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Body Area Network (BAN) Standardization and future

applications

1st Invitational Workshop onBody Area Network Technology and ApplicationsFuture Directions, Technologies, Standards and ApplicationsJune 19-20, 2011Worcester Polytechnic Institute

.6

1st Invitational Workshop on

Body Area Network Technology and Applications

20 July, 2011, Worcester Polytechnic Institute

Arthur Astrin, Ph.D.

[email protected]

Agenda

• What is BAN?

• IEEE standardization progress

• Examples of BAN implementations• Examples of BAN implementations

• Summary

June 11 2

What is BAN?

• Provides communication links in

and around the body

• Allows communications between

sensors, actuators and processing

elements

June 11

elements

• Hub allows nodes to be simpler,

have a longer life and be less costly

3

IEEE Standards

• IEEE Standards are used around the world to help industries and companies open business opportunities, maximize research efforts, generate public and customer trust, build order in the marketplace and enhance safety.

• The IEEE Standards Association (IEEE-SA) is a leading • The IEEE Standards Association (IEEE-SA) is a leading developer of industry standards in a broad-range of industries. Globally recognized, the IEEE-SA has strategic relationships with the IEC, ISO, and the ITU and satisfies all SDO requirements set by the World Trade Organization, offering more paths to international standardization.

March 2011 Slide 4

Purpose of IEEE802.15.6 Standard

The purpose of the proposed standard it to provide an international standard for a short range (i.e. about human body range), low power and highly reliable wireless communication for use in close proximity to, or inside, a human body.

March 2011 Slide 5

(PAR 07-0575)

TG6 Proposal Level Membership

Broadcom CorporationCasuh CorpCEA-Leti Chung-Ang UniversityCity University of New YorkCSEMDecaWave Ltd.ETRIFrance Telecom

Meiji UniversityMicro Systems Engineering, Inc. MotorolaNewLANS NICTNICTANISTNXPPanasonic Singapore Lab

March 2011 Slide 6

Liaisons: Medical ICT Consortium, eHealth, IEEE 802.15.4, IEEE1073

France TelecomFujitsuHitachiHuaweiIMEC-NLInha University, KoreaKairos Microsystems KORPAKwangwoon University LG Electronics

Panasonic Singapore LabPhilipsQualcommSamsung TensorcomTexas InstrumentsTHALES CommunicationsToumaz University of RochesterYokohama National UniversityZarlink

What was accomplished in TG6

• 1/2008 TG6 formed in Taipei, Taiwan

• 5/2008 Call for Applications issued

• 11/2008 Call for Proposals issued– Application Summary Document

– Technical Requirement Document

– Channel Model Document– Channel Model Document

• 7/2009 Received 30 Proposals, begun merging process

• 3/2010 Merged to single proposal

• 7/2010 passed Letter Ballot 55 of Draft 01 76.73%



March 2011 Slide 7

Body Tissue Types

• Connective tissue– Bone

– Blood

• Muscle tissue– visceral or smooth muscle, inner linings of organs

– skeletal muscle, attached to bone for mobility

– cardiac muscle– cardiac muscle

• Nervous tissue– brain

– spinal cord

– peripheral nervous system

• Epithelium– surface of the skin

– inner lining of digestive tract: protection, secretion and absorption.

June 11 8

Possible hub locations

• Wrist

• Necklace

• Belt• Belt

• Shoe

June 11 9

BAN Architecture

• Hub/Node

• Hub/Node with extension

Hub

NodeNode

Node Node

BAN

• Hub/Node with extension

June 11 10

Hub

NodeNode

NodeNode

BAN

Node

Node

806.15.6 Architecture

PHY NB

Media

3 PHYs

June 11

PHY UWB

PHY HBC

Media AccessControl(MAC)

Body

11

Narrowband Channels

Frequency Band (MHz)

Number of Channels Channel bandwidth

402 – 405 10 300 kHz420 – 450 12 320 kHz

June 11 12

863 – 870 14 400 kHz902 – 928 60 400 kHz950 – 958 16 400 kHz

2360 – 2400 39 1 MHz2400 – 2483.5 79 1 MHz

Narrowband Data Rates

Frequency Band (MHz)

Information Data Rate (kbps)

