6. design1 agenda r 1. introduction r 2. functional flow block diagrams (ffbds) r 3. venn diagrams r...

6. Design 1

Agenda 1. Introduction 2. Functional flow block diagrams (FFBDs) 3. Venn diagrams 4. Other stimulation techniques 5. Axiomatic design 6. TRIS

6. Design 2

1. Introduction

Domains of system designTopics for this courseLevels of inventionNeed-driven design processModels and techniques

1. Introduction

6. Design 3

Domains of system engineering

system chemical control electrical environmental fire

industrial human metallurgical mining nuclear petroleum

naval ship manufacturing structural biological other

1. Introduction

6. Design 4

Topics for this course

Topics included• Architecture• Interfaces• Control• Signal processing• Environment• Test

Topics excluded• Design involving coding or

manufacturing

1. Introduction

6. Design 5

Levels of invention

Levels • 1: apparent solution -- 32%• 2: minor improvements -- 45%• 3: major improvement -- 18%• 4: radical change -- 4%• 5: discovery -- 1%

Basis• Genrich Altshuller -- inventor of TRIZ• Examination of 40,000 patents

1. Introduction

6. Design 6

Need driven design process

Need to • Resolve uncertainty• Provide inputs to others

1. Introduction

6. Design 7

Models and techniques (1 of 2)

models and techniques description

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graphical modelstext descriptive language F A Asketch simple diagram C A Bfunctional block diagram relation among functional elements C A Aobject diagram relation among objects F A Aphysical diagram relation among physical elements C A Alayout drawing physical diagram showing geometry F A Adata flow diagram flow of data among elements F A A control diagrams control response vs control inputs F A A functional flow block diagram functions vs time C A D Ytimeline events vs time F A Dusage diagram description of usage F A C

1. Introduction

6. Design 8

Models and techniques (2 of 2)

models and techniques description

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analysis techniquesVenn diagram relationship among sets F A D Y

stimulation techniquesbrainstorming group problem solving A A F checklist goodness-criteria F A Fother individual C C F Y

design techniquesaxiomatic design rule-based design D D F YTRIS knowledge-based design C D F Y

mathematical modelsExcel spreadsheet F A D YMatlab matrix-based simulation F A D Y

1. Introduction

6. Design 9

2. Functional flow block diagrams

DefinitionPurposeFunctional architectureRelationship to product

architectureNumberRelationship among blocksConventionsToolsExamples


6. Design 10

Definition

A diagram showing the sequential time relationship among functions


6. Design 11

Purpose

Used as a stimulus to complete listing what the system is to do

Used to support defining how the system is implemented


6. Design 12

Functional architectureAcquire

Build

Verify

Sell off

Operate

Train

Maintain

Support

Produce

Improve

Dispose

Turn on Initialize Load Operate Turn off

Test

Test box 1

Test box 2Test system

Level 1

Level 2

Level 3


6. Design 13

Relationship to product architecture

Level 1 Product

Level 2 Product 1

Level 2 Product 2

Level 3 Product 1

Level 3 Product 2

Level 4 Product 2

Level 4 Product 1

Level 4 Product 3

FFBDs 4-1 FFBDs 4-3

FFBDs 3-2FFBDs 3-1

FFBDs 2-1 FFBDs 2-2

FFBDs 4-2

FFBDs 1


6. Design 14

Number

FFDBs are often done for completenessThere is one set of FFDBs for each productEach set of FFDBs covers the product and

parts of the next lower productsThere can be a very large number of blocks in

a functional architecture


6. Design 15

Relationships among blocksMore than one block within an FFDB may point

at the same block in the next lower levelA block may point to more than one block in

the next level downOccasionally, blocks may point at another

block across several levelsMost flow is downward, but upward is possible


6. Design 16

ConventionsBlocks contain a function numberAn “and” gate indicates parallel functionsAn “or” gate indicates alternate functions


6. Design 17

Tools

Tools exist for drawing FFDBsIntegrated Definition for Function

Modeling (IDEF0) is a more rigorous form of FFDBs, and a tool exist for drawing IDEF0


