdjñ ébpym gjkyjwtyyjq.
Lheéåf Léfdflf c dhfxjv b c bnfkmzycrbv éehyfkbcnjv, c rjnjhsv jy gjpyfrjvbkcz d 2002 ujle gjckt gfltybz dkfcnb nfkbåjd, gjvjukb tve dshdfnmcz bp hfpheityyjuj Faufybcnfyf b gjcnegbnm d irjke d Nhbtcnt d Bnfkbb. Rjulf jy jrfyxbdfk irjke c ghjldbyenjq ghjuhfvvjq d Nhbtcnt, jy gjlfk ljrevtyns d fvthbrfycrbt b rfyflcrbt rjkktléb. Ähköfv jrfpfkcz jlybv bp rjkktlétq c dscjrbvb frfltvbxtcrbvb nhtåjdfybzvb, rjnjhsq ghbyzk Léfdflf b ghtlkjébdibö tve gjkyeñ cnbgtylbñ yf jgkfne jåextybz.
≤Z jxtym hfl, xnj gjgfk cñlf, – eksåftncz Léfdfl cdjtq ibhjrjq eksårjq. – Vyt rfétncz, pltcm e vtyz tcnm ujhfplj åjkmit djpvjéyjcntq hfåjnfnm yfl ntv, xnj lkz vtyz dféyj, xtv åskj ås d åjkmijv eybdthcbntnt≥. Ctqxfc, yf dnjhjv rehct, jy rjywtynhbhetn dybvfybt yf bpextybb njxysö yfer, yj ljgjkybntkmyj ckeiftn ktrwbb gj uevfybnfhysv b jåotcndtyysv yferfv. ≤Exbnsdfz vjq ébpytyysq jgsn, vtyz dct åjkmit bynthtcetn bpextybt vbhf c tcntcndtyyj bcnjhbxtcrjq njxrb phtybz, – jåüzcyztn Léfdfl. – Åbjkjubz bpexftn zdktybt dyenhbdbljdjq b vtédbljdjq rjyrehtywbb. Gjcrjkmre kñlb – änj njét jlby bp dbljd, z hfccvfnhbdfñ djghjc c lheujq njxrb phtybz: z boe cgjcjås rjyrehbhjdfnm gjxtkjdtxtcrb≥. Léfdfl cjåbhftncz ghjljkébnm bpextybt änjuj djghjcf d fcgbhfyneht b yflttncz, d rjywt rjywjd, hfåjnfnm d eybdthcbntnt bkb yfexyjbccktljdfntkmcrjv wtynht.
Léfdfl ghbybvftn frnbdyjt exfcnbt d cneltyxtcrjq b jåotcndtyyjq ébpyb yf rfvgect, d njv xbckt exfcndetn d ghjuhfvvfö ≤Rfr d JJY≥, ult cneltyns bvbnbheñn pfctlfybz rjvbccbq b jåceéltybt vtéleyfhjlysö ghjåktv d JJY, d Vtéleyfhjlyjq fvybcnbb, d rheért gj bpextybñ djghjcjd vbhf b ukjåfkmysö ghjåktv b jhufybpfwbb ≤Cneltyns bp Fpbb≥. Xnjås gjvjxm ctåt abyfycjdj, Léfdfl dtltn bccktljdfntkmcreñ hfåjne, gsnfzcm ecjdthitycndjdfnm Ghjuhfvve bpextybz djghjcjd vbhf b ukjåfkmysö ghjåktv, ghtlkfuftveñ d rjkktlét Ähköfv.
Ghjiksv ktnjv Léfdfl cnfk jlybv bp 40 ltktufnjd jn eybdthcbntnjd Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd yf Zgjyjfvthbrfycrjq rjyathtywbb d Cnäyajhlcrjv eybdthcbntnt, infn Rfkbajhybz, f gjnjv hfåjnfk d Jåotcndt faufycrbö ghjatccbjyfkjd d Ctdthyjq Fvthbrt dj Ahtvjynt, infn Rfkbajhybz. D änjv ujle pf cdjñ hfåjne Léfdfl gjkexbk cneltyxtcrbq ghbp Yfwbjyfkmyjq fccjwbfwbb vbhf b cghfdtlkbdjcnb ≤pf drkfl d ecnfyjdktybt vbhf b cghfdtlkbdjcnb... dj dctv vbht≥. Yfhzle c änjq yfuhfljq, Léfdfl gjkexbk tot jlye, fyfkjubxyeñ, jn Cneltyxtcrjq rjyathtywbb gj djghjcfv vbhf d Ujitycrjv rjkktlét d Ujityt, infn Bylbfyf.
Ntgthm, c åfuféjv faufycrjuj, bnfkmzycrjuj b fvthbrfycrjuj jgsnf, 20ktnybq Léfdfl yfpsdftn ctåz ≤ukjåfkmysv uhfélfybyjv≥, b ljåfdkztn: ≤Dct, xnj vyt yeéyj ntgthm, änj – ukjåfkmyfz dbpf≥.
Bdtnn Bccfh exbncz yf nhtnmtv rehct d rjkktlét Ähköfv gj cgtwbfkmyjcnb vtéleyfhjlyst ghjåktvs. Tt ghbdktrkb d änjv
rjkktlét rekmnehyjt yfcktlbt rdfrthjd b zhrj dshfétyyst bltfks ≤ytyfcbkbz, ghjcnjns b cjwbfkmyjq cghfdtlkbdjcnb≥. Bdtnn hjlbkfcm b dshjckf d Yfqhjåb d Rtybb, f tt hjlbntkb – bylecs. ≤Lkz vtyz jåt cnhfys hjlyst, öjnz, djpvjéyj, vyt ytcrjkmrj åkbét Bylbz, – ujdjhbn Bdtnn. – Rjulf z ghbtöfkf d Ähköfv, z levfkf, xnj vyt yt gjyhfdbncz ébnm d vfktymrjv ujhjlrt yf Chtlytv Pfgflt, – ghbpyftncz jyf, – yj änj jrfpfkjcm pfvtxfntkmyjt vtcnj. Pltcm gjbcnbyt wfhbn leö epyfdfybz, b d jrheéfñobö ntåz kñlzö xedcndetncz ukeåjrfz ghtlfyyjcnm ltke jåhfpjdfybz≥.
D rjkktlét Ähköfv Bdtnn cajhvbhjdfkf jnltktybt jhufybpfwbb ≤Fvthbrfyws pf byajhvbhjdfyyeñ ltvjrhfnbñ≥, rjnjhfz ghjdjlbn dbltjrjyathtywbb cj cneltynfvb bp hfpysö cnhfy vbhf lkz jåceéltybz vbhjdsö ghjåktv b yföjéltybz cjukfcjdfyysö htitybq. Ctqxfc d CIF b lheubö cnhfyfö ceotcndetn 70 cneltyxtcrbö jnltktybq änjq jhufybpfwbb. ≤Dct yfxfkjcm, rjulf yf jlyjq bp tt dcnhtx z gjpyfrjvbkfcm c kñlmvb, e rjnjhsö tcnm pfvtxfntkmyst bltb j njv, rfr kexit ghtlcnfdbnm lheubt cnhfys jåsxysv fvthbrfywfv b d nj ét dhtvz rfr cltkfnm chtlytuj fvthbrfywf åjktt gjyznysv kñlzv bp lheubö cnhfy≥.
Gjrf xnj pf änjn ujl Bdtnn jhufybpjdfkf xtnsht rjyathtywbb, gjpyfrjvbd fvthbrfycrbö cneltynjd c bö cdthcnybrfvb bp nfrbö cnhfy, rfr Gfrbcnfy, Fdcnhfkbz, Abkbggbys, Ujylehfc, IhbKfyrf b vyjubö lheubö. Cneltyns jåceélfkb nfrbt ntvs, rfr ≤Dctvbhyfz htfrwbz yf cnböbqyst åtlcndbz≥ b ≤Ljkéys kb Cjtlbytyyst Infns cnhtvbnmcz hfpdbdfnm ltvjrhfnbñ pf heåtéjv?≥.
Rfr b Léfdfl, Bdtnn frnbdyj exfcndjdfkf d ghjuhfvvt ≤Rfr d JJY≥. D ghjikjv ujle dj dhtvz ghjdtltybz vthjghbznbq änjq jhufybpfwbb d Xbrfuj jyf ghtlcnfdkzkf Kbdfy. ≤Xnjås ghtlcnfdkznm bynthtcs lheujq cnhfys, yeéyj gjybvfnm tt uhfélfy, yeéyj gjåsnm bvb, – ujdjhbn jyf. – Åjktt njuj, yeéyj exbnmcz cjnhelybxfnm c lheubvb kñlmvb lkz rjjhlbyfwbb ecbkbq b blnb yf rjvghjvbccs hflb ljcnbétybz åkfuf lkz dctö≥.
Bdtnn nfrét yföjlbn dhtvz lkz pfyznbq kñåbvjq vepsrjq – jyf gjtn d öjht rjkktléf Ähköfv. Ghjikjq dtcyjq jyf ghjdtkf ctvtcnh d Dtyt. ≤Änj åskj gjnhzcfñot, – ujdjhbn Bdtnn, – Vs gtkb d cfvjv cthlwt Tdhjgs d änbö pyfvtybnsö cjåjhfö. Z ybrjulf änjuj yt pfåele≥.
Rjulf tt cghfibdfñn j njv, rfrbt cfvst dféyst ehjrb jyf dsytckf bp extås d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö, Bdtnn pflevxbdj gjlybvftn ukfpf r gjnjkre. ≤Yfdthyjt, j njv, xnj cfvjt dféyjt d ébpyb xtkjdtrf – änj jrheéfñobt tuj kñlb. Åtp cdzpb c jrheéfñobvb b åtp kñådb ns dctuj kbim pfnthzyysq jcnhjdjr. Z gjyzkf, xnj kñlb ljkéys pfåjnbnmcz lheu j lheut, åthtxm cdjbö åkbéybö. Vjétn åsnm, z dctulf änj pyfkf, yj d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö z ltqcndbntkmyj änj gjyzkf≥. ■
Vytybz, dscrfpsdftvst d lfyyjq cnfnmt, yt jåzpfntkmyj jnhféfñn dpukzls bkb gjkbnbre ghfdbntkmcndf CIF.
�� Ä-éehyfk CIFJåotcndj b wtyyjcnb / Yjzåhm 2005 ujlf
Cjnhelybr Åñhj vtéleyfhjlysö byajhvfwbjyysö ghjuhfvv Ujcelfhcndtyyjuj ltgfhnfvtynf CIF Hjåby Qtuth hfccrfpsdftn j njv, rfr fvthbrfycrbt rjkktléb b eybdthcbntns gjjohzñn cneltynjd r jåotcndtyyjq hfåjnt.
D CIF cbkmys nhflbwbb ljåhjdjkmxtcrjq ltzntkmyjcnb. Vjkjltém c ltncndf gjjohzñn yföjlbnm cgjcjås, rfr gjvjxm åkbéybv. Yf dctq nthhbnjhbb CIF rjkktléb b
eybdthcbntns ghtljcnfdkzñn cneltynfv djpvjéyjcnb exfcndjdfnm d ljåhjdjkmxtcrjq jåotcndtyyjq ltzntkmyjcnb. Byjulf pf änj cneltynfv lfét ghtljcnfdkztncz frfltvbxtcrbq pfxtn, yj xfot dctuj yfuhfljq bv ckeébn ghjcnj xedcndj eljdktndjhtybz jnnjuj, xnj jyb gjvjukb rjvenj – b gjybvfybt njuj, xnj lfét jyb, vjkjlst kñlb, vjuen cltkfnm xnjnj gjktpyjt. Yfukzlysv djgkjotybtv änjq rjywtgwbb zdkztncz jhufybpfwbz ≤Rfvgec Rjvgfrn≥, rjnjhfz yf cdjtv dtåcfqnt [http://www.compact.org] öfhfrnthbpetn ctåz rfr ≤jåotyfwbjyfkmyfz rjfkbwbz htrnjhjd åjktt xtv 950 rjkktlétq b eybdthcbntnjd, ghtlcnfdkzñobö ghbvthyj 5 vky. cneltynjd, cnhtvzofzcz hfpdbdfnm b gjjohznm jåotcndtyyeñ ltzntkmyjcnm, frnbdyeñ uhfélfycreñ gjpbwbñ b ajhvbhjdfybt gjnhtåyjcnb ckeétybz jåotcnde d catht dscituj jåhfpjdfybz≥.
C vjvtynf cdjtuj jcyjdfybz d 1992 ujle Åñhj gj ajhvbhjdfybñ yfdsrjd jåotcndtyyjq ltzntkmyjcnb ghb Ñéyjvbccb
cbgcrjv eybdthcbntnt (Öfnnbcåthu, in. Vbccbcbgb) zdkztncz ljåhjdjkmxtcrbv htcehcysv wtynhjv b wtynhjv gj rjjhlbyfwbb jåotcndtyysö hfåjn b jåextybñ cneltynjd yfdsrfv jåotcndtyyjq ltzntkmyjcnb. Tétujlyj cneltyns pfnhfxbdfñn yf dsgjkytybt jåotcndtyyjq hfåjns 20 nsc. xfcjd. Ecgtdftvjcnm d extåt b ckeétybt jåotcnde zdkzñncz ≤rhfteujkmysvb rfvyzvb≥ ghjuhfvvs, gjjohzñotq cneltynjd d jåotcndtyyjq ltzntkmyjcnb yf vtcnyjv ehjdyt, d vfcinfåfö dctq cnhfys b dj dctv vbht. Ñéyjvbccbcbgcrbq eybdthcbntn zdkztncz jlybv bp itcnb dscibö extåysö pfdtltybq, rjnjhst d yfcnjzott dhtvz d gfhnythcndt c Djcnjxyjvbxbufycrbv eybdthcbntnjv pfybvfñncz flfgnfwbtq jlyjq bp vjltktq ajhvbhjdfybz yfdsrjd jåotcndtyyjq ltzntkmyjcnb. Yf åfpt eybdthcbntnf nfrét cjplfy b aeyrwbjybhetn Vbccbcbgcrbq wtynh jåotcndtyyjq b uhfélfycrjq ltzntkmyjcnb [http://www.usm.edu/ocsl].
Djn rfr nhfrnetn ajhvbhjdfybt yfdsrjd jåotcndtyyjq ltzntkmyjcnb Bkkbyjqcrbq eybdthcbntn (EhåfyfIfvgtqy):
≤Jlyjq bp dféytqibö wtktq uevfybnfhyjuj jåhfpjdfybz zdkztncz gjlujnjdrf cneltynjd r pfyznbñ frnbdyjq uhfélfycrjq gjpbwbb. Vs ltkftv änj, edzpsdfz cneltyxtcreñ jåotcndtyyeñ ltzntkmyjcnm c extåysv ghjwtccjv. Uevfybnfhyjt jåhfpjdfybt gjvjuftn cneltynfv ajhvbhjdfnm byntkktrnefkmyeñ b cjwbfkmyeñ ecnfyjdre, rjnjhfz jlyjdhtvtyyj nhtåetn ghjzdktybt ndjhxtcrjuj yfxfkf b
JÅoTCNDTYYFz LTzNTKmYJCNmHjåby K. qtuth
Cneltyns Ñéyjvbccbcbgcrjuj b Bkkbyjqcrjuj eybdthcbntnjd ecthlyj nhelzncz yf cnhjbntkm-cndt ljvf lkz jhufybpfwbb ≤Ébkmt lkz kñltq≥ d Létrcjyt (in. Vbccbcbgb).
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jndtncndtyyjcnb. Jyf zdkztncz ndjhxtcrjq d gkfyt ujnjdyjcnb ärcgthbvtynbhjdfnm c bltzvb, djjåhféfnm yjdst vbhs b cjghjnbdkznmcz ghbdsxrfv vsiktybz. B jyf zdkztncz jndtncndtyyjq d gkfyt cdjbö aeylfvtynfkmysö cdzptq c htfkmysv vbhjv.
Djn gjxtve nfr dféyj cdzpsdfnm yfibö cneltynjd c jåotcndjv, hfpdbdfz bö gjnhtåyjcnm ckeébnm kñlzv. Yfghbvth, pf ldf ctvtcnhf cneltynfv yf jnltktybb fhöbntrnehyjuj lbpfqyf elfkjcm hfphfåjnfnm ghjtrn ytljhjujuj, yj ärjyjvbxyjuj d gkfyt äythubb ljvf lkz ghjuhfvvs ≤Ébkmt lkz kñltq≥. Ldbéeotq cbkjq änjuj eybrfkmyjuj ghjtrnf åskj ckjéyjt cjxtnfybt wtyyjcntq b dsåjhf, eöjlzott cdjbvb rjhyzvb d uhfélfycreñ jndtncndtyyjcnm, d gjybvfybt njuj, xnj ytjåöjlbvj cltkfnm ljvf ljcnegysvb vfkjjåtcgtxtyysv ctvmzv, yj ghb änjv bcgjkmpjdfnm yjdst ntöyjkjubb äythujcåthtétybz≤ [http://www.union.uiuc.edu/ovp/sle/].
D Yjdjq Fyukbb Lfhnvencrbq rjkktlé, Dthvjyncrbq eybdthcbntn, Rjkktlé Cd. Vböfbkf, Yjhdbxcrbq eybdthcbntn, Ifvgktqycrbq rjkktlé b Rfcknjycrbq infncrbq rjkktlé jåütlbybkbcm cj vyjubvb vtcnysvb flvbybcnhfnbdysvb b jåotcndtyysvb jhufybpfwbq, xnjås cjplfnm ghjuhfvve ≤LHBV≥. D hfvrfö änjq ghjuhfvvs ltnzv bp vtcnysö vfkjjåtcgtxtyysö ctvtq yf lkbntkmyjt dhtvz ghtljcnfdkzñncz yfcnfdybrb, rjnjhst gjvjufñn bv d extåt, pfybvfñncz c ybvb cgjhnjv b öjlzn
d gjöjls. Änf ghjuhfvvf åskf yfxfnf d Lfhnvent d 1999 ujle b ctqxfc jceotcndkztncz yf dctq nthhbnjhbb infnf. Gfhnythfvb ghjuhfvvs zdkzñncz flvbybcnhfnbdyst jhufys, pfybvfñobtcz ébkmtv, jhufybpfwbz ≤Ltdjxrbcrfens≥ b rjvgfybz ≤Åty äyl Léthhb fqcrhbv≥ [http://www.dreamprogram.org/].
Cbänkcrbq eybdthcbntn d Cbänkt (in. Dfibyunjy) d yjzåht 2005 ujlf jhufybpjdfk jåotyfwbjyfkmyeñ rjyathtywbñ gj ghjåktvt åtpljvyjcnb – gzneñ gj cxtne. Änjn eybdthcbntn gjghjcbkb ghjdtcnb nfrjt vthjghbznbt, gjnjve xnj d atdhfkt 2005 ujlf nfv åskf hfpåbn gfkfnjxysq ujhjljr, ghbñnbdibq yf wtksq vtczw 100 åtpljvysö veéxby b étyoby. Cbänkcrbq eybdthcbntn cnfk gthdsv eybdthcbntnjv, jrfpfdibq åtpljvysv gjljåyeñ gjvjom. Rjyathtywbñ jhufybpjdfkb cneltyns änjuj eybdthcbntnf b xktys dfibyunjycrjuj jnltktybz ≤Rfvgec Rjvgfrn≥. Änf fccjwbfwbz jåütlbyztn d cdjbö hzlfö htrnjhjd rjkktlétq b eybdthcbntnjd in. Dfibyunjy, cnhtvzoböcz gjdsifnm uhfélfycreñ jndtncndtyyjcnm cneltynjd. Gjlhjåytt j rjyathtywbb cv. http://www.studentsagainsthunger.org.