402 – 405 75.9151.8303.6455.4

420 – 450 75.9

June 11 13

420 – 450 75.9151.8187.5

863 – 870902 – 928950 – 958

101.2202.4404.8607.1

2360 – 24002400 – 2483.5

121.4242.9485.7971.4

Ultra wideband (UWB) bands

Bandgroup

Channelnumber

Centralfrequency

(MHz)

Bandwidth(MHz)

Channelattribute

Low band1 3494.4 499.2 Optional2 3993.6 499.2 Mandatory3 4492.8 499.2 Optional4 6489.6 499.2 Optional

June 11 14

High band

4 6489.6 499.2 Optional5 6988.8 499.2 Optional6 7488.0 499.2 Optional7 7987.2 499.2 Mandatory8 8486.4 499.2 Optional9 8985.6 499.2 Optional10 9484.8 499.2 Optional11 9984.0 499.2 Optional

Ultra wideband (UWB) Data rates

Uncodedbit rate(Mbps)

FECrate

Codedbit rate(kbps)

0.487 0.81 394.8 0.975 0.81 789.7 1.950 0.81

On-Off signaling

ModUncodedbit rate(Mbps)

FECrate

Codedbit rate(kbps)

DBPSK 0.487 0.5 243.0 DBPSK 0.975 0.5 457.0 DBPSK 1.950 0.5 975.0

DBPSK/DQPSK modulations

• Impulse Radio (IR)

June 11 15

1.950 0.81 1,579.0 3.900 0.81 3,159.0 7.800 0.81 6,318.0 15.600 0.81 12,636.0

DBPSK 1.950 0.5 975.0 DBPSK 3.900 0.5 1,950.0 DBPSK 7.800 0.5 3,900.0 DQPSK 15.600 0.5 7,800.0 DBPSK 0.557 0.5 278.0 DQPSK 1.114 0.5 557.0

Uncoded bit rate

(kbps)

FECrate

Coded bit rate(kbps)

250 0.81 202.5

FM-UWB data rate

• FM (optional)

Human Body Communication (HBC)

• The electrode in contact with the body is used

for transmitting or receiving an electrical

signal through the body.

• HBC uses 2 bands at 21MHz and 32MHz• HBC uses 2 bands at 21MHz and 32MHz

June 11 16

Data Rate ( 21MHz ) Data Rate ( 32MHz )164 kbps 250 kbps328 kbps 500 kbps656 kbps 1 Mbps

1.3125 Mbps 2 Mbps

MAC Features

• Supports Quality of Service (QoS)

• Supports MICS band communication support

• Supports Emergency Communications

• Supports hub to node as well as hub to node to node

• Strong Security• Strong Security

• Macroscopic and microscopic power management

• Coexistence and interference mitigation

June 11 17

MAC support of Priority

Field valuein decimal

BAN services

0 Non-medical services 1 Mixed medical and non-medical services2 General health services3 Highest priority medical services

BAN Priority field encoding

Priority User Priority Traffic designation Frame typeLowest 0 Background (BK) Data

1 Best effort (BE) Data2 Excellent effort (EE) Data3 Video (VI) Data4 Voice (VO) Data5 Medical data or network control Data or management

6 High priority medical data or network control Data or managementHighest 7 Emergency or medical event report Data

June 11 18

User priority mapping

BAN in Diagnostic Medical Devices

• Heart Failure (congestive)• Heart Rhythm Management

• Bradycardia - beating too fast• Tachycardia - too slow• Atrial Fibrillation or AFib - irregularly. • Atrial Fibrillation or AFib - irregularly.

• Hypertension• Diabetes• Parkinson’s Disease• Epilepsy• Mood detection / Depression• Pain Management

June 11 19

BAN definition of therapy

• Sense (mechanical, electrical, chemical)

• Process with therapy software

• Present to doctor (with alternatives)• Present to doctor (with alternatives)

• Allow doctor to stimulate (mechanical,

electrical, chemical, pharmacological)

remedies

June 11 20

Medical devices

• Pacemaker

• Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD)

• Spinal Actuators

• Insulin pump• Insulin pump

• Continuous Glucose Monitoring

• Deep brain stimulator

• External & Implantable Hearing Aids - cochlear implant

• Retina implants

• Muscular signal replacement

June 11 21

Clinical Applications: Sensors

• Temperature monitor

• Blood pressure sensor

• Mechanical motion sensors

• Respiratory monitor

• Saturation of Peripheral Oxygen (SpO2) - pulse oximeter

• Heart rate monitor

• Electro Cardiogram (ECG)