6. Design 18

Example

Problem: Fly across the Bosporus• 3/4 km• year -- 1633


6. Design 19

3. Venn diagramDefinitionOperationsUse for Venn diagramsExample

3. Venn diagram

6. Design 20

Definition

Definition -- A figure consisting of a set of closed plane figures

Often used with set operations

3. Venn diagram

6. Design 21

Operations (1 of 5)Sets and subsets

• A set B is a subset of A (is included in A) if every element of B is also an element of A

• S is the total space of all elements

A

B

S

B A

3. Venn diagram

6. Design 22

Operations (2 of 5)

Equality• Set A equals the set B if and only if

(abbreviated iff) every element of A is an element of B and every element of B is an element of A

• A = B iff A B and B A

3. Venn diagram

6. Design 23

Operations (3 of 5)Sums and products

• The sum, or union, A + B of two sets is a set whose elements are all the elements of A or B or of both

• The product , or intersection, AB of two sets is a set consisting all elements that are common to sets A and B

A B

S

AB

A + B

3. Venn diagram

6. Design 24

Operations (4 of 5)

Compliment• The compliment A of a set A is defined

as a set containing all the elements of S that are not in A

A

SA

3. Venn diagram

6. Design 25

Operations (5 of 5)Difference

• The difference A - B is a set consisting of all the elements of A that are not in B

A - B

B

S

A

3. Venn diagram

6. Design 26

Use for Venn diagrams

A common use of Venn diagrams is to divide the world -- the universe of all elements -- into mutually exclusive sets

However, care should be exercised to not go overboard in searching for design options

3. Venn diagram

6. Design 27

Example

cost issue

not a cost issue

development cost

sustaining cost

periodic sustaining cost

randomsustaining cost

maintenanceutilities

Venn diagrams are used to identify places where the design isn’t complete by exposing all options

Venn diagrams are used to identify places where the design isn’t complete by exposing all options

3. Venn diagram

6. Design 28

4. Other stimulation techniques

Present state -- desired stateDuncker diagramStatement-restatementOsborn’s checklist for adding new ideasRandom word stimulation

From Strategies for Creative Problem Solving by Fogler and LeBlanc


6. Design 29

Present state/desired state (1 of 4)

Definition -- A method for defining the problem distinctly in a way that suggests solutions

Method• State the present state and the desired state• Reword the present state and the desired state

until both states are expressed in the same words, and the desired state is a simple step from the present state


6. Design 30


Problem: During WW II, many bombers were shot down. Many of the bombers that returned to base were full of holes, and the pattern of holes was similar among bombers

Initial solution: Reinforce the area of holes with more armor


6. Design 31


Original wording• Present state: Many holes in bombers• Desired state: Fewer bombers lost

Rewording 1• Present state: Many holes in bombers• Desired state: Fewer holes

Rewording 2• Present state: Many holes in critical areas• Desired state: Fewer holes in critical areas


6. Design 32


Suggested solutions: • Protect critical areas• Make areas less critical


6. Design 33

Duncker diagram (1 of 3)

Definition -- A diagram that suggests solutions based on the present state/desired state• Includes ways to not reach the desired

solution


6. Design 34


Achievedesired state

Function 1 Function 1 Function M

Physical 1 Physical 2 Physical N

OK not to achievedesired state

Function 1 Function 1 Function M

Physical 1 Physical 2 Physical N

General solution

Functional solutions

Physical solutions


6. Design 35


Problem -- Many holes in critical areas• Reduce number of holes

• Reduce the number of holes– Add armor

• Reduce number of hits– Increase effectiveness of defensive guns– Increase number of defensive guns– Increase speed– Fly faster– Fly higher– Fly at night– Use fighter escorts


6. Design 36


• Reduce number of holes (continued)• Reduce the number of areas

– Consolidate equipment into small area

• Reduce the size of areas– Consolidate equipment into fewer areas

• Reduce the location of areas– Move equipment to areas that receive fewer

holes


6. Design 37


• OK not to reduce number of holes• Survive despite holes

– Improve survivability of equipment

• Reduce criticality– Add redundancy


6. Design 38

Statement -- restatement (1 of 5)