Jlyf bp jåotyfwbjyfkmyj ghbpyfyysö ghjuhfvv htfkbpetncz d Aehvfyjdcrjv eybdthcbntnt d Uhbydbkkt (in. Ñéyfz Rfhjkbyf). Cjukfcyj byajhvfwbb c dtåcfqnf änjuj eybdthcbntnf, ghtlyfpyfxtyyjq lkz åeleobö cneltynjd:
≤Vyjubt rehcs gj htkbubb, gtlfujubrt, bcreccnde, abkjcjabb, cjwbjkjubb b gjkbnjkjubb drkñxfñn jåotcndtyyeñ
Cneltyn Cbänkcrjuj eybdthcbntnf jåexftn ukeöjytvjuj d gfkfnjxyjv ujhjlrt lkz åtpljvysö yf nthhbnjhbb rfvgecf d Cbänkt (in. Dfibyunjy).
Näl C. Ejhhty, AP/WWP
�� Ä-éehyfk CIFJåotcndj b wtyyjcnb / Yjzåhm 2005 ujlf
hfåjne. Yfib cneltyns exfn xbnfnm ltntq bp vfkjjåtcgtxtyysö ctvtq, hfphfåfnsdfñn vfhrtnbyu lkz vtcnysö ytrjvvthxtcrbö jhufybpfwbq, gjvjufñn ghtlghbybvfntkzv d cjcnfdktybb åbpytcgkfyjd≥.
Ajhvbhjdfybt yfdsrjd jåotcndtyyjq hfåjns yt ghtrhfoftncz pf ldthzvb felbnjhbb. Rfélsq ujl 800 cneltynjdljåhjdjkmwtd Aehvfyjdcrjuj eybdthcbntnf hfåjnfñn d ≤Eybdthcbntncrjv rjhgect jåhfpjdfybz≥, jrfpsdfz gjvjom 45 jhufybpfwbzv, d njv xbckt ≤Fhvbb cgfctybz≥, Wtynhe cgtwbfkmyjuj jåextybz lkz ltntq, uheggfv ≤Kfnbyjfvthbrfycrfz bybwbfnbdf≥ b ≤Ltdjxrbcrfens≥ [http://www.furman.edu/main/community.htm].
Hfcgjkjétyysq ytgjlfktre Ejaajhlcrbq rjkktlé (Cgfhnfyåthu, in. Ñéyfz Rfhjkbyf) nfrét bvttn cdjñ ghjuhfvve ajhvbhjdfybz yfdsrjd jåotcndtyyjq ltzntkmyjcnb. Cneltyns änjuj ytåjkmijuj rjkktléf uevfybnfhysö yfer ljåhjdjkmyj exfcndeñn d hfpkbxysö jåotcndtyysö ghjtrnfö. Jlyb hfåjnfñn cfvjcnjzntkmyj, lheubt – d hfvrfö eybdthcbntncrbö jåütlbytybq yf rfvgect. Cneltyns Ejaajhlcrjuj rjkktléf hfåjnfñn d åtcgkfnysö cnjkjdsö b ghbñnf lkz åtpljvysö, ujnjdz b hfplfdfz gboe ujkjlysv. Jyb ghtgjlfñn d vtcnysö irjkfö b hfåjnfñn d vtcnyjq åtcgkfnyjq vtlbwbycrjq rkbybrt. Jyb lfhzn hjéltcndtycrbt gjlfhrb yeélfñobvcz ltnzv b gjvjufñn erhfifnm rfvgec b cdjq ujhjl r ghfplybre [http://www.wofford.edu/serviceLearning/default.asp].
Dct rjkktléb ghtlkfufñn ghjuhfvvs jåextybz c äktvtynfvb jåotcndtyyjq ltzntkmyjcnb. Gj lfyysv Fvthbrfycrjq fccjwbfwbb vtcnysö rjkktlétq, åjktt gjkjdbys vtcnysö rjkktlétq d CIF nfrét drkñxbkb gjljåyst ghjuhfvvs d cdjb extåyst gkfys. Fccjwbfwbz dsgecnbkf hzl geåkbrfwbq yf lfyyeñ ntve, ldt bp rjnjhsö ghtlcnfdkzñn jcjåsq bynthtc: Sustaining Service
Learning: The Role of Chief Academic Officers (8 cnhfybw) b A Practical Guide for Integrating Civic Responsibility Into the Curriculum (86 cnhfybw). Jåt geåkbrfwbb vjéyj yfqnb yf dtåcfqnt: http://www.aacc.nche.edu/Content/ NavigationMenu/ResourceCenter/ Projects_Partnerships/Current/ HorizonsServiceLearningProject/ Publications/Publications.htm
Fkmåerthrcrbq ghjatccbjyfkmyjntöybxtcrbq bycnbnen d in. YmñVtrcbrj gjrfpsdftn ghbvth jåextybz jåotcndtyyjq ltzntkmyjcnb yf ehjdyt vtcnyjuj rjkktléf. Jy gjkexbk uhfyn Rjhgjhfwbb jåotyfwbjyfkmysö b jåotcndtyysö hfåjn, f nfrét vyjuj yfuhfl pf pfckeub d änjq jåkfcnb. Åjktt 50 vtcnysö futyncnd ghtlkfufñn cneltynfv änj
uj bycnbnenf hfåjnfnm c ybvb, b jyb vjuen, gj cdjtve étkfybñ, exfcndjdfnm d vjkjltéysö ghjuhfvvfö, ghjuhfvvfö jrfpfybz vtlbwbycrbö, cjwbfkmysö b ñhblbxtcrbö eckeu, pfybvfnmcz jöhfyjq ktcjd, gjlujnjdrjq b ghjdtltybtv Cgtwbfkmysö jkbvgbqcrbö buh, hfåjnfnm e rjyuhtccvtyjd bkb ghbcjtlbybnmcz r ltzntkmyjcnb d pfobne ébdjnysö [http://planet.tvi.cc.nm.us/ experientiallearning/]. ■
Vytybz, dscrfpsdftvst d lfyyjq cnfnmt, yt jåzpfntkmyj jnhféfñn dpukzls bkb gjkbnbre ghfdbntkmcndf CIF.
Ajnjuhfabz geåkbretncz c hfphtitybz flvbybcnhfwbb Ejaajhlcrjuj rjkktléf
Cneltyn Ejaajhlcrjuj rjkktléf, in. Ñéyfz Rfhjkbyf, gjvjuftn vkflitrehcybrfv yf pfyznbzö gj frnthcrjve vfcnthcnde.
�� Jåotcndj b wtyyjcnb / Yjzåhm 2005 ujlfÄ-éehyfk CIF
Gjcjkmcndf b rjycekmcndf CIF ghbybvfñn yf hfåjne byjcnhfyysö uhfélfy lkz njuj, xnjås jyb bv gjvjufkb d hfphfåjnrt b htfkbpfwbb jåhfpjdfntkmysö b rekmnehysö ghjuhfvv, ekexifñobö dpfbvjgjybvfybt. D fghtkt 2005 ujlf Ujcelfhcndtyysq ltgfhnfvtyn jhufybpjdfk ghbtpl d CIF 18 nfrbö hfåjnybrjd yf extåe c gjctotybtv rjkktlétq d u. Ifhkjnnf (in. Ctdthyfz Rfhjkbyf) b tuj jrhtcnyjcnzö lkz pyfrjvcndf c ébpymñ b åsnjv byjcnhfyysö cneltynjd. D änjq cnfnmt gjldjlzncz bnjub gjtplrb änjq uheggs b lftncz jåott ghtlcnfdktybt j hfpyjjåhfpbb djpvjéyjcntq d gjkextybb jåhfpjdfybz d CIF.
Ujhjl Ifhkjnnf åsk dsåhfy gjnjve, xnj jy zdkztncz rhegysv wtynhjv åfyrjdcrjq ltzntkmyjcnb, chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb, åbpytcf, rekmnehs b nhfycgjhnf yf ÑujDjcnjrt CIF b ≤ljvjv≥ lkz wtkjuj hzlf edféftvsö extåysö pfdtltybq. 18 exfcnybrjd ghjuhfvvs åskb hfpltktys yf uheggs, rfélfz bp rjnjhsö gjctnbkf jlby rjkktlé, xnjås dcnhtnbnmcz cj cneltynfvb, gjyfåkñ
lfnm pf extåysvb pfyznbzvb, jåcelbnm ljcnegyst cneltynfv htcehcs b ghjåktvs, c rjnjhsvb jyb cnfkrbdfñncz, b gjkexbnm ghtlcnfdktybt j ébpyb b åsnt byjcnhfyysö cneltynjd d CIF. Dct änb rjkktléb dtcmvf pfbynthtcjdfys d ghbdktxtybb byjcnhfyysö cneltynjd b gjllthébdfñn htuekzhyj jåyjdkztvst b yfukzlyst dtåcfqns c byajhvfwbtq j ctåt. Cktleñobq jnhsdjr c dtåcfqnf Lädblcjycrjuj rjkktléf jkbwtndjhztn cjåjq jåoeñ pfbynthtcjdfyyjcnm rjkktlétq d byjcnhfyysö cneltynfö:
≤Jcdtljvktyyjcnm j ghjbcöjlzobö d vbht cjåsnbzö b jpfåjxtyyjcnm ukjåfkmysvb ghjåktvfvb zdkzñncz dféyjq cjcnfdyjq xfcnmñ jåhfpjdfntkmyjuj ghjwtccf d Lädblcjycrjv rjkktlét. Åelexb cneltynjv, rjnjhsq ébk b exbkcz d lheujq cnhfyt, ds vjétnt vyjubv gjltkbnmcz cj cneltynfvb b ghtgjlfdfntkzvb yfituj rjkktléf. D ghjwtcct hfccvjnhtybb dfituj pfzdktybz vs hfccxbnsdftv åjkmit epyfnm j dfc b j dfitv ébpytyyjv jgsnt≥.
Ctvmextåysöpfdtltybq
Rjkktlé fååfncndf Åtkvjyn ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq ytåjkmijq uevfybnfhysq rjkktlé, d rjnjhjv exbncz 1000 cneltynjd. Jy bpdtcnty cdjtq ≤ctvtqyjq≥ jåcnfyjdrjq b cnhtvktybtv r ajhvbhjdfybñ wtkmyjq b ufhvjybxtcrb hfpdbnjq kbxyjcnb. Rjkktlé yföjlbncz d Åtkvjynt (in. Ctdthyfz Rfhjkbyf), d ytcrjkmrbö vbyenfö tpls r pfgfle jn Ifhkjnns. Gjåkbpjcnb jn ytuj hfcgjkjétyj fååfncndj Åtkvjyn, jcyjdfyyjt vjyföfvbåtytlbrnbywfvb [http://www.belmontabbeycollege.edu/].
HFpYJJÅHFpBT DJpVJÉYJCNTq d gjkextybb jåhfpjdfybz yf ghbvtht ctvb
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Wtynhfkmysq gblvjyncrbq rjkktlé – rhegytqibq vtcnysq rjkktlé d in. Ctdthyfz Rfhjkbyf, d rjnjhjv exbncz åjktt 70 nsc. cneltynjd, exfcndeñobö d åjktt 100 extåysö ghjuhfvv d ytcrjkmrbö rfvgecfö. Bvtyyj pltcm ghtpbltyn Léjhlé E. Åei dscnegbk 5 fghtkz 2005 ujlf c htxmñ j yjdsö bybwbfnbdfö gj hfpdbnbñ nheljdsö htcehcjd. Rjkktlé ujhlbncz ntv, xnj d ytv exfncz byjcnhfyyst cneltyns bp åjktt 100 cnhfy [http://www.cpcc.edu].
Lädblcjycrbq rjkktlé hfcgjkjéty d Lädblcjyt (in. Ctdthyfz Rfhjkbyf), ghbåkbpbntkmyj d 30 vbyenfö tpls r ctdthe jn Ifhkjnns. Yfctktybt Lädblcjyf yfcxbnsdftn dctuj 8 nsc. xtk. Lädblcjycrbq rjkktlé zdkztncz ytpfdbcbvsv uevfybnfhysv extåysv pfdtltybtv, d rjnjhjv exbncz 1600 cneltynjd. Cj dhtvty jcyjdfybz rjkktléf d 1837 ujle ghtcdbnthbfyfvb bp tuj cnty dsikj 23 cnbgtylbfnf Hjlcf. Jcjåjuj dybvfybz pfckeébdftn jcyjdfyyfz 20 ktn yfpfl Ghjuhfvvf vtéleyfhjlysö bccktljdfybq bv. Lbyf Hfcrf, yfpdfyyfz d xtcnm dsgecrybrf Lädblcjycrjuj rjkktléf, pfybvfdituj gjcn ujcelfhcndtyyjuj ctrhtnfhz infnf. Lädblcjycrbq rjkktlé åsk jcyjdfy rfr veécrjt extåyjt pfdtltybt, yj ctujlyz cneltynjr d ytv jåexftncz yt vtymit, xtv cneltynjd [http://www.davidson.edu].
Eybdthcbntn Léjycjyf b Eäkmcf yfpsdftn ctåz ≤eybdthcbntnjv, reñobv rflhs lkz Fvthbrb≥. Eybdthcbntn bvttn cdjb rfvgecs d xtnshtö infnfö; rfvgec d Ifhkjnnt åsk jnrhsn d 2004 ujle. Eybdthcbntn ghtlkfuftn ghjuhfvvs ytgjkyjuj (ldf ujlf) b gjkyjuj jåextybz (xtnsht ujlf c ghbcdjtybtv extyjq cntgtyb åfrfkfdhf) cj cgtwbfkbpfwbtq d jåkfcnb åbpytcf, htcnjhfyyjujcnbybxyjuj ltkf b rekbyfhyjuj bcreccndf. Yf tuj dtåcfqnt ghtlcnfdktyf byajhvfwbz yf 17 zpsrfö [http://www.jwu.edu/charlotte].
Ghjatccjh gjvjuftn cneltyne d rjvgmñnthyjv rkfcct Wtynhfkmyjuj gblvjyncrjuj rjkktléf.
Cneltyns Lädblcjycrjuj rjkktléf ghjdjlzn tétvtczxysq ≤yfwbjyfkmysq eéby≥, dj dhtvz rjnjhjuj ujcnb vjuen gjpyfrjvbnmcz c reöytq, vepsrjq b yfwbjyfkmysvb rjcnñvfvb njq bkb byjq rjyrhtnyjq cnhfys. Yf cybvrt: cneltyns gjvjufñn gtxm öktå.
Cneltyns Eybdthcbntnf Léjycjyf b Eäkmcf ujnjdzn gjrfp dsgtxrb yf ≤Yfwbjyfkmyjv öktåyjv cfvvbnt≥.
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Eybdthcbntn Léjycjyf R. Cvbnf bcnjhbxtcrb zdkztncz ytuhbnzycrbv eybdthcbntnjv. Nfv exfncz 1400 cneltynjd, d hfcgjhzétybb rjnjhsö ghjcnjhysq rfvgec dctuj d vbkt jn wtynhf Ifhkjnns. D eybdthcbntnt wfhbn lheétkñåyfz fnvjcathf, d rjnjhjq cneltynjd cnbvekbheñn b gtcneñn ghtlfyyst cdjtve ltke b pfåjnkbdst gtlfujub. Jlyj bp nhtåjdfybq r cneltynfv – pfyznbt jåotcndtyyjq hfåjnjq. Eybdthcbntn ghtlkfuftn djpvjéyjcnb jåextybz d ltdznb pfheåtéysö cnhfyfö b bynthyfnehfö, f nfrét cnfébhjdrb d åjktt xtv 90 rjvgfybzö [http://www.jcsu.edu/].
Ifhkjnncrbq Rebyc eybdthcbntn åsk jcyjdfy rfr étycrfz ctvbyfhbz. Ctujlyz yf ljkñ cneltynjd veécrjuj gjkf ghböjlbncz gjxnb 30% cnfhitrehcybrjd änjuj xfcnyjuj extåyjuj pfdtltybz, ghtlkfufñotuj dctjåütvkñobt ghjuhfvvs jåextybz yf ehjdyt vfubcnhfnehs b cdzpfyyjuj c Ghtcdbnthbfycrjq wthrjdmñ. Hfcgjkjétyysq d rhfcbdjv ébkjv hfqjyt ujhjlf, Ifhkjnncrbq rebyceybdthcbntn cjxtnftn ghjuhfvve xtnshtöujlbxyjuj åfpjdjuj jåextybz d jåkfcnb uevfybnfhysö yfer gj 24 ghjabkbheñobv lbcwbgkbyfv. D eybdthcbntnt exbncz ghbvthyj 2200 cneltynjd, b yf rféljuj gtlfujuf ghböjlbncz d chtlytv gj 13 cneltynjd [http://www.queens.edu/].
Ctdthtrfhjkbycrbq eybdthcbntn d Ifhkjnnt yfcxbnsdftn åjktt 19 500 cneltynjd b ghtlkfuftn ghjuhfvvs jåextybz yf ehjdyt åfrfkfdhf, vfubcnhf b ljrnjhf yfer. Tuj cjdhtvtyysq rfvgec hfcgjkjéty ghbvthyj d 10 vbkzö jn wtynhf ujhjlf Ifhkjnnf. Änj dféysq htubjyfkmysq wtynh åbpytcf b yfexyjbccktljdfntkmcrjq hfåjns. D eybdthcbntnt jåexfñncz cneltyns bp dctö eujkrjd CIF b ghbvthyj 80 pfheåtéysö cnhfy [http://www.uncc.edu/].
Cneltyns Ifhkjnncrjuj Rebyc eybdthcbntnf ujnjdzncz r dsgecryjq wthtvjybb.
Ghjuhfvvf jåextybz c äktvtynfvb jåotcndtyyjq hfåjns Eybdthcbntnf Léjycjyf R. Cvbnf pyfrjvbn cneltynjd c ltnmvb, rjnjhsv yeéyf gjvjom d extåt. Åkfujlfhz änjq ghjuhfvvt vyjubt ltnb, bvtdibt ybprbt jwtyrb gj vfntvfnbrt b xntybñ, gjdscbkb cdjñ ecgtdftvjcnm lj ehjdyz dsit chtlytuj gj infne lkz extybrjd cdjtq djphfcnyjq rfntujhbb.
≤Xtkjdtr, cltkfdibq ctåz cfv≥ – ljcnjghbvtxfntkmyjcnm vtcnyjuj rfvgecf – elfxysq pflybr lkz ajnjuhfabb cneltynjd Ctdthtrfhjkbycrjuj eybdthcbntnf d Ifhkjnnt.
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AfrnsPfxbcktybz b pfzdktybz yf ghbtv. D hfpysö rjkktléfö
– hfpyst nhtåjdfybz r pfxbcktybñ. Lädblcjycrbq rjkktlé b Ifhkjnncrbq rebyceybdthcbntn öfhfrnthbpeñn ctåz rfr bpåbhfntkmyst extåyst pfdtltybz. Rjkktlé Fååfncndf Åtkvjyn ltkftn egjh yf frfltvbxtcrjv b leöjdyjv hfpdbnbb, f Eybdthcbntn Léjycjyf R. Cvbnf jxtym bynthtcetn öfhfrnth b kbxyjcnm fåbnehbtynjd, f nfrét bö jwtyrb. E Wtynhfkmyjuj gblvjyncrjuj vtcnyjuj rjkktléf tcnm ghjuhfvvs gjxnb lkz dctö, yj lfktrj yt rfélsq gjlöjlbn dctv ghjuhfvvfv. Jåf rhegytqibö extåysö pfdtltybz – Ctdthtrfhjkbycrbq eybdthcbntn d Ifhkjnnt b Wtynhfkmysq gblvjyncrbq rjkktlé – hfcgjkfufñn åjufnsvb htcehcfvb, yj rjvenj vjuen gjrfpfnmcz ckbirjv åjkmibvb. Jn yföjéltybz ≤ghfdbkmyjuj≥ extåyjuj pfdtltybz pfdbcbn b ecgtö hfccvjnhtybz pfzdktybz cneltynf, b tuj ecgtdftvjcnm, b tuj kbxyfz eljdktndjhtyyjcnm gjckt pfxbcktybz. E rféljuj bp extåysö pfdtltybq bvttncz cdjq dtåcfqn, yf rjnjhjv ghtlcnfdktyf byajhvfwbz j nhtåjdfybzö r gjcnegfñobv, abyfycjdjq gjvjob b, d åjkmibycndt ckexftd, ljgjkybntkmyst cdtltybz lkz byjcnhfyysö cneltynjd.