June 11

Physiological and vital signals monitoring

22

• pH value sensor

• Glucose sensor

• Electro Encephalography (EEG )

• Electromyography (EMG) (muscular)

• Brain liquid pressure sensor

• Fertility Monitor

• Endoscope (gastrointestinal)

• Temperature Modulation Therapy (TMT)

Clinical Applications: Actuators

• Deep brain stimulator - Parkinson’s disease

• Cortical stimulator

• Epilepsy Stimulator

• Visual neuro stimulator• Visual neuro stimulator

• Audio neuro stimulator

• Muscular stimulator

• Insulin pump

• Internal cooling -Temperature Modulation Therapy

• Wireless capsule for drug delivery

June 11 23

BAN and Prostheses

• BAN prosthesis status sensing

• BAN prosthesis control

• Prosthesis failure diagnostic• Prosthesis failure diagnostic

June 11 24

Summary

• BAN standard will allow medical device intercommunications

• Experiments with BAN enabled diagnostics are proving to have high therapeutic value.

• There are many worthwhile applications that need to bridge the biological sensors and

actuators on and in body to the world of computers and devices

• Some will provide better healthcare, quicker patient recovery and new therapies.

• Some will greatly increase convenience of users

• Some critical apps like the war fighter require physiological monitoring

• Physicians wish for less wires in patient diagnosis environment, especially in critical care

• The body channel model is challenging, had a lot of contributions from many organizations

• Status: became 802.15 Task Group 6 in Jan 2008, had 30 proposals in 2009, merged to single

on March 2010.

• Currently preparing for ballot process to finish by July 18, 2011 meeting in San Francisco

June 11 25

Thank You

Dankeschön

Merci Merci

どうもありがとう。

謝謝!!

Bedankt

June 11 26

References

1. R. L. Ashok, et al., “Next-Generation Wearable Networks,” IEEE Computer Mag., pp.31-39, Nov., 2003.

2. T. G. Zimmerman, “Personal Area Networks (PAN): Near-Field Intra-Body Communication,” M.S. thesis, MIT, Sept.,

1995.

3. CENELEC EN50838, “Basic Standard for the Calculation and Measurement of Electromagnetic Field Strength and SAR

related to Human Exposure from Radio Base Stations and Fixed Terminal Stations for Wireless Telecommunications

Systems (110 MHz – 40 GHz)”, 2002.

4. “A 2Mb/s Wideband Pulse Transceiver with Direct-Coupled Interface for Human Body Communications” Seong-Jun

Song, Namjun Cho, Sunyoung Kim, Jerald Yoo, Hoi-Jun Yoo KAIST, Daejeon, Korea, ISSCC 2006

5. “Minimally Invasive Retinal Prosthesis”, Luke Theogarajan, John Wyatt, Joseph Rizzo, Bill Drohan, Mariana Markova, 5. “Minimally Invasive Retinal Prosthesis”, Luke Theogarajan, John Wyatt, Joseph Rizzo, Bill Drohan, Mariana Markova,

Shawn Kelly, Greg Swider, Milan Raj, Douglas Shire, Marcus Gingerich, John Lowenstein and Barry Yomtov, ISSCC 2006

6. D. Neirynck, C. Williams, A. Nix, and M. Beach, “Wideband channel characterisation for body and personal area

networks,” in 2nd International Workshop on Wearable and Implantable Body Sensor Networks, Apr. 2004.

7. “Virtual Trainer Using Smart Wearable Devices”, P.Sala, M.Traver, V.Traver, S.Guillén, J.M.Dapcich, M. Romagnol

8. 15-05-0694-00-wng0-body-area-networks tutorial

9. Medical Advances Through Your iPhone

http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/apr2008/tc20080429_186428.htm

10. Advances In Medical Technology: What Does The Future Hold?. ScienceDaily. Retrieved March 20, 2011, from

http://www.sciencedaily.com- /releases/2009/06/090616080133.htm Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (2009,

June 16).

June 11 27

The HP Garage

The HP Garage is California Historic Landmark No. 976 —

Birthplace of Silicon Valley. (1939 photo)

June 11 28

Role of smart phone

• “There is an app for this...”

• “A cell phone becomes an integral

part of a medical device”.