Definition -- A problem-solving method in which the problem is restated in different forms a number of times to trigger new ideas


6. Design 39


Triggers • 1. Vary the stress pattern on words in the

problem statement• 2. Replace words with their explicit definition• 3. Make an opposite statement, change

positives to negatives, and vice versa• 4. Change “every” to “some,” “always” to

“sometime,” “sometimes” to “never,” and vice versa


6. Design 40


Triggers (continued)• 5. Replace persuasive words in the

problem statement such as “obviously,” “clearly”, and “certainly,” with the argument it’s supposed to be replacing

• 6. Express words in the form of text, an equation, or a picture

• Reference --Strategies for Creative Problem Solving


6. Design 41


Example -- Many holes in critical areasTrigger 1

• Many holes in critical areas• Reduce the number of holes

• Many holes in critical areas• Reduce the likelihood that a hit will cause a hole

• Many holes in critical areas• Make things less critical

• Many holes in critical areas• Reduce number of areas


6. Design 42


Trigger 2• Many penetrations through the skin in

critical areasTrigger 3

• Increase number of holes in critical areas

Trigger 4• All holes in critical areas

Trigger 5• Obviously we want to reduce the

number of holes• Is it OK to have holes?

6. Design 43

Osborn’s checklist (1 of 5)

Definition -- A method for generating additional ideas from ideas already obtained


6. Design 44

Osborn’s checklist (2 of 5)Osborn’s list for creating new ideas

• 1. Adapt?• How can this product or idea be used as is?

What are other uses it could be adapted to

• 2. Modify?• Change the meaning, material, color, shape,

odor, etc

• 3. Magnify?• Add new ingredient Make longer, stronger,

thicker, higher


6. Design 45


Osborn’s list (continued)• 4. Minify?

• Spit up. Take something out. Make lighter, lower, shorter

• 5. Substitute?• Who else, where else, what else. Other

ingredients, material, or approach

• 6. Rearrange?• Interchange parts. Other patterns, layouts.

Transpose cause and effect. Change positives to negatives. Reverse roles. Turn backwards or upside down. Sort


6. Design 46


Osborn’s list (continued)• Combine

• Combine parts. Units, idea. Blend. Compromise. Combine from different categories


6. Design 47


Example• 1. Adapt -- bomber to fighter• 2. Modify -- bottom turret to top• 3. Magnify -- more guns• 4. Minify -- fewer and smaller critical areas• 5. Substitute -- substitute armor for skin• 6. Rearrange -- offset side gunners• 7. Combine -- larger engines


6. Design 48

Random word stimulation

Definition -- A method for generating ideas when brainstorming is stuck in a rut

Method -- Choose a word at random and see if the word stimulates an idea

Example• Random word -- quack• Quack suggests -- duck• Duck suggests -- goose• Goose suggests -- formation• Formation suggests -- fly in groups


6. Design 49

5. Axiomatic designIntroductionAxiomsCorollaries CouplingExamples

5. Axiomatic design

6. Design 50

Introduction

Introduced by Nam Suh, a professor at MIT in the mid 1980s

Compare designs and provide relative measure of goodness

Doesn’t specify how to design

5. Axiomatic design

6. Design 51

Definitions

Functional requirements (FRs)Constraints (C)Design parameters (DPs)Transformation {FRs} = [DM] * {DPs)