Ghjébdfybt, gbnfybt, htcehcs, plhfdjjöhfytybt b åtpjgfcyjcnm. Wtynhfkmysq gblvjyncrbq rjkktlé, d jnkbxbt jn lheubö, hfccvfnhbdftvsö pltcm extåysö pfdtltybq, yt bvttn cdjtuj jåotébnbz lkz cneltynjd, yj lheubt extåyst pfdtltybz, j rjnjhsö bltn htxm pltcm, bvtñn b ghtlkfufñn cneltynfv byajhvfwbñ j gjhzlrt gjlfxb pfzdktybq yf gjkextybt ébkmz. Eckjdbz gbnfybz b ghjébdfybz hfpyzncz jn jlyjuj rfvgecf r lheujve, yj åjkmibycndj rjkktlétq ghtlkfufñn cdjbv cneltynfv yf dsåjh ytcrjkmrj hfpkbxysö dfhbfynjd, jcjåtyyj gjckt gthdjuj ujlf jåextybz. Dj dctö extåysö pfdtltybzö tcnm åbåkbjntrb b ljcneg r rjvgmñnthfv lkz cneltynjd, b dct jyb geåkbreñn byajhvfwbñ j åtpjgfcyjcnb yf nthhbnjhbb cdjbö rfvgecjd. Dct extåyst pfdtltybz nhtåeñn jn cdjbö cneltynjd yfkbxbz vtlbwbycrjq cnhföjdrb, yj ghb änjv d rfélsq bp ybö nfrét hfcgjkfuftn cdjtq vtlbwbycrjq ckeéåjq. Tckb cneltynfv nhtåetncz gjvjom d flfgnfwbb r eckjdbzv rfvgecf, jyb vjuen gjkexbnm cjjndtncndeñoeñ rjycekmnfwbñ. Cnjbvjcnm b ghfdbkf ghjébdfybz jghtltkzñncz flvbybcnhfwbtq rféljuj extåyjuj pfdtltybz jnltkmyj. D hfpysö rjkktléfö ceotcndeñn hfpyst hfcgbcfybz ktrwbq b ctvbyfhjd, rjnjhst bpvtyzñncz jn ujlf r ujle, gjänjve åeleobv cneltynfv cktletn enjxyznm chjrb yfxfkf pfyznbq, clfxb hfåjn b rfybrek yf dtåcfqnfö cdjbö extåysö pfdtltybq bkb d lheubö bcnjxybrfö byajhvfwbb.
Gjvjom d extåt. Ytrjnjhst bp hfccvfnhbdftvsö extåysö pfdtltybq gjvjufñn cneltynfv d jåextybb fyukbqcrjve zpsre bkb yfdsrfv gbcmvf. Åjkmibycndj åbåkbjntr ujnjds jrfpfnm cneltynfv gjvjom d jcdjtybb yfdsrjd gjkmpjdfybz htcehcfvb b gjbcrf byajhvfwbb. Dct rjkktléb ecnhfbdfñn lkz cdjbö dsgecrybrjd dcnhtxe c gjntywbfkmysvb hfåjnjlfntkzvb bkb jrfpsdfñn bv byeñ gjvjom d nheljecnhjqcndt.
Eckeub b jhufybpfwbb lkz byjcnhfyysö cneltynjd. Ghb dctö rjkktléfö tcnm cgtwbfkmyst åñhj, jhufybpeñobt
hfpkbxyst vthjghbznbz b (bkb) fccjwbfwbb b rkeås lkz byjcnhfyysö cneltynjd, f nfrét lkz fvthbrfycrbö cneltynjd, pfbynthtcjdfyysö d lheéåt c byjcnhfyysvb cneltynfvb. Ghb ytrjnjhsö extåysö pfdtltybzö ceotcndeñn jåütlbytybz cneltynjd gj änybxtcrjve bkb utjuhfabxtcrjve ghbpyfre. Ytrjnjhst ckeéås nfrét gjvjufñn byjcnhfyysv cneltynfv gjpyfrjvbnmcz c vtcnysvb cneltynfvb b bö ctvmzvb, xnjås ghjdjlbnm c ybvb dhtvz, jcjåtyyj ghfplybrb b rfybreks. D ytrjnjhsö ckexfzö cneltynjd bp ytcrjkmrbö extåysö pfdtltybq jåckeébdftn jlyf vtcnyfz jhufybpfwbz – yfghbvth, ≤Ljv byjcnhfyysö cneltynjd≥ d Ifhkjnnt, rjnjhfz ghtljcnfdkztn byjcnhfyysv cneltynfv djpvjéyjcnm gjåkbét gjpyfrjvbnmcz c ébntkzvb ujhjlf.
Dthjbcgjdtlfybt. Rjulf byjcnhfyyst ujcnb, ghbtöfdibt d CIF d hfvrfö ghjuhfvvs Ujcelfhcndtyyjuj ltgfhnfvtynf, pflfdfkb djghjc j dthjbcgjdtlfybb, cneltyns, c rjnjhsvb jyb dcnhtxfkbcm, b rjycekmnfyns gj hfåjnt c byjcnhfyysvb cneltynfvb d jlby ujkjc ujdjhbkb, xnj d rféljv extåyjv pfdtltybb – åelm nj infncrbq, xfcnysq bkb htkbubjpysq eybdthcbntn – hfls cneltynfv dctö dthjbcgjdtlfybq.
PfrkñxtybtXktys uheggs ghbikb r dsdjle, xnj lfét rhfnrbq dbpbn gj
vju bv yt njkmrj jcdtébnm d gfvznb vyjubt afrns, j rjnjhsö jyb xbnfkb bkb cksifkb lj ghbtplf d CIF, yj b kexit gjyznm fvthbrfycrbt htfkbb. Dféytqibv ehjrjv cnfkj nj, xnj d CIF ceotcndetn vyjétcndj hfpkbxysö djpvjéyjcntq lkz extås.
D gjlujnjdrt lfyyjuj vfnthbfkf exfcndjdfkb: Vjöfvtl Fövtl Fålfkkf Fövtl bp Ljöb (Rfnfh); Dbdbfy Fålfkkf bp Bthecfkbvf; Gfhfcrtdb Dbdmty Fkkbvjyj bp Vtkmåehyf (Fdcnhfkbz); Yflf F. FkmCjpt bp Åfulflf (Bhfr); Vfqrf Åhpjintr bp Rhfrjdf (Gjkmif); Åjhb ÅtyltpeDtktc bp Kbvs (Gthe); Qjcbnf ÄreädbFvfdb bp Kjvt (Njuj); Fktöfylhf Äcrjåjcf bp Ähvjcbkmj (Vtrcbrf); Ecfdflb Rfngbxfb bp Åfyurjrf (Nfbkfyl); Gfvtkf Redfkb bp Kbkjyudt (Vfkfdb); Hfnyf Veröthléb bp Xtyyfb (Bylbz); Vfhbz Gfjkf Gbhbyb bp Hbvf (Bnfkbz); Lfyf Gjkxbrjdf bp Åhfnbckfds (Ckjdfwrfz Htcgeåkbrf); Rfhby Hjcybwtr bp Vñyötyf (Uthvfybz); Kebpf Vfhbz Dbfe bp Udfntvfks (Udfntvfkf); Åtfnhbc L.G. Dbkäqy bp GjhnjGhtyc (Ufbnb); Rjhytkbz Dkfqxe bp Åeöfhtcnf (Hevsybz) b Xéje Öey bp Uefyxéje (Rbnfq). Dct jyb pfgtxfnktys yf ajnjuhfabb dybpe. ■
Vytybz, dscrfpsdftvst d lfyyjq cnfnmt, yt jåzpfntkmyj jnhféfñn dpukzls bkb gjkbnbre ghfdbntkmcndf CIF.
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DSÅJH GHJUHFVVS JÅExTYBz D RJKKTLÉT
Fdnjh lftn jghtltktybt jcyjdyjq cgtwbfkbpfwbb (major) b dnjhjq cgtwbfkbpfwbb (minor) d frfltvbxtcrjv gjybvfybb änbö nthvbyjd b ghtlkfuftn gjktpyst cjdtns cneltynfv, rjnjhst yföjlzncz d ghjwtcct dsåjhf cdjtq cgtwbfkbpfwbb. Kbylf Njåfi – lbhtrnjh cneltyxtcrjq ckeéås Bycnbnenf vtéleyfhjlyjuj jåhfpjdfybz.
≤Rfr b åjkmibycndj kñltq, z jxtym öjhjij gjvyñ ujl,
rjulf z jghtltkbkcz cj cgtwbfkbpfwbtq. Z nhb hfpf ghb
ybvfk änj htitybt≥.
Ljrnjh Lädbl Åhfeykb, ghjatccjh bcnjhbb bcreccnd, Gtycbkmdfycrbq eybdthcbntn[http://www.college.upenn.edu/curriculum/major_choosing.html
Rjulf yeéyj dsåbhfnm bp cjnty cgtwbfkbpfwbq b nsczx rjkktlétq b eybdthcbntnjd, rfr ét gjlcnegbnmcz r dsåjhe njuj, xnj b ult bpexfnm? Ytrjnjhst cyfxfkf dsåbhf
ñn, ult exbnmcz: d åjkmijv eybdthcbntnt c hfpyjcnjhjyybvb ghjuhfvvfvb, bkb d vfktymrjv uevfybnfhyjv rjkktlét, bkb, r ghbvthe, d cgtwbfkbpbhjdfyyjv pfdtltybb c ghjuhfvvfvb bpextybz byétythyjuj ltkf, rjvgmñnthjd bkb byajhvfnbrb; d ujhjlt bkb d ctkmcrjq vtcnyjcnb; hzljv c gkzétv bkb d ujhfö; hzljv c hjlbntkmcrbv ljvjv bkb gjlfkmit jn ytuj; d pfdtltybb, ghtljcnfdkzñotv abyfycjdeñ gjvjom, bkb d pfdtltybb, ult vjéyj pfybvfnmcz rjyrhtnysvb dytrkfccysvb pfyznbzvb, rfrnj buhfnm d aenåjkmyjq rjvfylt, bkb hfåjnfnm yf eybdthcbntncrjq hflbjcnfywbb bkb d ntktcnelbb, d ufptnt, ntfnht bkb d rbyjcnelbb. Yj vyjubt, ntv yt vtytt, cyfxfkf dsåbhfñn cgtwbfkbpfwbñ, f pfntv boen extåyst pfdtltybz, ult tt kexit dctuj bpexfnm.
D jnkbxbt jn cbcntv jåhfpjdfybz d lheubö cnhfyfö, ult cgtwbfkbpfwbz cneltynf jghtltkztncz vfnthbfkjv, bpextyysv d chtlytq irjkt, bkb jwtyrfvb yf dcnegbntkmysö ärpfvtyfö, d Fvthbrt cneltyns åfpjdjuj xtnshtöujlbxyjuj rehcf, rfr ghfdbkj, vjuen dsåbhfnm kñåjt extåyjt pfdtltybt b kñåeñ ghtlkfuftveñ
Kbylf Njåfi
Uheggs vjuen åsnm åjkmibvb bkb vfktymrbvb, ajh-vfkmysvb bkb ytajhvfkmysvb. Ghjatccjh eybdth-cbntnf Åhfey, in. Hjl-Fqktyl, dtltn pfyznbz.
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ghjuhfvve jåextybz. Rjytxyj, d ytrjnjhsö extåysö pfdtltybzö, rjnjhst bpdtcnys cdjtq bpåbhfntkmyjcnmñ, jxtym dscjrbq rjyrehc b njkmrj ytåjkmijt xbckj bcrkñxbntkmyj cgjcjåysö ñyjitq b ltdeitr c cfvsvb dscjrbvb gjrfpfntkzvb vjuen nelf gjcnegbnm. Yj lfét d vtytt bpåbhfntkmysö pfdtltybzö rjyrehc yf jnltkmyst cgtwbfkmyjcnb – rfr, yfghbvth, vtlctcnhs bkb byétythyjt ltkj – åeltn dsit b nhtåjdfybz r gjcnegfñobv åelen åjktt cnhjubvb. Yj, ujdjhz d wtkjv, åeleobv cneltynfv ghtljcnfdkztncz jxtym åjufnsq dsåjh.
Xnjétnfrjtcgtwbfkbpfwbzdrjkktlét?
Yf dtåcfqnt Cnäyajhlcrjuj eybdthcbntnf vjéyj ghjxbnfnm cktleñott: ≤Cgtwbfkbpfwbz – änj jåkfcnm pyfybq, d rjnjhjq ds cjåbhftntcm cgtwbfkbpbhjdfnmcz dj dhtvz ghjöjéltybz åfpjdjuj xtnshtöujlbxyjuj rehcf jåextybz. Dfi dsåjh jghtltkztn, rfrjq ghtlvtn åeltn pfybvfnm pyfxbntkmyeñ xfcnm dfituj extåyjuj dhtvtyb b cbk. Rjulf ds ghjqltnt dct nhtåetvst rehcs gj dsåhfyyjq cgtwbfkbpfwbb, f nfrét dsgjkybnt jåobt nhtåjdfybz eybdthcbntnf, dfv åeltn ghbcdjtyf cntgtym åfrfkfdhf. Dfif
cgtwbfkbpfwbz ghtljcnfdbn dfv djpvjéyjcnm hfpdbnm dfib yfdsrb b ghjzdbnm dfib cgjcjåyjcnb d gjybvfybb ghtlvtnf, yfxbyfz c äktvtynfhyjuj ehjdyz b lj cfvjuj ckjéyjuj. Dsåjh ghtlvtnf bpextybz – änj dféyjt kbxyjt htitybt.≥ [http://www..stanford.edu/~susanz/Majors.html]
Dsåjh cgtwbfkbpfwbb hfdyjcbkty pfrkñxtybñ rjynhfrnf vtéle eybdthcbntnjv b cneltynjv j njv, xnj cneltyn jåzpetncz ghjqnb ghtlgbcfyysq rehc jåextybz, cjcnjzobq bp jåobö extåysö nhtåjdfybq (n.t., nhtåjdfybq eybdthcbntnf) b nhtåjdfybq gj extåyjq cgtwbfkbpfwbb. Lheubvb ckjdfvb, ghjuhfvvf jåextybz d eybdthcbntnt åeltn cjcnjznm yt njkmrj bp rehcjd gj jcyjdyjq cgtwbfkbpfwbb. Yf cfvjv ltkt, jåotjåhfpjdfntkmyst ghtlvtns bkb ghtlvtns gj dsåjhe, n.t., ghtlvtns, rjnjhst cneltyn cfv dsåbhftn bp hfpyjjåhfpysö ghtlkfuftvsö rehcjd rfr gj cgtwbfkbpfwbb, nfr b gj lheubv yfghfdktybzv, vjuen cjcnfdkznm lj 5060 ghjwtynjd dctö ghjöjlbvsö lbcwbgkby. Ljkz jåotjåhfpjdfntkmysö rehcjd gj jnyjitybñ r rehcfv gj cgtwbfkmyjcnb pfdbcbn jn eybdthcbntnf b dsåhfyyjq cgtwbfkbpfwbb, yj nhtåjdfybt bpexbnm jghtltktyyjt xbckj jåotjåhfpjdfntkmysö ghtlvtnjd ghbcencndetn dj dctö extåysö pfdtltybzö. Fvthbrfycrfz cbcntvf åfpjdjuj jåhfpjdfybz eöjlbn rjhyzvb
Ytvyjuj htuekbhjdrb – b juhjvysq vjnjh pfgecrftncz d Gtycbkmdfycrjv ntöyjkjubxtcrjv rjkktlét. Cnbgtylbz änjuj cneltynf bpyfxfkmyj abyfycbhjdfkfcm bp chtlcnd, pfdtofyysö Åtyléfvbyjv Ahfyrkbyjv.
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d nhflbwbb uevfybnfhyjuj jåhfpjdfybz, b jåotjåhfpjdfntkmysv lbcwbgkbyfv ghblftncz åjkmijt pyfxtybt. Wtkm kñåjq xtnshtöujlbxyjq åfpjdjq ghjuhfvvs jåextybz yf cntgtym åfrfkfdhf – yfexbnm cneltynjd vsckbnm rhbnbxtcrb b yfexbnm bö exbnmcz, yfhzle c ghbjåhtntybtv pyfybq d jnltkmyjq jåkfcnb pyfybq.
Dj vyjubö pfdtltybzö cneltyns vjuen dsåhfnm yt njkmrj jcyjdyeñ, yj b dnjheñ
cgtwbfkbpfwbñ. Dnjhfz cgtwbfkbpfwbz jåsxyj ntcyj cdzpfyf c jcyjdyjq cgtwbfkbpfwbtq: r ghbvthe, cneltyn vjétn bpexfnm fyukbqcrbq zpsr d rfxtcndt jcyjdyjq b lhfvfnbxtcreñ kbnthfnehe d rfxtcndt dnjhjq cgtwbfkbpfwbb, bkb bcnjhbñ d rfxtcndt jcyjdyjq b gjkbnjkjubñ d rfxtcndt dnjhjq cgtwbfkbpfwbb, bkb yfjåjhjn. Lkz pfdthitybz extås ytjåöjlbvj ghjqnb ytåjkmijt xbckj ghtlvtnjd gj dnjhjq cgtwbfkbpfwbb, rjnjhst xfcnj nfrét pfcxbnsdfñncz rfr jåzpfntkmyst ghtlvtns gj jcyjdyjq cgtwbfkbpfwbb.
D ytrjnjhsö pfdtltybzö cneltyns d ntcyjv cjnhelybxtcndt c rehfnjhjv vjuen hfphfåjnfnm bylbdblefkmyeñ ghjuhfvve cgtwbfkbpfwbb. Dct åjkmitt xbckj cneltynjd dsåbhfñn ldt jcyjdysö cgtwbfkbpfwbb. Lheubvb ckjdfvb, jyb jrfyxbdfñn eybdthcbntn, dsgjkybd nhtåjdfybz gj jåtbv ghjabkbheñobv ghjuhfvvfv. Cgtwbfkbpfwbb vjuen åsnm dpfbvjcdzpfys, yfghbvth, rfr ldt jåotcndtyyst yferb – bcnjhbz b cjwbjkjubz, bkb vjuen åsnm cjdthityyj hfpysvb – crfétv, åbjkjubz b kbnthfnehf. Xfcnj d dsåjht ldeö jcyjdysö cgtwbfkbpfwbq cneltyns bcöjlzn bp étkfybz kexit gjlujnjdbnmcz r åeleotq ghjatccbjyfkmyjq rfhmtht bkb ekexibnm cdjb ifycs yf gjcnegktybt d fcgbhfynehe. Yj byjulf dsåjh ldeö cgtwbfkbpfwbq zdkztncz htpekmnfnjv kbxysö ghbcnhfcnbq. Ytrjnjhst pfdtltybz gjpdjkzñn ghjöjlbnm jåt cgtwbfkbpfwbb jlyjdhtvtyyj, lheubt nhtåeñn gjjxthtlyjuj ghjöjéltybz ghjuhfvv. D jåotv, dhtvtyb yf gjkextybt cntgtyb gjnhtåetncz ytvyjuj åjkmit, yj cneltynfv b yt ghbltncz rféleñ cgtwbfkbpfwbñ yfxbyfnm c yekz. Pyfxbntkmyfz xfcnm jåotjåhfpjdfntkmysö ghtlvtnjd b lfét ytrjnjhst ghtlvtns gj dsåjhe åelen pfcxbnfys lkz dsgjkytybz nhtåjdfybq ghjuhfvvs dnjhjq cgtwbfkbpfwbb.
Dct pfdtltybz xtnrj jghtltkzñn nhtåjdfybz, rjnjhsv cneltyns ljkéys cktljdfnm lkz njuj, xnjås gjkexbnm cntgtym. Jåsxyj rfélsq ctvtcnh cneltyns dcnhtxfñncz c rehfnjhjv, rjnjhsq
gjvjuftn bv dsåhfnm ghtlvtns lkz dsgjkytybz nhtåjdfybq gj ghjuhfvvt jåextybz. D åjkmibycndt eybdthcbntnjd cneltynfv nfrét ghtljcnfdkzñncz dcgjvjufntkmyst bycnhevtyns, nfrbt rfr rjynhjkmysq cgbcjr nhtåjdfybq lkz gjkextybz cntgtyb bkb dsgjkytybz ghjuhfvvs.