• “A cell phone can cut the cost of

almost every [diagnostic] device.“almost every [diagnostic] device.“

June 11 29

Role of smart phone

• Despite all the advances in medical diagnostics, two-thirds

of the world's population has no access to imaging

technologies. Worse, about half of the imaging equipment

sent to developing countries goes unused because local

technicians aren't trained to operate it or lack spare parts,

according to the World Health Organization. But thanks to

the proliferation of cellular and other wireless networks,

researchers are stepping up efforts to deliver crucial researchers are stepping up efforts to deliver crucial

medical services from afar. [9]

• The University of California Bioengineering professor, says

that by reducing a complex electromagnetic imaging

machine to a portable electromagnetic scanner that can

work in tandem with a regular cell phone and a computer,

he has essentially replicated a $10,000 piece of equipment

for just hundreds of dollars. The mobile scanner plugs into

the phone, which beams the data to the computer,

generating an image that can be transmitted to a doctor or

hospital far away.June 11 30

Microsoft Research's in biomedical

computing.

Some 30 health-care-related projects at various

universities recently funded by Microsoft

Research, 17 involve cell phones. One team, at

Washington University in St. Louis, is attempting

to take ultrasound readings using a cell phone

and a TV. Scientists at the University of

Pittsburgh are working to create a heart monitor

that relies on a cell phone to analyze the that relies on a cell phone to analyze the

readings and dial 911 whenever a person's

cardiac activity careens into dangerous territory,

providing emergency responders with a location

and a preliminary diagnosis. "The cell phone is

going to solve rural health-care problems,

whether it's rural India or rural Indiana," says

Kristin Tolle, Microsoft Research's program

manager for external research in biomedical

computing.

June 11 31

CardioMEMS EndoSure

• The EndoSure Wireless Pressure Measurement System is composed

of two components: a miniaturized, wireless implantable sensor and

an external electronics module. The external electronics module

wirelessly communicates with our sensors to deliver vital patient

data. Wireless sensors are powered by RF energy delivered by an

external electronics module and transmit real-time data without

batteries.

• The EndoSure sensor is designed and manufactured using micro-

electromechanical systems, or MEMS, technology, which enables the

fabrication of millimeter-scale devices with internal features in the

nanometer to micrometer range. MEMS technology allows the nanometer to micrometer range. MEMS technology allows the

creation of sensors with measurement stability and energy

efficiency.

• The EndoSure sensor is approximately the size of a paperclip. It is a

hermetically sealed circuit, encapsulated in fused silica and silicone,

and is surrounded by a PTFE-coated nickel-titanium wire. Inside the

fused silica is a micron scale cavity. Changes to the membrane of this

cavity result in changes to the sensor's resonant frequency. These

changes correlate to pressure changes. The sensor contains no

batteries or internal power source, but is instead powered by RF-

energy provided by a proprietary electronic antenna. [9]

CardioMEMS EndoSureWireless Pressure Sensor

http://www.cardiomems.com/content.asp?display=medical+mb&expand=ess

June 11 32

Gentag

Gentag also embeds a tiny sensor into the bandage that can continuously take a patient's temperature and notify a nurse if the person is running a fever

Gentag's technology can also be used to relay results from a urine test used to determine a patient's prostate health

June 11 33

Life Record

A software company called Life Record is

using the iPhone to help physicians view

patients' medical records, including

electrocardiograms and brain scans, on

the go.

Life Record has developed software that

lets doctors use an Apple iPhone to lets doctors use an Apple iPhone to

retrieve patients' records, including X-

ray images and lab results. Doctors can

also use the software to prescribe

medicines. In June, Life Record plans to

release a version of the software that

makes it easy for people to keep tabs on

their own health information—say, to

transfer medical records to a new

physician or share an ultrasound image

of an unborn baby with loved ones. [9]

June 11 34

Organs in focus

• Heart

• Lungs

• Liver

• Kidneys

June 11 35

Cancer treatment

• Diagnosed with metastatic melanoma 6/2010

• Surgery 7/2011 remove lymph nodes

• Signed up for trial: Ipilimumab (“ipi”) 11/2011

• Side effects: colitis, digestive track, • Side effects: colitis, digestive track,

pneumonia, afibrillation, congestive heart

failure, diabetes

• Aggressive treatment with MICT

• FDA approval for “ipi” on 25 March 2011

June 11 36

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