5. Axiomatic design

6. Design 52

Axioms

Independence axiom -- Maintain independence of functional requirements

Information axiom -- Minimize the complexity

5. Axiomatic design

6. Design 53

Corollaries

Corollary 1: decoupling -- Decouple design elements

Corollary 2: minimum FRs -- Minimize the number of FRs

Corollary 3: parts integration -- Reduce the number of parts

Corollary 4: standardization -- Use standard parts

Corollary 5: symmetry -- Use symmetryCorollary 6: tolerances -- Minimize inter-

dependence between design elements

5. Axiomatic design

6. Design 54

Coupling

FR1FR2FR3…FRn

DP1DP2DP3…DPn

X X X … XX X X … XX X X … X...X X X … X

=

FR1FR2FR3…FRn

DP1DP2DP3…DPn

X 0 0 … 0X X 0 … 0X X X … 0...X X X … X

=

FR1FR2FR3…FRn

DP1DP2DP3…DPn

X 0 0 … 00 X 0 … 00 0 X … 0...0 0 0 … X

=

Uncoupled -- one design parameter controls one function

Decoupled -- adjust DPs in a specific sequence and maintain independence

Coupled -- cannot maintain independence of FRs

5. Axiomatic design

6. Design 55

Examples

Water faucetFreezer

5. Axiomatic design

6. Design 56

6. TRIS

DefinitionTechnical contradictionsPhysical contradictionsSummary

6. TRIS

6. Design 57

Definition (1 of 3)Theory of the Solution of Inventive Problem

• Genrich Altshuller, mechanical engineer, born in Russia in 1926• Used more outside the United States

An idea stimulation techniqueReference

• An Introduction to TRIZ by Stan Kaplan, Ph.D.

6. TRIS

6. Design 58

Definition (2 of 3)Based on

• Idea that inventive problems can be codified, classified, and solved methodically just like other engineering problems

• Observing the method used to solve problems and then grouping these methods into operations, rules, and laws

• Systematic capturing and use of lessons learned including review of over a million patents

6. TRIS

6. Design 59

Definition (3 of 3)

Disciplines -- Engineering, science, management, business, marketing, etc

Applications -- Invention, forecasting future technologies, building patent fences, uncovering causes of past disasters and prevention of future disasters

Difficult to use• Requires addressing problem abstractly

using TRIZ thought processes• Requires time to understand and to feel

comfortable with

6. TRIS

6. Design 60

Technical contradictions (1 of 12)

Definition• Parameter A improves• Parameter B deteriorates

Approaches• Common approach -- compromise• TRIZ approach -- overcome contradiction

• Use technical contradiction matrix with Altshuller parameters and inventive principles

6. TRIS

6. Design 61

Technical contradictions (2 of 12) 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 391 15 29 29 2 8 10 10 1 28 5 6 19 35 12 6 5 10 10 3 3 28 28 22 22 27 35 2 29 26 28 26 352 10 35 5 8 13 13 26 28 2 28 19 18 15 18 5 10 10 19 10 18 10 2 35 28 6 2 19 1 25 2 13 8 15 7 13 17 1 1 1 8 19 10 32 8 1 7 4 1 15 29 10 28 10 1 17 1 15 1 14 1 35 17 144 35 17 35 28 1 13 39 15 1 3 3 12 6 10 24 30 15 32 2 1 15 2 3 1 1 26 305 2 14 7 29 19 10 5 11 3 6 2 15 19 19 15 10 30 26 29 29 26 2 22 17 13 15 15 15 14 2 14 106 30 26 1 10 2 40 2 35 17 17 10 30 10 2 32 26 2 27 22 40 16 16 15 1 2 23 107 2 2 2 29 15 6 1 28 9 6 34 2 35 35 7 36 2 2 29 14 25 25 22 17 29 15 10 15 26 29 35 108 35 19 35 2 24 7 34 9 35 35 30 10 35 35 1 35 34 30 35 1 1 2 359 2 13 29 7 13 6 35 28 8 3 28 10 8 19 14 10 13 18 11 28 10 1 2 35 32 34 15 10 3 10