Rjulfyfljdsåbhfnmcgtwbfkbpfwbñ?
Ytrjnjhst cneltyns gjcnegfñn d rjkktlé, njxyj jghtltkbdibcm c ghtlvtnjv bpextybz, lheubt levfñn, xnj jghtltkbkbcm, f nhtnmb yt bvtñn ybrfrjuj ghtlcnfdktybz, xnj dsåhfnm. Åjkmibycndj bp ybö gjvtyzñn cgtwbfkbpfwbñ, gj rhfqytq vtht, jlby hfp.
Gjcrjkmre gjxnb ldt nhtnb cneltynjd d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö dj dhtvz extås vtyzñn cgtwbfkbpfwbñ, f ytrjnjhst ghjåeñn ctåz d xtnshtö bkb gznb hfpysö cgtwbfkbpfwbzö, ytrjnjhst eybdthcbntns ghtlgjxbnfñn, xnjås cneltyns dsåbhfkb cgtwbfkbpfwbñ njkmrj gjckt yfxfkf jåextybz. Yj lfét d ntö eybdthcbntnfö, ult gjcnegfñobt ljkéys erfpfnm cgtwbfkbpfwbñ ghb gjlfxt ljrevtynjd, jåsxyj d uhfat cgtwbfkbpfwbb vjéyj
dsåhfnm ≤yt jghtltktyf≥. Öjnz cneltynfv lftncz juhfybxtyyjt dhtvz yf dsåjh cgtwbf
kbpfwbb, nfr rfr åjkmibycndj ghjuhfvv jåextybz yf cntgtym åfrfkfdhf hfccxbnfys yf xtnsht ujlf b 120 pfxtnysö åfkkjd (rhtlbnjd), – cvjnhb dhtpre – xfcnj e ybö dct ét tcnm ldf ujlf yf nj, xnjås jghtltkbnmcz c dsåjhjv b ecgtnm djdhtvz pfdthibnm jåextybt. Rjytxyj, cneltynfv vtcnysö rjkktlétq (extåysö pfdtltybq c ldeöktnytq ghjuhfvvjq jåextybz, gj pfdthitybb rjnjhjq ghbcdfbdftncz cntgtym vkflituj cgtwbfkbcnf) ghböjlbncz jghtltkznmcz ujhfplj åscnhtt. Nfrét cneltynfv kexit hfymit jghtltkbnmcz cj cgtwbfkbpfwbtq, tckb gj dsåhfyyjq ghjuhfvvt pyfxbntkmyfz ljkz ghtlvtnjd jnyjcbncz r jåkfcnb cgtwbfkbpfwbb (r ghbvthe, eprjcgtwbfkmyst lbcwbgkbys bkb ytrjnjhst vtlbwbycrbt cgtwbfkmyjcnb) bkb nhtåetn åjkmijuj xbckf ghtl
Cneltynrf rfatlhs bcreccnd dtltn rjycgtrn gj fyfnjvbb d Cfdfyycrjv rjkktlét bcreccndf b lbpfqyf, in. Léjhlébz.
Pfybvfnmcz, pfybvfnmcz b tot hfp pfybvfnmcz – nfrjdf celmåf cneltynjd rfatlhs vepsrb d dbhlébycrjv Eybdthcbntnt Vähb Dfibyunjy
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�� Ä-éehyfk CIFJåotcndj b wtyyjcnb / Yjzåhm 2005 ujlf
dfhbntkmysö rehcjd (åfpjdsö rehcjd, rjnjhst cneltyn jåzpfy ghjqnb, xnjås pfgbcfnmcz yf ghtlvtn gjdsityyjuj ehjdyz).
Rfrdsåhfnmcgtwbfkbpfwbñ?
Ytrjnjhst cnhfcnyj edktrfñncz jghtltktyysv ghtlvtnjv. Lheubt ghtecgtdfkb d xtvnj d chtlytq irjkt. E nhtnmbö tcnm wtkm d gkfyt rfhmths, rjnjhfz jghtltkztn cgtwbfkbpfwbñ – r ghbvthe, ghjatccbz vtlctcnhs, gtlfujubrf, ébdjgbcm bkb byétythyjt ltkj. Jlyfrj vyjubt cneltyns ghjcnj yt jcjpyfñn cdjtuj ghbpdfybz. Öjnz, vjétn åsnm, jyb ghtlcnfdkzñn ctåt, xtv öjntkb ås pfybvfnmcz gjckt jrjyxfybz extås, yj jyb vjuen gkjöj gjybvfnm, rfrbt ghtlvtns gjvjuen bv d ljcnbétybb bö åeleobö wtktq. Rfr ghfdbkj, åjkmibycnde ghjatccbq gjlöjlbn yt jlyf cgtwbfkbpfwbz. Yf cfvjv ltkt, vyjubt pfdtltybz ghtleghtélfñn, xnj dsåjh rfhmths b dsåjh cgtwbfkbpfwbb – änj ldf cjdthityyj hfpysö ghjwtccf.
Åjkmibycndj ghtgjlfdfntktq gjkfufñn, xnj d dsåjht cgtwbfkbpfwbb cneltyns ljkéys bcöjlbnm bp njuj, xtv jyb öjnzn pfybvfnmcz, rfrjds bö cgjcjåyjcnb b rfr jyb öjnzn exbnmcz.
Kexibt htcehcs, gjvjufñobt dsåhfnm cgtwbfkbpfwbñ, ghtljcnfdkzñncz cfvbvb rjkktléfvb b eybdthcbntnfvb. Vyjétcndj pfdtltybq geåkbreñn yf cdjbö dtåcfqnfö juhjvyjt rjkbxtcndj byajhvfwbb b bycnhevtynjd, ghtlyfpyfxtyysö lkz gjvjob d dsåjht cgtwbfkbpfwbb. Öjnz ytrjnjhst pfdtltybz yf cdjbö cfqnfö ghtljcnfdkzñn byajhvfwbñ, jnyjczoeñcz njkmrj r bö cjåcndtyysv ghjuhfvvfv b eckeufv, vyjubt lheubt ghtlkfufñn byajhvfwbñ, ghbvtybveñ r eckjdbzv kñåjuj extåyjuj pfdtltybz (cv. dhtpre).
Xfot dctuj lfñncz nfrbt cjdtns:• Epyfqnt åjkmit j ctåt. Rfrbt dfib cbkmyst b ckfåst cnjhj
ys d jnyjitybb extås? Xnj dfv yhfdbncz? Xnj dfc bynthtcetn? Rfrbt e dfc wtyyjcnb? Xnj ds cjåbhftntcm ltkfnm ytgjchtlcndtyyj gjckt jrjyxfybz eybdthcbntnf: blnb hfåjnfnm bkb exbnmcz d fcgbhfyneht?
• Cjcnfdmnt jwtyre cdjtq kbxyjcnb bkb cdjbö bynthtcjd. Tckb änj ytdjpvjéyj cltkfnm d dfitq chtlytq irjkt bkb d ujhjlt, jåhfnbntcm d Fvthbrfycrbq jåhfpjdfntkmysq byajhvfwbjyysq bkb rjycekmnfwbjyysq wtynh d dfitq cnhfyt. D hfvrfö ghjuhfvvs EducationUSA ltqcndetn åjktt 450 nfrbö wtynhjd d 170 hfpysö cnhfyfö. [http://www.educationusa.state.gov]
• Gjctnbnt dtåcfqns rfatlh eybdthcbntnjd; gjcvjnhbnt, rfrbt cgtwbfkbpfwbb ghtlkfufñncz. Jwtybnt, rfrbt ghtlvtns ghtgjlfñncz b rfrjds nhtåjdfybz lkz gjkextybz cntgtyb. Ytrjnjhst ghjatccjhf b ghtgjlfdfntkb geåkbreñn d Bynthytnt extåyst gkfys cdjbö rehcjd. Xtv åjkmit ds cvjétnt epyfnm j rehcfö b nhtåjdfybzö gj cgtwbfkbpfwbb, ntv kexit.
• Rjulf ds ghbtltnt d Cjtlbytyyst Infns, gjctnbnt rfatlhs d eybdthcbntnt b gjujdjhbnt c cjnhelybrfvb, ghtgjlfdfntkzvb b cneltynfvb.
• Pfqlbnt d wtynhs ghjatccbjyfkmyjq jhbtynfwbb b gjcvjnhbnt byajhvfwbñ j njv, rfrbt ljkéyjcnb pfyzkb dsgecrybrb eybdthcbntnf b gj rfrjq cgtwbfkmyjcnb jyb exbkbcm.
• Rjulf ds yfxytnt extåe, gjghjåeqnt hfpyst rehcs yf hfpysö rfatlhfö. Gjpyfrjvmntcm c ghtgjlfdfntkzvb, rjnjhst ghtgjlfñn jcyjdyst rehcs gj cgtwbfkbpfwbb, b epyfqnt, xnj pf cneltyns nfv exfncz.
• Tckb dfv rfétncz, xnj ds dsåhfkb yt ne cgtwbfkbpfwbñ, yt djkyeqntcm: åjkmibycndj cneltynjd d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö vtyzñn cgtwbfkbpfwbñ. Yt cnjbn lthéfnmcz pf cgtwbfkbpfwbñ, rjnjhfz dfv yt yhfdbncz bkb rjnjhfz dfv yt bynthtcyf.
• Yt genfqnt dsåjh ghjatccbjyfkmyjq rfhmths c dsåjhjv cgtwbfkbpfwbb. Kñåfz cgtwbfkbpfwbz gjlujnjdbn dfc r pfyznbñ ytcrjkmrbö hfpkbxysö ljkéyjcntq. Rfr yfgbcfyj yf dtåcfqnt Dfibyunjycrjuj eybdthcbntnf, ≤dscitt jåhfpjdfybt gjlujnfdkbdftn dfc r dsöjle yf hsyjr nhelf, yj yt juhfybxbdftn dfc jghtltktyyjq ghjatccbtq≥. [http://www.washington.edu/students/ugrad/advising/majchoos.html] ■
Vytybz, dscrfpsdftvst d lfyyjq cnfnmt, yt jåzpfntkmyj jnhféfñn dpukzls bkb gjkbnbre ghfdbntkmcndf CIF.
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Cneltyn eybdthcbntnf Rfhytub-Vtkkjyf ghbrhtgkztn vtlfkm yf ds-buhfdieñ ghbp vfibye åtp djlbntkz, rjnjheñ tuj rjvfylf ghbdtpkf bp Gtyycbkmdfybb yf cjhtdyjdfybz d Ytdfle.
�� Jåotcndj b wtyyjcnb / Yjzåhm 2005 ujlfÄ-éehyfk CIF
DSÅJH CGTwBFKBpFwBB B DSÅJH GHJATCCBJYFKmYJq RFHmTHS
Dsåjh cgtwbfkbpfwbb vjétn jrfpfnmcz ytghjcnsv pfyznbtv. D Cghfdjxybrt gj cgtwbfkbpfwbzv Cjdtnf
rjkktlétq jgbcfyj åjktt 900 cgtwbfkbpfwbq, ghtlkfuftvsö d 3600 rjkktléfö b eybdthcbntnfö. Öjnz ytrjnjhst rybub vjuen gjvjxm dfv dsåhfnm gjlöjlzoeñ cgtwbfkbpfwbñ, cnjbn nfrét pfukzyenm yf dtåcfqns eybdthcbntnjd, ult vjéyj yfqnb gjktpyeñ b åtcgkfnyeñ byajhvfwbñ.
Dct rjkktléb b eybdthcbntns geåkbreñn gjkyst cgbcrb djpvjéysö cgtwbfkbpfwbq b ghjuhfvv jåextybz yf cntgtym d eybdthcbntncrbö cghfdjxybrfö b yf cdjbö dtåcfqnfö. Xfcnj jyb nfrét ghtljcnfdkzñn vyjuj byajhvfwbb, bycnhevtynjd b htcehcjd, gjvjufñobö gjyznm b dsåhfnm cgtwbfkbpfwbñ. R ghbvthe, yf cfqnt eybdthcbntnf Vbyytcjns tcnm cktleñofz byajhvfwbz j cdzpb cgtwbfkbpfwbb d eybdthcbntnt b ghjatccbjyfkmyjq rfhmths d hfpltkt ≤Rjycgtrn gj dsåjhe b cvtyt cgtwbfkbpfwbb≥. [http://ucs1.ucs.umn.edu/www/majorworkbook.html]
Hfpyst dbls cgtwbfkbpfwbqYtrjnjhst cgtwbfkbpfwbb ntcyj cdzpfys c jghtltktyysvb ghjatccbzvb, njulf rfr lheubt yt ytcen nfrjq jlyjpyfxyjq cdzpb. C njxrb phtybz gjlujnjdrb r rfhmtht cgtwbfkbpfwbb vjéyj hfpltkbnm yf nhb rfntujhbb:
Yt ghjatccbjyfkmyj jhbtynbhjdfyystNfrbt cgtwbfkbpfwbb yt ghtlyfpyfxtys lkz gjlujnjdrb r jghtltktyyjq ghjatccbb bkb hfåjnt d jghtltktyyjq
jåkfcnb. Nfrfz ghjuhfvvf vjétn cnfnm ghjatccbjyfkmyjjhbtynbhjdfyyjq d cjxtnfybb c jgsnjv hfåjns bkb nheljdjq ghfrnbrjq. D ghbvth vjéyj ghbdtcnb nfrbt cgtwbfkbpfwbb, rfr bcnjhbz, gjkbnjkjubz b cjwbjkjubz. Lkz ytrjnjhsö änb cgtwbfkmyjcnb zdkzñncz gjlujnjdrjq r jåextybñ yf åjktt dscjrjv ehjdyt kbåj eét d eckjdbzö hfåjns, kbåj d fcgbhfyneht.
Ghjatccbjyfkmyj jhbtynbhjdfyystGhjatccbjyfkmyjjhbtynbhjdfyyst cgtwbfkbpfwbb gjlujnfdkbdfñn cneltynjd r hfåjnt d jghtltktyyjq jåkfcnb, yj yt r rjyrhtnyjq ghjatccbb. Jåextybt gj nfrjq ghjuhfvvt gjlujnjdbn dfc r hfåjnt d rfxtcndt cnféthf. Öjhjibvb ghbvthfvb zdkzñncz éehyfkbcnbrf, vtytlévtyn b vfntvfnbrf.
GhjatccbjyfkmystÄnb cgtwbfkbpfwbb drkñxfñn d ctåz gjlujnjdre r rjyrhtnyjq hfåjnt bkb ghjatccbb. Nfrbt ghjuhfvvs xfcnj hfccxbnfys yf extåyeñ gjlujnjdre r gjkextybñ ghjatccbjyfkmyjq kbwtypbb bkb cthnbabrfwbb. Chtlb ghbvthjd vjéyj ghbdtcnb gtlfujubre, jåextybt yf vtlctcnhe b byétythyjt ltkj.
Nbgjdjq cgbcjr extåysö cgtwbfkbpfwbq
Ctkmcrjt öjpzqcndjCtkmcrjöjpzqcndtyyfz yferfPjjntöybrfHfcntybtdjlcndj b gjxdjdtltybtGhtlghbybvfntkmcndj b vtytlévtyn d ctkmcrjv öjpzqcndtEghfdktybt gfcnåboysv öjpzqcndjvVtöfybpfwbz d ctkmcrjv öjpzqcndtJdjotdjlcndjDtnthbyfhbz
Dsxbckbntkmyfz ntöybrfDsxbckbntkmyfz ntöybrf b byajhvfwbjyyst ntöyjkjubbGhjuhfvvbhjdfybtJåhfåjnrf lfyysöCbcntvs b vtytlévtyn d catht byajhvfwbjyysö ntöyjkjubqDsxbckbntkmyfz vfntvfnbrfÅbåkbjntrjdtltybtVeptb b jöhfyf rekmnehysö wtyyjcntq
GtlfujubrfLdezpsxyjt/vtérekmnehyjt jåhfpjdfybt
Cgtwbfkmyjt jåhfpjdfybtRjycekmnbhjdfybtJåextybt dphjcksö b gthtgjlujnjdrfYfxfkmyjt jåhfpjdfybtLjirjkmyjt jåhfpjdfybtJåhfpjdfybt d chtlytq irjktJåhfpjdfybt d cnfhibö rkfccfö chtlytq irjksJåhfpjdfybt d jåkfcnb bcreccndf, vepsrb b lhfvfnehubbJåhfpjdfybt d jåkfcnb ljvjdjlcndfAbprekmnehyjt jåhfpjdfybt/ abnytcc
�� Ä-éehyfk CIFJåotcndj b wtyyjcnb / Yjzåhm 2005 ujlf
Jåhfpjdfybt d jåkfcnb yferGhjatccbjyfkmyjt b ghjvsiktyyjt jåhfpjdfybtRjvvthxtcrjt jåhfpjdfybt – åbpytccGhtgjlfdfybt byjcnhfyysö zpsrjdUevfybnfhyjt jåhfpjdfybtJåhfpjdfybt d jåkfcnb jåotcndtyysö yferVfntvfnbxtcrjt jåhfpjdfybtJåhfpjdfybt d jåkfcnb dsxbckbntkmyjq ntöybrbHtkbubjpyjt jåhfpjdfybt
Byétythyjt ltkjFdbfrjcvbxtcrfz b fdbfwbjyyfz ntöybrfFcnhjyfdnbrfCtkmcrjöjpzqcndtyyfz ntöybrfFhöbntrnehyjt ghjtrnbhjdfybtÅbjbyétythbzÅbjvtlbwbycrfz ntöyjkjubzNtöyjkjubz ghjbpdjlcndf rthfvbxtcrbö bpltkbqÖbvbxtcrbt ntöyjkjubbCnhjbntkmyjt ltkjNtöybrf cdzpbDsxbckbntkmyfz ntöybrfÄktrnhbxtcrjt vfibyjcnhjtybtÄktrnhjybrfByétythyfz utjkjubzByétythyfz utjabpbrfGhjvsiktyyfz ntöybrf b ghjtrnbhjdfybtNtöyjkjubz vfnthbfkjdVfibyjcnhjtybtVtnfkkehubzUjhyfz ntöybrf b jåhfåjnrf vbythfkjdCeljdjt vfibyjcnhjtybtRjhfåktcnhjtybtZlthyfz ntöybrfYtantghjvsckjdjt ltkjUtjltpbz b rfhnjuhfabzCbcntvysq fyfkbp b cbcntvyjt ghjtrnbhjdfybt
Ntöyjkjubb, cdzpfyyst c byétythysv ltkjvXthxtybtFdnjvjåbkmyjt vfibyjcnhjtybt b ntöybrfÄktrnhjntöybrfÄktrnhjvtöfybrfÄrjkjubxtcrbt ntöyjkjubb b ntöyjkjubb äythujcåthtétybzNtöybxtcrfz vtöfybrfNtöyjkjubb plhfdjjöhfytybz b åtpjgfcyjcnb yf ghjbpdjlcndtCnhjbntkmyst ntöyjkjubbFdbfwbz b djpleiyst gthtdjprbGthtdjprb b cyfåétybt
Fyukbqcrbq zpsr b kbnthfnehfFyukbqcrbq zpsrRkfccbxtcrfz kbnthfnehf b rkfccbxtcrjt jåhfpjdfybtChfdybntkmyfz kbnthfnehfGbcfntkmcrjt vfcnthcndjKbyudbcnbrfFvthbrfycrfz kbnthfnehfFyukbqcrfz kbnthfnehfHtxm b hbnjhbrfNtöybxtcrjt b ltkjdjt gbcmvj
ÄnyjuhfabzFahbrfybcnbrfFvthbrfybcnbrfÄnyjuhfabz fpbfncrj nböjjrtfycrjuj htubjyfCnhfyjdtltybt – TdhjgfCnhfyjdtltybt – Kfnbycrfz FvthbrfCnhfyjdtltybt – Åkbéybq DjcnjrFahjfvthbrfycrfz änyjuhfabzÄnyjuhfabz rjhtyyjuj yfctktybz FvthbrbÄnyjuhfabz kfnbyjfvthbrfywtdBckfvbcnbrfBelfbrf
Byjcnhfyyst zpsrbByjcnhfyyst zpsrb b kbnthfnehfRbnfqcrbq zpsrZgjycrbq zpsrZpsrb Fpbb
Ytvtwrbq zpsrCrfylbyfdcrbt zpsrbAhfywepcrbq zpsrBnfkmzycrbq zpsrBcgfycrbq zpsrGjhneufkmcrbq zpsrKfnsymUhtxtcrbq zpsrBdhbnZpsrb Åkbéytuj DjcnjrfHeccrbq zpsrCkfdzycrbt zpsrb (rhjvt heccrjuj)
Jåobt b vtélbcwbgkbyfhyst yferbUevfybnfhyst yferbHfphtitybt rjyakbrnjdBccktljdfybz d jåkfcnb atvbybpvfJåotcndjdtltybtVtélbcwbgkbyfhyst yferbBylbdblefkmyst cgtwbfkbpfwbb
VfntvfnbrfVfntvfnbrfFrnefhyfz vfntvfnbrf (abyfycjdjåeöufknthcrbt hfcxtns)Ghbrkflyfz vfntvfnbrfCnfnbcnbrf
Djtyyst yferb b eckeub jöhfysDjtyyst yferbEujkjdyfz ñcnbwbz b jöhfyf ghfdjgjhzlrfGhjnbdjgjéfhyfz pfobnf b åtpjgfcyjcnm
Gfhrb b vtcnf lkz jnlsöfFlvbybcnhfwbz gfhrjdBccktljdfybz d jåkfcnb cgjhnf, jnlsöf b ljceufRjytdjlcndjEghfdktybt jöhfyjq jrheéfñotq chtlsGhjbpdjlcndj b jåhfåjnrf ktcfKtcyjt öjpzqcndjVtytlévtyn d jåkfcnb lbrjq ghbhjls b hsåyjuj öjpzqcndf
�� Jåotcndj b wtyyjcnb / Yjzåhm 2005 ujlfÄ-éehyfk CIF
ÄrjkjubzYferf jå jöhfyt jrheéfñotq chtls
Abkjcjabz, htkbubz b åjujckjdbtAbkjcjabzHtkbubz b åjujckjdbtAbkjcjabz b htkbubzÅbåktqcrbt zpsrbÅbåkbbcnbrfHtkbubjpyjt jåhfpjdfybtLeöjdyfz vepsrfFlvbybcnhfnbdyjöjpzqcndtyyjt eghfdktybt htkbubjpysvb exhtéltybzvb
Cdzpb c jåotcndtyyjcnmñ b ñhbcgheltywbzEujkjdyfz ñcnbwbz b jöhfyf ghfdjgjhzlrfCdzpb c jåotcndtyyjcnmñ/ flvbybcnhfwbzCjwbfkmyfz gjvjom/cjwbfkmyst eckeub
Yfxfkmyjt ñhblbxtcrjt jåhfpjdfybtGhfdjdfz gjvjom
Tcntcndtyyst yferbÅbjkjubzÅbjöbvbzÅbjabpbrfÅjnfybrfRktnjxyfz b vjktrekzhyfz åbjkjubzVbrhjåbjkjubz/åfrnthbjkjubzPjjkjubzVjhcrfz åbjkjubzÅbjkjubxtcrbt cgtwbfkbpfwbbTcntcndjpyfybtFcnhjyjvbzFcnhjabpbrfBpextybt fnvjcaths b vtntjhjkjubzÖbvbzUtjkjubzAbpbrfYferf j ptvkt b rjcvjctNtöyjkjubb bccktljdfybq
Jåotcndtyyst yferbFynhjgjkjubzFhötjkjubzRhbvbyjkjubzÄrjyjvbrfUtjuhfabzEghfdktybtBcnjhbzVtéleyfhjlyst ltkf/jnyjitybzGjkbnjkjubzGcböjkjubzCjwbjkjubzEhåfybcnbrf
Bpjåhfpbntkmyst b bcgjkybntkmcrbt bcreccndfHtvtcktyybxtcndj b recnfhyjt ghjbpdjlcndjNfytwLbpfqyAjnjuhfabzLhfvfnbxtcrjt bcreccndjRbytvfnjuhfabzBpjåhfpbntkmyst bcreccndfVepsrfLbpfqy bynthmthf
(Cgbcjr cjcnfdkty A2zcolleges.com.)
Åjkmibycndj ghjuhfvv jåextybz yf cntgtym åfrfkfdhf hfccxbnfys yf xtnsht ujlf jxyjuj jåextybz. Gjkextybt
cntgtyb åfrfkfdhf gjpdjkztn yfxfnm ghjatccbjyfkmyeñ hfåjne bkb ghjljkébnm jåextybt d fcgbhfyneht. Cntgtyb vkflituj cgtwbfkbcnf, jåsxyj ghbcdftvst vtcnysvb rjkktléfvb, hfccxbnfys yf ldf ujlf jxyjuj jåextybz. Gjckt gjkextybz cntgtyb vkflituj cgtwbfkbcnf vjéyj dsqnb yf hfåjne bkb ghjljkébnm jåextybt d pfdtltybb c xtnshtöktnybvb ghjuhfvvfvb jåextybz.
D åjkmibycndt ckexftd extåysq ujl cjcnjbn bp ldeö ctvtcnhjd lkbyjq d 15 ytltkm rfélsq.✶
Extåysq ujl jåsxyj yfxbyftncz d fduecnt bkb ctynzåht b ghjljkéftncz lj vfz bkb bñyz; jåsxyj d ltrfåht bkb zydfht tcnm rjhjnrbt pbvybt rfybreks. Jåextybt vjétn ghjöjlbnm b d ktnybq ctvtcnh d bñyt, bñkt b/bkb fduecnt, yj, rfr ghfdbkj, yf åfpjdjv ehjdyt ktnytt jåextybt ytjåzpfntkmyj.
Ujls jåextybzGthdsq ujl – freshmanDnjhjq ujl – sophomoreNhtnbq ujl – juniorXtndthnsq ujl – senior
✶ Chtlb lheubö hfcghjcnhfytyysö cbcntv ltktybz extåyjuj ujlf vjéyj yfpdfnm ≤nhbvtcnhs≥, ult extåysq ujl ltkbncz yf nhb hfdysö gthbjlf gj 10–12 ytltkm rfélsq, b ≤xtndthnb≥, ult ujl ltkbncz yf xtnsht hfdysö gthbjlf gj 10 ytltkm rfélsq. Lkz jxyjuj jåextybz cneltyn ljkéty gjctofnm pfyznbz öjnz ås nhb bp xtnshtö xtndthntq..
ExTÅYSq UJL
�� Ä-éehyfk CIFJåotcndj b wtyyjcnb / Yjzåhm 2005 ujlf
Lkz gjkextybz åjkmibycndf cntgtytq åfrfkfdhf nhtåetncz yfåhfnm 120 pfxtnysö åfkkjd (≤rhtlbnjd≥) (180,
tckb rjkktlé hfåjnftn gj cbcntvt c xtndthnzvb). Vfhufhtn Ifnwvfy bp Ckeéås gj jwtyrt lfyysö jå jåhfpjdfybb d Vbkejrb, infn Dbcrjycby, ghtlkfuftn cktleñott jgbcfybt cbcntvs ≤rhtlbnjd≥.
Jxyst cneltyns åfpjdjuj rehcf, rfr ghfdbkj, ljkéys gjkexbnm yt vtymit 15 ≤rhtlbnjd≥ pf ctvtcnh, n.t., 30 ≤rhtlbnjd≥ pf ujl.
Gthdsq ujl jåextybz: jn 1 lj 30 rhtlbnjdDnjhjq ujl jåextybz: jn 31 lj 60 rhtlbnjdNhtnbq ujl jåextybz: jn 61 lj 90 rhtlbnjdXtndthnsq ujl jåextybz: jn 91 lj 120 rhtlbnjd
Ntjhtnbxtcrbq rehc
Jlby ≤rhtlbn≥ hfdyztncz 50 vbyenfv extåyjuj dhtvtyb (d rkfcct) d ytltkñ yf ghjnzétybb jlyjuj ctvtcnhf (15 ytltkm). Åjkmifz xfcnm ntjhtnbxtcrbö rehcjd åfpjdjuj ehjdyz ärdbdfktynyf nhtv bkb xtnshtv rhtlbnfv rfélsq. Nfrbv jåhfpjv, lkz ghjöjéltybz ≤nhtörhtlbnyjuj≥ rehcf, cneltyn ljkéty åeltn ghjdjlbnm yf pfyznbzö gj 50 vbyen nhb hfpf d ytltkñ. E åjkmibycndf cneltynjd åfpjdjuj ehjdyz d rféljv
ctvtcnht gj gznm rehcjd, b d jåotq cevvt jyb yfåbhfñn 15 rhtlbnjd pf ctvtcnh. Nfrbv jåhfpjv, cneltyns ghjdjlzn ghbvthyj 15 xfcjd d ytltkñ yf pfyznbzö. Gjvbvj dhtvtyb, ghjdtltyyjuj d rkfcct, ljgjkybntkmyjt dhtvz nhfnbncz yf gjlujnjdre, d njv xbckt, xntybt, dsgjkytybt ljvfiybö pflfybq, pfyznbz d åbåkbjntrt b gjlujnjdrf r jghjcfv b rjynhjkmysv hfåjnfv.
Kfåjhfnjhysq rehc, ghfrnbxtcrbq rehc b pfyznbz d cnelbb (bcgjkybntkmcrjt bcreccndj,
hbcjdfybt, ébdjgbcm b n.g.)
Jlby ≤rhtlbn≥ ghbhfdybdftncz r ldevxtnshtv 50vbyenysv rkfccysv pfyznbzv d ytltkñ d ntxtybt jlyjuj ctvtcnhf. Lheubvb ckjdfvb, yf pfyznbzö gj kfåjhfnjhyjve bkb ghfrnbxtcrjve rehce bkb pfyznbzö d cnelbb cneltyns åelen ghjdjlbnm d ytltkñ d ldfxtnsht hfpf åjkmit dhtvtyb d rkfcct, xtv yf pfyznbzö gj ntjhtnbxtcrjve rehce. Dytrkfccyfz gjlujnjdrf ghb änjv vbybvfkmyf bkb yt nhtåetncz djdct. Yfghbvth, lkz ghjöjéltybz kfåjhfnjhyjuj rehcf, pf rjnjhsq cneltyn gjkexftn ldf rhtlbnf, ytjåöjlbvj åeltn ghjdjlbnm d kfåjhfnjhbb, rfr vbybvev, ldf hfpf d ytltkñ gj ldf 50vbyenysö gthbjlf.
NHTÅJDFYBz LKz GJKExTYBz CNTGTYB ÅFRFKFDHF
Pltcm gthtxbcktys njkmrj ytrjnjhst dtåcfqns fvthbrfycrbö eybdthcbntnjd, ghtljcnfdkzñobö gjktpyeñ byajh
vfwbñ lkz cneltynjd (cfqns htrjvtyljdfys fdnjhjv).
Rfkbajhybqcrbq eybdthcbntn d Åthrkb [http://ls-advise.berkeley.edu/choosingmajor/intro.html] lftn jghtltktybt, xnj nfrjt cgtwbfkbpfwbz, hfccrfpsdftn, rfr gjlujnjdbnmcz r dsåjhe cgtwbfkbpfwbb b gjlfnm pfzdktybt lj rjywf dnjhjuj ujlf jåextybz, hfccvfnhbdftn ytrjnjhst ytghfdbkmyst ghtlcnfdktybz j cgtwbfkbpfwbb b dsåjht ghjatccbjyfkmyjq rfhmths b ghtlkfuftn cjdtns cneltynfv, rfr jghtltkbnm lkz ctåz wtkm jåhfpjdfybz.
Yf cfqnt eybdthcbntnf Vbyytcjns [http://ucs1.ucs.umn.edu/www/majorworkbook.html] ds yfqltnt jghtltktybt cgtwbfkbpfwbb, rjnjhjt lftn Léjy Öjkkfyl. Gthtxbckzñncz afrnjhs, dkbzñobt yf dsåjh cgtwbfkbpfwbb: bynthtcs, yfdsrb, wtyyjcnb b öfhfrnthyst ≤nbgs≥ kbxyjcntq, rjnjhst gjvjuen cneltynfv kexit gjyznm, r rfrjve nbge jyb jnyjczncz b rfrbt cgtwbfkbpfwbb vjuen bv gjljqnb.
Eybdthcbntn infnf Jrkföjvf [http://home.okstate.edu/homepages.nsa/toc/chp15_1] hfphfåjnfk htcehc gjl yfpdfybtv ≤Gjlujnjdrf r dscitve jåhfpjdfybñ 101≥, ult vjéyj yfqnb vyjuj htrjvtylfwbq j njv, xnj ytjåöjlbvj cltkfnm lj yfxfkf extås b xnj yeéyj pyfnm, rjulf yfxbyfñncz pfyznbz. Nfv nfrét tcnm hfpltk j dsåjht cgtwbfkbpfwbb.
Eybdthcbntn infnf Gtyycbkmdfybz [http://www.psu.edu/dus/md/mdmisper.htm] hfccrfétn j hfcghjcnhfytyysö pfåkeéltybzö d jnyjitybb cgtwbfkbpfwbq, yfghbvth, j njv, xnj dsåjh cgtwbfkbpfwbb b ghjatccbjyfkmyjq rfhmths – änj yt jlyj b nj ét, bkb xnj dsåjh jlyjq cgtwbfkbpfwbb yt jpyfxftn jnrfp jn dctö jcnfkmysö.
Gtycbkmdfycrbq eybdthcbntn [http://www.college.upenn.edu/curriculum/major_factors.html] ghtlkfuftn cneltynfv ≤rjynhjkmysq cgbcjr≥ lkz njuj, xnjås jyb cvjukb jghtltkbnm cdjb bynthtcs, vjnbdfwbb b wtkb.
GJKTpYST DTÅ-CFqNS
�0 Jåotcndj b wtyyjcnb / Yjzåhm 2005 ujlfÄ-éehyfk CIF
Nhtåjdfybz, ghtlüzdkztvst cneltynfv yf pfyznbzö, pfdbczn jn ghtgjlfdfntkz b ghtlvtnf, yj, d wtkjv, cbcntvf fvthbrfycrjuj dscituj jåhfpjdfybz ghtlgjkfuftn frnbdyjt exfcnbt cneltynf yf ctvbyfhfö b dsgjkytybt ljvfiybö pflfybq yf ghjnzétybb dctuj rehcf. Bnjujdfz jwtyrf xfcnj jghtltkztncz jnvtnrfvb pf rjynhjkmyst hfåjns d öjlt ctvtcnhf b pf ärpfvty, f nfrét lheubvb gjrfpfntkzvb hfåjns gj ghtlvtne. Fdnjh gjzcyztn ytrjnjhst bp bcgjkmpetvsö cbcntv jwtyrb. Kbylf Njåfi – lbhtrnjh cneltyxtcrjq ckeéås Bycnbnenf vtéleyfhjlyjuj jåhfpjdfybz.
D fvthbrfycrbö eybdthcbntnfö jn cneltynjd jåsxyj jéblftncz frnbdyjt exfcnbt d extåyjv ghjwtcct. Öjnz e rféljuj ghtgjlfdfntkz vjétn åsnm cdjq cjåcndtyysq
cnbkm b cdjb nhtåjdfybz r cneltynfv, xfot dctuj cneltynfv ytjåöjlbvj åeltn ghjzdkznm frnbdyjcnm d extåt. Rfr ghfdbkj, yf gthdjv pfyznbb ghjatccjh hfplftn cneltynfv extåysq gkfy rehcf bkb lftn flhtc dtåcfqnf, ult jgeåkbrjdfy extåysq gkfy. D extåyjv gkfyt jgbcsdfñncz pflfxb rehcf, dytrkfccyjt xntybt b pflfybz, cbcntvf dscnfdktybz jwtyjr, ghfdbkf jnyjcbntkmyj gjctotybz b ythtlrj jåofz gtlfujubxtcrfz abkjcjabz bkb
gjlöjl ghtgjlfdfntkz r ghtgjlfdfybñ. Chtlb hfcghjcnhfytyysö nhtåjdfybq, rjnjhsö ghblthébdfñncz ghjatccjhf, vjéyj yfpdfnm cktleñobt:
• Cneltyn ljkéty gjctofnm pfyznbz. Dj vyjubö pfdtltybzö cfvb ghjatccjhf jghtltkzñn ghfdbkf jnyjcbntkmyj gjctotybz pfyznbq. Yj vjétn åsnm b jåofz lkz dctuj pfdtltybz cbcntvf gjctoftvjcnb; yfghbvth, cneltyns yt ljkéys ghjgecrfnm åjktt nhtö pfyznbq pf ctvtcnh. Ythtlrj, f d ytrjnjhsö pfdtltybzö jåzpfntkmyj, pf gjctoftvjcnmñ pfyznbzö cktlzn. Pfxfcneñ ghjgecr pfyznbq vjétn jnhfpbnmcz yf bnjujdjq jwtyrt cneltynf (cv. dhtpre). Gjvbvj änjuj, ytrjnjhst ghtgjlfdfntkb ecnhfbdfñn ytjéblfyyst jghjcs. Tckb cneltyn ghjgecrftn pfyznbt, jy ghjgecrftn b jghjc, xnj njét vjétn gjdkbznm yf bnjujdeñ jwtyre.
• Cneltyn ljkéty åsnm gjlujnjdkty r pfyznbñ. D extåyjv gkfyt ghjatccjh, rfr ghfdbkj, erfpsdftn dct pflfybz. Cneltyns ljkéys ghjxbnfnm hfccvfnhbdftvsq vfnthbfk gthtl pfyznbzvb b åsnm d cjcnjzybb jåcelbnm tuj. Byjulf cneltyns ljkéys cjåhfnmcz d uheggs b dvtcnt hfåjnfnm yfl pflfybtv. D åjkmibycndt herjdjlcnd lkz cneltynjd jnvtxftncz, rfr dféyj htuekzhyj dsgjkyznm pflfybz b yt jncnfdfnm. Jåütv hfåjns
pFYzNBz D FELBNJHBzÖ D NTxTYBT GTHDSÖ xTNSHTÖ KTN JÅExTYBz
Kbylf Njåfi
Cneltyns ljkéys frnbdyj exfcndjdfnm d jåceéltybb d rkfcct.
Vfqrk R
jyh
jq, A
P/W
WP
�� Ä-éehyfk CIFJåotcndj b wtyyjcnb / Yjzåhm 2005 ujlf
vjétn åsnm yfcnjkmrj åjkmijq, xnj jåsxyj jncnfdibq cneltyn eét yt d cjcnjzybb ljuyfnm uhegge. Nfr xnj jxtym dféyj blnb d yjue cj dctvb.
• Cneltyn ljkéty djdhtvz clfdfnm dct pflfybz. Jåsxyj jwtyrf pf pflfybz, clfyyst c jgjplfybtv, åeltn cybétyf. Ytrjnjhst ghtgjlfdfntkb yt ghbybvfñn pflfybz c jgjplfybtv yb gjl rfrbv ghtlkjujv.
• Cneltyn ljkéty exfcndjdfnm d hfåjnt rkfccf. Yf åjkmibö ktrwbzö, ult vjétn åsnm åjkmit 200 cneltynjd, lbcreccbb vtéle ghjatccjhjv b cneltynfvb vjuen åsnm juhfybxtys. Jlyfrj yf åjkmibycndt pfyznbq d uheggfö ujhfplj vtymit yfhjle, b exfcnbt d jåceéltybb ythtlrj åeltn cjcnfdkznm xfcnm bnjujdjq jwtyrb. Cneltyns ljkéys yt njkmrj jndtxfnm yf djghjcs, yj b pflfdfnm bö. Pflfxf åjkmitq xfcnb rehcjd – pfcnfdbnm cneltynjd jcvsckbnm ghjöjlbvsq vfnthbfk b cajhvbhjdfnm cjåcndtyyjt vytybt. Lheubvb ckjdfvb, cneltyns ljkéys yt ghjcnj dsexbnm vfnthbfk, yj cjcnfdbnm, dshfpbnm b jncnjznm cjåcndtyyjt vytybt gj ghtlvtne bkb ntvt.