10 8 18 17 28 19 1 15 2 13 18 10 35 35 19 35 19 1 19 14 8 10 14 3 35 28 1 13 15 1 15 15 26 36 2 311 10 13 35 35 10 10 6 35 6 36 35 35 9 19 35 14 10 2 10 37 10 10 6 3 22 2 1 11 2 35 19 2 35 1012 8 15 29 13 5 14 7 35 35 34 33 30 14 22 13 2 4 14 35 14 36 10 28 32 22 35 1 32 2 1 16 15 15 1713 21 26 13 37 2 39 28 34 33 10 2 22 17 13 39 35 32 13 27 32 24 2 35 15 13 18 35 35 35 32 2 35 2 35 1 2314 1 40 1 15 3 9 10 9 8 10 10 10 13 27 30 35 19 35 10 35 35 29 29 11 3 3 18 15 11 32 27 15 2 27 15 2915 19 2 3 10 3 19 19 14 13 27 19 2 28 19 28 10 20 3 11 3 3 22 21 27 12 29 1 10 19 6 3516 6 1 35 39 19 16 27 10 28 3 34 10 17 22 35 1 1 2 25 1 1017 36 22 15 15 3 35 34 35 2 35 35 14 1 10 19 19 31 19 2 21 21 32 3 19 32 24 22 22 26 26 4 2 2 3 26 1518 19 2 19 19 2 10 26 32 32 35 2 32 32 32 32 19 13 1 19 1 11 3 15 35 19 28 15 15 6 32 2 219 12 12 15 35 8 16 23 12 19 5 28 19 2 6 12 35 35 34 19 3 1 2 28 19 1 15 2 35 32 1220 19 36 27 35 19 28 3 10 10 19 1 19 121 8 19 1 19 17 35 30 15 26 22 29 35 26 19 35 2 16 16 10 28 10 35 4 19 32 32 19 2 26 26 35 19 20 19 28 2822 15 19 7 6 15 17 7 7 16 36 14 26 19 1 3 35 19 10 7 11 32 21 21 35 2 7 35 2 2823 35 35 14 10 35 10 1 3 10 14 3 29 2 35 28 27 21 1 35 28 28 35 15 6 10 16 35 33 10 15 32 2 15 35 35 35 2824 10 10 1 26 30 30 2 26 10 10 19 10 19 24 24 10 22 10 32 27 35 35 1325 10 10 15 30 26 10 2 35 10 37 4 35 29 20 28 35 1 35 1 35 10 35 24 35 10 24 24 35 35 35 4 32 35 6 18 2426 35 27 29 15 2 15 35 35 10 35 15 14 3 3 3 34 3 35 7 6 24 35 18 13 33 35 3 29 35 2 15 3 3 8 1327 3 3 15 15 17 32 3 2 21 8 10 35 11 2 34 3 11 21 36 21 10 10 10 10 21 32 11 27 35 27 1 13 13 27 11 128 32 28 28 32 32 26 32 28 32 6 6 32 28 28 10 6 6 3 3 26 10 24 2 5 28 3 6 1 1 13 27 26 28 1029 28 28 10 2 28 2 32 25 10 28 3 32 30 3 3 19 3 32 32 13 35 32 32 11 26 4 1 25 26 26 1030 22 2 17 1 22 27 22 34 21 13 22 22 35 18 22 17 22 1 1 10 19 21 33 22 35 35 27 28 26 24 2 35 35 22 22 33 2231 19 35 17 17 22 17 30 35 35 2 35 35 15 15 21 22 19 2 19 2 21 10 10 1 3 24 3 4 19 2 2 2232 28 1 1 15 13 16 13 35 35 35 35 1 11 1 27 35 27 28 28 1 27 19 15 32 35 35 1 24 2 35 2 27 6 8 3533 25 6 1 1 18 1 4 18 28 2 15 32 32 29 1 26 13 1 35 2 28 4 4 12 17 25 1 2 2 12 15 32 1 1534 2 2 1 3 15 16 25 1 34 1 13 1 2 11 11 1 4 15 15 15 15 2 32 2 11 10 25 35 1 1 7 35 34 135 1 19 35 1 35 15 15 35 15 35 15 35 35 13 2 27 6 19 19 18 15 35 3 35 35 35 1 15 1 15 1 27 3536 26 2 1 26 14 6 34 1 34 26 19 29 2 2 10 2 24 27 20 10 35 6 13 13 2 26 22 19 27 27 1 29 15 15 1237 27 6 16 26 2 2 29 2 3 36 35 27 11 27 19 25 3 2 35 19 19 35 1 33 18 3 27 26 22 2 5 2 12 1 15 34 3538 28 28 14 27 13 35 28 2 13 15 18 25 6 26 8 2 28 23 35 35 24 35 11 28 28 2 2 1 1 1 27 15 34 539 35 28 18 30 10 10 2 35 28 10 14 35 29 35 20 35 26 35 1 35 28 28 13 35 1 1 18 22 35 35 1 1 1 12 35 5