Yj xnj vjétn élfnm cneltyn jn pfyznbq? D rjkktlét åeltn cfvjt hfpyjt rjkbxtcndj hfpysö ghtlvtnjd, rjnjhst ghbltncz ghjöjlbnm. Yf gthdjv rehct ythtlrj yeéyj åeltn gjctofnm ktrwbb, yf rjnjhsö ghbcencndeñn 100 b åjktt cneltynjd. Yf nfrbö ktrwbzö c åjkmibv xbckjv cneltynjd xfcnj jcdtoftncz åjkmijq jåütv vfnthbfkf, b cneltyns ljkéys nofntkmyj dtcnb rjycgtrns. Yf nfrbö rehcfö vjuen ghjdjlbnmcz xfcnst jghjcs b rjynhjkmyst hfåjns. Djpvjéyj, cneltyns ljkéys åelen hfåjnfnm d extåysö uheggfö c vtymibv xbckjv cneltynjd, kbåj dcnhtxfzcm c ghjatccjhjv kbxyj, kbåj dsgjkyzz pflfybz, gjvtotyyst d åfpe lfyysö änjuj ghtlvtnf.
Ntv yt vtytt, åjkmibycndj rehcjd jödfnsdftn ujhfplj vtymit cneltynjd – 30–40 xtkjdtr d rkfcct. B pltcm jåotybt vtéle cneltynfvb åeltn jxtym dféyj. C gjdsitybtv ehjdyz ckjéyjcnb ghtlvtnjd hfpvths uheggs evtymifñncz, f ytrjnjhst ghtlvtns ghtgjlfñncz yf ctvbyfhfö d uheggfö bp 10 bkb vtymit exfcnybrjd. D nfrbö vfktymrbö uheggfö rhfqyt dféyf gjlujnjd
Cneltyns hfåjnfñn d kfåjhfnjhbb Djcnjxyjuj vtyyjybncrjuj eybdth-cbntnf d Dbhlébybb
Yfbåjktt hfcghjcnhfytyyfz cbcntvf jwtyjr d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö – änj cbcntvf A – F / 0 – 4, ult
A = 4B = 3C = 2D = 1 (fvthbrfycrfz rjywtgwbz)F = 0 (“failure” – yteljdktndjhbntkmyj,
byjulf yfpsdftncz E)
Lheubt hfcghjcnhfytyyst jwtyrb:I = incomplete (ytpfdthityysq)W = withdrawal (jnrfp)WU = unofficial withdrawal (ytjabwbfkmysq jnrfp)Audit = ghjckeibdfybt rehcf åtp dscnfdktybz
jwtyrb, åtp gjkextybz rhtlbnjd, gjctotybt pfyznbq b dsgjkytybt pflfybq
Pass/Fail = ghjöjéltybt rehcf c dscnfdktybtv pfxtnf bkb ytpfxtnf, åtp rjyrhtnyjuj ghjöjlyjuj åfkkf
Pass/No Credit = ghjckeifnm rehc kbåj c dscnfdktybtv pfxtnf, kbåj åtp pfxbcktybz rhtlbnf; ybrfrbö jnhbwfntkmysö åfkkjd
Rfélsq ghjatccjh ecnfyfdkbdftn cdjb rhbnthbb lkz jwtyrb hfåjns cneltynjd b dscnfdktybz bnjujdjq jwtyrb pf ghtlvtn. Rfr ghfdbkj, ghtgjlfdfntkb jåüzcyzñn cdjñ cbcntve dscnfdktybz jwtyrb d gthdsq ltym pfyznbq b drkñxfñn jgbcfybt d extåysq gkfy. Pfxfcneñ ghjatccjh jåüzcybn, rfr åelen jwtybdfnmcz rjynhjkmyst b rehcjdst hfåjns. Jxtym htlrj bnjujdfz jwtyrf åeltn jghtltkznmcz njkmrj jlyjq rehcjdjq hfåjnjq bkb jlybv ärpfvtyjv; jåsxyj jwtyrf crkflsdftncz bp wtkjuj hzlf cjcnfdkzñobö. Jwtyrf vjétn crkflsdfnmcz bp rfrjqkbåj rjvåbyfwbb cktleñobö rhbnthbtd:
• fi exfcnbt d rkfccyjq hfåjnt• fi jghjcs b rjynhjkmyst hfåjns• fi ärpfvty d cthtlbyt ctvtcnhf• fi bnjujdsq ärpfvty• fi bnjujdfz rehcjdfz hfåjnf
CBCNTVF JwTYJR
Ajnjuhfabz ghtljcnfdktyf Djcnjxysv vtyyjybncrbv eybdthcbntnjv
�� Jåotcndj b wtyyjcnb / Yjzåhm 2005 ujlfÄ-éehyfk CIF
ktyyjcnm r pfyznbñ b cgjcjåyjcnm frnbdyj exfcndjdfnm d hfåjnt.Chtlb lheubö dbljd pfyznbq vjuen åsnm kfåjhfnjhyst hfåjns,
xfot dctuj gj tcntcndtyysv yferfv, wtkmñ rjnjhsö zdkztncz ghjdtltybt jgsnjd. Cneltyns yf jnltktybzö bpjåhfpbntkmysö bcreccnd vjuen jéblfnm, xnj bpextybt ytrjnjhsö ghtlvtnjd åeltn ghjöjlbnm d cnelbb b åeltn drkñxfnm rfr b ntjhbñ, nfr b ghfrnbre dsgjkytybz rfrjujkbåj ghjtrnf. Fyfkjubxyj änjve, vyjubt rkfccs lkz nfywjhjd, frnthjd, gtdwjd b vepsrfynjd åelen cjchtljnjxtys yf eghféytybzö b dscnegktybzö.
Cneltyns vjuen ljujdjhbnmcz j ghjöjéltybb ytrjnjhsö rehcjd gj bylbdblefkmysv gkfyfv. Jåsxyj cneltyn dvtcnt c ghjatccjhjv hfphfåfnsdftn nfrjq extåysq gkfy, drkñxfñobq
ghjdtltybt bccktljdfybq, gjlujnjdre rehcjdjq hfåjns b hfcgbcfybt dcnhtx c ghjatccjhjv yf ghjnzétybb ctvtcnhf.
Dct åjkmit eybdthcbntnjd ghtljcnfdkztn cneltynfv dsåjh ajhvs jåextybz: jxyst rehcs (kbxyjt gjctotybt) bkb Bynthytnrehcs (lbcnfywbjyyjt jåextybt). Ythtlrj cneltyns ghjöjlzn ytrjnjhst rehcs d jxyjq ajhvt, f ytrjnjhst – xthtp Bynthytn. Yj lfét d eckjdbzö nhflbwbjyysö pfyznbq ghjatccjhf dct xfot gjkmpeñncz Bynthytnjv lkz geåkbrfwbb ljgjkybntkmyjq byajhvfwbb b ljvfiybö pflfybq, f nfrét hfpvtofñn d Bynthytnt ccskrb yf ljgjkybntkmyst htcehcs. Gjänjve ytjåöjlbvj jcdjbnmcz c ltqcndeñotq d extåyjv pfdtltybb äktrnhjyyjq cbcntvjq.
Lkz ytrjnjhsö cneltynjd xfcnm jåextybz vjétn ghjqnb d dblt nheljdjq ghfrnbrb. Wtkmñ nfrjq ghfrnbrb zdkztncz gjlrhtgktybt ntjhtnbxtcrbö pyfybq ghfrnbxtcrbvb yfdsrfvb, f nfrét djpvjéyjcnm lkz cneltynjd jwtybnm, gjlöjlbn kb bv änf jåkfcnm ltzntkmyjcnb. Jåsxyj cneltyns hfåjnfñn d rjvgfybzö, ntcyj cdzpfyysö c jåkfcnmñ bö cgtwbfkbpfwbb. Tckb pf ghfrnbre vjéyj gjkexbnm ≤rhtlbn≥ d cxtn gjkextybz cntgtyb, njulf xfot dctuj cneltynfv ytjåöjlbvj exfcndjdfnm d gthbjlbxtcrbö dcnhtxfö uheggs lkz jåceéltybz jgsnf, gjkextyyjuj d öjlt ghfrnbrb. Ghfrnbrf vjétn åsnm jgkfxbdftvjq, yj åjkmifz xfcnm dct ét
yt jgkfxbdftncz bkb jgkfxbdftncz gj vbybveve. D ytrjnjhsö jåkfcnzö, r ghbvthe, d byétythyjv ltkt, cneltynfv yfcnjzntkmyj htrjvtyletncz ghjöjlbnm nheljdeñ ghfrnbre yf ktnybö rfybrekfö. Rfr ghfdbkj, pf ktnyññ ghfrnbre extåysq ≤rhtlbn≥ yt pfcxbnsdftncz.
Tot jlyf äaatrnbdyfz vjltkm drkñxftn hfåjne yf jåotcndtyyjv gjghbot d ghjuhfvvs jåextybz bkb ghtljcnfdkztn cneltynfv djpvjéyjcnm pfybvfnmcz jåotcndtyyjq hfåjnjq d rfxtcndt äktvtynf extåyjuj gkfyf. D jåotcndtyyjq hfåjnt jcjåjt dybvfybt eltkztncz ghbvtytybñ gjkextyysö ntjhtnbxtcrbö pyfybq yf ghfrnbrt lkz htitybz ghjåktv rjyrhtnyjuj xtkjdtxtcrjuj rjkktrnbdf. Nfrfz ghjuhfvvf ghbpdfyf yt njkmrj jrfpfnm gjvjom kñlzv, cajhvbhjdfnm e cneltynjd uhfélfycreñ jndtncndtyyjcnm, yj b cgjcjåcndjdfnm hfpdbnbñ e ybö ghbdsxtr b yfdsrjd xktyjd ltvjrhfnbxtcrjuj jåotcndf. ■
Vytybz, dscrfpsdftvst d lfyyjq cnfnmt, yt jåzpfntkmyj jnhféfñn dpukzls bkb gjkbnbre ghfdbntkmcndf CIF.
Rjvyfnf d cneltyxtcrjv jåotébnbb – änj vtcnj lkz cyf, extås b jnlsöf d Eybdthcbntnt Léjycjyf C. Cvbnf d Ctdthyjq Rfhjkbyt
Ajnjuhfabz ghtljcnfdktyf Eybdthcbntnjv Léjycjyf C. Cvbnf
Änb cneltyns åbpytc-irjks Eybdthcbntnf Ctdthyjq Rfhjkbys d Ifhkjnnt ckeifñn ktrwbñ d felbnjhbb d dblt fvabntfnhf – jlyjuj bp cfvsö hfpysö nbgjd felbnjhbq d fvthbrfycrbö rjkktléfö.
Eäql Åhenjy/Eybdthcbntn Ctdthyjq Rfhjkbys Ifhkjnn
�� Ä-éehyfk CIFJåotcndj b wtyyjcnb / Yjzåhm 2005 ujlf
Chtlcndf yf jåextybt åjkmibycndf fvthbrfycrbö cneltynjd cjcnfdkzñncz bp ctvtqysö cåthtétybq, ccel, uhfynjd b pfhfåjnrjd. E byjcnhfyysö cneltynjd yt dctulf tcnm nfrbt djpvjéyjcnb, b d änjq cnfnmt vs ghtlkfuftv dfv cjdtns j njv, ult vjéyj yfqnb byajhvfwbñ j abyfycjdjq gjllthért.
Exbnmcz d fvthbrfycrjv rjkktlét bkb eybdthcbntnt jxtym ljhjuj. Ujl d jlyjv bp dtleobö eybdthcbntnjd c xtnshtöktnytq ghjuhfvvjq vjétn cnjbnm lj 50 nsczx ljkkfhjd,
yt exbnsdfz ljgjkybntkmyst pfnhfns yf ébkmt, nhfycgjhn b lheubt hfcöjls yf ébpym. Rjytxyj, ceotcndeñn åjktt ltitdst dfhbfyns d rjkktléfö, rjnjhst nfrét lfñn jåhfpjdfybt yf öjhjitv ehjdyt. Gjctotybt åjkmitq xfcnb xtnshtöujlbxysö rjkktlétq jåjqltncz dfv yt vtytt xtv d 10 nsczx ljkkfhjd d ujl, f vyjubt gjgflfñn d rfntujhbñ jn 20 lj 30 nsczx ljkkfhjd d ujl. Jgkfnf jåhfpjdfybz ltnzv cnfkf jlyjq bp jcyjdysö cnfntq hfcöjljd fvthbrfycrbö ctvtq. Vyjubt yfxbyfñn jnrkflsdfnm cåthtétybz c vjvtynf hjéltybz ltntq, f d ytrjnjhsö infnfö ltqcndeñn gjjohbntkmyst ghjuhfvvs yf cåthtufntkmyst drkfls.
Yj ytjåöjlbvj jnvtnbnm, xnj ghb dctq ljhjujdbpyt gjkextybz jåhfpjdfybz, hfcöjls yf ghtljcnfdktybt jåhfpjdfybz tot
ét dsit. Cnjbvjcnm cjlthéfybz plfybq, jåjheljdfybz b cjnhelybrjd dct dhtvz hfcntn, f c ghbvtytybtv yjdsö ntöyjkjubq htprj djphfcnfñn hfcöjls yf kfåjhfnjhbb b lheubt cgtwbfkbpbhjdfyyst plfybz. Eybdthcbntns b rjkktléb gjcnjzyyj åjhñncz pf abyfycjdeñ gjllthére cj cnjhjys jhufybpfwbq, rjhgjhfwbq b ghjvsiktyyjcnb, f nfrét vtcnysö jhufyjd eghfdktybz, flvbybcnhfwbb infnf b atlthfkmyjuj ghfdbntkmcndf.
B dct ét lkz åeleobö cneltynjd cnjbvjcnm gjctotybz eybdthcbntnf vjétn dsukzltnm geufñot. Ytrjnjhst cneltyns hfåjnfñn dj dhtvz extås d chtlytq irjkt bkb rjkktlét, xnjås pfhfåjnfnm yf jgkfne jåextybz d rjkktlét bkb yf lheubt hfcöjls, nfrbt rfr extåybrb, nhfycgjhn bkb ébkmt. Xnjås djpvtcnbnm pfnhfns, rjkktléb gjvjufñn cneltynfv ecnhjbnmcz yf hfåjne kbåj yf rfvgect, kbåj d hfqjyt. Jnxfcnb ecgtö vtcnysö rjkktlétq jåüzcyztncz ntv, xnj jyb gjpdjkzñn hfåjnfñobv dphjcksv exbnmcz d dtxthytt dhtvz bkb d dsöjlyst lyb, kbåj rfrbvybåelm lheubv jåhfpjv cjdvtofnm jxyjt bkb pfjxyjt jåextybt c hfåjnjq yf gjkysq bkb ytgjkysq hfåjxbq ltym. Cj dhtvty Dnjhjq vbhjdjq djqys åjkmibv ghtbveotcndjv ckeéås d fhvbb åskf jgkfnf jåextybz gj ≤Pfrjye j GI≥, cjukfcyj rjnjhjve fvthbrfycrbv cjklfnfv (rjnjhsö yfpsdfñn “government issue”, ≤rfptyyjt bveotcndj≥, cjrhfotyyj GI) ghtljcnfdkztncz ab
CNJBVJCNm JÅHFpJDFYBz D CJTLBYTYYSÖ INFNFÖ
Dsgecrybrb åkfujlfhzn cdjbö vfve b gfge pf dct nt éthnds, yf rjnjhst jyb ljkéys åskb gjqnb, xnjås lfnm bv jåhfpjdfybt.
Kbylf
F. C
bcth
j/C
näya
jh
l Ymñ
c C
th
dbc
�� Jåotcndj b wtyyjcnb / Yjzåhm 2005 ujlfÄ-éehyfk CIF
yfycjdfz gjvjom lkz gjkextybz dscituj jåhfpjdfybz, rjnjhjt byfxt åskj ås ytljcnegyj vyjubv bp änbö cjklfndtnthfyjd.
Ceotcndeñn ldf jcyjdysö bcnjxybrf abyfycbhjdfybz dscituj jåhfpjdfybz, gjvbvj chtlcnd ctvmb b cåthtétybq: ccels b uhfyns. Ccels – änj jljkétyyst chtlcndf, rjnjhst ytjåöjlbvj dthyenm c ghjwtynfvb, öjnz ghjwtyns yf cneltyxtcrbt ccels ybét, xtv yf ytrjnjhst lheubt dbls ccel. Gjckt jrjyxfybz eybdthcbntnjd vyjubt hfåjnybrb d gthdst ujls hfåjns pfyzns dsgkfnjq cneltyxtcrbö ljkujd. Uhfyns, d njv xbckt b cnbgtylbb – änj ltymub d gjlfhjr, b djpdhfofnm bö yt yeéyj, yj jåsxyj lkz gjkextybz uhfynf cneltyns ljkéys cjjndtncndjdfnm ytrjnjhjve rhbnthbñ, rfr nj gjcnjzyyj gjkexfnm ljcnfnjxyj dscjrbt jwtyrb bkb ljrfpfnm abyfycjdeñ yeéle ctvmb. Cnbgtylbb, rfr ghfdbkj, yeéyj pfckeébnm, jyb ghbceélfñncz pf ljcnbétybz d extåt, cgjhnt bkb jåotcndtyyjq hfåjnt bkb gj lheubv rhbnthbzv, gjl rjnjhst gjlöjlbn cneltyn bkb tuj/tt ctvmz. Ghjwtcc gjbcrf b jåhfotybz pf änbvb chtlcndfvb ljcnfnjxyj ckjéty, b vjétn lfét jngeuyenm ctvmb. D rjkktléfö, chtlybö irjkfö b lheubö jhufybpfwbzö ceotcndeñn ckeéås, jrfpsdfñobt gjvjom cneltynfv d gjbcrt bcnjxybrjd abyfycbhjdfybz.
Tot åjktt ckjéysv änjn ghjwtcc rfétncz cneltynfv bp lheubö cnhfy, rjnjhst öjnzn exbnmcz d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö. Dj vyjubö cnhfyfö jåhfpjdfybt åtcgkfnyj bkb jxtym ltitdj, ujhfplj ltitdkt, xtv d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö. Rfrbt dfhbfyns ljcnegys byjcnhfyysv cneltynfv, rjnjhst öjnzn exbnmcz d Fvthbrt, yj rjnjhst yt jnrkflsdfkb ltymub yf dscitt jåhfpjdfybt, yfxbyfz c gthdjuj rkfccf irjks?
D ctynzåhmcrjv dsgecrt äktrnhjyyjuj éehyfkf pf änjn ujl gjl yfpdfybtv ≤Lj dcnhtxb d CIF≥ [http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/itps/0905/ijpe/ijpe0905.htm] jcdtofkbcm djghjcs cneltynjd j gjtplrfö Cjtlbytyyst Infns b, d xfcnyjcnb, jcjåtyyj gjlhjåyj hfccvfnhbdfkbcm dbpjdst djghjcs. Ytycb Rtntre, rjycekmnfyn gj djghjcfv jåhfpjdfybz d cnhfyfö Fahbrb, hfåjnfñofz d jnltktybb Ujcelfhcndtyyjuj ltgfhnfvtynf d Frrht, Ufyf, yfgbcfkf cnfnmñ ≤Dscitt jåhfpjdfybt d CIF: abyfycbhjdfybt≥. Vs ht
rjvtyletv jpyfrjvbnmcz c änjq cnfnmtq, lf b cj dctv dsgecrjv. Ybét vs ghbdjlbv jcyjdyst gjkjétybz änjq cnfnmb.
Ds öjnbnt exbnmcz d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö? Djpvjéyj, ds jåhfnbkb dybvfybt yf nj, xnj cnjbvjcnm jåextybz d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö dsit, xtv d cnhfyfö, ult cbcntvf jåhfpjdfybz yföjlbncz d dtltybb ujcelfhcndf, rjnjhjt wtynhfkbpjdfyyj eghfdkztn tñ. Yj vs yflttvcz, xnj ds nfrét pfvtnbkb, xnj dkjétyyst d fvthbrfycrjt jåhfpjdfybt chtlcndf ghbyjczn juhjvyst lbdbltyls, nfr xnj gjkexftncz, xnj drkflsdfnm ltymub d gjkextybt jåhfpjdfybz pltcm dsujlyj.
Djn ytcrjkmrj cgjcjåjd rjynhjkbhjdfybz dfibö hfcöjljd yf jåextybt d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö:• Wtynhs EducationUSA, ≤Jåhfpjdfybt d CIF≥, gjllthébdftvst
Ujcelfhcndtyysv ltgfhnfvtynjv CIF, cnfyen dfibv jabwbfkmysv bcnjxybrjv byajhvfwbb. Yfqnb åkbéfqibq r dfv wtynh EducationUSA vjéyj yf cfqnt www. educationUSA.state.gov/centers.htm.
• D wtynhfö EducationUSA cnjbn gjbcrfnm ldf cktleñobö bplfybz: The College Board International Student Handbook, f nfrét rybue bplfntkmcndf ≤Gbnthcjyc≥ Applying to Colleges and Universit-ies in the United States.
• Htcehcs, ghtljcnfdkztvst fvthbrfycrbv ghfdbntkmcndjv: åjkmibycndj fvthbrfycrbö ujcelfhcndtyysö ghjuhfvv ghtlyfpyfxtyj lkz fcgbhfynjd. Herjdjlcndj ghjuhfvvfvb jceotcndkztncz jnltkfvb gj cdzpzv c jåotcndtyyjcnmñ d fvthbrfycrbö gjcjkmcndfö bkb Futyncndjv CIF gj vtéleyfhjlyjve hfpdbnbñ yf jcyjdfybb ldecnjhjyybö cjukfitybq.
• Futyncndf, ghtljcnfdkzñobt cnbgtylbb: Jcnjhjéyj^ Ceotcndetn vyjétcndj afkmibdsö futyncnd. Ghb jåotybb c futyncndfvb cktletn cjåkñlfnm jcyjdyjt ghfdbkj: jnyjcbntcm rhfqyt jcnjhjéyj r futyncndfv, rjnjhst åthen gkfne pf byajhvfwbñ, dyt pfdbcbvjcnb jn njuj, yfcrjkmrj dgtxfnkzñot dsukzlzn bö bplfybz b yfcrjkmrj eåtlbntkmyj pdexfn ufhfynbb. ■
Gkfnf pf jåextybt – änj njkmrj yfxfkj dfibö rfgbnfkjdkjétybq d fvthbrfycrjt jåhfpjdfybt. Jåobt hfcöjls nfrét drkñxfñn d ctåz eybdthcbntncrbt dpyjcs, ytrjnjhst bp rjnjhsö gkfnzn dct cneltyns, f lheubt cdzpfys c jghtltktyysvb dsåhfyysvb ghtlvtnfvb. Gjvbvj änjuj cneltyns jgkfxbdfñn ébkmt, extåybrb, ghjxbt ghbyflktéyjcnb, tle, vtlbwbycreñ cnhföjdre b vtlbwbycrjt jåckeébdfybt, gjdctlytdyst nhfycgjhnyst hfcöjls, d njv xbckt, gfhrjdre, b hfcöjls yf gjtplrb vtéle ljvjv b eybdthcbntnjv, gjkmpjdfybt ntktajyjv b Bynthytnjv b lheubt hfcöjls. Rfr ghfdbkj, d infncrbö extåysö pfdtltybzö gkfnf pf jåextybt c byjcnhfyysö cneltynjd dpbvftncz gj åjktt dscjrjve nfhbae, rfr lkz cneltynjd, ghjébdfñobö dyt infnf, d rjnjhjv yföjlbncz pfdtltybt.
Cnjbn nfrét extcnm nj, xnj ds drkflsdftnt cdjt dhtvz, dtlm tckb ds exbntcm, ds yt hfåjnftnt, f pyfxbn, nthztnt ljöjl. Lfét tckb cneltyn hfåjnftn, rfr ghfdbkj, änf hfåjnf d ntxtybt ytgjkyjq ytltkb b jgkfxbdftncz ybét, xtv hfåjnf yf gjkyeñ cnfdre. Ybétghbdtltyyfz nfåkbwf lftn åeleobv cneltynfv b bö hjlbntkzv jåoeñ bltñ j cnjbvjcnb jåextybz.
GKFNF pF JÅExTYBT B LHEUBT GKFNTÉB GJ CHFDYTYBñ C JÅoBVB HFCÖJLFVB YF DSCITT JÅHFpJDFYBT
�� Ä-éehyfk CIFJåotcndj b wtyyjcnb / Yjzåhm 2005 ujlf
Dpyjc pf gjlfxe pfzdktybz
Dcnegbntkmyst ärpfvtys
Gkfnf pf jåextybt
Gjplyzz htubcnhfwbz
Ébkmt
Gbnfybt
Vtcnysq nhfycgjhn
Gkfnf pf gjkmpjdfybt cgjhnbdysv pfkjvPfvtyf cneltyxtcrjuj ghjgecrf
Gjtplrf lj eybdthcbntnf b jåhfnyj
Ljgjkybntkmyst hfcöjls yf vfibye
Fdnjvjåbkmyfz cnhföjdrf
Gfhrjdrf
Hfpdktxtybz
Vbrhjabkmvs
Rcthjrjgbb
Gkfnf pf gjkmpjdfybt
åbåkbjntrjq
Ljrevtyn, cjlthéfobq
cdtltybz jå jwtyrfö
Extåybrb/rfywtkzhcrbt ghbyflktéyjcnb
Bnjuj
Hfcöjls CnjbvjcnmRjkbxtcndj ctvtcnhjd Bnjuj
Ghbvthysq åñlétn gjctotybz rjkktléf
�� Jåotcndj b wtyyjcnb / Yjzåhm 2005 ujlfÄ-éehyfk CIF
DJpVJÉYST BCNJxYBRB ABYFYCJDJq GJVJoB
Ärcgthn cjdtnetn, ult byjcnhfyyst cneltyns, d jcjåtyyjcnb fcgbhfyns, vjuen yfqnb abyfycjdeñ gjvjom, b lftn htrjvtylfwbb, rfr ghfdbkmyj cjcnfdbnm pfzdktybz. Vfhnbyf Iekmwt – cgtwbfkbcn gj djghjcfv rekmnehs d Utythfkmyjv rjycekmcndt CIF d Ufvåehut, Uthvfybz, b rjycekmnfyn gj djghjcfv jåhfpjdfybz d ≤Fvthbrfptynhev≥ d Ufvåehut.
Åjktt gznbcjn nsczx byjcnhfyysö cneltynjd rfélsq ujl gjcnegfñn d fvthbrfycrbt rjkktléb b eybdthcbntns. Gj cdtltybzv Bycnbnenf vtéleyfhjlyjuj jåhfpjdfybz, jrjkj
67 ghjwtynjd bp ybö jgbhfñncz yf chtlcndf ctvmb d jgkfnt cdjtuj jåhfpjdfybt d Fvthbrt. Ntv yt vtytt, jåhfotybt pf cjjndtncndeñotq abyfycjdjq gjvjomñ lkz vyjubö zdkztncz dféytqitq xfcnmñ ghjwtccf gjlfxb pfzdktybz. D chtlytv, byjcnhfyysv cneltynfv d Fvthbrt ghbltncz nhfnbnm jn 16 lj 46,5 nsczx ljkkfhjd pf extåysq ujl yf jgkfne jåextybz b hfcöjljd yf ghjébdfybt.
Ultbyjcnhfyystcneltynsvjuengjkexbnmabyfycjdeñgjvjom?
Gjvbvj cjåcndtyysö chtlcnd, jcyjdysvb bcnjxybrfvb abyfycjdjq gjllthérb zdkzñncz ghbybvfñobt fvthbrfycrbt rjkktléb b eybdthcbntns, ljkz rjnjhsö chtlb dctö bcnjxybrjd abyfycbhjdfybz cjcnfdkztn 23 ghjwtynf, b ghfdbntkmcndj bkb eybdthcbntn yf hjlbyt, ljkz rjnjhsö cjcnfdkztn 2,4 ghjwtynf. Jlyfrj tckb chfdybnm lfyyst lkz cneltynjd åfpjdjuj rehcf b fcgbhfynjd, rfhnbyf hflbrfkmyj vtyztncz. Njkmrj jrjkj 10 ghjwtynjd byjcnhfyysö cneltynjd åfpjdjuj rehcf gjkexfñn abyfycjdeñ gjllthére jn ghbybvfñotuj fvthbrfycrjuj pfdtltybz, yj chtlb fcgbhfynjd änf wbahf cjcnfdkztn 41 ghjwtyn. Vyjubt bp fcgbhfynjd hfåjnfñn fccbcntynfvb ghjatccjhf bkb kfåjhfynfvb d bycnbnenfö c jåibhyjq yfexyjbccktljdfntkmcrjq åfpjq bkb d hfvrfö ljrnjhcrbö ghjuhfvv. Åjktt njuj, ljrnjhcrbt ghjuhfvvs hfcgjkfufñn åjkmibvb chtlcndfvb, xtv vfubcnthcrbt, f rfatlhs njxysö yfer – åjkmibvb chtlcndfvb, xtv jåotcndtyyst b uevfybnfhyst. Rfr ghfdbkj, åjkmit chtlcnd ljcnegyj byjcnhfyysv cneltynfv, gjcnegfñobv yf frfltvbxtcrbt ghjuhfvvs, xtv yf ghjatccbjyfkmyst. Yf dnjhjv ujle jåextybz ifycs yf gjkextybt abyfycjdjq gjvjob jn ghbybvfñotuj eybdthcbntnf djphfcnfñn.
Rfrjujhjlfabyfycjdeñgjvjomvjéyjgjkexbnmbpfvthbrfycrböbcnjxybrjd?
Byjcnhfyyst cneltyns åfpjdjuj rehcf vjuen jåhfnbnmcz pf gjkextybtv cnbgtylbq, xfcnbxyj gjrhsdfñobö hfcöjls yf
gkfne pf jåextybt, f nfrét vjuen ghtntyljdfnm yf gjkextybt cnbgtylbq lkz cgjhncvtyjd b cneltyxtcrbö ccel. Fcgbhfyns vjuen hfåjnfnm fccbcntynfvb ghjatccjhf, kfåjhfynfvb, cjnhelybrfvb flvbybcnhfwbb, f nfrét vjuen jåhfnbnmcz pf gjkextybtv cnbgtylbb jn xfcnyjuj bkb infncrjuj eybdthcbntnf. Fcgbhfyns nfrét vjuen dpznm ccele yf jåhfpjdfybt.
Rfrghfdbkmyjjåhfnbnmczpfabyfycjdjqgjvjomñ?
Yfxbyfqnt ujnjdbnmcz b fyfkbpbhjdfnm djpvjéyjcnb pfåkfujdhtvtyyj, kexit pf gjknjhf ujlf lj ghtlgjkfuftvjuj yfxfkf pfyznbq. Epyfqnt, rfrbt cnbgtylbb ghtlkfuftn dfit ghfdbntkmcndj b eybdthcbntn, b pfåkfujdhtvtyyj gjlfqnt pfzdktybt.
Bccktleqnt djpvjéyjcnb: gjctnbnt rjycekmnfnbdysq wtynh, cjnhelybxfñobq c EducationUSA, b bpexbnt cgtwbfkbpbhjdfyyst cghfdjxybrb gj fvthbrfycrbv rjkktléfv b eybdthcbntnfv b bynthtceñobv dfc rfatlhfv, ult vjéyj epyfnm, d rfrjv jåütvt ghtljcnfdkztncz abyfycjdfz gjvjom. Xthtp Bynthytn epyfqnt rfr vjéyj åjkmit j 4–6 eybdthcbntnfö, d rjnjhst ds cjåbhftntcm gjcnegfnm. Tckb ds fcgbhfyn, yfqlbnt d Bynthytnt dfibö åeleobö ghjatccjhjd b gjpyfrjvmntcm c ybvb lj njuj, rfr gjlflbnt ljrevtyns. Bvtyyj änb kñlb åelen ghbybvfnm htitybt j pfxbcktybb, b jyb ljkéys gjpyfrjvbnmcz c dfvb lj njuj, rfr gjkexfn dfit pfzdktybt.
Yt cntcyzqntcm ghjcbnm abyfycjdjq gjvjob. Tckb dfv jnrfpfkb d gthdsq hfp, yfgbibnt tot jlby pfghjc b flhtceqnt tuj rjyrhtnyjve xtkjdtre yf bynthtceñotq dfc rfatlht bkb d ghbtvyjq rjvbccbb. Tckb dfif gthdfz gjgsnrf yt elfkfcm, gjpdjybnt b epyfqnt, gjxtve dfv jnrfpfkb, f yf cktleñobq ujl gjlfqnt åjktt jåjcyjdfyyjt pfzdktybt.
B gjcktlytt, yj yt vtytt dféyjt: hfpvths abyfycjdjq gjvjob lkz byjcnhfyysö cneltynjd juhfybxtys, b pf gjkextybt cnbgtylbb bltn jcnhfz åjhmåf. Xnjås gjdscbnm ifycs yf ecgtö, dfv ghbltncz ghjltvjycnhbhjdfnm dslfñobtcz frfltvbxtcrbt lfyyst, öjhjitymrj gjlujnjdbnmcz, xnjås gjkexbnm dscibt åfkks ghb ghjöjéltybb ntcnjd TOEFL, SAT, GMAT bkb GRE, gjlndthlbnm yfkbxbt cjåcndtyysö chtlcnd bkb ghjltvjycnhbhjdfnm yfkbxbt ltqcndbntkmyjq yeéls d abyfycjdjq gjvjob b gjlfnm frrehfnyjt, gjkyjt b nofntkmyj gjlujnjdktyyjt pfzdktybt. ■
Vytybz, dscrfpsdftvst d lfyyjq cnfnmt, yt jåzpfntkmyj jnhféfñn dpukzls bkb gjkbnbre ghfdbntkmcndf CIF.
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Cjtlbytyyst Infns hfls ghbdtncndjdfnm byjcnhfyysö cneltynjd, étkfñobö gjkexbnm jåhfpjdfybt d Fvthbrt, f vbccbb CIF pf heåtéjv gjkexbkb erfpfybz hfccvfnhb
dfnm d gthdeñ jxthtlm ljrevtyns cneltynjd b exfcnybrjd jåvtyysö ghjuhfvv, crfpfkf Létybc Létrjåc, gjvjoybr pfvtcnbntkz ujcctrhtnfhz CIF gj dbpjdsv djghjcfv, d öjlt 57q tétujlyjq rjyathtywbb Yfwbjyfkmyjq fccjwbfwbb ltzntktq vtéleyfhjlyjuj jåhfpjdfybz (åsdifz Yfwbjyfkmyfz fccjwbfwbz gj ltkfv byjcnhfyysö cneltynjd), ghjitlitq d 2005 ujle. Jyf jnvtnbkf, xnj öjnz gjckt nthfrnjd 11 ctynzåhz 2001 ujlf ytrjnjhst ghjwtlehs jåhfotybz pf dbpjq bpvtybkbcm, ytdthyj åskj ås cxbnfnm, xnj änb ghjwtlehs cnfkb ytghtjljkbvsv ghtgzncndbtv yf genb jceotcndktybz gjtpljr d CIF d wtkzö extås. ≤Ecnfhtditt jåotcndtyyjt vytybt jå bpvtytybzö d dbpjdsö gjhzlrfö hfpbntkmyj jnkbxftncz jn ltqcndbntkmyjcnb, – crfpfkf Létrjåc. – Ujcelfhcndtyysq ltgfhnfvtyn cnhtvbncz gjllthéfnm ghjwtcc, rjnjhsq, rfr vs yflttvcz, åeltn djphjéltybt gjnjrf byjcnhfyysö cneltynjd, exfcnybrjd jåvtyysö ghjuhfvv, extysö b åbpytcvtyjd.≥
D cdjtv dscnegktybb yf rjyathtywbb ≤Hjkm ujcelfhcndtyyjuj ltgfhnfvtynf d ghbyznbb byjcnhfyysö cneltynjd d vtcnyst rjkktléb d CIF≥, Létrjåc ujdjhbkf j njq hjkb, rjnjheñ csuhfkb vtcnyst rjkktléb d vtéleyfhjlyjv jåhfpjdfybb. ≤Z pyfñ, xnj vtcnyst rjkktléb dctq cnhfys dct ibht b ibht ghtljcnfdkzñn byjcnhfyysv cneltynfv pfvtxfntkmyst djpvjéyjcnb lkz jåhfpjdfybz, rjnjhsvb jyb jåkflfñn≥, – crfpfkf jyf.
D jndtn yf jgfctybz ghtlcnfdbntktq ldeöujlbxysö rjkktlétq, dspdfyyst åsneñobv vytybtv j njv, xnj bö gjntywbfkmysv cneltynfv xfcnj jnrfpsdfñn d dbpfö, Létrjåc crfpfkf, xnj Ujcelfhcndtyysq ltgfhnfvtyn yfgjvybk rjycekmcrbv hfåjnybrfv, xnj hfpyst extåyst pfdtltybz jndtxfñn nhtåjdfybzv hfpysö cneltynjd. Jyf nfrét jnvtnbkf, xnj rjycekmcrbt hfåjnybrb jåzpfys hfccvfnhbdfnm rfélsq ckexfq jnltkmyj, yt pfåsdfz j åjufnjv hfpyjjåhfpbb djpvjéyjcntq lkz gjkextybz jåhfpjdfybz d CIF.
Létrjåc ljåfdbkf, xnj c ctynzåhz 2001 ujlf Ujcelfhcndtyysq ltgfhnfvtyn hfcibhbk infn rjycekmcrbö hfåjnybrjd yf åjktt xtv 350 vtcn, xnj cgjcjåcndetn ecrjhtyyjq jåhfåjnrt pfzdktybq yf gjkextybt cneltyxtcrjq dbps, f d ysytiybq åñlétn
drkñxty pfghjc yf lfkmytqitt hfcibhtybt infnf tot yf 121 vtcnj.
Gjxnb dct pfzdktybz yf gjkextybt dbps – jrjkj 97 ghjwtynjd – jåhfåfnsdfñncz d ntxtybt ldeö lytq, f ghjwtcc jåhfåjnrb 2,5 ghjwtynjd pfzdktybq, gjlktéfobö jcjåjve hfccvjnhtybñ gj cjjåhfétybzv åtpjgfcyjcnb, åsk ecrjhty, ljåfdbkf jyf. ≤Lkz 2,5 ghjwtynjd pfzdbntktq, xmb fyrtns gjlktéfn jcjåjq ghjdthrt gj cjjåhfétybzv yfwbjyfkmyjq åtpjgfcyjcnb, vs ecrjhbkb ghjwtcc hfccvjnhtybz, nfr xnj lfét änf ytåjkmifz xfcnm pfzdbntktq vjétn hfccxbnsdfnm yf crjhsq jndtn, – crfpfkf Létrjåc. – Ujl yfpfl hfccvjnhtybt pfzdktybz, d rjnjhjv ghbcencndjdfkb ≤xedcndbntkmyst≥ ntöyjkjubb, pfybvfkj, d chtlytv, 74 lyz. Yf ctujlyz chtlybq chjr jåhfåjnrb nfrbö pfzdktybq cjcnfdkztn 14 lytq, b vs ghjljkéftv cjdthitycndjdfnm änjn ghjwtcc≥.
Létrjåc jnvtnbkf, xnj gj lfyysv Fvthbrfycrjuj bycnbnenf vtéleyfhjlyjuj jåhfpjdfybz d 2003–2004 extåyjv ujle d fvthbrfycrbö rjkktléfö b eybdthcbntnfö jåexfkjcm åjktt 572 nsczx byjcnhfyysö cneltynjd. Chtlb byjcnhfyysö cneltynjd åjkmit dctuj ghtlcnfdbntktq Bylbb b Rbnfz, b, öjnz xbckj gjcnegfñobö d fvthbrfycrbt rjkktléb byjcnhfyysö cneltynjd cybpbkjcm, Cjtlbytyyst Infns gjghtéytve ghbybvfñn åjkmit cneltynjd bppf heåtéf, xtv rfrfzkbåj lheufz cnhfyf.