6. TRIS

6. Design 62

Technical contradictions (3 of 12)

Altshuller 39 parameters• 1. weight of moving object• 2. weight of non-moving object• 3. length of moving object• 4. length of non-moving object• 5. area of moving object• 6. area of non-moving object• 7. volume of moving object• 8. volume of non-moving object• 9. speed• 10. force 6. TRIS

6. Design 63

Technical contradictions (4 of 12) Altshuller 39 parameters (continued)

• 11. tension, pressure• 12. shape• 13. stability of object• 14. strength• 15. durability of moving object• 16. durability of non-moving object• 17. temperature• 18. brightness• 19. energy spent by moving object• 20. energy spent by non-moving object

6. TRIS

6. Design 64


• 21. power• 22. waste of energy• 23. waste of substance• 24. loss of information• 25. waste of time• 26. amount of substance• 27. reliability• 28. accuracy of measurement• 29. accuracy of manufacturing• 30. harmful factors acting on object

6. TRIS

6. Design 65


• 21. power• 22. waste of energy• 23. waste of substance• 24. loss of information• 25. waste of time• 26. amount of substance• 27. reliability• 28. accuracy of measurement• 29. accuracy of manufacturing• 30. harmful factors acting on object

6. TRIS

6. Design 66


• 31. harmful side effects• 32. manufacturability• 33. convenience of use• 34. repairability• 35. adaptability• 36. complexity of device• 37. complexity of control• 38. level of automation• 39. Productivity

6. TRIS

6. Design 67

Technical contradictions (8 of 12) Altshuller’s 40 inventive principles

• 1. Segmentation• 2. Extraction• 3. Local quality• 4. Asymmetry• 5. Combining• 6. Universality• 7. Nesting• 8. Counterweight• 9. Prior counter-action• 10. Prior action

6. TRIS

6. Design 68

Technical contradictions (9 of 12) Altshuller’s 40 inventive principles (continued)

• 11. Cushion in advance• 12. Equipotentiality• 13. Inversion• 14. Spheroidality• 15. Dynamicity• 16. Partial or overdone action• 17. Moving to a new dimension• 18. Mechanical vibration• 19. Periodic action• 20. Continuity of useful action

6. TRIS

6. Design 69


• 21. Rushing through• 22. Convert harm into benefit• 23. Feedback• 24. Mediator• 25. Self service• 26. Copying• 27. An inexpensive short-life object instead of an expensive

durable one• 28. Replacement of a mechanical system• 29. Use pneumatic or hydraulic construction

6. TRIS

6. Design 70


• 30. Flexible film or thin members• 31. Use of porous materials• 32. Changing color• 33. Homogeneity• 34. Rejecting or regenerating parts• 35. Transformation of physical and chemical states of an

object• 36. Phase transition• 37. Thermal expansion• 38. Use of strong oxidizers

6. TRIS

6. Design 71

Technical contradictions (12 of 12) Altshuller’s 40 inventive principles

(continued)• 39. Inert environment• 40 Composite materials

6. TRIS

6. Design 72

Physical contradictions

Definition• Single parameter• One reason requires increasing • Another reason requires decreasing

Approach • Use separation principles

• Time• Space• Scale

6. TRIS

6. Design 73

SummaryAdvantages

• Suggests answersDifficulties

• Abstractions hard to understand• Most of knowledge unavailable to

population• Takes a while to learn

6. TRIS

6. design1 agenda r 1. introduction r 2. functional flow block diagrams (ffbds) r 3. venn diagrams r...

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