≤Vs jxtym yflttvcz, xnj yfv elfcncz hfpdtznm åsneñobt d pfheåtéysö cnhfyfö vbas j njv, xnj Fvthbrf yt hflf byjcnhfyysv cneltynfv, – ujdjhbn Létrjåc. – Änj ghjcnj ytghfdlf. Cneltyns jn Vfcrfnf lj Vevåfb ljkéys pyfnm: tckb jyb öjnzn exbnmcz d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö, yfif ldthm jnrhsnf≥. ■
CJTLBYTYYST INFNS HFLS GHBDTNCNDJDFNm BYJCNHFYYSÖ
CNELTYNJD D VTCNYSÖ RJKKTLÉFÖ
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xNJ NFRJT RJYCEKmNFYN BYJCNHFYYSÖ CNELTYNJD?
Yfwbjyfkmyjq fccjwbfwbb ltzntktq vtéleyfhjlyjuj jåhfpjdfybz (åsdifz Yfwbjyfkmyfz fccjwbfwbz gj ltkfv byjcnhfyysö cneltynjd) pfybvftncz ghjgfufyljq vtéleyfhjlyjuj jåhfpjdfybz. D rybut ≤Ghjatccbz rjycekmnfynf byjcnhfyysö cneltynjd≥, bplfyyjq d 2000 ujle bplfntkmcndjv ≤Bynthrfkxehfk ghtcc≥ gjzcyztncz hjkm rjycekmnfynf byjcnhfyysö cneltynjd.
Rjycekmnfyns byjcnhfyysö cneltynjd hfåjnfñn cj cneltynfvb b extysvb dctuj vbhf. Jyb ghtljcnfdkzñn byajhvfwbñ, ghjuhfvvs b eckeub, ghbpdfyyst cltkfnm ghtåsdfybt cneltynjd b extysö d Fvthbrt gj djpvjéyjcnb åjktt ghjlernbdysv. Rjycekmnfyns ckeéfn cdzpeñobv pdtyjv vtéle cneltynfvb b extysvb, c jlyjq cnjhjys, b dctvb, c rtv jyb cnfkrbdfñncz, c lheujq, ghtlcnfdkzz bynthtcs gthdsö b rjycekmnbhez bö cjjndtncndeñobv jåhfpjv.
Rjycekmnfyns byjcnhfyysö cneltynjd hfåjnfñn yt njkmrj c hfpyjjåhfpyjq uheggjq kñltq, gjlgflfñobö gjl jghtltktybt ≤byjcnhfyyst cneltyns≥, yj b c fvthbrfycrb
vb cneltynfvb, ghtgjlfdfntkzvb, vtcnysv yfctktybtv, cjnhelybrfvb fvthbrfycrbö b byjcnhfyysö ujcelfhcndtyysö exhtéltybq b c hfpkbxysvb futyncndfvb, rjnjhst cgjycbheñn ghtåsdfybt byjcnhfyysö cneltynjd b extysö d CIF. Jyb gjvjufñn yfkflbnm b gjllthébdfnm rjycnhernbdyst jnyjitybz vtéle byjcnhfyysvb cneltynfvb b extysvb b ghbybvfñobvb bö fvthbrfywfvb.
Rjycekmnfyns byjcnhfyysö cneltynjd cnhtvzncz ljytcnb dsujls vtéleyfhjlyjuj jåhfpjdfntkmyjuj jåvtyf lj eybdthcbntncrbö flvbybcnhfwbq, jåotcndtyyjcnb b kñltq dj dctv vbht. Jyb vjuen gjvjxm kñlzv d hfpysö cnhfyfö kexit gjyznm kñltq bp lheubö cnhfy b ghb änjv cnfnm åjktt njkthfynysvb b åjktt jnrhsnsvb d cdjtv cjpyfybb uhfélfyfvb dpfbvjcdzpfyyjuj vbhf.
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2. Bcnjhbr Nfléelby Uåflfvjcb bp Ybuthbb ghjdtk ujl d rjkktlét KtVjqy-Jeäy d Ntyytccb gj ghjuhfvvt Aekåhfqnf. Änjn bcnjhbxtcrb ytuhbnzycrbq rjkktlé ujhlbncz ntv, xnj dctvbhyj ghbpyfyysq cgtwbfkbcn gj bcnjhbb b rekmneht bckfvf b vecekmvfycrjq wbdbkbpfwbb gjltkbkcz cdjbvb gjpyfybzvb cj cneltynfvb.
3. Cneltyns bp Ñéyjq Rjhtb exfcndeñn d jpyfrjvbntkm-yjv vthjghbznbb lkz byjcnhfyysö cneltynjd d eybdth-cbntnt Vbccbcbgb. D öjlt ghjuhfvvs, hfccxbnfyyjq yf wtksq ltym, cneltyns pyfrjvzncz c eybdthcbntncrjq ébpymñ b pfgbcsdfñncz yf rehcs, rjnjhst jyb ljkéys ghjöjlbnm d gthdsq ctvtcnh.
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Ujcelfhcndtyysq ltgfhnfvtyn CIF. Åñhj gj ltkfv jåhfpjdfybz b rekmnehs. Cthbz åhjiñh ≤Tckb ds öjnbnt exbnmcz d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö≥. Dfibyunjy, jrheu Rjkevåbz: 2002–2003. http://www.educationusa.state.gov/pubs.htmGthdst nhb åhjiñhs bp änjq dctjåütvkñotq cthbb – Åhjiñhf 1 ≤Åfpjdjt xtnshtöujlbxyjt jåhfpjdfybt≥, Åhjiñhf 2 ≤Fcgbhfynehf, ghjatccbjyfkmyjt jåextybt b yfexyjbccktljdfntkmcrfz hfåjnf≥ b Åhjiñhf 3 ≤Rhfnrjchjxyjt jåextybt, ghjuhfvvs fyukbqcrjuj zpsrf, lbcnfywbjyyjt (pfjxyjt bkb c gjvjomñ rjvgmñnthf) jåhfpjdfybt b frrhtlbnfwbz≥ – d yfcnjzott dhtvz ljcnegys yf fyukbqcrjv, fhfåcrjv, bcgfycrjv, rbnfqcrjv, heccrjv b ahfywepcrjv zpsrfö. Åhjiñhf 4 ≤Gjlujnjdrf r jnütple: ghfrnbxtcrfz byajhvfwbz j ébpyb b extåt d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö≥ ljcnegyf yf fyukbqcrjv, rbnfqcrjv b heccrjv zpsrfö. http://www.educationusa.state.gov/life/pubs.htm
Andrews, Linda Landis. How to Choose a College Major. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, 2006. (ujnjdbncz r geåkbrfwbb)
Ashley, Dwayne and Williams, Juan. I’ll Find a Way or Make One: A Tribute to Historically Black Colleges and Universities. New York: HarperTrade, 2004.
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Historically Black Colleges and Universities: Special Se-ction.” Ebony, vol. 60, no. 11, September 2005, pp. 73–130.
Independent Colleges and Universities: A National Profile. Washington, DC: National Association of Independent Colleges and Universities, 2004.http://www.naicu.edu/pubs/2004Profile.pdf
D änjq åhjiñht, jgeåkbrjdfyyjq ghb gjllthért Yfwbjyfkmyjq fccjwbfwbb ytpfdbcbvsö rjkktlétq b eybdthcbntnjd, Cjdtnf ytpfdbcbvsö rjkktlétq b Ajylf ytpfdbcbvjuj dscituj jåhfpjdfybz, cjlthéfncz afrns, cnfnbcnbxtcrbt lfyyst b åbjuhfabb cneltynjd b cjnhelybrjd.
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Dsåjhjxyst geåkbrfwbb j dscitv jåhfpjdfybb d CIF
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Latimer, Jon, ed. Applying to Colleges and Universities in the United States 1998: A Handbook for International Students. Lawrenceville, NJ: Petersonís, 1997.
Lipka, Sara. “Fulbright Connects With the Muslim World.” The Chronicle of Higher Education, vol. 52, no. 11, 4 November 2005, pp. A47–A49.Drkñxftn d ctåz nfåkbws b nhb åbjuhfabb aekåhfqnjdcrbö cnbgtylbfnjd ysytiytuj ujlf.
Open Doors: Statistics on International Student Mobility. New York: Institute of International Education, 2005.Dsåjhjxyst nfåkbws ljcnegys d Bynthytnt:Open Doors: Report on International Education Exchange: http://opendoors.iienetwork.org/
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Twelve Facts That May Surprise You About America’s Private Colleges and Universities. Washington, DC: National Association of Independent Colleges and Universities, 2003.http://www.naicu.edu/pubs/NAICU12FactsNew.pdf
U.S. Department of State. Bureau of International Inform-ation Programs. “Community Colleges in the United States.” eJournal USA: U.S. Society & Values, vol. 7, no. 1, June 2002, 26 pp.http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/itsv/0602/ijse/ijse0602.htm
U.S. Department of State. Bureau of International Inform-ation Programs. “See You in the U.S.A.” eJournal USA: Foreign Policy Agenda, vol. 10, no. 2, September 2005, 52 pp.http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/itps/0905/ijpe/gough.htm
U.S. Department of State. Bureau of International Inform-ation Programs. “The United States in 2005: Who We Are Today.” eJournal USA: Society & Values, vol. 9, no. 2, December 2004, 48 pp.http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/itsv/1204/ijse/ijse1204.htm
Lheubt geåkbrfwbb jå fvthbrfycrjv dscitv jåhfpjdfybb b jåextybb d CIF vjéyj yfqnb yf cktleñobö dtåcfqnfö, f nfrét d åhjiñhfö cthbb ≤Tckb ds öjnbnt exbnmcz d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö≥ (Dfibyunjy, jrheu Rjkevåbz: 2002–2003):
• Jåextybt d fcgbhfyneht: http://www.educationusa.state.gov/graduate/biblio.htm• Ébpym d CIF: http://www.educationusa.state.gov/life.htm• Djpvjéyjcnb lkz extysö: http://www.educationusa.state.gov/scholars/biblio.htm• Byajhvfwbz lkz jnütpéfñobö: http://www.educationusa.state.gov/predeparture/biblio.htm• Cgtwbfkbpbhjdfyyjt ghjatccbjyfkmyjt jåextybt: http://www.educationusa.state.gov/professional/biblio.htm• Rhfnrjchjxyjt jåextybt: http://www.educationusa.state.gov/study/biblio.htm• Åfpjdjt xtnshtöujlbxyjt jåextybt: http://www.educationusa.state.gov/undergrad/biblio.htm
Ujcelfhcndtyysq ltgfhnfvtyn CIF yt ytctn jndtncndtyyjcnb pf cjlthéfybt b yfkbxbt htcehcjd lheubö futyncnd b jhufybpfwbq, egjvzyensö dsit. Dct ccskrb yf htcehcs Bynthytnf ghbdjlzncz gj cjcnjzybñ yf yjzåhm 2005 ujlf.
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UjcelfhcndtyysqltgfhnfvtynCIF
Åñhj gj ltkfv jåhfpjdfybz b rekmnehs≤Jåhfpjdfybt d CIF≥http://www.educationusa.state.gov/Cyfåétyysq gjlpfujkjdrjv ≤Dfi ubl gj cbcntvt dscituj jåhfpjdfybz CIF≥ dtåcfqn ≤Jåhfpjdfybt d CIF≥ ghtljcnfdkztn ≤åjkmijq jåütv byajhvfwbb b vyjétcndj eckeu byjcnhfyysv cneltynfv yf dctö änfgfö gjbcrf rjkktléf≥. Jy ghtlcnfdkztn ukjåfkmyeñ ctnm bp åjktt xtv 450 byajhvfwbjyyjrjycekmnfwbjyysö wtynhjd [http://www.educationusa.state.gov/centers.htm] d 170 cnhfyfö. Änb wtynhs ≤ghjgfufylbheñn dscitt jåhfpjdfybt d CIF dj dctv vbht, ghtljcnfdkzz njxyeñ, gjkyeñ, jåütrnbdyeñ b frnefkmyeñ byajhvfwbñ j djpvjéyjcnzö gjkextybz jåhfpjdfybz d CIF b cjdtns gj njve, rfr kexit bcgjkmpjdfnm änb djpvjéyjcnb, lkz ntö, rnj jndtxftn ecnfyjdktyysv nhtåjdfybzv≥. Jnltkmyst hfpltks cfqnf gjcdzotys djghjcfv frrhtlbnfwbb b gjbcrf extåyjuj pfdtltybz, dbpjdjq ghjwtleht, abyfycjdjq gjvjob, cnbgtylbzv Aekåhfqnf b ghjuhfvvfv Åñhj gj ltkfv jåhfpjdfybz b rekmnehs Ujcelfhcndtyyjuj ltgfhnfvtynf.
Vtéleyfhjlyfz ytltkz jåhfpjdfybz 2005 ujlfhttp://iew.state.gov/
Cjdvtcnyfz bybwbfnbdf Ujcelfhcndtyyjuj ltgfhnfvtynf CIF b Vbybcnthcndf jåhfpjdfybz CIF d wtkzö gjjohtybz vtéleyfhjlyjuj jåhfpjdfybz b jåvtyf.
Vtéleyfhjlyst byajhvfwbjyyst ghjuhfvvsExtåf d CIFhttp://usinfo.state.gov/scv/life_and_culture/education/study_in_the_us.html
Åñhj rjycekmcrbö ltk: dbpshttp://travel.state.gov/visa/visa_1750.html
Extåf d CIF: dbpshttp://www.unitedstatesvisas.gov/studying.html
VbybcnthcndjjåhfpjdfybzCIF
Fvthbrfycrfz ctnm byajhvfwbb jå jåhfpjdfybbhttp://www.ed.gov/about/offices/list/jus/international/usnei/ edlite-index.html
Jlby bp jcyjdysö htcehcjd jå fvthbrfycrjq cbcntvt jåhfpjdfybz, cjplfyysq lkz byajhvbhjdfybz byjcnhfyysö cneltynjd, ghbtpéfñobö d CIF gj jåvtye.
Gjvjom cneltynfv yf atlthfkmyjv ehjdyt: byjcnhfyyst cneltynshttp://studentaid.ed.gov/PORTALSWebApp/students/english/intl.osp
IPEDS: djpvjéyjcnb extås d rjkktléföhttp://nces.ed.gov/ipeds/cool/index.asp
Åñhj gj djghjcfv dscituj b ghjatccbjyfkmyjntöybxtcrjuj jåhfpjdfybz
Åfpf lfyysö gj frrhtlbnjdfyysv extåysv pfdtltybzvhttp://ope.ed.gov/accreditation/
CkeéåfCIFgjdjghjcfvuhfélfycndf
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Rfr cnfnm cneltynjv dscituj extåyjuj pfdtltybz CIF?http://uscis.gov/graphics/howdoi/academic.htm
Hflbjcnfywbz≤UjkjcFvthbrb≥
Ukjåfkmysq ajhev rjkktlétq Fvthbrbhttp://www.voanews.com/english/AmericanLife/global_college_ forum.cam
D änjv tétytltkmyjv hflbjjåjphtybb hfccrfpsdftncz jå byjcnhfyysö cneltynfö, exfoböcz d hfpkbxysö fvthbrfycrbö rjkktléfö b eybdthcbntnfö.
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Bybwbfnbdf: dscjrbt gjrfpfntkb d extåt chtlb kfnbyjfvthbrfywtdhttp://www.yic.gov/
Bybwbfnbdf: nhflbwbjyyj ytuhbnzycrbt rjkktléb b eybdthcbntnshttp://www.ed.gov/about/inits/list/whhbcu/edlite-index.html
Bybwbfnbdf: rjkktléb b eybdthcbntns lkz fvthbrfycrbö byltqwtdhttp://www.ed.gov/about/inits/list/whtc/edlite-index.html
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Fvthbrfycrfz fccjwbfwbz vtcnysö rjkktlétqhttp://www.aacc.nche.edu/Fvthbrfycrbq cjdtn gj jåhfpjdfybñhttp://www.acenet.edu//AM/Template.cam?Section=Home
�� Jåotcndj b wtyyjcnb / Yjzåhm 2005 ujlfÄ-éehyfk CIF
Zdkzzcm ukfdysv jhufyjv gj rjjhlbyfwbb ltzntkmyjcnb dctö dscibö extåysö pfdtltybq cnhfys, Fvthbrfycrbq cjdtn gj jåhfpjdfybñ nfrét gjllthébdftn hzl vtéleyfhjlysö bybwbfnbd: http://www.acenet.edu/AM/Template.cfm?Section=International.
Rjycjhwbev dscituj jåhfpjdfybz lkz fvthbrfycrbö byltqwtdhttp://www.aihec.org/
≤FvthbrfVblkbcn älmñrtqiyk äyl nhtqybyu cthdbcbp byrjhgjhtqntl≥http://www.amideast.org/
Fccjwbfwbz fvthbrfycrbö rjkktlétq b eybdthcbntnjdhttp://www.aacu-edu.org/
≤Rfvgec Rjvgfrn≥http://www.compact.org
Jåotyfwbjyfkmyfz rjfkbwbz htrnjhjd rjkktlétq b eybdthcbntnjd, ≤cnhtvzoböcz hfpdbdfnm b gjjohznm jåotcndtyyeñ ltzntkmyjcnm, frnbdyeñ uhfélfycreñ gjpbwbñ b jåextybt, drkñxfñott äktvtyns jåotcndtyyjq hfåjns≥.
Cjdtn gj frrhtlbnfwbb d dscitv jåhfpjdfybbhttp://www.chea.org/
Åfpf lfyysö gj frrhtlbnjdfyysv extåysv pfdtltybzv b ghjuhfvvfv: http://www.chea.org/search/default.asp
The Chronicle of Higher Educationhttp://chronicle.com/
Nhtåetncz gjlgbcrf; d cdjåjlyjv ljcnegt bvtñncz kbim juhfybxtyyst vfnthbfks: http://chronicle.com/free/
Cjdtn rjkktlétqhttp://www.collegeboard.com/splash
Vtcnyst rjkktléb CIFhttp://www.cc-usa.org/
Cjdtn ytpfdbcbvsö rjkktlétqhttp://www.cic.org/
Cjdtn gj vtéleyfhjlysv jåhfpjdfntkmysv jåvtyfvhttp://www.ciee.org/
eduPASS!http://www.edupass.org/
Gjhnfk htcehcjd j dscitv jåhfpjdfybbhttp://www.higher-ed.org/
Kfnbyjfvthbrfycrfz fccjwbfwbz rjkktlétq b eybdthcbntnjdhttp://www.hacu.net/
Bycnbnen vtéleyfhjlyjuj jåhfpjdfybzhttp://www.iie.org/
Yfwbjyfkmyfz fccjwbfwbz pf hfdyst djpvjéyjcnb d dscitv jåhfpjdfybbhttp://www.nafeo.org/about.htm
Fccjwbfwbz byjcnhfyysö gtlfujujdhttp://www.nafsa.org/
Yfwbjyfkmyfz fccjwbfwbz eybdthcbntnjd infnjd b cgtwbfkbpbhjdfyysö rjkktlétqhttp://www.nasulgc.org/
Ntöfccrbq eybdthcbntn d Jcnbyt Dscitt jåhfpjdfybt d CIFhttp://www.utexas.edu/world/univ/
Ccskrb yf dtåcfqns fvthbrfycrbö eybdthcbntnjd, vtcnysö rjkktlétq, cghfdjxybrjd gj rjkktléfv b htubjyfkmysö frrhtlbnfwbjyysö futyncnd.
Ujcelfhcndtyysq ltgfhnfvtyn CIF yt ytctn jndtncndtyyjcnb pf cjlthéfybt b yfkbxbt htcehcjd lheubö futyncnd b jhufybpfwbq, egjvzyensö dsit. Dct ccskrb yf htcehcs Bynthytnf ghbdjlzncz gj cjcnjzybñ yf yjzåhm 2005 ujlf.
Aenåjkbcns bp Ntöfccrjuj eybdthcbntnf njkmrj xnj jlthéfkb gjåtle d vfnxt ≤Hjpjdjq xfib≥ – jlyjv bp yfbåjktt ghtcnbéysö gthdtycnd aenåjkmysö rjvfyl rjkktlétq.
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